Unit One: The Renaissance

Global Studies II

Mr. O’Shea

Goals of this unit:

• To understand the significance of the Renaissance period.

• To understand the roots of the Renaissance and its impact on Europe.

• To develop an understanding of the different techniques and attitudes that developed during the Renaissance period.

• To understand the difference between the Italian and Northern Renaissances.

• To understand how the Renaissance impacted the start of the Reformation

Europe in Crisis• Dark Ages (450-1450) –

refers to period of 1000 years after Fall of Rome – stagnation and ignorance

• 1300-1600

1. Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453)

• Series of wars throughout Europe

2. Famine, the Bubonic Plague

3. Catholic Church Comes under attack

Black Death

• (1000-1300) Great improvements in agricultural

• 1300 – change in weather, overpopulation, poor sanitation

• Black Death (The Bubonic Plague)– Passed along via trade routes

from China– Peaks in mid 1300s– 1/3 of Europeans die (approx.

100 million in world)– Who is to blame?

• The Catholic Church

Italian Renaissance• Church’s control of literacy and learning

weakening as poets and writers begin to introduce new ideas in vernacular.

• Main themes:– Humanism– City-States develop– Art transforms and flourishes

Italian City-States• No unified Italy – region made up of

independently governed city-states

Renaissance Patrons• Wealthy Europeans fueled

movement by patronizing artists and humanists

• Medici family of Florence– Rules Florence for most of 15th

century– Most lavish of patrons –

Lorenzo the Magnificent– Financially backed academies

for artists and philosophers

Humanism

• Humanists (1300s) – new group of scholars studying past culture of classic Greece and Rome to find how “man should live” (focuses on the individual)

• Values and Agenda:– Classical revival – taking old studies and applying

them to new issues in society– Set new standards for scholarship– Liberal education, civic virtue, social betterment– Founded modern linguistic and historical studies– Mostly secular, but not anti-Christian

Key Humanists

• Francesco Petrarch (1304-1374)– “father of humanism”– First to introduce classic teachings– Disliked current social conditions and intellect

• Giovanni Boccaccio (1331-1375)– Wrote works in Italian vernacular– Searched for and brought “lost” classic

manuscripts back to life– Many follow in footsteps – “Classical Revival”

Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527)• Italian historian, philosopher, humanist, writer

– Worked within Florentine Government during Medici family’s time away from power in 1490s.

– Well versed in political science– Wrote “The Prince” in 1513

• Summarizes what an ideal leader should be:

– Intelligence, strength, determination, tenaciousness

– Militaristic – use local armies, not auxiliaries or mercenaries

– Gain respect (harder for non-hereditary rulers)

» through trust and self-inflicted wounds

– Balance of mercy and cruelty • Unite Italy

Art of the Dark Ages

Italian Renaissance Art• Giotto (1266-1337)

• Transformed art from old to new• Gave life to Byzantine-style art

St. Francis Receiving the Stigmata, 1295Lamentation of Christ, 1305

• Masaccio (1401-1428)– Completed Giotto’s movement– Perspective, anatomical naturalness

Expulsion from Eden, 1427

The Tribute Money, 1425

• Sandro Botticelli (1447-1510)– Abandons

straight-forward approach

The Birth of Venus, 1486

Venus and Mars, 1483

The High Renaissance (1500-1530)

• Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)– Considered genius in many areas (art, science,

inventions)

Last Supper, 1498Mona Lisa, 1503

Vitruvian Man, 1485

Design of Flying Machine, 1488

• Raphael (1483-1520)– Master of design, composition

School of Athens, 1511

• Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475-1564)– Superb artist, sculptor, architect

David, 1504

Sistine Chapel, 1512

St. Peter’s Basilica

• Mannerism– “Anti-Renaissance” style with more dramatic

force, tension, less clear or realistic than typical style of time

Madonna With a Long Neck by Parmigianino, 1540

Joseph in Egypt by Pontormo, 1520

Northern Renaissance

The Northern Renaissance• Spread of Renaissance Ideas

– Influence of Printing• 1400s – northern Europeans went to

Italy to study law, medicine, etc.

• Returned home with manuscripts, books, humanist outlook

– Joann Gutenberg (1397-1468)• Created movable type printing press

• Printed first Bible (1454)

• By 1500, more than 40,000 titles published

– Books, pamphlets circulated around Europe

• IDEAS SPREAD RAPIDLY

The Northern Renaissance• Religion more of a factor in Northern

Renaissance• Humanism in France, Germany,

Spain, England– Works of literature with humanist

influence spreading– William Shakespeare (1564-1616)

• Supreme figure in English literature (37 plays, poetry)

– Themes of human nature, rich vocabulary, poetic imagery

Northern Renaissance Art• Northern Renaissance art evolves from, but

is very different from Italian Renaissance – Combined old traditions with the influence of

realism from Italian Renaissance – Invented the technique of oil painting – more

vivid colors– Most painting on wood panels– Religious subjects in naturalistic landscapes,

realistic events, portraits

Italian ART Northern

• Classical mythology, religious scenes

• Symmetry, balance, perspective

• Bodies with mass, volume

• Portraits, domestic interiors, religious scenes

• Extremely detailed and highly realistic

• Bodies are usually thin, frail

• Jan van Eyck (1395-1441)– Flemish (Dutch)

painter, realistic, perfected technique of oil painting – The Wedding Portrait (1434)

• Albrecht Durer (1471-1528)– Italian influenced

German artist, combined realism and symbolism

St. Jerome in His Study (1514)

• Hans Holbein the Younger (1497-1543)– German artist

famous for portraits

• Pieter Bruegel the Elder (1525-1569)– Flemish (Dutch) painter, detailed scenes of peasant,

village life

• Hieronymus Bosch (1480-1516)– Stern moralist,

lived in own mental universe, The Garden of Earthly Delights (1510)

Italian ART Northern

• Classical mythology, religious scenes

• Symmetry, balance, perspective

• Bodies with mass, volume

• Portraits, domestic interiors, religious scenes

• Extremely detailed and highly realistic

• Bodies are usually thin, frail

Northern Humanism• Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536)

– Dutch, most popular scholar in Europe– The Praise of Folly – most influential work

• A satire that ridiculed current politics, society, economy, religious evils

– Morality, rational piety as basis of Christianity

• Sir Thomas More (1478-1535)– Most important English humanist– Utopia, description of ideal society, state (first

since Plato’s Republic)– Criticized contemporary society, leadership –

executed by Henry VIII for treason

Italian HUMANISM Northern

• Classical revival – taking old studies and applying them to new issues in society

• “how men ought to live”

• Liberal education, civic virtue, social betterment

• Mostly secular, but not anti-Christian

• “Christian Humanism”• Called for broad social

reform based on Christian ideals

• Human beings are basically good, it is the social institutions that are corrupt– Improvement through

education

• REFORM THE CHURCH• Literature popularized

from printing press

Unit Two: The Reformation

Goals of this unit:

• To understand the significance of the Reformation.• To understand the influence of the Renaissance

and the Reformation.• To develop an understanding of the different

leaders and religions that emerged during this tumultuous period.

• To understand how the English Reformation was different from the movement on the continent.

• To understand the Church’s response and how it changed from the Diet of Worms to the Council of Trent.

Why the Reformation?

• The State of European SocietyFor each: How might this connect to the start of the Reformation?

– Renaissance emphasis on secular & individual

– Printing Press spreads ideas– Monarchs emerging

Why the Reformation?• Church Leaders Corrupt

– Worldly Affairs of Popes (Julius II)

• Major problems:– Simony

• Paying for sacraments, privileges

– Absenteeism• Bishops, clergy not present in dioceses

– Indulgences• System of selling grants for forgiveness of sins

being abused

The Holy Roman Empire

• Lacks any strong central authority– The rest of northern Europe had

strong monarchs

• Power split among Habsburg Territory– Spanish Hapsburgs/Austrian

Hapsburgs– 1519 –Charles V (Hapsburg

family) elected Holy Roman Emperor

Early Reformers in 14th & 15th Centuries

• Wycliff (England – 1320-1384) & Hus (Bohemia – 1369-1415)

– Pope did not have the right to worldly power

– Bible is the authority, not the Church

• Erasmus & More– Christian Humanists– Used satire to bring to light problems

• Savonarola – 1497, Florence– Italian Friar called for reform– Executed for heresy

Luther and the Reformation• Martin Luther (1483-1546)

– German priest in Catholic church– Disturbed by abuses, new doctrines,

trends in Catholic Church– In 1515, Pope Leo X authorizes “sales of

indulgences” to raise money for construction of St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome

• Johann Tetzel – preacher famous for selling indulgences

– In 1517, Luther wrote and posted Ninety-Five Theses on Wittenburg Cathedral in Germany

• called for debate on sales of indulgences, points of theology, abuses

Warm Up

• What were Luther’s issues with the Catholic Church and how did they reflect the ideas of the Christian humanists?

• Luther’s views are gaining wide support:• simpler, more meaningful faith• less Roman orientation• less Church abuse and irrationality (Humanism)

– Ideas are being spread rapidly thanks to printing press

• In debate with theologian John Eck:– Denied infallibility of Pope, church councils– Declared Bible as sole authority– Stated salvation gained only by faith

Warm Up

• What did Luther hope to gain from posting his 95 Theses?

• Explain why Luther’s movement became so large even though that may not have been his intention.

• Pope excommunicates Luther– Charles V gives Luther chance to recant at Imperial

Diet at Worms in 1521• Luther refuses, Diet condemns him

Luther’s Plan for a New Religion

• Luther created doctrine of new branch of Christianity– Dropped most of Catholic ritual– “Priesthood of all believers” – direct relations with God– Allowed clergy to marry– Used vernacular language (German) for services

instead of Latin, translated Bible– More women rights, roles– Obligation to God, loyalty to earthly governments

• God and state are separate

– Backed political authority and strength of rulers• Against the Peasant Revolt (1524-1525), 100,000 died

Luther and the Protestant Reformation

• Germany split between Catholic and Lutheran churches– Peace of Augsburg (1555)

• Ended first phase of Reformation• Compromise: Princes could opt for

either Catholic or Lutheran state church

• Lands taken before 1552 kept by Lutheran Church

– Lutheranism embraced by Scandinavian states

The English Reformation

• England differed from central Europe– Geographically

separated– national monarchy,

centralized authority– greater independence

from papacy

Henry VIII and the English Reformation

• Henry VIII (1491-1547)• Of the Tudor dynasty

– Loyal to Catholic Church– But needed legitimate male

heir, wanted to remarry • Pope wants to decline request

– Henry, Thomas Cramner, parliament carry out English Reformation (1527)

Warm Up

• What were Henry’s motives to carry out the English Reformation?

• Explain the significance of Henry the VIII’s break with the Church.

• King becomes head or English Church• Anti-Catholic campaign began

– State took, distributed Church property, dues– Opponents executed – Sir Thomas More (1535)

• Strong protestant movement already present– Bible translated into English

• English Church principles very similar to Catholic, without papal supremacy

• Henry VIII grew suspicious of popular Protestantism– Refused to legalize clerical marriage, criticized major

Protestant figures

The English Reformation• Edward VI (1537-1553)

– Son of Henry VIII, weak and heavily influenced by Protestant regents introduced more Protestant features to Church

• Mary I (1516-1558) – “Bloody Mary”– Daughter of Henry VIII, half sister

of Edward VI– Takes over in coup after Edward’s

death– Staunchly Catholic, tried to restore

Catholic Church, papal authority– Persecuted Protestants, burned

300, including Crammer

Protestantism in Europe• France and Switzerland

– Economic, social conditions favored growth of Protestantism in Switzerland especially

• John Calvin (1509-1564)– French ex-lawyer, fled to Geneva,

wrote Institutes of Christian Religion – rational, systematic blend of Protestant doctrines

– Dominated Geneva through theocratic-type government

• Strict rules, harsh punishments for offenses (torture and execution)

Calvinism• Accepted most of Luther’s

principles• Stressed God’s omnipotence• Predestination – the divine

foreshadowing of all that will happen

• Elected ministers, councils to decide policies

• 1555 – Calvinism begins to spread to– France (followers called

Huguenots)– Businessmen, aristocrat

• Women helped spread Calvinism• Spread to Scotland by John Knox

Catholic Reform• Protestant Reformation energized

Catholics to change– Pope Paul III (1468-1549)

started major reforms• Called for church council• Appointed committee to investigate

abuses, suggested remedies• Appointed new College of Cardinals

– New clerical orders reflected spirit of reform and regeneration

The Council of Trent• Held in three sessions between 1545-

1563– Addressed internal problems,

challenge of Protestants• Reformed policies to eliminate abuses

– Forbade absenteeism, false indulgences, bribery

– Required higher standards, education, supervision of clergy

• Viewed as a counterattack against Reformation as a united Catholic church– Unsure or unhappy Catholics’ faith in

Church reinvigorated

Catholic Reform• Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556)

– Spanish nobleman, soldier, spiritual experience while recovering from battle wounds

– Wrote Spiritual Exercises – disciplined approach to spiritual growth

– Founded Society of Jesus (Jesuits)• “soldiers of Catholicism”, preachers,

teachers, diplomats, spies, missionaries

• Helped defend Catholicism against spread of Protestantism

Conclusion

• Religious ferment followed the Renaissance, making major changes in a favorable political climate

• The Reformations ushered in the modern world

• These developments came at a time when Europeans were looking beyond their own lands…