unit iii. biological bases of behavior 1 victim of nail-gun accident survives a delicate operation...
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Victim of Nail-Gun Accident Survives a Victim of Nail-Gun Accident Survives a
Delicate OperationDelicate Operation LA Times May 6, 2004LA Times May 6, 2004
Isidro Mejia – Isidro Mejia – Stumbled on scaffoldingStumbled on scaffolding Fell on co-worker using a Fell on co-worker using a
nail gunnail gun Dr. Rafael QuinonezDr. Rafael Quinonez
Several days of operationsSeveral days of operations With X-rays and a camera With X-rays and a camera
scopescope Found the head of each Found the head of each
nail and gently removed nail and gently removed themthem
RecoveryRecovery Lost most his of English-Lost most his of English-
speaking skillsspeaking skills Full, if gradual, recovery Full, if gradual, recovery
predictedpredicted
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III. Biological Bases of III. Biological Bases of BehaviorBehavior
College Board - “Acorn Book” College Board - “Acorn Book”
Course DescriptionCourse Description
8-10%8-10%
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Summary OutlineSummary Outline
A. Physiological TechniquesA. Physiological Techniques B. Neuro-anatomyB. Neuro-anatomy C. Functional OrganizationC. Functional Organization D. Neural TransmissionD. Neural Transmission E. Endocrine SystemE. Endocrine System F. GeneticsF. Genetics
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A. Physiological TechniquesA. Physiological Techniques
Electrical Stimulation of the Brain Electrical Stimulation of the Brain (ESB)(ESB)
LesioningLesioningalso brain injury casesalso brain injury cases
Electrical Recordings - EEGElectrical Recordings - EEGBrain Imaging ProceduresBrain Imaging Procedures
CT ScanCT ScanPET ScansPET ScansMRI Scan MRI Scan
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How can we teach about How can we teach about physiological techniquesphysiological techniques
Brainstorming and SharingBrainstorming and SharingWhy is it important to cover this area?Why is it important to cover this area?What’s important for the student to What’s important for the student to
comprehend?comprehend?Potential activities?Potential activities?
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B. NeuroanatomyB. Neuroanatomy
Brain Structure and FunctionBrain Structure and Function
Brainstorming and SharingBrainstorming and SharingWhy is it important to cover this area?Why is it important to cover this area?What’s important for the student to What’s important for the student to
comprehend?comprehend?Potential activities?Potential activities?
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Activities NeuroanatomyActivities Neuroanatomy
Brain Structure and FunctionBrain Structure and Function
Making Brain our of Play-doMaking Brain our of Play-doMaking neuron modelsMaking neuron models
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Study Chart to Aid Learning About Brain Study Chart to Aid Learning About Brain StructureStructure
Martin AndersonMartin Anderson
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Human / Cat / RatHuman / Cat / Rat
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Right Brain v. Left BrainRight Brain v. Left Brain
Opposite side body Opposite side body controlcontrol
Functional differencesFunctional differences Split brain researchSplit brain research
Split visual fieldSplit visual field Split sensory fieldsSplit sensory fields Language differencesLanguage differences Role of corpus Role of corpus
callosumcallosum
Misuses of conceptMisuses of conceptUnit III. Biological Bases of Unit III. Biological Bases of BehaviorBehavior
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C. Functional Organization C. Functional Organization of Nervous Systemof Nervous System
Nervous System
Central NS
Peripheral
Somatic AutonomicBrainSpinal
Cord
Sympathetic Parasympathetic
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Brainstorming and SharingBrainstorming and SharingWhy is it important to cover this area?Why is it important to cover this area?What’s important for the student to What’s important for the student to
comprehend?comprehend?Potential activities?Potential activities?
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Central Nervous System ActivityCentral Nervous System Activity
Simple Cognitive MappingSimple Cognitive MappingStudents tend to pass over this diagramStudents tend to pass over this diagramThis activity is a quick and easy way to This activity is a quick and easy way to
understand and review the chartunderstand and review the chartStudents make a blank diagramStudents make a blank diagramStudents make post it notes of terms Students make post it notes of terms
that go onto the diagramthat go onto the diagram
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D. Neural TransmissionD. Neural Transmission
Neuronal StructureNeuronal Structure
Glia – The Support Glia – The Support SystemSystem
Action PotentialAction Potential All-or-none All-or-none
ResponseResponse Refractory PeriodRefractory Period Electrical Electrical
Transmission Transmission (Positive and (Positive and Negative Ions)Negative Ions)
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ActivitiesActivities
Chain Reaction Time Chain Reaction Time Wertheimer/ Boring (APA Activities Handbook 1 – Activity Wertheimer/ Boring (APA Activities Handbook 1 – Activity
84)84) Using class to measure simple and choice reaction timesUsing class to measure simple and choice reaction times
Right hand / Opposite handRight hand / Opposite hand Conduction of a Neuronal ImpulseConduction of a Neuronal Impulse
Kasschau (APA Activities Handbook 1 – Activity 84)Kasschau (APA Activities Handbook 1 – Activity 84) Several rows / message goes forward and to left or Several rows / message goes forward and to left or
rightright How Fast are Your Nerves?How Fast are Your Nerves?
Catching a falling meter stick under varied conditionsCatching a falling meter stick under varied conditions Preferred hand v. opposite handPreferred hand v. opposite hand Sight / Sound / TouchSight / Sound / Touch
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Basic Parts of a NeuronBasic Parts of a Neuron AxonsAxons DendritesDendrites
Dendritic SpinesDendritic Spines Cell BodyCell Body Terminal BranchesTerminal Branches
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Importance of dendritic spinesImportance of dendritic spines
Increased amount Increased amount of receptor sitesof receptor sites
Changes occur in Changes occur in the brains of the brains of individuals with individuals with cognitive cognitive impairmentsimpairments
Spine number is Spine number is sensitive to the sensitive to the quality of the quality of the environment during environment during early developmentearly development
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Classification of NeuronsClassification of Neurons
Based on Number Based on Number of Neurites (Axons of Neurites (Axons and Dendrites_and Dendrites_ UnipolarUnipolar BipolarBipolar MultipolarMultipolar
Based on DendritesBased on Dendrites (Shape of the (Shape of the
dendritic tree)dendritic tree) Stellate cells (star-Stellate cells (star-
shaped)shaped) Pyramidal cellsPyramidal cells
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Classification of NeuronsClassification of Neurons
Based on Based on ConnectionsConnections Sensory NeuronsSensory Neurons
Dendrites on surface Dendrites on surface areas such as eye areas such as eye and skinand skin
Motor NeuronsMotor Neurons Axons form synapses Axons form synapses
with muscleswith muscles InterneuronsInterneurons
Only connect with Only connect with other neuronsother neurons
Based on Axon Based on Axon LengthLength
Golgi Type I Golgi Type I NeuronsNeurons Projection neuronsProjection neurons ExtendExtend
Golgi Type II Golgi Type II NeuronsNeurons Local circuit Local circuit
neuronsneuronsUnit III. Biological Bases of Unit III. Biological Bases of BehaviorBehavior
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Classification Based on Classification Based on NeurontransmitterNeurontransmitter
Amino acid and amine transmitters Amino acid and amine transmitters Generally each stored in and released Generally each stored in and released
by separate sets of neuronsby separate sets of neuronsCholoneric NeuronsCholoneric Neurons
Release acytelcholine (Ach) at their Release acytelcholine (Ach) at their synapsessynapses
Includes all motor neurons in the spinal Includes all motor neurons in the spinal cord and brain stemcord and brain stem
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Norepinephrine systemNorepinephrine system
Locus coeruleus Locus coeruleus in the in the ponspons (one on (one on each side)each side) Innervates almost every area of the brainInnervates almost every area of the brainOne neuron can make more than 250,000 One neuron can make more than 250,000
synapses (it can have one axon branch in synapses (it can have one axon branch in the cerebral cortex and another in the the cerebral cortex and another in the cerebellar cortex)cerebellar cortex)
Involved in attention, arousal, sleep-wake Involved in attention, arousal, sleep-wake cycles, learning, memory, anxiety, pain, cycles, learning, memory, anxiety, pain, mood, and brain metabolism.mood, and brain metabolism.
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Seratonin systemSeratonin system Mostly clustered in the nine Mostly clustered in the nine raphe nucleiraphe nuclei
Lie to either side of the midline of the brain stemLie to either side of the midline of the brain stem Each nucleus projects to different parts of the brainEach nucleus projects to different parts of the brain
Those in the medulla innervate the spinal cordThose in the medulla innervate the spinal cord Modulate pain-related sensory signalsModulate pain-related sensory signals
Those in the pons and midbrain innervate most Those in the pons and midbrain innervate most of the brain (as the of the brain (as the Locus coeruleus Locus coeruleus neurons do)neurons do)
Part of the ascending reticular activation systemPart of the ascending reticular activation systemImplicated in mood and emotional behaviorImplicated in mood and emotional behavior
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Dopamine systemDopamine system Substantia nigraSubstantia nigra
Produce and distribute Produce and distribute dopaminedopamine
Facilitate the initiation of Facilitate the initiation of voluntary movementsvoluntary movements
Degeneration of these Degeneration of these cells produces cells produces Parkinson’s DiseaseParkinson’s Disease
Ventral tegmental areaVentral tegmental area Produce and distribute Produce and distribute
dopaminedopamine Innervates a part of the Innervates a part of the
frontal cortex and parts frontal cortex and parts of the limbic systemof the limbic system
Involved in a “reward Involved in a “reward system that assigns system that assigns values to certain values to certain adaptive behaviorsadaptive behaviors
Implicated in psychiatric Implicated in psychiatric disordersdisorders
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Glia support neuronal functions.Glia support neuronal functions.
Most glia are Most glia are astrocytes which astrocytes which fill the spaces fill the spaces between neuronsbetween neurons
Glia envelop Glia envelop synaptic junctions synaptic junctions restricting the flow restricting the flow of of neurotransmittersneurotransmitters
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Myelinating GliaMyelinating Glia
Insulate axonsInsulate axons
Help speed Help speed transmissiontransmission
Interrupted by Interrupted by nodes of Ranviernodes of Ranvier
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NeurotransmittersNeurotransmitters(See handout – Major Neurotransmitter (See handout – Major Neurotransmitter
ChartChart AminesAmines
AcetylcholineAcetylcholine DopamineDopamine NorepinephrineNorepinephrine SerotoninSerotonin
Amino AcidsAmino Acids GABAGABA GlutamatesGlutamates
PeptidesPeptides CCKCCK Endorphins Endorphins
((Enkephalins)Enkephalins) Substance PSubstance P
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SynapseSynapse
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Synaptic SitesSynaptic Sites
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E. Endocrine SystemE. Endocrine System Endocrine (glands)Endocrine (glands)
Exocrine (ducts)Exocrine (ducts)
HormonesHormones
Adrenal GlandsAdrenal Glands Epinephrine, Epinephrine,
norepinephrinenorepinephrine Thyroid GlandThyroid Gland
ThyroxineThyroxine Pituitary GlandPituitary Gland
ACTH - adrenocorticotropic ACTH - adrenocorticotropic hormonehormone
Pancreas Pancreas Insulin, glucagonInsulin, glucagon
Testes, OvariesTestes, Ovaries Testosterone, estrogenTestosterone, estrogen
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F. GeneticsF. Genetics
Dominant TraitsDominant Traits Recessive TraitsRecessive Traits GenotypesGenotypes
Possible gene combinationsPossible gene combinations
PhenotypesPhenotypes Observable resultObservable result
Chromosomes and Chromosomal Abnormalities Chromosomes and Chromosomal Abnormalities (23/23)(23/23)
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
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How Different are We?How Different are We?
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PHENOTYPE QUESTIONNAIRE
Non -blue eyes Blue eyes
Straight hair Non-straight hair
Free earlobes Attached earlobes
Bent little finger Straight little finger
PTC taster Non-PTC taster
Widow’s Peak Straight hair line
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Phenotype ChartPhenotype Chart
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