unit no 2 audit 1

7/30/2019 Unit No 2 Audit 1

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ENERGY AUDITING

DO NOT ESTIMATE WHEN YOU CAN CALCULATE!

DO NOT CALCULATE WHEN YOU CAN MEASURE!!


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SYLLABUS : ENERGY MANAGEMENT & AUDIT

Definition, Energy audit- need,

Types of energy audit,

Components Of Energy AuditEnergy Audit Methodology,

Energy audit instruments

Energy Audit Software

Energy management (audit) approach-understanding energy costs,

Bench marking,

Conservation Opportunities :- In Boiler And Steam System, Furnace

DG Sets, HVAC System

Pumping System, Cooling Tower

Compressed Air SystemEnergy performance,

Matching energy use to requirement

Maximizing system efficiencies,

Optimizing the input energy requirementsFuel and ener substitution,


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DEFINITION:

The ver i f icat ion, monitor ing and analysis of use of energy

inc luding submiss ion of technica l repor t conta in ing

recommendat ions for improv ing energy eff ic iency with co stbenefi t analysis and an act ion plan to reduce energy

consumpt ion

1. A systematic approach for decision-making in the area of energy

management

2. Attempts to balance the total energy inputs with its use, and

serves to identify all the energy streams in a facility

3. Quantifies energy usage according to its discrete functions

4. Industrial energy audit is an effective tool in defining and pursuing

comprehensive energy management programme.


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NEED:

Understand more about the ways energy and fuel are used in anyindustry, and help in identifying the areas where waste can occur

and where scope for improvement exists

Translation of conservation ideas into realities, by lending

technically feasible solutions with economic and otherorganizational considerations within a specified time frame

Provides a bench-mark for managing energy in the organization

and also provides the basis for planning a more effective use of

energy throughout the organization

Determine ways to reduce energy consumption per unit of product

output or to lower operating costs


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TYPESOF ENERGY AUDIT

Preliminary energy audit

Detailed energy audit

Type of energy audit chosen depends on Function and type of industry

Depth to which audit is required

Potential and magnitude of cost reduction desired


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PRELIMINARY ENERGY AUDIT METHODOLOGY

Uses existing or easily obtained data

Establishes energy consumption in the organization

Estimates the scope for saving

Identifies the most likely areas for attention

Identifies immediate (no/low-cost) improvements

Sets a referencepoint

Identifies areas for more detailed study/measurement


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DETAILED ENERGY AUDIT

Evaluates all energy using systems, equipments andincludes detailed energy savings and costs

one of the key elements is the energy balance

This is based on an inventory of energy using systems,

assumptions of current operating conditions andcalculations of energy use.

This estimated use is then compared to utility bill charges.

Carried out in 3 phases Pre-audit Phase

Audit Phase

Post-Audit


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TEN STEPS METHODOLOGYFORDETAILED AUDIT

Step

NoPLAN OF ACTION PURPOSE / RESULTS

Step 1

Step 2

Phase I

Pre Audit Phase

Plan and organise

Walk through Audit

Informal Interview with

Energy Manager, Production/ Plant Manager

Conduct of brief meeting /awareness programme with

all divisional heads and

persons concerned (2-3 hrs.)

Resource planning, Establish/organize aEnergy audit team

Organize Instruments & time frame

Macro Data collection (suitable to type ofindustry.)

Familiarization of process/plant activities

First hand observation & Assessment of

current level operation and practices

Building up cooperation

Issue questionnaire for each department

Orientation, awareness creation


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Step 3

Step 4

Phase IIAudit Phase

Primary data gathering,

Process Flow Diagram, &

Energy Utility Diagram

Conduct survey and

monitoring

Historic data analysis, Baseline data

collection

Prepare process flow charts

All service utilities system diagram(Example: Single line power distribution

diagram, water, compressed air & steam

distribution.

Design, operating data and schedule of

operation Annual Energy Bill and energy consumption

pattern (Refer manual, log sheet, name plate,

interview)

Measurements :

Motor survey, Insulation, and Lighting

survey with portable instruments for

collection of more and accurate data.

Confirm and compare operating data with

design data.


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Step 5

Step6

Step 7

Conduct of detailed trials/experiments for selected

energy guzzlers

Analysis of energy use Identification and

development of Energy

Conservation (ENCON)

opportunities

Trials/Experiments:- 24 hours power monitoring (MD, PF,

kWh etc.).

- Load variations trends in pumps, fancompressors etc.

- Boiler/Efficiency trials for (4 8hours)

- Furnace Efficiency trialsEquipments Performance

experiments etc

Energy and Material balance & energyloss/waste analysis Identification & Consolidation ENCON

measures

Conceive, develop, and refine ideas

Review the previous ideas suggested by unitpersonal

Review the previous ideas suggested byenergy audit if any

Use brainstorming and value analysistechniques

Contact vendors for new/efficienttechnology


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Step 8

Step9

Step10

Cost benefit analysis

Reporting & Presentation tothe Top Management

Phase IIIPost Audit phase

Implementation and Follow-up

Assess technical feasibility, economicviability and prioritization of ENCONoptions for implementation

Select the most promising projects Prioritise by low, medium, long term

measures

Documentation, Report Presentation to the topManagement.

Assist and Implement ENCON recommendationmeasures and Monitor the performance

Action plan, Schedule forimplementation

Follow-up and periodic review


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PHASE I -PRE AUDIT PHASE ACTIVITIES

Initial Site Visit and Preparation Required for Detailed Auditing

An initial site visit may take one day and gives the Energy Auditor/Engineer an

opportunity to meet the personnel concerned, to familiarize him with the site and toassess the procedures necessary to carry out the energy audit. During the initial

site visit the Energy Auditor/Engineer should carry out the following

actions: -

1. Discuss With The Site's Senior Management The Aims Of The Energy Audit.

2. Discuss Economic Guidelines Associated With The Recommendations Of The Audit.3. Analyse The Major Energy Consumption Data With The Relevant Personnel.

4. Obtain Site Drawings Where Available - Building Layout, Steam Distribution,

Compressed Air

5. Distribution, Electricity Distribution Etc.

6. Tour The Site Accompanied By Engineering/Production


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THEMAINAIMSOFTHISVISITARE

The main aims of this visit are: -

To finalize Energy Audit team

To identify the main energy consuming areas/plant items to be surveyed during the

audit.

To identify any existing instrumentation/ additional metering required.

To decide whether any meters will have to be installed prior to the audit eg. kWh,

steam,

oil or gas meters.

To identify the instrumentation required for carrying out the audit.

To plan with time frame

To collect macro data on plant energy resources, major energy consuming centers

To create awareness through meetings/ programme


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PHASE II- DETAILED ENERGY AUDIT ACTIVITIES

The information to be collected during the detailed audit includes: -

1. Energy consumption by type of energy, by department, by major items of

process equipment, by end-use.

2. Material balance data (raw materials, intermediate and final products,

recycled materials, use of scrap or waste products, production of by-

products for re-use in other industries, etc.)

3. Energy cost and tariff data

4. Process and material flow diagrams

5. Generation and distribution of site services (eg.compressed air, steam).

6. Sources of energy supply (e.g. electricity from the grid or self-generation)

7. Potential for fuel substitution, process modifications, and the use of co-

generation systems (combined heat and power generation).8. Energy Management procedures and energy awareness training

programs within the establishment.


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THEAUDITTEAMSHOULDCOLLECT

THEFOLLOWINGBASELINEDATA:

1. Technology, processes used and equipment details

2. - Capacity utilisation

3. - Amount & type of input materials used

4. - Water consumption

5. - Fuel Consumption

6. - Electrical energy consumption7. - Steam consumption

8. - Other inputs such as compressed air, cooling water etc

9. - Quantity & type of wastes generated

10. - Percentage rejection / reprocessing

11. - Efficiencies / yield


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Identification of Energy Conservation Opportunities

Fuel substitution: Identifying the appropriate fuel for efficient energy conversion

Energy generation :Identifying Efficiency opportunities in energy conversion equipment/utility

such as captive power generation, steam generation in boilers, thermic fluid heating, optimal

loading of DG sets, minimum excess air combustion with boilers/thermic fluid heating, optimising existing efficiencies, efficienct energy conversion equipment, biomass gasifiers,

Cogeneration, high efficiency DG sets, etc.

Energy distribution: Identifying Efficiency opportunities network such as transformers,

cables, switchgears and power factor improvement in electrical systems and chilled water, cooling

water, hot water, compressed air, Etc.

Energy usage by processes: This is where the major opportunity for improvement and many

of them are hidden. Process analysis is useful tool for process integration measures.

Technical and Economic feasibility

The technical feasibility should address the following issues

Technology availability, space, skilled manpower, reliability, service etc

The impact of energy efficiency measure on safety, quality, production or process.

The maintenance requirements and spares availability


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CLASSIFICATIONOF ENERGY CONSERVATION

MEASURES

These may be classified into three

categories:

1. Low cost - high return;

2. Medium cost - medium return;3. High cost - high return


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ENERGYAUDITREPORTING

FORMAT


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ENERGYAUDITREPORTING

FORMAT


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Table 3 3 Types and priority of energy saving measures


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Table 3.3 Types and priority of energy saving measures

Annual

Electricity/Fuel savings

Annual

Savings Priority

Type of Energy

Saving Options

KWh/KL /T (Rs Lakhs)

ANo Investment(Immediate)

- OperationalImprovement

- Housekeeping

B Low Investment

(Short toMedium Term)- Controls- Equipment

Modification- Process change

C High Investment(Long Term)

- Energy efficientDevices

- Productmodification

- TechnologyChange


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3 4 U E C


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3.4 UNDERSTANDING ENERGY COSTS

Understanding energy cost is vital factor for awareness creation

and saving calculation. In many industries sufficient meters may

not be available to measure all the energy used. In such cases,invoices for fuels and electricity will be useful. The annual

company balance sheet is the other sources where fuel cost and

power are given with production related information.

Energy invoices can be used for the following purposes:1. They provide a record of energy purchased in a

given year, which gives a base-line for future

reference

2. Energy invoices may indicate the potential forsavings when related to production requirements or

to air conditioning requirements/space heating etc.


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ENERGYINVOICESCANBEUSEDFORTHE

FOLLOWINGPURPOSES

3 When electricity is purchased on the basis of

maximum demand tariff

4. They can suggest where savings are most likely to

be made.5 In later years invoices can be used to quantify the

energy and cost savings made through energy

conservation measures

FUEL COSTS


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FUEL COSTS

A wide variety of fuels are available for thermal energy supply. Few

are listed below:

Fuel oil

Low Sulphur Heavy Stock (LSHS)

Light Diesel Oil (LDO)

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)

COAL

LIGNITE WOOD ETC.

Understanding fuel cost is fairly simple and it is purchased in Tons or

Kiloliters. Availability, cost and quality are the main three factors that

should be considered while purchasing. The following factors shouldbe taken into account during procurement of fuels for energy

efficiency and economics.

Price at source, transport charge, type of transport

Quality of fuel (contaminations, moisture etc)

Energy content (calorific value)


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POWER COSTS

Electricity price in India not only varies from State to State, but also city to city and

consumer to consumer though it does the same work everywhere. Many factors are

involved in deciding final cost of purchased electricity such as: Maximum demand charges, kVA

(i.e. How fast the electricity is used? )

Energy Charges, kWh

(i.e., How much electricity is consumed? )

Time Of Day Charges, Peak/Non-peak period

(i.e. When electricity is utilized ?) Power factor Charge, P.F

(i.e., Real power use versus Apparent power use factor )

Other incentives and penalties applied from time to time

High tension tariff and low tension tariff rate changes

Slab rate cost and its variation

Type of tariff clause and rate for various categories such as commercial,residential,

industrial, Government, agricultural, etc.

Tariff rate for developed and underdeveloped area/States

Tax holiday for new projects


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3.5 BENCHMARKINGAND ENERGY PERFORMANCE

Benchmarking of energy consumption internally (historical / trend analysis) and

externally (across similar industries) are two powerful tools for performanceassessment and logical evolution of avenues for improvement. Historical data

well documented helps to bring out energy consumption and cost trends month-

wise / day-wise. Trend analysis of energy consumption, cost, relevant production

features, specific energy consumption, help to understand effects of capacity

utilization on energy use efficiency and costs on a broader scale. External

benchmarking relates to inter-unit comparison across a group of similar units.However, it would be important to ascertain similarities, as otherwise findings can

be grossly misleading. Few comparative factors, which need to be looked into

while benchmarking externally

are:

Scale of operation

Vintage of technology

Raw material specifications and quality

Product specifications and quality

BENCHMARKING ENERGY PERFORMANCE PERMITS


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BENCHMARKINGENERGYPERFORMANCEPERMITS

Quantification of fixed and variable energy consumption trends vis--vis production

levels

Comparison of the industry energy performance with respect to various production

levels (capacity utilization)

Identification of best practices (based on the external benchmarking data)

Scope and margin available for energy consumption and cost reduction

Basis for monitoring and target setting exercises.

The benchmark parameters can be:

Gross production related

e.g. kWh/MT clinker or cement produced (cement plant)

e.g. kWh/kg yarn produced (Textile unit)e.g. kWh/MT, kCal/kg, paper produced (Paper plant)

e.g. kCal/kWh Power produced (Heat rate of a power plant)

e.g. Million kilocals/MT Urea or Ammonia (Fertilizer plant)

e.g. kWh/MT of liquid metal output (in a foundry)


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EQUIPMENT / UTILITYRELATED

e.g. kW/ton of refrigeration (on Air conditioning plant)

e.g. % thermal efficiency of a boiler plant

e.g. % cooling tower effectiveness in a cooling tower

e.g. kWh/NM3 of compressed air generated

e.g. kWh /litre in a diesel power generation plant.

W


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WHILESUCHBENCHMARKSAREREFERREDTO, RELATED

CRUCIALPROCESSPARAMETERSNEEDMENTIONINGFOR

MEANINGFULCOMPARISONAMONGPEERS. FORINSTANCE, IN

THEABOVECASE:

For a cement plant - type of cement, blaine number (fineness) i.e. Portland

and process used (wet/dry) are to be reported alongside kWh/MT figure.

1. For a textile unit - average count, type of yarn i.e. polyester/cotton, is to

be reported along side kWh/square meter.

2. For a paper plant - paper type, raw material (recycling extent), GSM

quality is some important factors to be reported along with kWh/MT,

kCal/Kg figures.

3. For a power plant / cogeneration plant - plant % loading, condenser

vacuum, inlet cooling water temperature, would be important factors to bementioned alongside heat rate (kCal/kWh).

4 For a fertilizer plant - capacity utilization(%) and on-stream factor


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4.For a fertilizer plant capacity utilization(%) and on stream factor

are two inputs worth comparing while mentioning specific energy

consumption

5 For a foundry unit - melt output, furnace type, composition (mild

steel, high carbon6.steel/cast iron etc.) raw material mix, number or power trips could

be some useful operating parameters to be reported while

mentioning specific energy consumption data.

7. For an Air conditioning (A/c) plant - Chilled water temperaturelevel and refrigeration load (TR) are crucial for comparing

kW/TR.

8.For a boiler plant - fuel quality, type, steam pressure, temperature,

flow, are useful comparators alongside thermal efficiency and

more importantly, whether thermal efficiency is on gross calorific

value basis or net calorific value basis or whether the computation

is by direct method or indirect heat loss method, may mean a lot

in benchmarking exercise for meaningful comparison.


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9.Cooling tower effectiveness - ambient air wet/dry bulb

temperature, relative humidity, air and circulating water

flows are required to be reported to make meaningfulsense.

10.Compressed air specific power consumption - is to be

compared at similar inlet air temperature and pressure of

generation.11. Diesel power plant performance - is to be compared at

similar loading %, steady run condition etc.

P E P


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PLANT ENERGY PERFORMANCE

Plant energy performance (PEP) is the measure of whether a plant is now

using more or less energy to manufacture its products than it did in the

past: a measure of how well the energy management programme isdoing. It compares the change in energy consumption from one year to

the other considering production output. Plant energy performance

monitoring compares plant energy use at a reference year with the

subsequent years to determine the improvement that has been made.

However, a plant production output may vary from year to year and the

output has a significant bearing on plant energy use. For a meaningful

comparison, it is necessary to determine the energy that would have been

required to produce this year production output, if the plant had operatedin the same way as it did during the reference year. This calculated value

can then be compared with the actual value to determine the

improvement or deterioration that has taken place since the reference

year.


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REFERENCE YEAR EQUIVALENT ENERGY USE

The reference year's energy use that would have been used to produce the current

year's production output may be called the "reference year energy use equivalent" or

"reference year equivalent" for short. The reference year equivalent is obtained bymultiplying the reference year energy use by the production factor (obtained above)

Reference year equivalent = Reference year energy use x Production factor

The improvement or deterioration from the reference year is called "energyperformance" and is a measure of the plant's energy management progress. It is the

reduction or increase in the current year's energy use over the reference, and is

calculated by subtracting the current year's energy use from the reference years

equivalent. The result is divided by the reference year equivalent and multiplied by

100 to obtain a percentage

P


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PRODUCTIONFACTOR

Production factor is used to determine the energy

that would have been required to produce this year'sproduction output if the plant had operated in the

same way as it did in the reference year. It is the

ratio of production in the current year to that in the

reference year.

M E U R


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MATCHING ENERGY USAGETO REQUIREMENT

Mismatch between equipment capacity and user requirement often leads

to inefficiencies due to part load operations, wastages etc. Worst case

design, is a designer's characteristic, while optimization is the energy

manager's mandate and many situations present themselves towards

an exercise involving graceful matching of energy equipment

capacity to end-use needs. Some examples being:

1. Eliminate throttling of a pump by impeller trimming, resizingpump, installing variable speed drives

2. Eliminate damper operations in fans by impeller trimming,

installing variable speed dri ves, pulley diameter modification for belt

drives, fan resizing for better efficiency.3. Moderation of chilled water temperature for process chilling needs

4. Recovery of energy lost in control valve pressure drops by back

pressure/turbine adoption

5. Adoption of task lighting in place of less effective area lighting


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MAXIMISING SYSTEM EFFICIENCY

Once the energy usage and sources are matched properly, the next

step is to operate the equipment efficiently through best practices inoperation and maintenance as well as judicious technology

adoption. Some illustrations in this context are:

1. Eliminate steam leakages by trap improvements

2. Maximise condensate recovery3. Adopt combustion controls for maximizing combustion

efficiency

4. Replacepumps, fans, air compressors, refrigeration

compressors, boilers, furnaces, heaters and other energy

consuming equipment, wherever significant energyefficiencymargins exist.


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OPTIMIZINGTHE INPUT ENERGY REQUIREMENTS

Consequent upon fine-tuning the energy use practices,attention is accorded to considerations for minimizing

energy input requirements. The range of measures could

include:

1. Shuffling of compressors to match needs.2. Periodic review of insulation thickness

3. Identify potential for heat exchanger networking and

process integration.

4. Optimization of transformer operation with respect toload

FUEL AND ENERGY SUBSTITUTION


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FUELAND ENERGY SUBSTITUTION

Fuel substitution: Substituting existing fossil fuel with more efficient

and less cost/less polluting fuel such as natural gas, biogas and locally

available agro-residues.

Energy is an important input in the production. There are two ways to

reduce energy dependency; energy conservation and substitution. Fuel

substitution has taken place in all the major sectors of the Indian

economy. Kerosene and Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) havesubstituted soft coke in residential use.

Few examples of fuel substitution

1. Natural gas is increasingly the fuel of choice as fuel and feedstock in

the fertilizer, petrochemicals, power and sponge iron industries.

2. Replacement of coal by coconut shells, rice husk etc.

3. Replacement of LDO by LSHS

Few examples of energy substitution

Replacement of electric heaters by steam heaters

Replacement of steam based hot water by solar systems


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CASE STUDY : EXAMPLEON FUEL SUBSTITUTION

A textile process industry replaced old fuel oil fired thermic fluid

heater with agro fuel fired heater. The economics of the project are

given below:

A: Title of Recommendation : Use of Agro Fuel (coconut chips) in

place of Furnace oil in a Boiler

B: Description of Existing Systemand its operation : A thermic fluid heater with furnace oil currently.In

the same plant a coconut chip fired boiler is operating continuously

with good performance

C: Description of Proposed system and its operation : It was

suggested to replace the oil fired thermic fluid heater with coconut

chip fired boiler as the company has the facilities for handling coconut

chip fired system


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ENERGY AUDIT

INSTRUMENTS

The requirement for an energy audit such as identification and


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q gy

quantification of energy necessitates measurements; these

measurements require the use of instruments. These

instruments must be portable, durable, easy to operate andrelatively inexpensive. The parameters generally monitored

during energy audit may include the following:

Basic Electrical Parameters in AC &DC systems - Voltage

(V), Current (I), Power factor, Active power (kW), apparentpower (demand) (kVA), Reactive power (kVAr), Energy

consumption (kWh), Frequency (Hz), Harmonics, etc.

Parameters of importance other than electrical such as

temperature & heat flow, radiation, air and gas flow, liquidflow, revolutions per minute (RPM), air velocity, noise and

vibration, dust concentration, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS),

pH, moisture content, relative humidity, flue gas analysis -

CO2, O2, CO, SOx, NOx, combustion efficiency etc.

ELECTRICAL MEASURING INSTRUMENTS


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ELECTRICAL MEASURING INSTRUMENTS:

These are instruments for measuring major electrical parameters

such as kVA, kW, PF, Hertz, kVAr, Amps and Volts. In addition

some of these instruments also measure harmonics.These instruments are applied on-line i.e on running motors without

any need to stop the motor. Instant measurements can be taken with

hand-held meters, while more advanced ones facilitates cumulative

readings with print outs at specified intervals.


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COMBUSTIONANALYZER: THISINSTRUMENTHASIN-

BUILTCHEMICALCELLSWHICHMEASUREVARIOUSGASESSUCHAS O2, CO, NOXAND SOX.


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FUEL EFFICIENCY MONITOR:

THISMEASURESOXYGENANDTEMPERATUREOFTHEFLUEGAS. CALORIFICVALUESOFCOMMONFUELS

AREFEDINTOTHEMICROPROCESSORWHICHCALCULATESTHE

COMBUSTIONEFFICIENCY


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CONTACTTHERMOMETER:

THESEARETHERMOCOUPLESWHICHMEASURESFOR

EXAMPLEFLUEGAS, HOTAIR, HOTWATERTEMPERATURESBYINSERTIONOFPROBEINTOTHESTREAM.

FORSURFACETEMPERATURE,ALEAFTYPEPROBEIS

USEDWITHTHESAMEINSTRUMENT.


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FYRITE:

A HANDBELLOWPUMPDRAWSTHEFLUEGAS

SAMPLEINTOTHESOLUTIONINSIDETHEFYRITE. ACHEMICALREACTIONCHANGESTHELIQUIDVOLUME

REVEALINGTHEAMOUNTOFGAS. A SEPARATEFYRITE

CANBEUSEDFOR O2AND CO2 MEASUREMENT.


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INFRARED THERMOMETER:

THISISANON-CONTACTTYPEMEASUREMENT

WHICHWHENDIRECTEDATAHEATSOURCEDIRECTLY

GIVESTHETEMPERATUREREADOUT. THIS

INSTRUMENT

ISUSEFULFORMEASURINGHOTSPOTSINFURNACES, SURFACETEMPERATURESETC.


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Infrared Thermometer

Pitot Tube and manometer

Contact thermometer


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Water flow meter

Stroboscope

Tachometer


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Leak Detectors

Lux meters


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COSTOFTHEINSTRUMENTS

Fuel Efficiency Monitor $323

Infrared Thermometer $49.95

Pitot Tube & Manometer $249.99

Water Flow meter $29.99

Stroboscope LED $596

Combustion Analyzer $3834

Contact Tachometer $229-$249

Leak Detector $16,000


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The ratio of current years production to the reference years

production is called as:

a) plant energy performance

b) production factor

c) utilization factor

d) reference year equivalent

Which instrument is used to monitor O2, CO in flue gas?

a) Combustion analyzer

b) Fuel efficiency Monitor

c) Pyrometerd) Fyrite


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An oil fired furnace is retrofitted to fire coconut shell chips. Boiler

thermal efficiency drops from 82% to 72%. How much more, or

less energy, in percent is spent to generate same amount of steam.

a) 10% more

b) 12.2% more

c) 13.9% less

d) 13.9% more

Non contact flow measurement can be carried out by

a) orifice meter

b) turbine flow meter

c) ultrasonic flow meter

d) magnetic flow meter


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Which task is not considered as a duty of an energy manager

a) prepare an annual activity plan

b) establish an improved data recording system

c) conduct mandatory energy audit

d) prepare information material

Fill in the missing word. An energy policy provides the

__________ for setting performance goal and integrating energymanagement into an organizations culture.

a) budget

b) delivery mechanism

c) action pland) foundation


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Which one is not a step in energy action planning

a) make commitments

b) implement action plan

c) set goals

d) report results to designated agency of the state

Benchmarking helps to:a) track performance change over time

b) compare with best/average performance

c) both a & b

d) none of the above


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A firm switches from a low ash and low moisture fuel to a less

expensive high ash and high moisture fuel by retrofitting a furnace.

The most likely impact of the measure is :

a) saves fuel cost and reduces energy consumptionb) saves fuel cost but increases energy consumption

c) increases fuel costs and energy consumption

d) none of the above

In an CUSUM chart, if the graph is horizontal for two consecutive

periods then

a) actual and calculated energy consumption are the same

b) actual energy consumption is reduced

c) specific energy consumption is the same

d) each one of the above may be true

unit no 2 audit 1

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