unit iii - biochemistry. hierarchy of organization ecosystem community population organism organ...
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Why is water so important to life? What does it do that is so important?TRANSCRIPT
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Unit III - Biochemistry
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Hierarchy of OrganizationEcosystem Community Population Organism Organ System Organ Tissue Cell Organelle Molecule Atom
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Why is water so important to life?What does it do that is so important?
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Water allows for easier transport…
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Water allows chemical reactions to occur…■ Most reactions require dissolved chemicals
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Water holds heat very well…■ Aquatic organisms do not have wild temp change
■ Coastal habitats have less temp fluctuation■ Your body temp does not fluctuate wildly
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Frozen water floats on liquid water…■ Aquatic life is insulated from cold
temperatures when the top layer is frozen
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Why water? Why is it so special?
Electronegativity!(how hard atoms pull on electrons)
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Remember this?
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Atoms need 8 electrons on outer shell (or a full outer shell) to be “happy”
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Atoms need 8 electrons on outer shell (or a full outer shell) to be “happy”
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Atoms need 8 electrons on outer shell (or a full outer shell) to be “happy”
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Atoms need 8 electrons on outer shell (or a full outer shell) to be “happy”
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Who wants those electrons more – H or O?
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Atoms need 8 electrons on outer shell (or a full outer shell) to be “happy”
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This POLARITY
is the reason why water is so
special!
Do you remember these from yesterday?
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WaterWhy is Water Important
to Organisms?❑ Bathes cells❑ Needed for chemical
reactions❑ Used for transport❑ Holds/transfers heat
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WaterWhy is water so special? …it has POLARITY
occurs because O pulls electrons harder than H’s pull…makes each have a slight charge
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WaterWater’s charged sides attract to other molecules
with charges (it’s kinda “sticky”)❑ These are called hydrogen bonds❑ Are weaker than ionic/covalent, but they add up!
hydro- water
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Water■ Water has many special properties, most of
which occur because of the hydrogen bonding
■ As you go through each of the properties be sure to look for 3 things:❑ Definition of the property❑ Why the property happens❑ Why the property is important to organisms
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WaterSpecial properties:ADHESION - attraction btwn water & another type
of molecule- where did you see that on your mini-lab?
COHESION - water sticks to itself- where did you see that on your mini-lab?
WHY does it happen? Polar (sticky ends) grab each other
co - together
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WaterA special type of adhesion…
capillarity: water “climbs” up thin tubes
Ex: water moves thru tubes in plants and animals (veins, etc)
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WaterA special type of cohesion…
surface tension: forms strong layer; beads up
WHY? hydrogen-bonds make water stick to itselfEx: bugs on water surfaces; dew droplets gather
on leaves
co - together
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WaterSpecial properties:
high specific heat: - water holds its heat very well (hard to change its temp)
- must break a lot of H-bonds before energy can be used to raise temp
- Ex: coastal/aquatic ecosystems & individual organisms are protected from wild temp changes, Costal
towns are more humid in temps
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WaterSpecial properties:
high heat of vaporization: - lots of heat is removed as water goes from liquid to gas
WHY? The hottest molecules leave first & fastest (lowers the average temperature)
- Ex: sweating
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WaterSpecial properties: ice floats on water:
- solid H2O is less DENSE than liquid water
WHY? the H-bonds hold molecules far apart (more VOLUME)
- Ex: lakes freeze from top down… insulates aquatic life below
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WaterSpecial properties:universal solvent: water dissolves many substances - water will dissolve things that have charges (ionic & polar covalent compounds) - Ex: most chemical reactions require aqueous solutions
(dissolved substances)
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pH – a measure of H+ ions scale is 0 - 14
■ acids❑ pH < 7 ❑ tend to start with “H”; ex: HCl
■ bases❑ pH >7❑ tend to end in “OH”; ex: NaOH
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pH – a measure of H+ ions Scale is 0 - 14❑ each pH level is 10 times more than next❑ pH 3 is 10x more acidic than pH 4❑ pH 3 is 100x more acidic than pH 5
■ Why pH matters to life –❑ Chemical rxns require specific pH levels❑ Acid rain affects ecosystems❑ Some enzymes are broken by extreme pH
■ Buffers - ❑ What? - Chemicals that keep pH stable❑ Why? - Reactions may not work if at wrong pH
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pH – a measure of H+ ions
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Bell Ringer
■Finish your reflections❑Pre-AP= 10-12 sentences on why water is
important to life, and list and describe the water properties
❑Biology= 6-8 sentences on why water is important to life, and list (briefly describe) the water properties
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Organic Compounds■ Organic compounds come from organisms■ They include 4 major groups:
❑ carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, & proteins■ All are very large molecules built from small units■ Monomer = building block■ Polymer = large molecule
mono - onepoly - many
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Organic Compounds■ Monomers can be joined to each other to make
polymers ■ They are joined by removing water
❑ Called dehydration synthesis (or condensation) “to make by removing water”
hydr – watersyn - together
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Organic Compounds■ Polymers can be broken apart into monomers
❑ This process breaks larger molecule by adding water❑ Called hydrolysis “to break with water”
hydr – waterlys - burst
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Organic CompoundsCarbohydrates (C,H,O)
■ Structuremonosaccharide:
polysaccharide: (monomer) (polymer)
mono- onepoly- manysacchar- sugar
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Organic Compounds
CarbohydratesExamples of Simple Sugars
❑ Glucose (simple sugar) - cell energy
❑ Others: fructose, dextrose, … (end in “ose”
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Organic Compounds
CarbohydratesExamples of Polysaccharides
❑ Starch – how plants store extra glucose
❑ Glycogen – how animals store extra glucose
❑ Cellulose – makes up cell walls of plants; dietary fiber
❑ Chitin – makes up cell walls of fungi/insect exoskeletons
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Organic CompoundsLipids (C,H,O)
Structure – nonpolar (do not like water) monomer is the fatty acid chain
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Organic CompoundsLipids
Types: ■ saturated fats – hold as much H as possible;
solid at room temp; animal fats
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Organic CompoundsLipids
■ Types:■ unsaturated fats – missing H due to multiple
bonds; liquid at room temp; plant oils
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Organic CompoundsLipids
Examples – ❑ Triglycerides – fats & oils used for long-term energy storage
tri- threeglyc- sugar
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Organic CompoundsLipids
Examples – phospholipids: have polar side & nonpolar side; make up cell membrane
steroids: ringed molecules; hormones (cholesterol, testosterone, estrogen)
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Organic CompoundsNucleic Acids (C,H,O,N,P,S)
Monomer is the nucleotide:
Examples: DNA, RNA (genetic material- hereditary info)
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Organic CompoundsProteins
(C,H,O,N,S)Monomer is the amino acid:
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Organic CompoundsProteins
Examples: numerous! ❑ Collagen❑ Hemoglobin❑ Insulin❑ Enzymes (pepsin, etc)
Functions – build structures, enzymes, hormones
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Organic CompoundsProteins
Structure – simple proteins: complex proteins:
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On page 31- testing unknowns■Carbohydrate test❑BENEDICT’S TEST❑IODINE TEST
■Lipids test❑PAPER TOWEL TEST
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Results from testingBenedicts and Iodine Lipids
Biuret test (proteins)
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Bell Ringer Activity Page 30
■In your table group, you will be working on your COMPARING BIOMOLECULES sheet.
■This is for a grade, and you will see this on your quiz tomorrow as well as your test next week
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Enzymes (Special Proteins!)■ Enzymes are needed in order to SPEED UP
reactions■ The enzyme does NOT get USED in the reaction
■ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CZD5xsOKres
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Enzymes (Special Proteins!)■ Enzymes are very SPECIFIC – they only work with one reaction
■ Every chemical reaction has at least ONE enzyme■ If an enzyme is missing, a DEFECT will result
❑ Ex: ALBINOS are missing enzyme for melanin…lactose-intolerant people are missing LACTASE
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Enzymes (Special Proteins!)■ NAMING ENZYMES❑ Usually end in “ase” (name usually linked to
substrate)❑ Note: enzymes do NOT always break down
things…they work for building reactions too!
SUBSTANCES A B PRODUCT AB
ENZYME ENZYME
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Naming Enzymes
■Usually ends with ase
■ Lactase breaks down lactose■Sucrase breaks down sucrose■Peptidase/pepsin breaks down protein■Catalase breaks down water based
compounds (fat soluble, polarity etc)■Amylase breaks down starch
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III.Enzymes (Special Proteins!)■ Enzymes must be in the correct SHAPE or their
substrates will not fit in with them■ Unfolding of an enzyme is called DENATURATION
❑ May be caused by BOILING (high heat), or strong acids/bases (extreme pH’s)
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Self-Quiz – Chemistry■ 1. Water moving thru tiny tubes is -
A. capillarity C. cohesion B. surface tension D. specific heat■ 2. Which of the following is the weakest?
A. ionic bonds C. hydrogen bondsB. electrovalent bonds D. covalent bonds
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Self-Quiz – Chemistry■ 3. Most of water’s special properties are due
to the fact that it is –A. polar B. neutral C. covalent D. nonpolar
■ 4. Weak attractions between water molecules are - A. covalent bonds C. Ionic bondsB. H-bonds D. nonpolar bonds
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Self-Quiz – Chemistry■ 5. To build polymers,
A. monomers are hydrolyzed C. water is addedB. monomers are broken down D. water is removed
■ 6. Hydrolysis -A. builds muscle tissue C. is used in digestionB. creates water D. produces polymers
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Self-Quiz – Chemistry■ 7. Crabs in a lake don’t worry about wild temperature
changes in their home because water has -A. less density as a solid C. high specific heatB. capillarity D. high surface tension
■ 8. Water forms droplets due to its -A. covalent bonding C. high heat of vaporizationB. cohesion D. hydrolization
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Self-Quiz – Chemistry■ 9. What does “polarity” actually mean?■ 10. What is a “monomer”?■ 11. What is the monomer for carbohydrates called?■ 12. Name 2 food sources high in carbs.
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The End
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Lab – Enzyme Reactions■ I. Purpose: How does a strong acid and high
temperature affect enzyme activity?■ II. Background: Enzymes make chemical reactions
go faster.■ III. Hypothesis: Strong acid will make an enzyme
reaction go ___. High temp will make an enzyme reaction go ___.
■ IV. Procedure: (draw picture)
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Lab – Enzyme Rate of ReactionI. Purpose: How does the level of ___ affect the rate of reaction involving the enzyme catalase & hydrogen peroxide?
II. Background: state what you know about the question (what you know about enzymes, substrate, the variable tested, etc)
III. Hypothesis: An increase in ___ will cause the rate of reaction to ___.
IV. Procedure: (sketch & label your design)
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Lab – Enzyme Rate of ReactionIV. Procedure: (sketch & label your design)
V. Data: (create your data table and graph axes here)
VI. Conclusion: (must be complete sentences for credit!)
- data summary - support or not - SoE - how to fix
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Lab - Denaturation■ V. Data Describe what happened.■ VI. Conclusion Strong acid causes enzyme reactions to… High temp causes enzyme reactions to… This effect is called ____________.
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Solid water floats…solid oil sinks!