unit - wingecarribee shire

68

Landscape Pattern Unit 2

PLATE 11: View from Throsby Park North showing the patternot'introduced and indigenous tree forms

Photograph:

The overall pattcrn of this cultural landscape unitis that of a rich and well orclered pastoralcharacter. The topography is flat to gentlyundulating as a result of it being the floodplain ofthe Wingecarribee River and its tributary, Kelly'sCreek. Topographically the unit is discrete, beingsurrounded by higher, dissected landforms. Lancluse is predominantly grazing with a mixture ofdairy and beef herds and stock breeding.

The Wingecarribee reservoir provides an expanseof water that is visible from both this landscapeunit and portions of cultural landscape unit l-.

C Tallents

The pastoral mosaic is complemented and givendistinctive character by the vegetation patterns ofpine belts and scattered groups of eucalypts; thelatter are remnants of the original eucalypt forest.The attractive, open park-like landscape mosaicand lush grazingpresent a classic pastoral quality.This quality would have probably been present tosome eKent when the first settlers arrived, due tothe presence of low swampy areas whereWingecarribee reservoir now exists.

The overall impression is that of a well-managedand cultured scene which suggests historicassociations with all periods of settlement,including modern subdivision patterns and newerfarm buildings.

69

Iìuilding Clusters, Structures & Other Special Features

PLATE 12: View towards Throsby Park House

Photographs:

The homestead groupings of prosperous lookingbuildings are sited away from the main perimeterroad network along their own access tracks andlanes. Many of the building groups feature theterm "Park" as part of their name, reflecting thecharacter of this distinctive cultural landscape.

A map dated 1859à, shows most ol the land inthis unit in lhe large scale ownership o[ Charles EThrosby, William Rowe (?) and E Shipley (?).Land flanking the now Illawarra Highway isshown as smaller unoccupied portions with smalllots north of the Wingecarribee River. Presentbuilding clusters reflect two post 1859 settlementevents. The first dates from the 1860s - 1890s

resulting from intensification of occupation overthe earlier broadacre pastoralism. This period ofdevelopment and associated landscape patternsmay be seen as the flowering of this yeomanlandscape and traces of it remain with somebuildings, tree patterns and paddocks. Theremnant farmstead building groups represent animportant phase in the making of this landscape.

Unit 2

PLATE 13: Throsby Park House

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The second settlement phase is modern, resultingfrom the sale of dairy farms and is marked bymodern building clusters.

The earliest significant historic buildings areassociated with Throsby Park and the site of the1830's township of Bong Bong. Dr CharlesThrosby took up a land grant of 1000 acres whichGovernor Macquarie named Throsby Park whenhe visited the area in 1820. Throsby had a hut onthe land shown on a plan of 1829 (refer to Figure3.4). The site of the hut is now occupied by thecottage in Church Lane recently acquired by theNSW Parks & Wildlife Services from Miss RachelRoxburgh. Parts of the existing cottage structuredate from the 1820s. Throsby Park house wasbuilt in 1837 by Charles Throsby's nephew,Charles Throsby, who inherited the estates whenhis uncle died in 1828. It is sited on a hill acrossthe creek east of the hut site. (Refer to Plates 14

& L5 illustrating the original cottage and ThrosbyPark house.)

----_

t

70

Wngecardbee River

Old South Road

Present daY Church Lane

Charles Throsby

700 Acres

Bradgate

Throsby's Hut

l

Charles Throsby

1888 Acres

Park

FIGURE 3.4: 1892 PLANSHOWING THROSBY'S LAND & HUT

(REPRODUCED FOR CLARTTY)

Source: Archives Office (NSW): 1387 (B.7LZ)

ll

Throsby Park House

PLATE 14: Throsby Park House (1837) & the original cottage

Site ofThrosby'shut andsubsequentcottage

Evidence ofthe originalgarden

Large pine tree, probably part of theoriginal planting

PLATE 15: Throsby Park Cottage

12

Circulation Routes Unit 2

PLATE 16: Church Lane adjacent Throsby Park

Phtttograph:

The line of the Old South Road and the nowChurch Lane are marked on the 1829 mapmentioned previously. The Old South Road'scrossing of the river and ascenl over theMittagong Range was complcted in 1821. ChurchLane is located on the line of the access track toand from Throsby's hut.

Surveyor Robert Hoddle opened a line of roadfrom Bong Bong to and through the Yarrawa

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Brush country in 1830 via the ridge north ofKangaloon Road. This unit is bounded on mostsides by the wider circulation routes of theIllarvarra highway, the Old South Road,Kangaloon Road and Sheepwash Road. TheMoss Vale - Port Kembla railway passes throughthe southern portion of this valley. Within thecentre of this unit roads are infrequent and wherepresent, they are narrow roads serving as access

to the properties rather than through routes.

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PLATE 19: Contrad Marten's "View of Throsby Park" c1836

15

PLATE 20: Present Day View

Photograph C Tallents

76

Historical Associations Unit 2

PLATE 21: Throsby Park setting

Photograph:

Historical associations are prominent in thiscultural landscape unit and span three significantphases of development in the area, which areidentified in Section 3.1 (Settlement Patterns)previously.

Early Exploration & Settlement early 1800's-1840'sConsolidation of Major Pastoral Holdings18,m-1860Post 1860's Rural EKensions.

The site of the township of Bong Bong and itsremnanf church and graveyard are cogentreminders of the past, as is Throsby Park. Bothare linked to the earliest occupation of the areafrom circa 1819 onwards and associated with wellknown figures in history, for example Dr CharlesThrosby and his nephew Charles Throsby atThrosby Park. The site of Throsby's hut, nowmarked by the later timber cottage (refer toPlates l-6 &- L1), and the view from it were notedby Governor Macquarie, who wrote in his diary

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for Vy'ednesday 18 October 1820:

We crossed the Wirryecanibee River by a goodsottnd pebbly ford where tlxe coluúry opens into veryrich pasturage.....We nret a nlulTerolß herd of about400 head of caule belonging to Mr Throsby feedingin a fine riclt nteadow.........The growtds adjoiningMr Tltrosby's hut are extremely pretty, gentle hillsattd dales wilh an extensive riclt vølley in his front,tlrc wlrcle xttowtding growtds having a very pørk-like appearatrce, being very thirtly wooded......

The view thus described by Macquariesubstantially remains intact. The only majoralterations are the partial clearing of indigenoustrees and the inclusion of introduced plantings.To the west of Church Lane development on theoutskirts of Moss Vale predominates,characterised by rural residential subdivision. Thecurrent cultural conservation effort by the NSWNational Parks & Wildlife Service at ThrosbyPark includes restoration work on the house andgarden reconstruction. Refer to Plate 19.

11

UNIT 4 YARRUNGA

6.

KEY HISTORICAL UNIT

¡ì

I

View f'rom Yarrunga Road west showing pattern of dense indigenous tree coverand dominant windrows

E9

c

5


PLÃTE 22t

Photograph

The characteristics of this cultural landscape typeare its moderately to steeply undulatingtopography with frequent creeks overlain with a

C Tallents

pattern of scattered eucalypts and substantialforests of eucalypts traversing the valley floor,slopes and hilltops. The tree groups are

b¡n+

*

18

augmented by pine windbreaks and plantingsaround homestead clusters. The landuse is

predominantly dairying with farmstead clustersliberally dotted around a landscape which has a

comforting and productive air. The overall spatialorganisation is small scale, held by the folds of the

Dairy farms are located along the roads andtracks emphasising the vernacular character of thelandscape as an everyday, working landscape.Each cluster of farmstead, sheds and silos sitsneatly in the folds of the landscape surrounded bypaddocks. Remnants of late 1860-1880's

landform and tree groups into which the paddocksand farmsteads neatly sit. This mosaic, created bynatural leatures and cultural components, is avernacular landscape based on dairying activitydating from the late 1860-1881's.

Unit 4

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occupation of the land as dairying became a

maior local industry are apparent in desertedtimber farmstead buildings, a specific example is

sited on the western side of the Fitzroy Falls roadimmediately south of the valley, along which themajor power line runs.

Building Clusters, Structures & Other Special Features

PLATE 23: Al¡andoned timl¡er larmstead on Yarrunga Road

Photograph:

19


PL!¡TE 24:. Sheepwash Road showing Eucalyptus flanking the road

Photograph

The area was first crossed by Europeans in 1818

when Charles Throsby refers to camping at a

creek at Yarranghaa (Yarrunga) (Jervis p 55).After selector occupation of the area starting inthe 1860's movement of produce was mainly bypackhorse. The existing modern roads throughYarrunga and Avoca sit comfortably in Iheundulating landscape.

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80

Historical Association Unit 4

PLATE 25: Dense Vegetation retained with minimal clearing

Photograph:

Settlement of this area commenced in the 1860's.In 1866 land in the locality was said to beexceedingly fertile, much of it taken up by freeselectors under the Robertson Land Act. Thislandscape unit is geographically and historically anextension of the Robertson unit- and parallels itshistorical settlement as a vernacular landscape.Patterns reflect its yeoman background from the1860's free selection days with which it has

C Tallents

associations. The small scale nature of theproperties similarly mirrors its 1860's occupationand the cultural landscape pattern clearly suggestslinks with the past as a vernacular landscape. Itstands as an interesting contrast to unit 6 with anoLable correlation between historicaldevelopment and response to natural features,particularly in the relatively restrained nature ofthe clearing. The current landscape has definitepicturesque qualities as a 'folk' landscape.

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81

UNIT 6 SUTTON FOREST KEY HISTORIC UNIT

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82


PLATE 26: View towards Moss Vale f'rom Mt Gingenbullen footslopes at'Whitley'

Photograph:

The combination of landform, vegetation andlanduse result in a broad, open rolling landscapewith remnant areas of Eucalypts on ridges andscattered eucalypt timber dotting the country.The broad plain at a general height of about 660metres is overlooked by the dominant mass ofGingenbullen Mountain (800 metres) and drainedby the Wingecarribee River, Medway Rivulet andWell's Creek. The unit abuts the town of MossVale along its eastern boundary but is separatedfrom the town by a low north-south ridgeerending from Blake's Hill. Blakes Hill, BaldHill and Mt Broughton form identifiablelandmarks to the south-east of this unit.

The extensive rolling landscape is complementedby the large scale paddocks associated withgrazing, predominantly for beef cattle. Pastoralproperties are eKensive and homestead sites aremarked by distinctive groups of introducedplanting. ln addition there are various latenineteenth century houses and gardens (referredto in the next section). A nucleus of the largerpastoral properties date from the 1820's period ofsettlement. Smaller homesteads, nowdisappeared, have their sites markcd by groups ofintroduced tree plantings.

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Pines, poplars, elms and other deciduous treespredominate as grand scale trees within thelandscape, with windrows of pines and hedgerowsof hawthorn forming distinct linear elements. Therivers and creeks are generally heavily flanked bydense willows and shrubs, being stronglyidentifìable against the open pasture as ameandering pattern on the landscape. Thecontrasting colour of the remnant eucalyptuswoodlands is present within some of the hillslopesbut is generally lacking from the open valleys andthe isolated knolls.

The overall character is that of a rich and variedcultural landscape shaped by associations withearly land grants and settlement of the region.Spatial organisation is large scale in relation tothe rest of the study area. Variety in thelandscape is a result of the range of tree speciesand the importance placed on plantings bylandholders. There is a high degree of sense ofstewardship of the landscape.

Building Clusters, Structures and other Special Features

PLÃIE 272 Hillview - summer residence of Governor in 1882

Photograph:

The substantial homestead building clusters are a

significant component of this pastoral landscape inharmony with its scale, richness and varieLy.

Homesteads are discretely sited away from mainaccess and through roads. The properties ofNewbury, Oldbury and Mereworth are associatedwith the oldest land grants in the area dating from1821. The buildings at Newbury and Oldburydate from early in the lasl century. The originalhouse at Mereworth- was demolished in 1918

(Jervis p19), while the existing one was built in1968 and has a garden designed by Sorensen.Oldworth and Newbury have simple butsignificant gardens including the stately elms alongthe driveway at Newbury, which were amongst theearliest planted in the Sutton Forest district.Other significant building groups include GoldenVale, a neo-Georgian style stone complex datingfrom the 1860's with earlier outbuildings,including a former kitchen and stables. The siLe

of an earlier house is adjacent to the stables.

83

Unit 6

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Subdivision of the early extensive land grants inthe latter half of the last century introduced a

further layer of settlement and architectural style.Also in the late nineteenth century a number oflarge country houses were built by Sydney peopleincluding V/hitley, Hillview and Summerlees.Each of these has a significant garden. Buildingwas boosted by the leasing of Throsby Park by theGovernor of NSV/ in 1865. An importantlandscape element at Whitley is the hawthornhedges planted by the original owners. Equallyimportant is the garden which has its origins inthe late nineteenth century and which has beenreconstructed and developed by the currentowners, the Hawkins.

The township of Sutton Forest dating from the1820's, and that of Berrima established as analternative to Bong Bong in the L830's, are part ofthis cultural landscape unit. Both have buildingsof significance.

84


PLATE 28: Canyonleigh Road

I

Photograph:

The main circulation routes in this unit arehistorically important dating from the 1820's and1830's onwards. The line of the Old South Roadthrough Sutton Forest and the new line of roadfrom the 1-830's, surveyed by Major Mitchell andon which Berrima stands, are remnants from thepast.

C Tallents

A notable feature of the many smaller roads andtracks is the peripheral tree planting or treegrowth. A specific example is Golden Vale Roadwith its fringing eucalypts, which create aparticular sense of place and rural character.

Historical Associations

85

Unit 6

PLATE 29:

Blakes Hill

Photograph:

Historical associations are particularly resonant inthe making and presentation of this culturallandscape. There are strong associations withfigures important in local history and thedevelopment of the area dating from the earliestland grants to people such as James Atkinson atOldbury, John Nicholson at Newbury and otherssuch as J Wright, W Hutchinson and H Badgery.The role of these people in the early deve lopmentof the area is covered in Jervis' book. These men,for example, were involved in community activitiessuch as annual ploughing matches held in theSutton Forest - Bong Bong area from 1827 (Jervisp23). The significance of such activities is relatedto early ploughing and crop growing, particularlywheat and maize, which were important cropsfrom the 1830's and 1840's onwards. Early in1847 Sutton Forest was regarded as one of thefinest wheat growing districts of the colony (Jervisp25). There are archaeological remains of earlyridge and furrow ploughing on the lower hillslopes west ol Sutton Forest and al. Newbury.These run up the slopes and are particularlynoticeable on the northern side of the IllawarraHighway. It is likely that they were associatedwith early wheat and maize crop cultivation.

View from Hillview south west

Bald Hill Mt Broughton

C Tallents

The current cultural landscape is a montage orcomposite picture resulting from l-70 years ofoccupation. There is a strong feeling of continuityand also participation in history. New patternsfrom the twentieth century including introducedtree planting, dams and improved pasture overlaynineteenth century patterns of development.Whilst the scene has changed in detail, the 1798

description from the top of Gingenbullen (thenMount Pleasant) can be appreciated:

We got to the top of this hill, where we had a ntostdelightfiù prospect ol tlre cout tty, and in nty opinion one

of tlrc fnest in the world. It certainly nutst be a pleasureto any nnn to view so fine a courtty2'

In 1820 Governor Macquarie referred to theSutton Forest area with the view that

Tlte situatiott of the new settlets four ntiles south west ofThrosby Park is particularly beautiful and rich, resenúlittga fine extensive pleosure g'outtd in England.

Shortly after this description, Macquarie namedthe area Sutton Forest.

86

REMAINING HISTORIC UNITS

UNIT 3

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Landscape Pattern & Iluilding Clusters Unit 3

PLATE 30: View from The Old South Road over Mittagong

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Photograph: C Tallents

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89


PLATE 33: The Old South Road through Burradoo

Photograph:

Of historical significance is the line of the OldSouth Road, the original line of road through thearea. This was consl-ructed in 1819 alter initialexploration by Hume, Throsby and Wild, whocrossed the Mittagong Range investigating a routefrom Sydney to Jervis Bay in March 1818 (Jervis

C Tallents

pp60 and 61). This road now skirts to the east ofBowral and provides a very scenic crossing of theMittagong range with long views to the northbeyond Mittagong. The line of Hoddle's 1830

track from Bong Bong to Illawarra traverses thesouthern edge of this unit.

90


PLATE 34: Chalkers Flat

I;

Photograph:

From 1820 to about 1835 when the line of roadwas shifted to the west considcrable traffic usecl

the Old South Road. Stock were grazed on theMittagong Range as early as 1821 and settlementat Lower Mittagong was the pioneer of the area(Jervis p78). At one stage Charles Sturt lived ona property on the Old South Road and theAustralian of 17 March 1827 reporLccl thc buildingof an inn by Georgc Cutlcr (.lervis p78).

C Tallents

William Chalker was the first settler, 10 May1821, on the site known formally as Chalker'sFlat. This is the area below the Great SouthernRoad on either side of Bong Bong Road. Chalkerwas principle overseer of Government stock, chiefconstable and pound keeper in the Cowpasture.

Retford Park built 1887, and Milton Park built in1910, both have significant gardens which wereclevelopcd in the Federation period. Milton Parkwas substantially redesigned in the 1930's.

91

PLATE 35:

Photograph:

Retford Park showing the pinc plantings defining the paddocks and scattered associatedbuildings. The homestead is visible through the trees.

C Tallents

92

UNIT 5 IIUNDANOON - EXETER

Unit 5

't 6;1{

i:

I

,

LANDSCAPE PATTERN

PLATE 36: Views over undulating countryside extensively cleared particularly on ridges

Photograph:

ll

This moderately undulating hill and valelandscape has been extcnsively cleared and withthe exception of the surrounds to the townships ofExeter and Bundanoon, does not carry extensiveintroduced planting. The resultant character is

open dairy countryhas taken place.

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Subdivision for hobby farms

In fhe area north east of ExeLer the landscape has

bccn exLensively cleared with the resultant pattern

sa2

of wide open valleys punctuated by extensivelycleared ridges and hills such as Mt Broughton.The landuse is mixed dairy, beef and sheep.Subdivision for hobby farms is taking place.

In the west and south of Exeter the more steeply


PLATE 37: Modern Farmhouse structures

Photograph:

The predominant rural character is that ofmodern buildings. The townships of Exeter andBundanoon are notable as later nineteenthcentury developments; with Bundanoon attractingtourists in the late 1890's (Jervis p 140). The lowrailway viaduct at Exeter, built of brick, is a

splendid piece of railway architecture. The areacontains a number of interesting gardens includingthat of Invergowrie at Exeter, formerly belongingto the Yates family. The grounds at Invergowriewere laid out by Sorensen 1931 11938 and again in1960 (Cavanough et al p68). The present housewas designed by Geoffrey Loveridge in the l-930's.

93

undulating landscape still carries extensive areasof Eucalypts on hills and ridge. A distinctiveelement of this part of the unit is the pine shelterbelts. The landscape pattern is rich and variedand creates an apt setting for Exeter andBundanoon.

Unit 5

C Tallents

small modest houses set on medium lots withmany vacant lots between. The character is openand informal with varied setbacks. The town sitson a low rise with views to the valleys beyond inthe east and west.

Most buildings are late 19th century and early20th century structures of predominantly timberand some stone. Modern infilling with brickhousing has occurred, much of which is out ofcharacter with the remaining Exeter. The moderntendency of building long low elevations parallelto the street is contrary to the traditional housesof Exeter with steeper pitched roofs of corrugatediron, generous timber fascias, hipped eKensionsand verandahs. Predominant colour is cream andwhite.

Exeter Key Village

Set in a modified radial street layout from therailway station, Exeter is a scattered village of

94

PLATE 38: Exeter Post OfIice showing steep pitched roof and predominant white and cream colours

PLATE 39; Exeter Church St Aldans

PLATE 40: Modern Housiug out of Character in Exeter

\

Photographs: C Tallents

Bundanoon

Bundanoon is a linear village developed along therailway line with modern grid subdivision to thesouth west and east around the railway station.

Housing consists of brick modern houses with theolder buildings of white and cream timber and

95

some stone. Trees of introduced species (pines,elms, deciduous) are present with Eucalyptforests surrounding to the east.

PLATE 41: Iìundanoon Development parallels the Railway Line

PLATE 42: Scattered housing set on the lrillslopes of lìundanoon

Photographs: C Tallents

96


PLATE 43: View towards Mt Gingenbullen over Unit 5

Photograph:

The area was first explored by Europeans in 1818

with the party including Throsby, Wild, Meehanand Hume. Throsby refers [o 'Bantanoon' in hisjournal of 29 March 1818 (Jervis p 10).

C Tallents

Early land grants were taken up by JamesBaclgery in 1821 to be followed by his sons.Major rural settlement proceeded in the 1860's

after lhe Robertson Land Act of 1861.

91

UNIT 7

Landscape Pattern

' 65ó lr//1> t-.- Ë i

ueltr

OXLEY'S HILL

Unit 7

9¡t

PLATE 44: Eastern Section overlooking Bowralwith Mt Gibraltar in the background

Photographs:

Topographically this is steeply sloping hill land inthe east and undulating valley and plateau land inthe west. It is part of the Mittagong Rangeoverlooking Bowral and Mittagong to the east, theWingecarribee Rivcr to the south and the HumeHighway on the westcrn side of the unit. Southof Centennial Road the land has been eKensivelycleared of native vegetation for grazing, mainly forbeef cattle, with a resultant open landscape

PLATE 45: Western Section showing large scalegrazing properties

C Tallents

pattern. G r azingproperties ar e lar ge scale. Northof Centennial Road, on the steep land flankingNinety Acre Hill, the native forest remains incontrast to the open land. The eastern edge ofthis unit adjoining Bowral and Mittagong is

developed as rural residential, suburbansubdivision, industry and various open space usesincluding the golf course at Craigieburn.

1I

.

98

tluilding Clusters, Structures & Other Special Features

PLATE 46: Wingecarribee property sct on the slopes overlooking Bowral

Photograph:

This landscape unit includes a number of historichouses and gardens including Wingecarribee andBendooley. Craigieburn at the golf course is alsoan important historic building.

Wingecarribee property, with the first homesteadbuilt in 1816, was settled by John Oxley. Thepresent house was built in 1854 by H M Oxley,John Oxley's son, to replace the first timber andslab cottage. The new house came in kit formfrom England including pine and cedar for floorsand ceiling, oak for the sills and corrugated ironfor roof and walls, which were clad metal plates

Unit 7

C Tallents

(Cavanough et al, p31). Remnants of an oldgarden survive, mainly as exotic trees, thedriveway rose garden and remnants of an oldvegetable garden (Cavanough et al, p33).

Bendooley property has links with early settlementof the 1820's. The three English oaks and severalPinus species in the front garden were planted bythe Cordeaux family, who grazed the land ownedby W. M. Moore. The oaks are reported to beamongst the oldest in the district (Cavanough etal, p34).

Circulation Routes

99

Unit 7

PLATE 47: Oxlcy's Hill Road

Photograph:

The Hume Highway marks the route of therealigned South Road of the 1830's, when the lineeast of Mittagong, as the main route, wasabandoned in favour ol thc new line.

C Tallents

Oxley's Hill Road and Centennial Road cross thisunit in an east west direction.

100

Historica I Associations Unit 7

PLATE 48: Views trom Unit 7 to llowral showing the dense vegetation surrounding the town

Photoglaph: C Tallents

This cultural landscape has associations with theearliest European settlement of the region. It is

connected with signiFrcant figures in history,including John Oxley and H M Moore. It wasJohn Oxley who established the station he calledWingecarribee in 1816. The landscape and itshistory therefore possess strong associative values.The interpretative value in the eastern section is

particularly strong demonstrating clear links to

early settlement, particularly John OxleyChanges to the landscape, particularly throughextensive clearing with little additional plantinghave occurred. Such an historical pattern is incontrast to that of Unit 6, for example.

In the western section the interpretive value is ofa modern grazing landscape of a highly modifiedand structured landscape.

101

UNIT 8

\: v'y- '-ì I4t

PENROSE

Unit 8Landscape Pattern

This undulating landscape of rolling hills has beeneKensively cleared of the original vegetation andis now predominantly pasture and introduced pineforests. This creates a strong contrasting patternwithin the landscape with some remnant stands oIlow Eucalypts. Additional pine planting is takingplace at presenl- and will increase the impact o[this contrasting foliage colour.


Structures within the landscape are predominantlymodern farmhouses and associated farm buildingspresent in clustcrs. The townships of Wingelloand Penrose are located on the railway line and


Paddock and fencing layout consists of small landholdings creating a small scale subdivision pattern.

The large vegetated area of Morton National Parkborders the south eastern portion of this unit.

Unit 8

are small settlements serving the surroundingfarmland. Buildings and structures are generallymore prevalent along the railway line as scatteredribbon development.

Unit 8

This area experienced most of its populationfollowing World War 1 when soldier settlementoccurred. This would be responsible fclr the

settlement patterns and the small land holdings.The army connection is further emphasised bysome of the place names.

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;

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UNIT 9 CAI.IYONLEIGH

Unit 9

tu

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Landscape Pattern

PLATE 49: Cleared pasture contrasts with Eucalypt fbrests on ridges and sideslopes

Photograplr:

This unit is a moderately undulating landscapewith cleared valley floors and slopes. Extensiveremnant Eucalypt forests occur on the ridges ancl

steeper slopes. Windrow trees of predominantlypines appear as linear elemsnts in thc landscapcwith few deciduous trees. The valley area

C Tallents

acljacent to Paddy's River has been cleared, alongwith the Long Swamp Creek valley.

The landscape pattern appears as one of pasturestrongly contrasting with the vegetation groups.

Building Clusters, Structures & Other Specilic Features

PLATE 50: Abandoned Timber Farmhouse along Paddys River

Photograph:

Most of the structures within this unit are modernfarm buildings. Some early settlement is evidentalong Paddys River where an 1890(approximately) farmhouse of vertical slab timbercan be found.

103

Unit 9

C Tallents

Farmhouses are generally dotted within thelandscape adjacent to the circulation routes.

104


PLATE 51: Inverary Road flanked by Eucalyptus avenue

Photograph:

Inverary Road and Canyonleigh Road form themajor circulation routes within this unit, with bothroads becoming unsealed further into the

C Tallents

unit. Inverary Road has a charming characterwith Eucalyptus flanking it on both sides in parts.These should be protected.

105


PLATE 52: Evidence of early mining illustrated by remnant mullock heaps and races

Photograph:

Unit 9

C Tallents

This cultural landscape has early associations withmining. The alluvial flats contain the remnants ofraces and mullock heaps, indicative o[ mining.

106

33 TOWNS AND VILLAGES

Introduction

Urban settlement in Wingecarribee ischaracterised by numerous small scale towns andvillages which are dominated by the main urbancentres of Moss Vale, Bowral, Mittagong,Bundanoon and Bcrrima. The urban centres havcdeveloped due to lhe complex intcrrelationshipbetween natural and cultural influcnces rangingfrom the barrier of dense vcgctation of theYarrarra Brush to government policies ofselection and soldier settlement which encouragedthe establishment of small service centres. Thedevelopment of the Great South Road and theGreat Southern railway were dominant influences.Social fashion also played a part in thedevelopment of the area as a favoured locationfor country retreal.s.

Major cultural influences which havc playcd animportant role in shaping Ihe characteristicfeatures of urban settlements in Wingecarribee,are referred to in the discussion of historiccontext in Part Two of this report. In terms ol"the thematic sf.ructure outlined in the historicconteK, main influences can be described inrelation to the following themcs:

Nofllt-sotttlt road linkages, particularly thebuilding and subsequent re-alignments of [heGreat South Road, which encouraged thedevelopment of settlements at majorcrossroads (for example, Sutton Forest) andat places along coaching routes (for example,Mittagong, Berrima).

East-west road linkages, particularly the linksto the Illawarra.

Tlrc Greot Soutlrcnt Railway, providing theimpetus for further growth of existing centressuch As Moss Vale and Mittagong andencouraging the development of settlement atnumerous railway sidings and depots (forexample, Penrose, Wingello, Ycrrinbool).

Growtlt of lowtts and villages Io senice n¿ralsettlenrctú, both the formally createdgovernment towns (for example, Berrima andSutton Forest); the villages which often beganas private sub-divisions initiated by majorindustries (for example, Fitzroy (Welby),Nattai and New Sheffield at Mittagong and

Joadja); and the 1860's development ofRobertson, Kangaloon and Burrawang.

Tourist destinatiotts, particularly duringVictorian times, and several periods of the20th century which developed to the west atWombeyan in the east at Fitzroy Falls, in keylocations such as Bundanoon and at countryhotels and residences scattered throughoutt.he area.

Towt attd Cotulry estales and relreots, adominant influence in shaping the rural and[own landscapes, the built environment andthe social character of the core area of theSouthern Highlands.

Utilisation of nineral and watcr resourccswhich has resulted in the development ofspocial purpose towns (for example, the.loadja settlement) and the furtherdcvelopnrent of new or existing centres toserve the residential needs of the workforcefor the enractive industry throughoutWingecarribee in the 20th century (forcxample, New Berrima).

Approach to Assessment

The main focus of the heritage study survey andassessment was on rural cultural landscapes.Urban areas were included according to theirrelationship to the rural landscape as a whole. Inthe previous section (3.2 Historic RuralLandscape), some of the villages and small townsof Wingecarribee are referred to in the overalllandscape context. Some of these settlements,because of thsir setting and integrity of theiroverall form as evidence of their history ofdevelopment, are highlighted in the assessment ofthe rural landscape in which they are located. Ofthcse urban centres, other aspects of their builtform such as subdivision boundaries, keybuildingsand groups of buildings, circulation patterns andtree planting have also survived to tell the story ofthe principal the mes in the history of developmento[ thc lown or village.

Other towns and villages in Wingecarribee alsohave evidence of the history of their development.In [he main, however, this is exhibited mainlythrough individual items such as churches, schoolbuildings, hotels, shops and individual houseswhich are located among more recent buildingsand structures.

t01

The coverage in this section is limited due to theresources available for the study. Further surveyand assessment is necessary to provide a morecomprehensive understanding of the heritageattributes of the towns and villages ofWingecarribee, particularly the small servicecentres and hamlets in the southern and northernparts.

Key Towns and Villages

Settlements where the history of theirdevelopment is still evident, are highlighted in aprevious section of the report (Section 3.2).

A description of the main physical features, thehistory and an assessment of the heritageattributes follows for the selected urban entities ortownscape precincts and streetscapes which wereincluded in the study. They are:

BERRIMABOWRALMITTAGONGMOSS VALE

108

BERRIMA Historic Village

For nearly two decades Berrima has beenformally acknowledged as a historic villagefollowing its listing by the National Trusr in themid-1970's and recognition by the AustralianHeritage Commission. A subsequent HeritageStudy was commissioned2ó and this provided a

framework for conservation activities initiated bylocal community groups, private owners and theWingecarribee Council.

Berrima's history of development reflects some ofthe key themes in Wingecarribee's history and thehistory of south-eastern Australia.

"Mitclrcil's Crcat SoLtth Rootl, convict built, sweepson past (Suttort Forest) to reach Ben'inn, w,hich heplanned to be the capital city of the south-west itt1830. There was a good w,ater suppl),, and a largegaol was built itt 1839 and o court hrnse in I84LTlrc towtt nade liule prcg,'ess: lherc w,as little goodland about it, and tle settlers on the plains prefen.edGoulburn as a diso'ict catn'e. Governtttent gave wo))

in 1855, and while Goulbum flourished, ßenitnobccanta a road to¡vn ¡vith tttan| itttts. It was

revitalised in tlr ¡ventieth cctttlt\t b), a coal ntineand cetltenl works, and thc rencwal of toad trafftcwith the nrcrcr cer, ond, now bvpasscd b¡, thc nrainhighwoy, seta¡as a heritage pilgintagc tovøt, its oldlatrdscape prcsenrd because it ¡vas olso b¡,passed bythe roilway.'¿7(State Historical Guidelines)

The existing conservation area includes thecomplete township and its attendant visualcatchment area as defined on the sketch map (SeeFigure 3.5). This includes all the land up to theridgeline as seen from thc briclge over theWingecarrlbee River.

The village is sited in the Wingecarribee RiverValley. Surveyor Hoddle's original layout o[allotments and reserves is still evident with itsstandardised grid pattern and open market place.Typically, allotments are long and narrow withbuildings close to the road. Its built form consistsof modest Georgian style cottages in stone, brickand timber interspersed with larger 19th and 20thcentury residences, comnr ercial and aclministrativebuildings as well as churches and special featuressuch as the Berrima Gaol (now the BerrimaTraining Centre). While Ihe pre clominantarchitectural style is Georgian from both thecolonial and Victorian periods, [here is also a

substantial represenLation o[ the Federationperiod reflecting development" which occurred inresponse to the gaol functions.

The appearance of the village and its setting isenhanced by a diversity of mature tree plantingswhich vary in colour and teKure providing acontrast with the rural surrounds. The MarketPlace park has mature specimens of Pinus radiata,Ceclrus and Cupressus species that provide astrong focal pint for the village. Stands of matureCupressus behind the Surveyor General Inn andedging the river, help to define the edge of thevillage. The entry to the town from the north ismarked by the transition from indigenousvegetation to introduced tree plantings. Manygardens have mature tree and shrub specimenswhich provide attractive settings for the buildings,but which are often post WWII planting.

The earlier pattern of the historic fabric ofBerrima which remained in the 1970's is nowbeing overlain by a new phase of developmentrvhich is characterised by:

buildings which have been restored andadapted for new tourist/arts andcrafts,/antiques related uses;

new commercial buildings of a larger scalethan the premises/houses which haveprcviously occupied the sites; and,

infill development of commercial andresidential buildings on previously vacant sitesor to the rear of existing buildings onallotments.

The extent of additions and alterations to thebuilding stock in Berrima is shown in Figure 3.6which follows.

The effects of these changes are eroding what hasbeen the perceived heritage significance ofBerrima in the 1970's and 1980's which was seenas one of the few intact villages in the State whichdemonstrate the characteristics of 19th centurytown development from the period of convictsettlement to the end of the Victorian era. Itsoriginal layout and town limits were largely intactand the surviving stock of residential, commercialand administrative buildings along which churchesand major buildings associated with the Gaol,provide evidence of the role of Berrima as anearly colonial administrative centre and a townwhich served generations of travellers on theSouth Road. The town is also consideredsignificant as a collection of largely intact earlybuilclings which are predominantly Georgian instyle, the value of which is reinforced by the high

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FIGURE 3.5: IìERRIIVIACONSERVATION

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Source:Wingecarribee LEP 1989

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quality of the surrounding natural environmentand plantings within the town. These heritageattributes of Berrirna are recognised by visitorsfrom all parts of Australia who enjoy thecharacter and history of the town which has

become a cultural tourism attraction.

Cultural tourism has created its own momentumand serious issues now need to be clearlyaddressed. Matters which should be consideredinclude:

whether the spaces created by vacant parcelsof land and the siting of buildings and longnarrow dimensions of existing allotment areretained. The pattern created by thosc spacesis important as evidence of the optimisLicattitude which prevailed when the earlycolonial towns were surveyed and the periodof stagnation which meant tha[ Hoddle'sgrand visions were not realised;

whether new development incrementallyoverwhelms the existing scale and form ofBerrima's historic buildings; and,

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whether new buildings "mimic" the old, thuscreating a false sense of what Berrima was as

a historic town while creating a new characterbased on an historic "look".

whether the streetscape has beencompromised as a result of recentarchitectural trends to minimise buildingsetback and maximise building frontage. Suchtrends have developed in response to thechanging nature of retail practice.

The dilemma lies in the fact that the significantheritage qualities which generated interest in thevillage, have resulted in a revitalised towneconomy and a change in the demographic andsocial structure of Berrima which is reshapingthose very qualities.

PLATE 53: Harpers lVlansion, Iìerrima

Photograph: J Colleran

IT2

BOWRAL Historic Town

Situated approúmately 10km east of Berrima, lhetown of Bowral was established on part of H.M.Oxley's 5,000 acre run, "Wingecarribee", when thcproperty was subdivided in the 1860's followingthe arrival of the Sourhern Railway. Thesubdivisions were in the vicinity of the presentBong Bong and Bowral Streets, in a layout inaccordance with Darling's Grid. Block sizes wercall around 330 x 66 feet. Morc town expansi<lnoccurred to the north of this arca on thccompletion of the railway line. Many eartyBow¡al houses were built of wood slates andstringy bark and of modest size. Hotels werebuilt in Bong Bong Street to cater for employeeson the railway line.

''fhc towtr, likc Moss Vala, benalitac! f.om lorningda,eloptt¡cnts to iltc cctst, bttt also bcconrc o rcsortto*tr lor Svdnq,sidcrs sccking a more rcnrpcrataclintatc. Largc cotttttn, houscs tycrc !¡uilt on largcarcas of lond planted w,ith English trecs, and suclrpronritrcnt S¡'dna, brcinesstttctt os S l-lordcrn, WAngas and L J Canpbcll had thcir coutun'rcsidcnces hcre. TItc towtt bccotnc a ,aunici¡talin' in1886 *,ith 1,200 people, a gasworks *,as built itt 1859,and a rcticulatcd *,atcr nrpl>h, in 1908'¿8

The gardens, streel t-rees and buildings of thetown of Bowral have a quality and characterwhich has been long recognised by visitors to thcarea and by the many people who choose thetown as a desirable place to Iive whether inretirement or as a country rctrcat. The towncontains a number of discrete precincts whichcontain particular combinat ions ol'plantings andbuilt form which reflcct lhe history ofdevelopment of the town.

Some of these precincts form part of the BowralConservation Area, the boundaries of which areshown on Figure 3.7 which follows. Three distinctprecincts reflect the different periods of growththat Bowral experienced from lhe mid-1800'sthrough td the early twentieth century. Eachprecinct has a distinctive character and whencombined they produce a cohesive townscapeparticularly to the north of Bowral Street.

1. The Nodhem Resídcntíul Precinct:contains an harmonious collection ofresidential dwellings, principally single storey,from the late Victorian period and earlytwentieth century. It contains both smalltimber and brick cottages in Victoria andWoodbine Streets and more substantial

dwellings in Merrigang Street. The breakupof larger properties and the slow developmento[ the area has led to a mixture o[architectural styles and scale. The widestreets dotted with street plantings and theMittagong Creek reservation combine toproduce a village atmosphere. This precinctwas developed before the majority of thesouthern precinct.

2. The C-ent¡al Civíc PrecincEsituatcd along the north-south axis ofBcndoolcy Street, this precinct containsscveral fine civic buildings (Courthouse, TownHall, Children's Library, Municipal Library),churchss and a primary school. These civicand community uses are a focus for the civicli[e of Bowral separate lrom the commercialarea. There is a fine miKure of styles fromthe high Victorian and Federation periods.

3. The Soulhem Resid¿ntiql Precinct:contains a number of residential dwellings ofthe Federation period with large allotmentsLhat have been developed during the twentiethccntury. The southern end of BendooleyStreet provides a mifure of styles in amature landscape setting essential to thecharacter of Bowral as a rural retreat. InEdward and Church Streets, the housesprovide interesting examples of villas from the1920's-40's in mature garden settings. Thesouthern precinct is important for thelandscape elements provided by both publicand private plantings.

The Bowral Urban Conservation Area as a wholeis significant as an urban cultural landscape whichprovides evidence of each phase of majordevelopment of the town of Bowral. Eachprecinct has a different character and presentsdifferent aspects of town foundation and growth.Periods represented range from its establishmentas a private town in the 1860's through to theinterwar period. Functions represented includeresidential, civic, religious and educational. Whilethe nature of the buildings and the gardens, publicand privaLe, illustrate the importance of Bowral asa 'rural retreat' for wealthy Sydneysiders,associations with other community groupings arealso represented in more modest vernacularstreetscapes which are included in the northernpart of lhe Area.

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FIGURE 3.7: IìOWRAL URBANCONSERVATION AREA

Source: Wingecarribee LEP 1989

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In addition to the historical attributes theprecincts in the Area, possess aestheticallysignificant streetscapes which, considered as a

whole, reveal the harmonious townscape characterwhich is highly valued by the local community andvisitors alike. Many architectura[ 'gems' andgardens of note are also located within this Area.

A number of important clusters o[ buildings areto be found within the Conservation Area. Theyinclude the St Jude's Anglican Church Group,Bendooley Street, and civic buildings oppositeCorbett Gardens in Bendooley Street and a groupof streetscapes in the vicinity of Victoria Street.Statements of significance were prepared for eachof these groupings as a whole in addition to thecompletion of individual assessments. There arealso many individual buildings of architecturalexcellence which were observed but noL surveyedduring the study.

Also beyond the scope of the study, werecomprehensive surveys of:

the commercial area;

house, gardens and street trees in north-westBowral;

Burradoo which is characterised bysubstantial country retreats with a range ofarchitectural styles and a distinctivestreetscape character unlike other sections ofBowral;

many substantial houses and gardens alongMerrigang Street to the east and in associatedareas to the north and south; and,

industries associated with agriculturalproducts.

PLATE 54: Burradoo residential area

Photograph: J Colleran

MIT'TAGONG Historic Town

Mittagong, unlike Bowral and Berrima, has notbeen given the recognition it warrants as a townwhich has retained a diverse range of historicevidence of its past development.

Mittagong was situated on what was originally analternative route to Mitchell's Great South Road.This route ran under the Gib mountain fromMittagong by way of Bowral and Moss Vale toGoulburn. (The railway; via the Gib tunnel, alsotook this route after reaching Mittagong in 1867.)Thus Mittagong grew as a road village with twoinns in the late 1830's. It was a resting point fortravellers particularly when early roads werenearly impassable and often subject tobushranging. Its population grew substantiallywhen the road from Bargo came through. Thisrole was reinforced in the 20th century with thedevelopment of the Hume Highway.

The settlement that grew in a haphazard manncracquired increased importance with the discoveryof local coal and iron ore. Using limestone fromMarulan, the Fitzroy blast furnace and brickworkswere sef up in 1849 and:

"hopes were high fot a colonial source of it'ott. Thisvenun'e faltercd, and was wourtd up itt 1857. Thcrewcre sø,eral sub.seqttent ret,ivals, itt 1863-66, in 1869when bar and platentoking were thrivittg and f'ortr1876-7 w'hen c)'lindcrs w,erc ntadc for thc btklgc orGundagoi. /n 1S,J8 Williant Sandfrtrd took up thalease, but failcd to ntakc it *vork ond tnc¡t'cd ottbt'isklst ¡6 Lithgott,. Parhaps it trtight hot,c succccdedwith an itttport tatiff, ltut it nevet rcok ort thc scttlc oltht Lìthgott,works, and ¡ltc sitc rcntains etascanty."29

Mittagong is a unusual example of a town whosegrowth and contours were significantly affected byan ironworks in the nineteenth cenl.ury. The townconsists of three disparate sections (see Figure3.8), together with a scatter of settlements alongthe Great South Road. What is now known as

Welby was a governmenl- Lown called Fitzroy, dulylaid out by official surveyors in 1865. Next doorto Welby, on the east, was the large land holdingof Fitzroy Iron Works, where the fìrsl Australianiron-ore had been smelted in 1849 and whichworked, either smelting ore or processing scrapiron, up to 1886. In 1865, just as the governmenttown was proclaimed, the Fitzroy Iron Companydeveloped the area to the east and north of thehighway as a company town called Ncw Sheffield.The spacious porLions on lhis new town wereavailable for workers' or managerial housing: a

11.5

large square was laid aside for recreation (nowthe bowling club) and a handsome Wesleyanchurch was erected in 1865 in Albert Street forthe Methodist workmen. Unlike Fitzroy (Welby),New Sheffield was arranged in streets 20 metresbroad alternating with lanes l-0 metres broadrunning east-west; the north-south cross roadswere all 20 metres broad. This created atownscape very different from most country townsand strikingly different from Welby or from thelater much closer sub-division of Nattai betweenthe Great South Road and the railway.

The link joining the separate colonial elements ofFitzroy, New Sheffield and Nattai was the IronWorks, with its blast furnace at the east end andthe foundries and rolling mills at the west end ofthe large site. The foundations of the blastfurnace area, which is urgently in need ofinterpretative signage and proper archaeologicalexamination, remain.

Rock-cut footings for the winding-engine which, in1873-4, hauled coal up from Nattai Gorge througha short tunnel to the crest of Mount Alexandraand then down, through the northern part ofNewSheffield, to feed the blast furnace and its boilerscan be seen at the tope of Mt Alexandra. AtMittagong Public School there is a Fitzroy lion,one of the fifty celebratory castings made whenGovernor Fitzroy visited Mittagong in 1850. Thesmall size of the casting is a telling reminder ofhow small the output of native iron was in the1850's.

New Sheffield is of considerable interest. Becausethe sale advertisement of 1884 shows the locationof existing buildings, it is possible to distinguishbetween the early period of the ironworks townand the late Victorian development. But thereare many aspects of orientation (why do somehouses elect to look on to lanes rather thanstreets?), of policy (why are there so manyconsolidated portions?), of land-use (the Catholicchurch acquired two large blocks after the 1884sale, the Presbyterians a smaller area), of landdenied by the artificial Lake Alexandra, whichoccupies eight of the original company rectangularhalf-blocks. One house has cast-iron verandahcolumns stamped'W BRAZENALL': these werepresumably among the very last castings made in1889-91 from local iron-ore by a Mittagongengineer called Brazenall. It would be veryinteresting to know if there are any otherexampled of Brazenall's work in the town today,

unit - wingecarribee shire

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