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Unit V-A-Working with SPSS

Dr. Sumeet Gupta 536212: ResearchMethodology

Shri Shankaracharya

Institute of Mangement

and Technolo

Outline

536212: Research

Methodology

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Shri Shankaracharya

Institute of Mangement and

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SPSS Basics Descriptive Statistics Measures of Central Tendency Measures of Variability Correlation and Regression Standardized "Z-Scores" Sampling Distribution of the Mean

Comparing Groups in SPSS Independent Sample T-test Chi-Square Test of Independence ANOVA Creating Graphs in SPSS

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536212: Research

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How to start SPSS

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Method 1

Double click SPSS icon in your desktop.

Method 2

Click on Start in the menu bar on your desktop.

Click on SPSS and start SPSS.

Double-click on My Computer in your desktop,

Local Disk (C:), Program Files, SPSS, andspsswin in order.

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Opening a dataset

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You will seethefollowingwindow ifyou startSPSSsuccess u y

Open dataset

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You willsee thisOpen Filewindowsuperposedon SPSSmainwindow.

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Explore SPSS: Data ViewWhen you open a SPSS data file,

you will see a window like this.

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Variable names

There are twoview windows in

SPSS. Lets click

on variable view.

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Explore SPSS: Variable View

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Explore SPSS: Menu bar

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Explore SPSS: Tool bar

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Descriptive Statistics

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Descriptive Statistics

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Descriptive Statistics

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Descriptive Statistics - Nominal

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Descriptive Statistics - Ordinal

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Descriptive Statistics - Interval

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Central Tendency- Nominal Variable:

Mode in SPSS (1)

536212: Research

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Institute of Mangement and

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Central Tendency

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Central Tendency

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Central Tendency

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Central Tendency- Mode

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Central Tendency- Median

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Central Tendency- Mean

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Standard Deviation

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Measure of Variability: Standard Deviation

(5)

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er mov ng e var a e[tvhours] to the Variable(s):box on the right, click on

Statistics button on thebottom.

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Standard Deviation

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Standard Deviation

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Correlation

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Regression

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Regression

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Z-Scores

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Z-Scores

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Z-Scores

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Z-Scores

536212: Research

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The SPSS output shows that neither Skewness(=-0.675) nor Kurtosis (=-0.390) is greaterthan +/- 1, which implies that [interdur] isnormally distributed. Now, you can use z-scores to estimate the probability value.

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Z-Scores

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You notice that a new variableZscore: First time R used

Internet [zinterdu] was createdand added to the data set. Eachscore in this column is thestandardized score, or z-score,that corresponds to each value of

[interdur].

You can obtain probabilityvalues for the z-scores and add tothe original data set.

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Slide 45

Z-Scores

To add the robabilities

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or p-values, to the dataset , click on

Transform > Compute

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Z-Scores

In the Compute Variable window,first, type a variable name youwant to assign in Target Variablebox.

I usually use a p, followed by thefirst seven letters in the original

536212: Research

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.

Second, select CDFNORM(zvalue) fromFunctions box and move to Numeric

Expression: box using triangle button.This function returns the corresponding

p-value for the z-value of a normaldistribution.

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Z-Scores

536212: Research

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to the Numeric Expression: box, it willlook like this. Now, you find the Zscore:

First time R used Internet [zinterdu] andreplace ? with the variable by clicking theright arrow button.

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Z-Scores

CDFNORM(zinterdu) calculates the probabilityfrom the left tail of the distribution up to the z-score value. Since we want the probabilityabove the z-score value, we subtractCDFNORM(zinterdu) from 1.

The 1, or 100%, represents the total probability

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.

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Z-Scores

536212: Research

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Now, you will notice that a new variable [pinterdu]was created. Recall that these values are the

probability values corresponding to the z-values[zinterdu] under the assumption of normaldistribution. To answer the question, sort the casesusing right click on the [pinterdu] variable labeland select Sort Ascending.

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Computing mean, skewness, and kurtosis

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Computing mean, skewness, and kurtosis

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Computing mean, skewness, and kurtosis

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Computing mean, skewness, and kurtosis

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Computing mean, skewness, and kurtosis

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Testing for normality

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Obtaining accurate probabilities for the sampling distribution ofmeans assumes that the variable is normally distributed. The "age"

[age] satisfied the criteria for a normal distribution. The skewnesso e s r u on .454 was e ween -1.0 an + 1.0 an e ur os s

of the distribution (-.720) was between -1.0 and +1.0.

If we did not satisfy the requirements for a normal distribution, wemight still be able to compute a correct probability, using theCentral Limit Theorem. In this problem, we dont need the Central

Limit Theorem, but if we did, we would need to draw the sampleand compute the sample mean.

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Drawing a Sample

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Drawing a sample

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To create a random rocess usin a s eci icnumber, 2527675 in this problem, as a

random number seed, click on Set seed to:and type in the number you want.

When you click on OK, the seed will be set,but you will get no feedback from SPSStelling you that this has been done.

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Drawing a random sample

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Drawing a random sample

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Drawing a random sample

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The problem calls for us todraw a 10% random sample.

Type 10 in the text box inron o e sym o o

specify the size of the sample.

Then, click on the Continuebutton to close the dialog box.

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Drawing a random sample

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Institute of Mangement and

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Drawing a random sample

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The probability of a sample mean

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Having drawn a 10% sample of thecases in the data set, we can calculatethe statistics for the sample.

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The probability of a sample mean

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The probability of a sample mean

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Picturing the Sampling Distribution

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Frequency

10

5

S.D. = 2.19

Mean of Means= 46.58

Sample size = 61

Mean of

this sample:

45.38

Population Mean: 46.58

042 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

Sample MeansWe calculated the p-value of this

part of the distribution.

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Restoring all cases

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Restoring all cases

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Slide 70Restoring all cases to the data set - 3536212: ResearchMethodologyShri ShankaracharyaInstitute of Mangement and

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Estimation of Population Mean

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Confidence Interval

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Confidence Interval

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Confidence Interval

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Independent Samples T-Test

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Independent Samples T-Test

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Independent Samples T-Test

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Independent Samples T-Test

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Independent Samples T-Test

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To compute the one-tailed probability, the SPSS 2-tailed significance is

divided in half: 0.975 / 2 =0.4875

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Chi-Square Test of Independence

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Chi-Square Test of Independence

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Chi-Square Test of Independence

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ANOVAAnalyze > Compare Means

> One-Way ANOVA

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ANOVA Dependent variable [age]goes to Dependent List:box and the independent

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variable [lcouncu] goes to

Factor: box.

Then, click Options

button to select statistics

options.

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ANOVA

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Select Descriptive and

Homogeneity of variance

test in the Statistics

ection of One-Way ANOVA:

Options window.Then, click Continue and

OK buttons.

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ANOVA

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Using SPSS for Graphic Presentation

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Various Graphics in SPSS Pie chart Bar chart Histogram Area chart Line chart

catter p ot

Various Options for Graphics in SPSS Simple graphics: Use Chartoption inAnalyze >

Descriptive Statistics > Frequencies Complex graphics: Use Graphs in Menu bar

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Graphs

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Graphs

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Graphs

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Work Statistics

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Histogram

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Pie Chart

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Bar Chart

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Clustered Bar Chart

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Work Statistics

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Clustered Bar Chart

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Work Statistics

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Clustered Bar Chart

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Clustered Bar Chart

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Clustered Bar Chart

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Summing Up!

MethodologyInstitute of Mangement and

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We practiced Various statistical analysis using SPSS

Thank You and Best Wishes for your exams

problem