Cells and Classification

Unit Two – God’s Living CreationChapter Four – Cells and Classification

Cells and Organisms – Living ThingsOrganism – a complete living thing

Cells and Organisms – Living Things(Living things grow and develop – Gal 5:22-23, 1 Peter 2:2)

Life span – for living things, the process of birth, growth, reproduction and deathLife cycle – another name for the life span

Cells and Organisms – Living Things(Living things reproduce)

Life comes only from life

Cells and Organisms – Living ThingsCells and Organisms – Living Things(Living things respond to their environments)

Living thing respond to their environments to protect themselves.Environments – surroundings

Cells and Organisms – Living Things(Living things use energy)

Energy – the ability to do work

Cells and Organisms – Living ThingsBible Integration

Genesis 2:16-17God commanded Adam and Eve not to eat of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil. If they ate of that tree, they would “surely die.”

Rom 5:12When Adam sinned, he brought sin into the world. The punishment for sin is death. Because Adam sinned, every descendant of Adam is born a sinner and will receive the punishment for sin.

Rom 5:19, 1 Cor 15:12Yet Jesus Christ obeyed God by dying on the cross. He made it possible for all men to be saved from sin and punishment of sin.

Cells and Organisms – Living ThingsCells and Organisms – Living Things(Living things are made of cells)

Robert Hooke – first to observe and name cellsExamined a small piece of dried cork with a microscope and observed small, empty chambers that he called cells

Theodor Schwann & Matthias Schleiden – formed the basis of the cell theory

Found that all living things are made of cells

Cells and Organisms – Living ThingsCells and Organisms – Living Things(Living things are made of cells - continued)

Cell Theory – the theory developed by Schwann & Matthias that cells can function as individual living organisms or as the smallest units in a larger organism

Cells and Organisms – Living ThingsBible Integration

Some characteristics of living things are also characteristics of people that are spiritually alive in Christ. To be spiritually alive, a person must accept Jesus Christ as his Savior from sin and be born into God’s family.

Living things grow and developSpiritually alive people grow and develop in ChristGal 5:22-23, 1 Peter 2:2

Living things reproduceSpiritually alive people spread the gospel to othersProv 11:30, Matt 28:19-20

Cells and Organisms – Living ThingsBible Integration

Some characteristics of living things are also characteristics of people that are spiritually alive in Christ. To be spiritually alive, a person must accept Jesus Christ as his Savior from sin and be born into God’s family.

Living things respond to their environmentsSpiritually alive people respond to their environments by fleeing temptation and doing what’s right1 Cor 10:13, James 4:7

Living things use energySpiritually alive people need energy (strength) from the LordPhil 4:13, Ps 27:1

Cells and Organisms – MicroscopesMicroscope – an instrument that uses lenses to magnify objectsZacharias Jansen – credited with inventing the first microscope

His father, Hans, was a lens maker and probably began making the first compound microscope.

Cells and Organisms – CellsCells working together

Cell – a tiny unit of living material surrounded by a thin membraneUnicellular – organisms that consist of one cellMulticellular – organisms made of more than one cell

Most living things are multicellular and made of millions and millions of cells.

Tissue – a group of cells working together

Cells and Organisms – CellsCells working together - continued

Organs – formed by tissues working togetherHeart, lungs, liver, kidneys

Systems – formed by organs working togetherIn order, from smallest to largest

Cells – Tissues – Organs – SystemsJust as cells, tissues, organs and systems work together in the body to perform specific functions, Christians should work together in Christ’s church to glorify His name and do His will.

Cells and Organisms – CellsCell structure

Cell membrane – surrounds every cell and provides the external boundary for the material inside the cellCytoplasm – a jellylike substance inside the cell membraneOrganelles – tiny structures inside the cytoplasm that help carry out the functions of the cellNucleus – a large, circular structure that contains DNAChromosomes – Tight little bundles of DNAThe cell follows the DNA code as it grows, reproduces, and builds substances for the organism.

Cells and Organisms – CellsCell structure - continued

Mitochondria – breakdown the cell’s food and releases energyEndoplasmic reticulum – the cell’s transportation systemRibosomes – make the proteins that cells needVacuoles – bubble-like storage organelles in the cytoplasmCell wall – not found in animal cells; helps the plant cell stay rigid and firmChloroplasts – structures found in plant cells that contain a green pigmentChlorophyll – a green pigment found in plant cells that absorbs energy from sunlight

Cells and Organisms – CellsCell structure – Animal Cell

3

2 1

4

65

7

81. Chromosomes2. Endoplasmic

Reticulum3. Ribosomes4. Cell Membrane5. Cytoplasm6. Mitochondrion7. Vacuole8. Nucleus

Cells and Organisms – CellsCell structure – Plant Cell

3

21

465

78

1. Cytoplasm2. Chromosomes3. Nucleus4. Mitochondrion5. Cell Membrane6. Cell Wall7. Endoplasmic

Reticulum8. Ribosomes9. Chloroplast10.Vacuole

910

Cells and Organisms – CellsReproduction of Cells

Cell division – the process of an individual cell dividing into two cellsMitosis – process through which organisms grow and replace cells

Chromosomes duplicate once and the cell divides onceProcess produces two cells identical to the parent cell

Cells and Organisms – CellsReproduction of Multicellular Organisms

Sexual reproduction – the process of creating new life using cells from male and female organismsMeiosis – process through which reproductive cells are formed

Each reproductive cell ends up with only half as many chromosomes as the parent cellChromosomes duplicate once and the original cell divides twiceThe process produces four reproductive cells

Cells and Organisms – ClassificationClassification – putting organisms with similar characteristics into groupsCarolus Linnaeus – developed the method of classification into six kingdoms

Cells and Organisms – ClassificationThe Living Kingdoms – Kingdom Eubacteria

Bacteria – the smallest living things knows to manUnicellular microscopic organisms that are almost everywhereColonies – same kind of groups of organisms living togetherBacteria do not have well-defined nucleiBacteria can make you sickSome bacteria can be helpful

Your intestines contain bacteria that help digest your foodYogurt contains bacteria

Cells and Organisms – ClassificationThe Living Kingdoms – Kingdom Archaebacteria

Archaebacteria are also unicellular, but they have a unique chromosome structure.Archaebacteria live in conditions that are poisonous to other living things.Like Eubacteria, Archaebacteria do not have a true nuclei.

Cells and Organisms – ClassificationThe Living Kingdoms – Kingdom Protista

Unicellular organisms that have cell membranes and true nucleiTwo kinds of organisms in this kingdom

Protozoans – can move around and often live in waterParamecium – common protozoan that uses tiny hairlike structures called cila to propel it through the waterAmoebas – move around by constantly changing their shape

Algae – like plants, they have chlorophyll in their cells and therefore use sunlight for energy; not as mobile as protozoans

Cells and Organisms – ClassificationThe Living Kingdoms – Kingdom Fungi

Some species are unicellular, and some exist in colonies.Common examples of a fungus

MushroomMoldYeast

Bible IntegrationExodus 12:15, 1 Cor 5:6The Bible uses the word “leaven” for yeast, which often represents sin.Just as a little yeast can cause a whole loaf of bread to rise, a little sin is able to grow and affect others.

Cells and Organisms – ClassificationThe Living Kingdoms – Kingdom Plantae

Group of multicellular organisms (plants) that provide food and oxygen to all living things.Have chloroplasts that contain chlorophyll which helps a plant make its own food.Photosynthesis – a process of converting sunlight energy into a usable source of energy (sugar).

Through photosynthesis, plants also release oxygen.

Cells and Organisms – ClassificationThe Living Kingdoms – Kingdom Animalia

Multicellular and do NOT have cell wallsCannot manufacture their own foodAre dependent on the ability to move to find and gather food for their needsMan is in a class by himself. God created man in His own image and gave him specific instructions about how to live and rule over the earth.

Cells and Organisms – ClassificationNaming Organisms

Common names – names that are widely recognizedDifferent in different languages

Carolus Linnaeus – developed the ordering system to help classify plants and animals according to common characteristicsSeven levels of classification:

Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, speciesKate Poured Coffee On Father’s Good Suit.King Phillip Came Over For Good Steak.

Cells and Organisms – ClassificationNaming Organisms - continued

Scientific names – Latin names that are unique and are not attached to any other organism

Made up of two namesGenus name – always capitalizedSpecies name

The scientific name must be underlined.The classification system makes learning about living things much easier.Looking at classifications helps us appreciate the orderliness of God’s creation.Every creature is exactly how God planned it to be!