unit v the rise of nationalism. the futile search for stability section 24-1

UNIT V

The Rise of Nationalism

The Futile Search for Stability

Section 24-1

What major global events occurred between WWI and WWII?

depression- a period of low economic activity and rising unemployment

collective bargaining- the right of unions to negotiate with employers over wages and hours


deficit spending- going into debt to finance government projects


UNEASY PEACE Germans were unable to pay the $33 billion in

reparations

As a result, they printed more paper money causing the mark to be worthless

Americans stepped in and loaned $200 million to Germany and reduced the payments

France still enforced the T. of Versailles


UNEASY PEACE (contd) In 1928 sixty-three nations signed the

Kellogg-Briand pact It pledged to “renounce war as an

instrument of national policy” There was no way of enforcing this


THE GREAT DEPRESSION Brief period of economic prosperity in

1924 Depression of 1929

2 major factors leading to the Great Depression

1. series of downturns in economies around the world

2. international financial crisis caused by the American stock market


THE GREAT DEPRESSION contd Political Effects of the Great

Depression1. governments more involved in the

economies2. communism became more popular3. people followed dictators who

offered solutions


France became the strongest country in Europe after WWI

they didn’t feel the Depression until 1932.

GB lost many of its markets to Japan and the US.

Germany experienced major economic problems which led to fear

By 1933 12 million people were

unemployed. FDR elected to presidency

and introduced the New Deal - an economic policy that increased government funded public works

He also introduced legislation that led to Social Security and welfare.

Did not fix the financial problems.

EUROPE during the Great Depression

AMERICA during the Great Depression

The Rise of Dictatorial Regimes

Section 24-2

How did dictators come to power between WWI and WWII?

totalitarian state-government that aims to control the political, economic social, intellectual, or cultural lives of its citizens

fascism- glorifies the state above the individual by emphasizing the need for strong central government led by a dictator


Politburo- seven member committee that was leading policy-making body of the Communist party in the Soviet Union

collectivization- a system in which private farms are eliminated in favor of government ownership of land


3 major dictators to emerge after WWI: 1. Benito Mussolini (Italy)

IN 1919, he create a new political group called Fascio di Combattimento; it was a fascist party, by 1922, Mussolini threatedn Rome with force and the King gave him the title of Prime Minister. Mussolini had full power.


3 major dictators to emerge after WWI contd 2. Joseph Stalin (Soviet Union)

He was a general secretary within the Communist party; he used this position to appoint many officials thus, he gained lot of support. By 1929 he established a dictatorship.


3 major dictators to emerge after WWI contd. 3. Francisco Franco (Spain)

IN 1936 led a revolt against the democratic government; bloody civil war began; he won and established a dictatorship favoring large landowners, business people, and the Catholic clergy


RISE of DICTATORS By 1939, the only democratic European

powers were France and GB Italy, Soviet Union, Germany all were

dictatorships some were totalitarian states Used mass propaganda to achieve this


FASCISM in ITALY Mussolini led the fascist party; it glorified

the state above the individual and emphasized the need for a strong central government.

He took on the title “Il Duce”, The Leader Made Catholicism as the national religion


NEW ERA in the SOVIET UNION Politburo was a seven member committee

in Russia Joseph Stalin and Leon Trotsky were rivals within this group; Stalin eventually perseveres and Trotsky is thrown out of the party and murdered

Leon Trotsky


First Five Year Plan-production of heavy machines and weapons, resulted in production of steel and oil

Collectivization- private farms were eliminated and the government owned all of the farm land.

Widespread famine, poor living conditions, 10 million peasants died between 1932-3, wages also declined

Stalin sent many people to labor camps in Siberia, others executed, 8 million Russians were arrested

Social Changes During Stalin

Results


AUTHORITARIAN STATES in the WEST After WWI, Eastern European countries like

Poland and Hungary tried to adopt Parliamentary systems. They failed because: They never had a tradition of democracy Rural societies and peasants were illiterate Many ethnic conflicts Overall support of the old authoritarian systems

Hitler and Nazi Germany

Section 24-3

EQ: How did Hitler rise to power?

Reichstag- the German Parliament

concentration camp- large prison camps in which members of minority groups and political dissidents are confined


Nazi Policies and Activities (5) 1. Terror:

Used to create a totalitarian state; created the Schutzstaffel (SS), controlled secret police forces Einsatzgruppen – death squads that were part

of SS sent out in groups to kill Jews Used concentration camps and death camps to

achieve its purpose


Nazi Policies and Activities (5) 2. Economy:

Hitler instituted large public works program it was actually program to create a huge military

while providing lots of jobs to the German people. People followed Hitler and the Nazi’s because

they ended the depression.


Nazi Policies and Activities (5) 3. Spectacles/ Organizations-

Youth organizations created (Hitler Youth) demonstrations and spectacles to create

nationalism churches and schools were also brought under

the control of the Nazi party


Nazi Policies and Activities (5) 4. Women:

men were to be warriors and leaders;

women were meant to be mothers and wives


Nazi Policies and Activities (5) 5. Jews:

Nuremburg Laws excluded Jews from German citizenship;

had to wear yellow Star of David and carry ID cards by 1938 sent to concentration camps could not own businesses


Hitler and His Views (2 slides) Born in Austria in April 20, 1889 Wanted to be an artist but was rejected By 1921 he had taken control of the

Nationalist Socialist German Worker’s Party (Nazi, for short)


Hitler and his views contd In 1923 he organized the Beer Hall Putsch,

a political uprising He was put in Jail and wrote Mein Kampf

(My Struggle)


Extreme German Nationalism

Strong anti-Semitism

Anticommunist

Lebensraum- living space wanted to expand the borders of Germany

Believed in the superiority of certain individuals

Hitler’s Basic Ideas Other ideas


Because of the extreme economic problems in Germany, the Nazi’s were able to rise to power. The depression made extremist parties look goof. Gained control of the Reichstag

The Enabling Act gave Germany the ability to ignore the constitution for 4 years while it issues solutions to Germany’s problems. It gave Hitler’s actions a legal basis

Rise of Nazi Party Victory of Nazi Party


The Nazi State: (1 slide) Misused the term Aryan Wanted to create an empire like ancient

Rome The SS played an import role in the terror in

Germany Hitler passed laws to ensure the goals

were carried out how he wanted

The Course of WWII

Section 26-2

What actions led to the start of WWII?

blitzkrieg- “lightening war” German method of warfare, based on tank divisions supported by airplanes

partisan- a resistance fighter


AXIS Powers Germany Italy Japan

“Big Three” Allies Great Britain USA Soviet Union


EUROPE at WAR (2) Hitler attacked Poland with Blitzkrieg

strategy in September of 1939 Britain and France declared war on

Germany but didn’t do much over the next few months

Hitler went on to attack Denmark, Norway, Belgium, and France.

Went on to attack Britain from the air


EUROPE at WAR (contd) Germany controlled about 3/5 of France

became known as Vinchy France after they signed an armistice

Germany really tried to defeat GB but their air force was too good

US passed isolationist laws during the 1930’s preventing them from getting involved in European wars


JAPAN at WAR (2) Japan attacked Pearl Harbor on 12-7-1941 They launched an attack on Pacific islands

They attacked American navel bases in order to destroy the American fleets stationed there

They though the FDR administration would accept this


JAPAN at WAR The attack unified Americans The US joins WWII with European nations

and China in an effort to defeat Japan


Allies Advance (2) Hitler continues his campaign through

North Africa he was far from defeat German troops were led by General Erwin

Rommel


Allies Advance On June 4, 1942 was the turning point for

the war on Asia; Allies would seek only unconditional surrender by the axis powers

The Battle of Midway Island US destroys Japanese aircraft US defeated Japanese navy and established

dominance in the Pacific


LAST YEARS of WAR (2) June 6, 1944- D-Day the invasion of

Normandy beached in France Major victory for the Americans but also we

lost many soldiers German troops were pushed back by the

Soviets The last to deal with were the Japanese


Last Years of War President Truman authorized the dropping

of the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in early August 1945

Japanese surrendered on August 14, 1945

The New World Order and the Holocaust

Section 26-3

What atrocities were committed by the Nazis during WWII?

genocide- the physical extermination of a racial, political, or cultural group

collaborator- a person who assists the enemy


Nazi Policy and how they were used: (5)

1. resettlement- Nazis saw land to the east as ‘living space’; Himmler was put in charge of moving ethnic people out of these lands and moving in Germans.


Nazi Policy and how they were used

2. forced labor- the Nazi party forced people both inside and outside of Germany to work for them


Nazi Policy and how they were used 3. Final Solution -genocide of Jews


Nazi Policy and how they were used 4. Einsatzgruppen-special task

forceUsed to round up and exterminate

Jews.They then buried them in mass

graves


Nazi Policy and how they were used 5. Death Camps- Jews were shipped to

death Camps beginning in 1942. There were 6

death Camps. The Germans killed over 3 million

Jews.


New World Order in Europe (1) Many workers were sent to These workers were brutally recruited People began to resist the NAzis


The Holocaust (2) Deliberate attempt to exterminate Jews Hitler had radical views about on ethniciaty Nazis began the genocide of Jews in death

camps, the largest of which was Auschwitz Over 6 million Jews were killed during WWII,

with 3 million of those as the result of the death camps


Although the Allies knew about the concentration camps they choose to focus their attention to ending the war

They did not realize the ex tent of the atrocities of the camps


New Order in Asia (1) Japanese did have some victories in the

South Pacific As such, they appointed military authorities

to lead each territory Japan used this to their benefits The people in these areas resented the

Japanese

The Home Front and Aftermath of the War

Section 26-4

How did WWII affect people in the US, Japan and Europe?

mobilization- the act of assembling and preparing for war

kamikaze- “divine wind” Japanese fighting units who performed suicide missions against US fighting ships


Cold War- the period of political tensions between the US and Soviet Union from the end of WWII until the end of the 1980’s


Mobilization of Peoples (1) WWI and WWII are examples of total war Mobilization includes preparing for war

economically The United States provided the arsenal for

WWII for the Allies


Women worked in factories to produce military equipment; this is the first time in history that large numbers of women worked outside the home

1 million enrolled in the military but had segregated units; WWII ignited the civil rights movement after the war. African Americans also moved to cities in the north for jobs in factories during WWII

American Women during WWII

African Americans during WWII


JAPANESE AMERICANS (1) On the West Coast in 1942, 127,000

Japanese people were moved to camps surrounded by barbed wire in Arizona, Utah, New Mexico, Colorado and other interior States

Some of them were born in the US (Nisei) This was based only on fear, not on

evidence In 1988, Congress awarded 20,000 per

survivor as an apology


FRONTLINE (1) Japan used kamikaze’s to target American

war ships Bombings by other countries targets

civilians and not just military; countries were under the belief that it would force peace

It did not


Peace and a New War (2) There were many political tensions after

WWII Big Three powers met in Yalta in 1945 (Sov.

Union, USA, and GB) Outcomes:

United Nations created Germany surrendered unconditionally and be

divided into 4 parts FDR wanted the Sov Union to have free

elections; Stalin hesitated


FDR dies on April 12, 1945 and is succeed by Truman

July 1945 Potsdam Conference Truman demands free elections; Stalin refuses,

wants a communist state The West believed communist would take over

the world and they did not want this Churchill said “an iron curtain had descended

across the continent” Cold War starts

Ideological war as opposed to actual fighting

The Development of the Cold War

Section 27-1

What are superpowers and what was their importance after WWII?

satellite state- a state that is economically and politically dependent on a larger, more powerful state

policy of containment- the policy of the US regarding the Soviet Union, with the goal of keeping communism within its existing boundaries and preventing further Soviet aggression


arms race- the build-up of huge arsenals of nuclear weapons and missiles by the United States and the Soviet Union

domino theory- the belief held by US policy makers that if the Communists succeeded in South Vietnam, other countries in Asia would fall, like dominoes, to communism


4 Major Cold War Military Alliances:

1. NATO- (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) Belgium, Luxembourg, France, the Netherlands, GB, Italy, Denmark, Norway, Portugal, Iceland, US, Canada, West Germany, and Turkey


4 major Cold War Alliances 2. Warsaw Pact- Soviet Union, Albania,

Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania


4 major alliances 3.SEATO- South East Asia Treaty

Organization; United States, GB, France, Pakistan, Thailand, the Philippines, Australia, New Zealand


Alliances 4.CENTO- Central Treaty Organization;

Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Pakistan, GB, US


CONFRONTATION of SUPERPOWERS (2) A superpower is a country whose military

power is combined with political influence Soviets wanted communism; the US and

other western wanted capitalism US feared communism and the east feared

capitalism US and Soviets became rivals


Contd The US adopted a policy of containment to

keep communism within its existing boundaries and prevent further Soviet aggression


Truman Doctrine/ Marshall Plan (2) European Recovery Program in 1947 The goal of the program was to rebuild the

prosperity and stability in Europe $13 billion in aid for Europe

Based on the belief that if countries were economically unstable they would turn to communism

Eastern countries refused to join


Marshall Plan contd. In 1949Soviet Union founded COMECON

Council for Mutual Economic Assistance It failed because there was not economic aid


Spread of Cold War The US and the Soviet Union believed they

other needed arsenals of nuclear weapons to prevent war

If both sides had these weapons, then neither side would launch an attack because the other side would be able to strike back


Spread of Cold War Arms race occurred Countries formed alliances US was allied with 42 countries around the

world


The Cuban Missile Crisis In 1959 Fidel Castro (communist) overthrew

Fulgencio Batista 1960 JFK is elected JFK approved a secret plan for Cuban exiles to

invade Cuba in hope of causing a revolt against Castro

This became known as the Bay of Pigs Invasion

It was a disaster! Many exiles were killed or captured


After Bay of Pigs, Soviet Union sent arms and military advisors to Cuba; US didn’t want nuclear wepsons that close to US; October 1963, Khrushchev sent ships with missiles to Cuba and Kennedy set up a blockade. This gave both sides time to find a peaceful solution

Closest ever to nuclear war. Khrushchev agreed to stop ships and remove Soviet missiles from Cuba is JFK pledged not to invade Cuba. JFK agreed. A hotline was set up Moscow to Washington, DC to communicate quickly in times of crisis

Cuban Missile Crisis Results


Vietnam and the Domino Theory (3) 1963, the US had been drawn into a war

with Vietnam LBJ sent more troops in 1964 with the

purpose of keeping communist government in North Vietnam from gaining control of South Vietnam

Domino theory: if communists in north gained control of the south then other countries in Asia would fall to communism


Vietnam contd Many college students protest; as the war

went on there was not a lot of support for it Nixon was elected by pledging to stop the

war In 1973, we started to withdraw troops North and South Vietnam were reunited


Vietnam contd Domino theory turned out to be wrong New nations in SE Asia avoided

communism Relationship with China was established The Vietnam war showed the limits of

American power

The Soviet Union and Eastern Europe

Section 27-2

What was society like in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe in the 1950’s and 60’s?

heavy industry- the manufacture of machines and equipment for factories and mines

de-Stalinization- the process of eliminating the more ruthless policies of Stalin

What was society like in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe in the 1950’s and 60’s? 6 countries in Eastern Europe that

became Soviet States after WWII

1. East Germany 2. Bulgaria 3. Romania 4. Poland 5. Hungary 6. Czechoslovakia


WWII devastated the Soviet Union; Stalin institutes a policy of production of goods for export; used heavy industry but it did not benefit people of Soviet Union; there was not enough consumer goods for the people; many families lived in one room apts. Stalin ruled with an iron hand. He died in 1953.

Khrushchev took steps to undo many of Stalin’s policies, it became known as de-Stalinization. He also loosened government controls on literary works; emphasized the production of consumer goods, and increased farming.

Stalin Era Khrushchev


Eastern Europe: Behind the Iron Curtain Albania and Yugoslavia were communist

countries; however, they were not controlled by the Soviet Union

Both countries were against the Nazi party during WWII

Both countries refused to follow Stalin

Western Europe and North America

27-3

What economic and social changes occurred in the west after WWII?

welfare state- a state in which the government takes responsibility for providing citizens with services and minimal standard of living


bloc- a group of nations with a common purpose

real wages- the actual purchasing power of income


Western Europe: Recovery and Unity (2) GB had serious economic problems at the

end of WWII The Labour government set out to create a

welfare state The cost of building a welfare state at home

forced the British to reduce expenses abroad

GB was forced to give in to the demands of its colonies for independence


Western Europe: Recovery and Unity The Common Market or European Economic

Community (EEC) Free-trade area made up of 6 member nations They agreed not to impose any tariffs on each

other’s goods


The federal government had new power b/c of the New Deal; there was an economic boom; real wages grew 3% per year. The Cold War made Americans afraid of Communism; led to the rise of Joseph McCarthy; he instituted the “Red Scare” questioned movie stars and intellectuals in their involvement in the Communist party. McCarthy was condemned by Congress in 1954 for his actions

Major social changes occurred in this time; everyone was optimistic; 1954 SCOTUS rules on Brown v. Board of Education overturned Plessy v. Ferguson and makes segregation illegal; Civil Rights Act of 1964; The Voting Rights Act of 1965

USA in the 1950’s USA in the 1960’s


The Development of Canada (1) After WWII, US invested heavily in Canada

and Canadians worried that US would try to take over Canada in terms of the economy


After WWII, class changes, people had machines in their homes to make things easier; women were in the workforce and also had to raise a family; in the 1960’ they revolted against this idea

Pre-war, people who went to college were from wealthy classes; after WWII more people from middle and lower classes; this caused overcrowded classrooms and eventually, student protest. Students felt that universities did not respond to their world.

Women after WWII College Students

Decline of the Soviet Union

Section 28-1

What factors led to the fall of the Soviet Union?

détente- a relaxation of tensions between nations, especially used for American-Soviet relations in the 1970’s

dissident- a person who speaks out against a regime


perestroika- “restructuring” the term used by Mikhail Gorbachev for economic reforms in the Soviet Union in the late 1980’s


From Cold War to Post-Cold War (1) In the 1970’s relations between the US and

the Soviet Union improved (détente) Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in 1985,

he wanted to make economic changes The United States had many debts because

of the strong build up in the military Both nations had to focus on their domestic

issues


Decline of the Soviet Union (3) 1. March 1985- Gorbachev comes to power

and wanted to make radical reforms 2.In 1990, Gorbachev allowed non-

Communist parties to organize 3. As Gorbachev loosened the reigns on

Communism, ethnic tensions increased


4. Nationalist governments emerged across the Soviet Union and calls for independence

5. In 1991, Gorbachev was arrested by a group of conservative leaders and then they tried to seize power. It failed

6. Boris Yeltsin, president of the Russian Republic, helped defeat the takeover


7. The Soviet Republics now moved for complete independence

8. Ukraine voted for independence on December 1, 1991

9. Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus announced that the Soviet Union Ceased to exist


Recent leaders of the Soviet Union/ Russia 1. Nikita Khrushchev 2. Leonid Brezhnev 3. Mikhail Gorbachev 4. Boris Yeltsin 5. Vladimir Putin 6. Dmitry Medvedev 7. Vladimir Putin

Eastern Europe

Section 28-2

Why did communism end in other European states?

ethnic cleansing- the Serb policy of killing or forcibly removing Bosnians from their lands

autonomous- self-governing


How Communism ended in European Countries:

Poland: Lech Walesa organized a trade union called

the Solidarity; the movement gained support. In 1988 the Polish government agreed to parliamentary elections


Czechoslovakia Mass demonstrations took place in 1988

and 1989; there was a lot of ethnic tensions. On January 1, 1993 split into two Czech Republic and Slovakia.


Romania: Communist leader Ceausescu used secret

police to crush dissent. Many were killed. Ceausescu and his wife were captured and executed. A new more balanced government was formed.


East Germany: The Berlin Wall separated East and West

Germany. Reunification of Germany took place on October 3, 1990.


Yugoslavia 1990 Communist power lost power.

Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia, amongst others pushed for independence. Milosevic, leader of Serbia, opposed the independence. Serbs began assault on Bosnia; Serbs used ethnic cleanings; NATO initiated bombings on Serbia. As a results, Serbia signed a peace treaty.


Reunification of Germany: In November 1989, Communist government

opened border with the West. The Berlin wall fell/ was torn down. Families saw each other for the first time in years. March 1990 first free elections were held; Christian Democrats won elections. They wanted reunification and it happened on October 3, 1990.

Europe and North America

Section 28-3

How did economic issues effect politics after 1970 in North America and Europe?

Thatcherism- a term for the economic policy of British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher

budget deficit- spending by a government that exceeds revenues

How did economic issues effect politics after 1970 in North America and Europe? The Effect of Economics on Political

Issues:

France: Experienced economic problems in the 1970’s; Socialists came to power under Francois Mitterrand in 1981; by the 1990’s conservative parties gained control of politics under Jacques Chirac.


Great Britain- 1979 Conservatives come to power under the leadership of Margaret Thatcher. Thatcher limited social welfare, restricted union power, and ended inflation. Thatcherism (economic policy) IN 1990, Thatcher tried to replace local property taxes with a flat rate tax, riots ensued, Thatcher resigned.


United States- 1980, high inflation and a decline in weekly earnings led to the defeat of Cater in presidential election to Ronald Reagan. Bush elected after Reagan but experienced economic problems; this allowed for Clinton to get elected.


Problems faced by Germany after reunification: Rebuilding took more money than

expected; government had to raise taxes. After the collapse of eastern Germany, their economy tanked and caused high unemployment. This gave way to extremists and violence.


US Domestic Scene in the1970’s: Watergate: Presidential scandal under

Nixon. Nixon used illegal ways to gain political information about his opponents. Reelection workers broke into DNC headquarters at the Watergate and tried to install electronic listening devices. They were caught. Nixon denied involvement; secret tapes found of his conversations; US v Nixon; Nixon resigns to avoid impeachment. Ford pardons him.


NAFTA: North American Free Trade Agreement Canada, Mexico, USA, effective 1994. Goal: make trade easier and more

profitable by establishing guidelines for cooperation between hose countries

Western Society and Culture

Section 28-4

How did society and culture change in Western society after 1970?

pop art- an art style beginning in the early 1960’s that took images of popular culture and transformed them into works of fine art

postmodernism- a movement in the arts beginning in the 1980’s that was marked by a revival of traditional elements and techniques


Changes in women’s lives In the 1970’s many women were in the

workforce. They received lower wages than men

doing the same work. The Equal Pay act was passed that gave

legal support to equal pay for women In the 1990’s there was a backlash against

the women’s movement and women wanted to go back to more traditional roles


The Growth of Terrorism Terrorist are groups of people who kill

civilians, take hostages etc. to draw attention to their causes and goals

Examples: IRA- Irish Republican Army; goal is to unite

Northern Ireland; have operated since the 1970’s.

Al-Qaeda- trained by Osama bin Laden in Afghanistan to carry out terrorist acts around the globe


Science and Technology Methods used during WWII trickled down to

peacetime uses Examples: Computers, jet planes, pace

program


Religious Revival Catholic Church experiences renewal under

two popes: John XXIII and John Paul II Vatican II liberalized some polices of the

Catholic church Balance materialism with spiritual concerns


Trends in Art Pop art (Andy Warhol) was big in the United

States Postmodernism took over the in 1980’s Art used new technologies such as digital

cameras and computer programs


Pop Culture US adopted a feeling of material prosperity

(aka the American Dream) in other countries it is called cultural imperialism

After WWII, TV became very popular and that how the American Dream was transferred

Movies and music became popular (Elvis, the Beatles, MTV)


Sports, TV, and Politics After WWII, sports became a big business Sports were televised and gained $ from

advertising contracts Soccer is an example of a unifying sport Olympics mixes politics and sports

In 1972, Palestinian terrorist group seized 11 Israeli athletes as hostages

unit v the rise of nationalism. the futile search for stability section 24-1

Documents

great depression slide

major global events

major dictators

dictator slide

versailles slide

major economic problems

major factors

great depression america