unit i ancient india b.arch
DESCRIPTION
To those who are interested in Understanding Arch and its historyTRANSCRIPT
History History is the study of the past, specifically how it relates to
humans.
It is a term that relates to past events as well as the discovery, collection, organization, and presentation of information about
these events.
The term includes cosmic, geologic, and organic history, but is often generically implied to mean human history.
Scholars who write about history are called historians.
Events occurring prior to written record are considered prehistory.
AR.PURUSHOTHAMAN ARUMUGAM M.Arch, CA, AIIA, Associate Professor SRCA, Polur
History
AR.PURUSHOTHAMAN ARUMUGAM M.Arch, CA, AIIA, Associate Professor SRCA, Polur
History
AR.PURUSHOTHAMAN ARUMUGAM M.Arch, CA, AIIA, Associate Professor SRCA, Polur
History
AR.PURUSHOTHAMAN ARUMUGAM M.Arch, CA, AIIA, Associate Professor SRCA, Polur
UNIT I ANCIENT INDIA
Indus Valley Civilization: culture and pattern of
settlement.- Aryan civilization – theories and debates of
origin- origins of early Hinduism - Vedic culture - Vedic
village and rudimentary forms of bamboo and wooden
construction - origins of Buddhism and Jainism.
AR.PURUSHOTHAMAN ARUMUGAM M.Arch, CA, AIIA, Associate Professor SRCA, Polur
History Ancient India
AR.PURUSHOTHAMAN ARUMUGAM M.Arch, CA, AIIA, Associate Professor SRCA, Polur
Indus Valley Civilization – 2600 -1900 BC
Settlement
The Indus Valley
Civilization was a Bronze Age civilization
Period
(3300–1300 BCE; mature
period 2600–1900 BCE)
Location
the northwestern region
of the Indian
Subcontinent, consisting
mainly of Present
Pakistan and India
AR.PURUSHOTHAMAN ARUMUGAM M.Arch, CA, AIIA, Associate Professor SRCA, Polur
Indus Valley Civilization 2600 -1900 BC
The phrase "early civilizations" usually conjures up images of Egypt and Mesopotamia,
and their pyramids, mummies, and golden tombs.
But in the 1920s, a huge discovery in South Asia proved that Egypt and Mesopotamia
were not the only "early civilizations.“
AR.PURUSHOTHAMAN ARUMUGAM M.Arch, CA, AIIA, Associate Professor SRCA, Polur
Indus Valley Civilization 2600 -1900 BC In the vast Indus River plains archaeologists discovered the remains of a 4,600 year-old city.
A thriving, urban civilization had existed at the same time as Egyptian and Mesopotamian
states — in an area twice each of their sizes.
AR.PURUSHOTHAMAN ARUMUGAM M.Arch, CA, AIIA, Associate Professor SRCA, Polur
Indus Valley Civilization 2600 -1900 BC The people of this Indus Valley civilization did not build massive monuments like their
contemporaries, nor did they bury riches among their dead in golden tombs.
There were no mummies, no emperors, and no violent wars or bloody battles in their
territory.
AR.PURUSHOTHAMAN ARUMUGAM M.Arch, CA, AIIA, Associate Professor SRCA, Polur
Indus Valley Civilization 2600 -1900 BC Remarkably, the lack of all these is what makes
the Indus Valley civilization so exciting and unique.
While others civilizations were devoting huge
amounts of time and resources to the rich, the
supernatural, and the dead.
Indus Valley inhabitants were taking a practical
approach to supporting the common, secular,living people.
Sure, they believed in an afterlife and
employed a system of social divisions. But they
also believed resources were more valuable incirculation among the living than on display or
buried underground.
AR.PURUSHOTHAMAN ARUMUGAM M.Arch, CA, AIIA, Associate Professor SRCA, Polur
Indus River Valley Civilization 2600 -1900 BC
Amazingly, the Indus Valley civilization appears to have been a peaceful one.
Very few weapons have been found and no evidence of an army has beendiscovered.
Excavated human bones reveal no signs of violence, and building remains show no
indication of battle.
All evidence points to a preference for peace and success in achieving it.
The Two Major Cities Exists Founded are Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa
In Early times they used symbols to practice language System called as Seals - The
Symbols language method
The worlds First writing Systems were found in these Indus valley civilization and
Mesopotamian Civilization.AR.PURUSHOTHAMAN ARUMUGAM M.Arch, CA, AIIA, Associate Professor SRCA, Polur
Indus River Valley Civilization 2600 -1900 BC Also referred to as HARAPPAN CIVILIZATI ON & SARASWATHI SINDHU CIVILIZATION
High agricultural growth with adaptation to flood areas and dry areas.
Strong social hierarchy with a ruling class and no evidence of a central kingship.
No known centralized religious structures.
Very strong center for trade with far reaching regions.
Had a basic, yet undeciphered alphabet.
Largest planned cities
Well planned drainage systems
Cotton clothing & dentistry
Standardized weights
Articrafts, jewellery
Seals in metals with strong sense of ownership
AR.PURUSHOTHAMAN ARUMUGAM M.Arch, CA, AIIA, Associate Professor SRCA, Polur
Indus River Valley Civilization 2600 -1900 BC
AR.PURUSHOTHAMAN ARUMUGAM M.Arch, CA, AIIA, Associate Professor SRCA, Polur
Indus River Valley Civilization 2600 -1900 BC
Nomads of Sumerian origin crossed various passes in the west and sighted the vast
area of breathtaking green valley, richly forested with abundant water – rivers Indus,
Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Sutlej & saraswathi.
No reason for further travel & settled down by clearing away patches of forests.
Agricultural knowledge, usage of timber, permanent building materials (bricks) made
them to sustain for more than a millennia and spread themselves for more than half a
million square miles around the river valley.
AR.PURUSHOTHAMAN ARUMUGAM M.Arch, CA, AIIA, Associate Professor SRCA, Polur
Indus River Valley Civilization 2600 -1900 BC
CITY PLANNING CONCEPT
SOPHISTICATED & ADVANCED URBAN CULTURE
STREETS IN PERFECT GRID PATTERNS IN BOTH MOHENJODORO &
HARAPPA
HOUSES PROTECTED FROM NOISE, ODOURS AND THIEVES
WORLD’S FIRST SANITATION SYSTEM
INDIVIDUAL WELLS AND SEPARATE COVERED DRAINS ALONG THE
STREETS FOR WASTE WATER
HOUSES OPENED TO INNER COURTYARDS & SMALLER LANES
AR.PURUSHOTHAMAN ARUMUGAM M.Arch, CA, AIIA, Associate Professor SRCA, Polur
Indus River Valley Civilization 2600 -1900 BC
CITY PLANNING CONCEPT
Present New York Development
Harappa Urban Development
AR.PURUSHOTHAMAN ARUMUGAM M.Arch, CA, AIIA, Associate Professor SRCA, Polur
Indus River Valley Civilization 2600 -1900 BC
PLANS OF MANSION , INDIVIDUAL HOUSES AND FIRST FL00R HOUSES
AR.PURUSHOTHAMAN ARUMUGAM M.Arch, CA, AIIA, Associate Professor SRCA, Polur
Indus River Valley Civilization 2600 -1900 BC
CITY PLANNING CONCEPT
Impressive dockyards,graneries, warehouses, brick platforms & protective walls
Massive citadels protected the city from floods & attackers
City dwellers – traders & artisans
All the houses had access to water & drainage facilities
A society of low wealth concentration
AR.PURUSHOTHAMAN ARUMUGAM M.Arch, CA, AIIA, Associate Professor SRCA, Polur
Indus River Valley Civilization 2600 -1900 BC
CITY DEVELOPMENT
Cities grew out of earlier villages that existed in the same locality for < 100 yrs
Grew in size & density and surrounded by numerous towns & villages
Cities interlinked by trade & economic activities, religious beliefs, social relations,etc
Villages 1-10hectares in area and supported towns & cities
Vast agricultural lands, rivers & forests by pastoral communities , fisher folk and hunters
surrounded each city
CLASSIFICATION OF TOWNS
Small villages / hamlets – 0 – 10 hectares
Large towns – 10- 50 hectares
Cities – 50 hectares
AR.PURUSHOTHAMAN ARUMUGAM M.Arch, CA, AIIA, Associate Professor SRCA, Polur
Indus River Valley Civilization 2600 -1900 BC
CITY DEVELOPMENT
AR.PURUSHOTHAMAN ARUMUGAM M.Arch, CA, AIIA, Associate Professor SRCA, Polur
Indus River Valley Civilization 2600 -1900 BC
MOHENJODARO
AR.PURUSHOTHAMAN ARUMUGAM M.Arch, CA, AIIA, Associate Professor SRCA, Polur
Indus River Valley Civilization 2600 -1900 BC
MOHENJODARO
AR.PURUSHOTHAMAN ARUMUGAM M.Arch, CA, AIIA, Associate Professor SRCA, Polur
Indus River Valley Civilization 2600 -1900 BC
MOHENJODARO
AR.PURUSHOTHAMAN ARUMUGAM M.Arch, CA, AIIA, Associate Professor SRCA, Polur
Indus River Valley Civilization 2600 -1900 BC
MOHENJODARO
MAJOR STREETS IN NORTH
SOUTH DIRECTION
INTERSECTION AT RIGHT
ANGLES
STREETS WITHIN BUILT UP AREAS
WERE NARROW
DISTINCT ZONING FOR
DIFFERENT GROUPS
AR.PURUSHOTHAMAN ARUMUGAM M.Arch, CA, AIIA, Associate Professor SRCA, Polur
Indus River Valley Civilization 2600 -1900 BC
MOHENJODARO
SETTLEMENT DIVISIONS
RELEGIOUS, INSTITUTIONAL &
CULTURAL AREAS – AROUND
MONASTERY
GREAT BATH IN THE WESTERN PART
NORTH – AGRICULTURE & INDUSTRIES
SOUTH – ADMINISTRATION, TRADE &
COMMERCE
AR.PURUSHOTHAMAN ARUMUGAM M.Arch, CA, AIIA, Associate Professor SRCA, Polur
Indus River Valley Civilization 2600 -1900 BC
AR.PURUSHOTHAMAN ARUMUGAM M.Arch, CA, AIIA, Associate Professor SRCA, Polur
MOHENJODARO
CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES
BUILDINGS – MASONRY CONSTRUCTION BY SUN DRIED
BRICKS
RANGING FROM 2 ROOMS – MANSION WITH MANY
ROOMS
UNDERGROUND SEWERAGE & DRAINAGE FROM HOUSES
HELICAL PUMPS FOR PUMPING WATER IN GREAT BATH
PRINCIPAL BUILDINGS – MONASTRY & BATH - INDICATING
RELEGIOUS CULTURE
AR.PURUSHOTHAMAN ARUMUGAM M.Arch, CA, AIIA, Associate Professor SRCA, Polur
Indus River Valley Civilization 2600 -1900 BC
MOHENJODARO
SETTLEMENT PATTERN
LAYOUT - GRID IRON PATTERN
STREETS - 30 M WIDE RUNNING IN N-S & E-W DIRECTIONS
STREETS DIVIDED THE CITY INTO 12 BLOCKS - 1200 X 800 FEET
RESIDENTIAL BLOCKS EXCEPT CENTRAL WESTERN ONE
NO ENTRANCES DIRECTLY OPENING UP TO THE MAIN STREETS
CENTRAL COURT YARD - SOURCE FOR LIGHTING AND VENTILATION
COMMON WELL FOR GROUP OF HOUSES & SEPERATE BATH AREA FOR EACH HOUSE
Extensive system of drainage running under walkways - covered with brick slabs,
corbelled brick arches for larger span, with manholes at regular intervals.
AR.PURUSHOTHAMAN ARUMUGAM M.Arch, CA, AIIA, Associate Professor SRCA, Polur
Indus River Valley Civilization 2600 -1900 BC
MOHENJODARO
GREAT BATH
12x7x3 M IN DIMENSIONS
EARLIEST PUBLIC WATER TANK IN ANCIENT WORLD
2 WIDE STAIR CASES IN NORTHERN & SOUTHERN END
LEDGE EXTENDS FOR THE ENTIRE WIDTH OF POOL
WATERTIGHT FLOOR – THICK LAYER OF BITUMEN
FLOOR SLOPES IN SOUTH WEST CORNER WITH A SMALL OUTLET CONNECTING TO A BRICK
DRAIN
ROOMS LOCATED IN THE EAST
AR.PURUSHOTHAMAN ARUMUGAM M.Arch, CA, AIIA, Associate Professor SRCA, Polur
Indus River Valley Civilization 2600 -1900 BC
MOHENJODARO
GRANERY
50x40 M IN DIMENSION
MASSIVE MUD BRICK FOUNDATION
2 ROWS OF SIX ROOMS ALONG A CENTRAL PASSAGEWAY
[7M WIDE & PAVED WITH BAKED BRICKS]
EACH ROOM 15.2 x 6.1 M HAS 3 SLEEPER WALLS WITH
AIRSPACE BETWEEN
SMALL TRIANGULAR OPENINGS – AIR DUCTS FOR FRESH AIR
BENEATH HOLLOW FLOORS
MIGHT HAVE HAD A WOODEN SUPERSTRUCTURE WITH STAIRS
LEADING TO CENTRAL PASSAGE AREA
AR.PURUSHOTHAMAN ARUMUGAM M.Arch, CA, AIIA, Associate Professor SRCA, Polur
Indus River Valley Civilization 2600 -1900 BC
HARAPPA 23000 POPULATION
150 HECTARES
EARLIEST CITY MAY HAVE BEEN
FORMED DURING THE KOT DIJI PHASE,
I.E., 2800-2500 BC
AR.PURUSHOTHAMAN ARUMUGAM M.Arch, CA, AIIA, Associate Professor SRCA, Polur
Indus River Valley Civilization 2600 -1900 BC
HARAPPAThe Early
EARLIEST CITY COVERED AN AREA OF 25 HA.
IT BECAME A CENTRE FOR TRADE NETWORKS
EXTENDING FROM BALUCHISTAN AND
AFGHANISTAN TO THE WEST TO THE SEACOAST
IN THE SOUTH.
TOWNS BUILT OVER RAISED MUD BRICK
PLATFORMS
AR.PURUSHOTHAMAN ARUMUGAM M.Arch, CA, AIIA, Associate Professor SRCA, Polur
Indus River Valley Civilization 2600 -1900 BC
HARAPPA
CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES
CITADEL MOUND AND LOWER TOWN SURROUNDED BY A MASSIVE BRICK WALL.
CITADEL HAD SQUARE TOWERS AND BASTIONS.
LARGE OPEN AREAS INSIDE THE GATEWAY MAY HAVE BEEN USED AS A MARKET OR
CHECKPOINT FOR TAXING GOODS COMING INTO THE CITY
OUTSIDE THE CITY WALLS A CLUSTER OF HOUSES MAY REPRESENT TEMPORARY REST STOPS FOR
TRAVELLERS AND CARAVANS
NO DIVISION OF THE SOCIETY IS REFLECTED IN THE LAYOUT OF THE CITY. SINCE LARGE PUBLIC
BUILDINGS, MARKET AREAS, LARGE AND SMALL HOUSES AS WELL AS CRAFT WORKSHOPS
HAVE BEEN FOUND IN THE SAME NEIGHBOURHOOD.
BARRACK-LIKE GROUP OF SINGLE-ROOMED TENEMENTS WERE FOR THE POORER CLASSES
AR.PURUSHOTHAMAN ARUMUGAM M.Arch, CA, AIIA, Associate Professor SRCA, Polur
Indus River Valley Civilization 2600 -1900 BC
HARAPPA
SETTLEMENT PATTERN OF TOWNSHIPS
Basic house plans
single room tenements
houses with courtyards
Houses - rooms on 3 sides opening into a central courtyard
Nearly all large houses had private wells.
Hearths common in rooms.
Bathrooms in every house with chutes leading to drainage channels.
First floor bathrooms also built.
AR.PURUSHOTHAMAN ARUMUGAM M.Arch, CA, AIIA, Associate Professor SRCA, Polur
Indus River Valley Civilization 2600 -1900 BC
HARAPPA
SETTLEMENT PATTERN OF TOWNSHIPS
Brick stairways provided access to the upper floors.
Houses built with a perimeter wall and adjacent houses were separated by a narrow
space of land.
Granary with areas for threshing grains.
Burnt bricks mainly used for drains, wells and bathrooms.
Sun dried bricks used mainly for fillings.
Timber used for flat roofs and as frames or lacing for brickwork
AR.PURUSHOTHAMAN ARUMUGAM M.Arch, CA, AIIA, Associate Professor SRCA, Polur
Indus River Valley Civilization 2600 -1900 BC
HARAPPA
SETTLEMENT ARCHITECTURE
BUILDING MATERIALS - MUD BRICKS AND BAKED BRICKS, WOOD AND REEDS.
THE AVERAGE SIZE OF THE BRICKS WAS 7 X 12 X 34 CM (FOR HOUSES) AND 10 X 20 X
40 CM FOR THE CITY WALLS. THE LARGER BRICKS HAVE A STANDARD RATIO OF 1:2:4.
MUD BRICK, BAKED BRICK & WOOD OR STONE WERE USED FOR THE FOUNDATION
AND WALLS OF THE HOUSES.
AR.PURUSHOTHAMAN ARUMUGAM M.Arch, CA, AIIA, Associate Professor SRCA, Polur
Indus River Valley Civilization 2600 -1900 BC
HARAPPA
SETTLEMENT ARCHITECTURE
THE DOORS ,WINDOWS WERE MADE FROM WOOD AND MAT.
HOUSE FLOORS ARE HARD-PACKED EARTH
BATHING AREAS AND DRAINS ARE MADE USING BAKED BRICK AND STONE.
ROOFS WERE WOODEN BEAMS COVERED WITH REEDS AND PACKED CLAY.
LARGEST BUILDINGS MADE ENTIRELY OF WOOD.
WINDOWS ARE WITH SHUTTERS & LATTICE WORK
AR.PURUSHOTHAMAN ARUMUGAM M.Arch, CA, AIIA, Associate Professor SRCA, Polur
Indus River Valley Civilization 2600 -1900 BC
HARAPPA
SETTLEMENT ARCHITECTURE
LARGE BUILDINGS ARE USUALLY ADMINISTRATIVE OR RITUAL STRUCTURES.
ACCESS ROUTES OR PROVIDED THOROUGHFARE FROM ONE AREA TO ANOTHER MAJOR ROADS
ARE FACES NORTH SOUTH DIRECTION.
MARKETS AND PUBLIC MEETINGS HELD IN LARGE OPEN COURTYARDS.
HOUSES AND PUBLIC BUILDINGS GROUPED WITH SHARED WALLS AND FORMED LARGER BLOCKS &
ACCESSED BY WIDE STREETS.
MOST HOUSES HAD PRIVATE BATHS &TOILETS AS WELL AS PRIVATE WELLS.
THE TRANSITION TO EARLY CITY PROBABLY 2800 BC PHASE.
AR.PURUSHOTHAMAN ARUMUGAM M.Arch, CA, AIIA, Associate Professor SRCA, Polur
Indus River Valley Civilization 2600 -1900 BC
HARAPPA
THE DRAINAGE SYSTEM
WELLS AND RESERVOIRS - DRINKING AND BATHING.
WELLS WERE LINED WITH SPECIALLY-MADE WEDGE-SHAPED BRICKS TO FORM A
STRUCTURALLY SOUND CYLINDER.
ROPES WERE USED TO LIFT THE WATER OUT, PROBABLY WITH LEATHER OR WOODEN
BUCKETS.
SOME NEIGHBOURHOODS HAD COMMUNAL WELLS.
BATHING PLATFORMS WITH WATER TIGHT FLOOR & DRAINS [OPEN OUT TO LARGER
DRAINS IN STREETS ] PROVIDED IN ROOMS ADJACENT TO THE WELLS.
AR.PURUSHOTHAMAN ARUMUGAM M.Arch, CA, AIIA, Associate Professor SRCA, Polur
Indus River Valley Civilization 2600 -1900 BC
HARAPPA
THE DRAINAGE SYSTEM
DRAINS AND WATER CHUTES IN THE UPPER STOREYS WERE OFTEN BUILT INSIDE THE WALL
WITH AN EXIT OPENING JUST ABOVE THE STREET DRAINS.
TAPERED TERRACOTTA DRAINPIPES WERE USED TO DIRECT WATER OUT TO THE STREET.
MANY HOUSES HAD DISTINCT TOILETS, SEPARATE FROM THE BATH AREAS.
COMMODES WERE LARGE JARS OR SUMP POTS SUNK INTO THE FLOORS AND MANY OF
THEM CONTAINED A SMALL JAR.
DRAINS COVERED WITH BAKED BRICKS OR DRESSED STONE BLOCKS. SEPARATE
GARBAGE BINS WERE PROVIDED ALONG THE MAJOR STREETS.
AR.PURUSHOTHAMAN ARUMUGAM M.Arch, CA, AIIA, Associate Professor SRCA, Polur
Indus River Valley Civilization 2600 -1900 BC
MOHENJADARO & HARAPPA
1600 BC - INVASION FROM THE WEST WHICH DECLINES THE INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION AND ITS SETTLEMETS
AR.PURUSHOTHAMAN ARUMUGAM M.Arch, CA, AIIA, Associate Professor SRCA, Polur
Indus River Valley Civilization 2600 -1900 BC
VEDIC CIVILISATION
The Early INVASION AND SETTLEMENT ESTABLISHMENT
Aryans from steppes of central Europe travelled east in search of more
favorable climates
Mesopotamia – Iran plateau (Bactria, Hindu Kush mountains) – primitive village
settlements of Baluchistan – Indus valley civilization – further east to gangetic
plains
Being nomadic, not interested to settle in Indus valley but to destroy the cities
The verses of destroying cities in the epic mythology if later periods – reference
to destruction of cities
AR.PURUSHOTHAMAN ARUMUGAM M.Arch, CA, AIIA, Associate Professor SRCA, Polur
Indus River Valley Civilization 2600 -1900 BC
VEDIC CIVILISATIONThe Early INVASION AND SETTLEMENT ESTABLISHMENT
Indus valley people shifted to south, few absorbed as lowest social rung of
conquering Aryans.
Damaging all the Indus valley cities, they descended east to more fertile lands
between rivers Ganga and Yamuna in 1500 BC
Aryans attacked the nose less and dark aboriginals of the gangetic plain and
conquered the land
Reasons – Usage of horse and chariots , knowledge on wood construction
Rich , fertile gangetic plain made the nomadic Aryans to settle down without
any further travel.
AR.PURUSHOTHAMAN ARUMUGAM M.Arch, CA, AIIA, Associate Professor SRCA, Polur
Indus River Valley Civilization 2600 -1900 BC
VEDIC CIVILISATION
VEDIC VILLAGE
Brick was a new building material for them and was already used by Indus valley
which they conquered.
Knowledge on using timber, bamboo and thatch as building materials
Timber & bamboo – easily available, easy to maintain and rebuild in case of rain
or floods
Most huts circular in plan – simplest to build with thatch
Walls – bamboo twigs tied together
AR.PURUSHOTHAMAN ARUMUGAM M.Arch, CA, AIIA, Associate Professor SRCA, Polur
Indus River Valley Civilization 2600 -1900 BC
VEDIC CIVILISATION
VEDIC VILLAGE
Roof – bamboo – domical / conical shape & made watertight by overlapping
thatch / grass
Rectangular huts with bamboo roofs – bamboo bent into semicircular shape and
tied with a cord like a bow creating a barrel like roof and covered with
thatch/grass
3-4 huts grouped around a courtyard
Combination of these clusters are termed as VEDIC VILLAGE
AR.PURUSHOTHAMAN ARUMUGAM M.Arch, CA, AIIA, Associate Professor SRCA, Polur
Indus River Valley Civilization 2600 -1900 BC
VEDIC CIVILISATION
VEDIC VILLAGE
Concept of fencing – to protect from the wild animals from the forest
Timber fences – vertical, rectangular timber posts with 3 horizontal bamboo bars
Bamboos strung between the holes carved in the rectangular posts
Entry was projected out with a raised gateway with controlled entry esp. cattle's
Structures remained temporary, but the forms contained the embryo of later
Hindu and Buddhist architecture.
AR.PURUSHOTHAMAN ARUMUGAM M.Arch, CA, AIIA, Associate Professor SRCA, Polur
Indus River Valley Civilization 2600 -1900 BC
VEDIC CIVILISATIONVEDIC LITERATURE AND RELIGION
No idol worship & no temples
Vedic pantheon – personifications of symbols of nature : Divinity – Surya, Agni, Indra,
Religious belief – elaborate ritual of sacrifice to propitiate GOD and GODESSES
Architectural form – a raised platform, an open altar determined by elaborate
astronomical and mathematical calculations
Rituals could be conducted by learned poet called priest
Hymns in Sanskrit seeking the favors & goodwill from DIVINE WILL.
First composition of 1028 hymns is RIG VEDA
Great Epics are RAMYANA & MAHABHARATHA & Lord Krishna delivering the message
in the form of BHAGAVADA GITA
AR.PURUSHOTHAMAN ARUMUGAM M.Arch, CA, AIIA, Associate Professor SRCA, Polur
Indus River Valley Civilization 2600 -1900 BC
VEDIC CIVILISATIONVEDIC ECONOMY & ADMINISTRATION
Clearing of forest using fire
Intense agricultural activity
Concept of land ownership
Fights over cattle (the symbol of wealth) shifted to fight over agricultural land
Confederation of large units from individual tribes to wage war leads wars of later
Existence of sabhas & samitis for civil administration
By 800 BC – kingship was accorded as sense of divinity
Emergence of warriors & the priestly class Brahmins
AR.PURUSHOTHAMAN ARUMUGAM M.Arch, CA, AIIA, Associate Professor SRCA, Polur
Indus River Valley Civilization 2600 -1900 BC
VEDIC CIVILISATIONORIGINS OF HINDUISM
The Hindu religion seems to have evolved from a combination of the faiths of the
indigenous Dravidians and the Aryan invaders; Hindu worship is essentially an
individual act, and except on certain specified occasions communal worship is
foreign to it.
This has produced the basic difference between the Hindu temple and the
Moslem Mosque.
An Orthodox Hindu's life has been governed by religious practice is its minutest
details.
Any major occasion demands the services of one of the Brahman priesthood
who alone have the authority to officiate.
Indus River Valley Civilization 2600 -1900 BC
VEDIC CIVILISATION
HINDU TOWNS
450 BC : emergence of 4 rival states
Kashi
Koshala
Magadha
Virjis
Major towns : Shravasti, Champa, Rajgriha, Ayodhya, Kaushambi, Kashi
Cities of rectangular plan & grid iron pattern
AR.PURUSHOTHAMAN ARUMUGAM M.Arch, CA, AIIA, Associate Professor SRCA, Polur
Indus River Valley Civilization 2600 -1900 BC
VEDIC CIVILISATION
RUDIMENTARY FORMS OF BAMBOO AND WOODEN CONSTRUCTION
The Early Constructions were using Bamboo and Wood only in the Indian
civilization.
AR.PURUSHOTHAMAN ARUMUGAM M.Arch, CA, AIIA, Associate Professor SRCA, Polur
Indus River Valley Civilization 2600 -1900 BC
VEDIC CIVILISATIONOrigins of Buddhism and Jainism
The Arians unified the people of the Indus valley under this system which later
became known as Hinduism.
They also created a caste system to keep different segments of society separate and
to prevent the mingling of people, and maintaining the priestly and warrior class.
Brahmins (Aryan priests);
Kshatriyas (warrior-nobility);
Vaishyas (the bourgeois, or middle class [businessmen/farmers], viewed as low class by
those above them);
Sudras (servants, not allowed to recite or listen to the Vedas [Hindu scriptures] and the
illegitimate, criminals, and those in unclean jobs [e.g., leather workers, barbers, etc.)
AR.PURUSHOTHAMAN ARUMUGAM M.Arch, CA, AIIA, Associate Professor SRCA, Polur
Indus River Valley Civilization 2600 -1900 BC
INDIAN CIVILISATION
Origins of Buddhism and Jainism
Over time this caste system became burdensome to the people of India. Its
during this time Siddhartha was born.
The founder of Buddhism
Then later it was Mahavira and he founded Jainism
Dis in Detail on Further Classes
AR.PURUSHOTHAMAN ARUMUGAM M.Arch, CA, AIIA, Associate Professor SRCA, Polur
Questions…..?