Unit Seven Machine TranslatiUnit Seven Machine Translationon

Text A

ⅠⅠ. . ObjectivesObjectives::

Students will be able to:

1.grasp the main idea and structure of the text;

2.have a general idea of the latest development of MT;

3.appreciate the writing skills employed in the text;

4. conduct a series of activities: skills focused: reading and writing

skills integrated: speaking and listening

II II Time AllotmentTime Allotment

periods content

1st & 2n

d Pre-reading; While reading (Parts1-2)

3rd & 4th

While reading (Parts 3-4); Post reading

5th Practical exercise book IV; Theme-Related Language learning tasks

III. III. Pre-reading tasksPre-reading tasks

1. Ask students to answer so1. Ask students to answer some questions as warm-up exeme questions as warm-up exe

rcises:rcises:a. Do you often surf on Internet?b.What do you usually do when you go on

Internet?

2. Discuss in class: what are t2. Discuss in class: what are the positive aspects and negatihe positive aspects and negative aspects of surfing on Internve aspects of surfing on Intern

et?et?

3. Divide the whole class into 3. Divide the whole class into two sides (positive side and two sides (positive side and negative side) and hold a negative side) and hold a

debate:debate:Positive Side: People should be encouraged to go on Internet.

Negative Side: Some restrictions should be made to prevent people, especially university students, from surfing on Internet. (Some words for reference: latest information, exchange, different cultures, relaxation, erotic content, virus, … )

IV. IV. While-reading tasksWhile-reading tasks

1. What are the advantages and disadvantages of MT?

2. What does the title of the text mean? Ask several Ss to paraphrase it.

3. T tells Ss some related background information. 4. T helps Ss analyze the organization of the text. 5. T explains some of the language points and has S

s to prepare for the others. 6. T asks Ss to paraphrase some difficult language p

oints.

1.1. Cultural NotesCultural Notes

1). Rockefeller Foundation1). Rockefeller Foundation

An Introduction of Rockefeller Foundation The year was 1913. The United States, as a nation,

was 137 years old. Woodrow Wilson was inaugurated as the 28th president. The 16th amendment was passed, creating the federal income tax. Richard Nixon was born. Willa Cather published O Pioneers! and John Singer Sargent painted Portrait of Henry James. Vitamin A was first isolated and Niels Bohr formulated his theory of atomic structure. J. Pierpont Morgan died, Grand Central Station opened, the Philadelphia Athletics beat the New York

Giants in the World Series, and World War I was imminent. And in 1913 the work of the Rockefeller Foundation began. During the emerging years, scientists and scholars worked to solve many of the worlds and the countrys ills. Plagues such as hookworm and malaria have been brought under control; food production for the hungry in many parts of the world has been increased; and the mind, heart, and spirit have been lifted by the work of Foundation-assisted artists, writers, dancers, and composers. But other plagues continue: World hunger persists, particularly in Africa, as the imbalance among food, health, and growing populations threatens many countries, and in America the problems of cities

and schools demand attention. The tasks of today are as vital and daunting as they were when John Davison Rockefellers foundation formally came into being. His bent for philanthropy began early in life. In his teens, from sums earned in his first job, he allotted money for his Sunday school and other activities of his Baptist church. By 1860 Rockefellers philanthropy included regular contributions to churches, Sunday schools, and an orphanage.

As his personal wealth grew, Rockefellers interest in philanthropy increased. He was impressed in 1889 by an essay written by Andrew Carnegie and titled The Gospel of Wealth. The day is not far distant, Carnegie said, when the man who dies leaving behind him millions of available wealth, which was free for him to administer during life, will pass away unwept, unhonored, and unsung. Rockefeller wrote a letter to Carnegie: I would that more men of wealth were doing as you are doing with your money but, be assured, your example will bear fruits, and the time will come when men of wealth will more generally be willing to use it for the good of others. In the same year 1889 Rockefeller began his philanthropic work in

earnest, making the first of what would become $35 million in gifts, over a period of two decades, to found the University of Chicago. In 1901 he established the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, now Rockefeller University. In 1903 he created the General Education Board at an ultimate cost of $129 million to promote education in the United States without distinction of sex, race, or creed.

In 1909 he established the Rockefeller Sanitary Commission for Eradication of Hookworm Disease to cure and prevent the disease, particularly in the southern United States. Rockefeller was prepared to begin the Rockefeller Foundation in 1909, even signing a deed of trust to turn over 72,569 shares of Standard Oil of New Jersey stock worth $50 million. But delays and difficulties in seeking a federal charter for the Foundation, desired by Rockefeller though never obtained, resulted in a lapse until 1913, when the Foundation was officially incorporated in the state of New York. Since its inception the Rockefeller Foundation has given more than $2 billion to thousands of grantees worldwide and has assisted directly in the training of nearly 13,000 Rockefeller Foundation Fellows. In the chronology that follows, we highlight the work of these men and women who have brought the work of the Rockefeller Foundation to life.

2). IBM & IDC2). IBM & IDC

The character of a company -- the stamp it puts on its products, services and the marketplace -- is shaped and defined over time. It evolves. It deepens. It is expressed in an ever-changing corporate culture, in transformational strategies, and in new and compelling offerings for customers. IBM's character has been formed over nearly 100 years of doing business in the field of information-handling. Nearly all of the company's products were designed and developed to record, process, communicate, store and retrieve  information -- from its first scales,

tabulators and clocks to today's powerful computers and vast global networks. IBM helped pioneer information technology over the years, and it stands today at the forefront of a worldwide industry that is revolutionizing the way in which enterprises, organizations and people operate and thrive. The pace of change in that industry, of course, is accelerating, and its scope and impact are widening. In these pages, you can trace that change from the earliest antecedents of IBM, to the most recent developments. You can scan the entire IBM continuum

from the 19th century to the 21st or pinpoint -- year-by year or decade-by-decade -- the key events that have led to the IBM of today. We hope that you enjoy this unique look back at the highly textured history of the International Business Machines Corporation.

This IDC study presents a competitive market map for the business analytics (BA) software market based on the end-of-year 2002 results. The market map and its methodology are introduced as a tool for evaluating the competitive positioning of software vendors in an increasingly complex market. Although we used end-of-year 2002 data (the most recent available full-year data), this study will be updated by the end of May 2004 with full-year 2003 vendor performance results. Therefore, the primary purpose of this study is to introduce the tool and methodology in advance of the 2003 full-year results. "The business analytics software market continues to mature

and has attracted vendors from different segments of the overall software market. To evaluate the market landscape, IDC introduces the competitive market map as a quantitative tool based on the following four variables: size, scope, momentum, and dependence of business analytics software." — Dan Vesset, research manager, Analytics and Data Warehousing

BabelBabel

AltaVista - Babel Fish Translation

2. The structure of the text2. The structure of the text

Part One: Paras1-3 Main idea: An brief introduction to MT.Part Two: Paras4-8Main idea:The chronological development

of MTPart Three: Paras9-12Main idea: The need for MT and its current

state 

3. Have Ss paraphrase some 3. Have Ss paraphrase some difficult sentences:difficult sentences:

1) Since its …has suffered from exaggerated claims and impossible expectations.(Para1)

2) It does so because both the difficulty of getting computers to understand human languages, and the high expectations that must be met if MT is to be taken seriously.(Para2)

4. T explains some key and ac4. T explains some key and active language points: tive language points:

1). a short in the arm: sth. that 1). a short in the arm: sth. that boosts one’s spirits or encourboosts one’s spirits or encourages, esp. in a difficult situatioages, esp. in a difficult situatio

n n Example: The new measure taken by the government

was a real short in the arm for the local economy.

2). transmit: pass along(news 2). transmit: pass along(news or information); send an electror information); send an electronic signal, radio, television bronic signal, radio, television br

oadcast, or disease etc.oadcast, or disease etc.Examples: Water transmits sound better than air. Insects can transmit disease. trans- : This prefix means changing or

moving.

transform ---- to change in form transplant ---- to move (a plant) from one place

and plant it in another transport---- to carry (goods or people etc.)from

one place to another transact---- to carry (a piece of business, etc.)

through to an agreement transition---- to change or pass from one state,

subject or place to another

3). lay out: plan in detail, provi3). lay out: plan in detail, provide (a detailed plan or design); de (a detailed plan or design);

spread out or arrangespread out or arrange Examples: The architect laid out the interior of the building. His dinner jacket was already laid out on the bed. Some phases with “lay”: lay down: to put down (tools, arms etc.); begin to

build or state firmly lay off: to stop employing

lay over: to make a short stay (usu. at an airport) before continuing a journey

lay up: (usu. Pass. ) to cause to be kept indoors or in bed with an illness

4). be (well) along toward: go 4). be (well) along toward: go in the direction of, come nearin the direction of, come near

Example: The talk is well along toward reaching an agreement on the border dispute between the two countries.

5). dry up: disappear as if by 5). dry up: disappear as if by draining or cutting off a source draining or cutting off a source

of a supply of a supply Examples: The streams dry up in the summer.The separation of many years has dried up

their intimacy.

6). revival: the coming again i6). revival: the coming again into activity and prominence (fnto activity and prominence (f

ollowed by ollowed by of of ))Example: There has been a revival of interest in the

fashions of the 1930’s.v. revive

7). spur: urge or incite to act 7). spur: urge or incite to act (used in the patterns: spur sth.;(used in the patterns: spur sth.; spur (on) sb. to do sth.; spur s spur (on) sb. to do sth.; spur s

b. into sth./doing sth. b. into sth./doing sth. Example: He spurred on his team to try harder.

8). analysis: (pl. analyses) 8). analysis: (pl. analyses) work done to find facts and work done to find facts and

solutions to problemssolutions to problemsExample:The analysis of the samples on the murder

spot showed some valuable clues to the police.

v. analyze

9). databases: a large 9). databases: a large collection of information that is collection of information that is stored in a computer system stored in a computer system

in such a way that it can easily in such a way that it can easily be found by a computer userbe found by a computer user

Examples: We are linked to the online database at our

head office.

10). output: information or data 10). output: information or data produced by a computer; an produced by a computer; an

amount produced or amount produced or manufacturedmanufactured

Examples: The output of the factory this year is four

times that in 2000. An assessment of the Welfare System

would involve careful study of its inputs and outputs.

11). elaborate: carefully 11). elaborate: carefully worked out and rich in detail; worked out and rich in detail; very detailed and complicatedvery detailed and complicatedExamples: They are making the most elaborate prepara

tions for the wedding. He came out with such an elaborate excuse

that I didn't quite believe him. cf : collaborate

12). highlight: v. emphasize, 12). highlight: v. emphasize, make importantmake important

Examples: The report on the accident highlights the

need for considerable improvements in safety.

Could you read through this for me and highlight the important points?

highlight: n. the best or most highlight: n. the best or most exciting, entertaining, orexciting, entertaining, or

interesting partinteresting partExamples: The highlight of our trip to New York was

going to the top of the Empire State Building.

You’ll be able to see the highlights of the TV series in a one-hour special on Christmas Day.

13). scramble: mix or throw 13). scramble: mix or throw together haphazardly ; move together haphazardly ; move

or climb quickly but with or climb quickly but with difficulty, often using the difficulty, often using the

handshandsExamples:We had scrambled eggs on toast for breakfa

st.She scrambled up the steep hillside and over

the rocks.

14). whereas: but; compared 14). whereas: but; compared with the fact thatwith the fact that

Example: He must be about sixty, whereas his wife

looks about thirty.

15). partial: not complete or 15). partial: not complete or wholewhole

Examples: He made a partial recovery, but he was neve

r able to walk properly after the accident. Opp. impartial

5. T asks Ss to prepare the foll5. T asks Ss to prepare the following words and expressions owing words and expressions

in advance. in advance. 1) anonymous (n. anonymity)2) storage 3) on the face of it4) go back to 5) memorandum (memo)6) automatic

7) collaboration 8) better than none/nothing 9) multinational 10) intermediate 11) symbolic 12) plug 13) multiple 14) particle

6. Practice6. Practice

1. Cholera is __________ through contaminated water A. transferred B. transmitted C. transported D. transacted 2.  The company has signed (a) ________ of understanding

with a group of investors to sell its steel operations. A. memoirs B. memento C. memorial D. memorandum 3.  Most of Manhattan is _________ in a grid pattern with av

enues of going north-south and streets east-west. A. laid down B. laid out C. laid off D. laid up 4.The two playwrights worked in close _________ with each

other on the script. A. operation B. colleague C. collaboration D. connection

5. With cheaper PC software and wider access to the Internet , there has undoubtedly an _______ growth in the use of MT.

A.unprocessed B.unperceived C.unprecedented D. unperturbed 6. Recently there has been some __________ of interest in ancien

t music. A. revival B. revision C. reversion D. reverse 7. Many shops cut prices just before Christmas in an attempt to _

_______ sales. A. spurn B. spurt C. spur D. sputter 8.  Radio Two plans to double its daily news ____ from next mon

th. A. output B. outrage C.outspread D. outcome 9. He came out with such (a)n ____ excuse that I didn’t quite beli

eve him. A. cooperative B. elaborate C. collaborated D. evaporated 10.  It’s about time we ____ the organization of this company.

A.demonstrated B.demoralized C.demotivated D.democratized 11.   What the person does next is the result of the ________ influences to wh

ich they have been exposed. A. multilingual B. multiple C. multilateral D. multinational 12.   The report on the accident ___________ the need for consid

erable improvements in safety. A. highballs B. highlights C. hightails D. hijacks 13.   He came to the party dressed in a yellow suit and a pink bo

w tie, which caused great ________ among the other guests. A. confusion B. congestion C. hilarity D. enthusiasm 14.   Bad weather _________ the air schedule, and a lot of passe

ngers are allocated to hotels around waiting for new information. A. bothered B. scrambled C. interfered D. troubled 15.   He must be about sixty, ________ his wife looks about thirt

y. A. whereas whereby C. wherein D. whereupon

16.   The food decays easily. It is important to store these ________ food in cool places.

A. available B. breakable C. valuable D. perishable 17.   ________ news coverage is quite hard to find as quite a few

news companies are financed by particular interests. A. Immoral B. Impartial C. Immortal D. Impassive 18.   There is a wide __________ of opinions on the question of u

nilateral disarmament. A. diversity B. involvement C. database D. analysis 19.   I’ve wired up the stereo system, but I haven’t _______ the s

peaker in yet. A. placed B. inserted C. plugged D. bolted 20.   A(n) _______ of seven years’ work revealed errors and inco

nsistencies. A. output B. analogy C. collaboration D. analysis

21.   Very correctly, she was handing out the polite but casual _____ due to a new neighbor who had rendered her small service.

A. hostility B. hospitality C. submission D. indifference 22.   We’re linked to the online ________ at our head office. A. website B. database C. logo D. datemark 23.   He is ______ one of the world’s finest football players. A. arguably B. unintentionally C. colloquially D. partially 24.   She wouldn’t give me the slightest ________ of inform

ation about what she’d been doing. A. part B. party C. particle D. partition 25.   I didn’t have much _______ into the project, which res

ulted in bad consequences. A. output B. input C. putout D. putdown

26.   Environmentalists are doing everything within their power to ______the impact of the oil spill.

A. maximize B. minimize C. lower D. miniaturize 27.   Their team _______ to the top of the League after their thr

ee years’ efforts. A. rocketed B. bolstered C. blustered D. boomed 28.   English, maths and science are compulsory for all students,

but art and music are ________. A. available B. acquirable C. optional B. optical 29.   Dictators like him rarely go ________ without a fight. A. back on B. for C. off D. down 30.   This fundamental idea immediately found its way into ma

n’s speech, which ____ became filled with words and idioms expressing it.

A. henceforth B. nevertheless C. whatsoever D. whereby 31.   What ________ do you use when judging the quality of a s

tudent’s work? A. standard B. norm C. appraisal D. criterion

32.   As a revenge, the government has ordered the immediate __________ of exports to that country.

A. inspiration B. expiration C. cancellation D. suspension 33.   Susan’s success in winning the first prize ________ the other g

irls’ jealousy and they viciously spread a rnmor that she was cheating in the exam.

A. concurred B. recurred C. incurred D. occurred 34.  The computer program isn’t ____ with this operating system. A. comparable B. compatible C. compactable D. computable 35.   There is a growing ______ that this country can no longer affor

d to be a nuclear power. A. recognition B. acclamation C. evaluation D. recommendation 36.   He sees himself as being _________ economic reform. A. on the face of B. well above C. well along toward D. in the vanguard of 37.The concert was a good one, but because of bad __very few peop

le came.A.publishing B.publicity C. highlights D. advertiser

38. There was much ____ before the family would agree to my suggestion.

A. unanimity B. controversy C. conspiracy D. anticipation 39.  You must ___ with the library rule, or else you will be fined. A. abide B. stick C. conform D. comply 40. No matter what the teacher said, he still __ tenaciously to his

opinion. A. persisted B. insisted C. clung D. persevered 41.At the moment there is a (n) ____lack of enthusiasm in her mu

sical performance. A. extinct B. instinct C. distinct D. intact 42.Congress is considering measures to ____the sale of cigarettes. A. restrict B. enchant C. promote D. retract 43.I know him well and have some___about the truth of his story. A. reservations B. conservations C. preservations D. desperations 44.The man standing over there is the composer who will ______

____ the orchestra at tonight’s concert. A. control B. manipulate C. operate D. conduct

45.   Do you think he is ________ in making that remark? A. reasoned B. rationalized C. justified D. identified 46.   The constitution is no longer ________ as a system of

private rights and legislation is now regarded as a dynamic, not an interpretative process.

A. contrived B. conceived C. contracted D. contributed 47.The new job _______ selling and setting up sale conferences. A. retails B. entails C. details D. pintails 48. Half the people questioned said they were opposed to

military _______ in the civil war. A. interference B. interpretation C. intrusion D. intervention 49. The campaign of violence and ____ against them intensifies

daily.A. intimation B. intoxication C. intimidation D. intrusion 50.   His face _________ with bitterness and rage. A. contorted B. extorted C. presorted D. retorted 51.The missionaries____the teaching of Christianity throughout

the islands. A. dispatched B.apprised C. discharged D. preached

52.  In buying an apartment, a difference of ten cents in prices is _____. A. negligible B. infallible C. doubtful D. innumerable

53. Cheer up! It is stupid to ______ over the lost opportunity all the time. A. rejoice B. brood C. dwell D. conceive

54.   The lighting of the Olympic torch ________ peace and friendship among the nations of the world.

A. expresses B. predicts C. means D. symbolizes 55.   Two men _________ him with weapons and forced him to give up his

money. A. blackmailed B. menaced C. conquered D. eliminated 56.   Don’t be so __________ to be taken by their lies. A. merciful B. malignant C. ingenuous D. obscene 57.   There is no evidence to think that the _________ that the phone call was

made by the defendant is correct. A. resumption B. consumption C. supposition D. consideration 58.   The dress will not __________ the years as my velvet will. A. stand up to B. live up to C. come up to D. face up to Key

Keys:Keys:

1-5 BDBCC 6-10 ACABD 11-15 BBCBA 16-20 DBACA 21-25 BBACB 26-30 BACDA 31-35 DDCBA 36-40 DBBAC 41-45 CAADC 46-50 BBDCA 51-55 BABDB 56-58 CCA

4. Writing Skills Employed in t4. Writing Skills Employed in the Texthe Text

1. How to write a chronological development of a thing or an event.(pay attention to time indicators)

2. How to define a new term (e.g. use of synonyms, examples, a list of items covered by the term, or a list of items not covered by the term), and ask Ss to work in pairs to locate and appreciate the definitions for the following terms in Text A : MT(Para1), parallel text(Para7), example-based MT system (Para7), Babel Fish (Para 10), ‘round-trip’ translation (Para 10)

V. Post- reading tasksV. Post- reading tasks

1. Have Ss do some after-text exercises;2. Check on Ss’ home reading of Text B;3. Guide Ss through Reading Strategy;4. Have Ss to prepare for the next unit

a. Preview Text A of Unit 8b. Suggested topic of Oral Presentation for Text A of Unit 8

5. Let students do some additional exercise

The EndThe End

Thank you !