unit five chapter 11 off-shore oil formation and...
TRANSCRIPT
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UNIT FIVE
Chapter 11
Off-shore Oil Formation and Reserves
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How Oil Is Formed • Millions of years
ago plants and animals of the oceans died & settled on the ocean floor.
Bacterial action and
extreme pressure
from layers of
sediment converted
the organic matter
to oil & gas.
Oil reserves form
when non-porous rock
lies above porous
rock. Oil seeps up
through the porous
rock & is trapped by
the non-porous rock.
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Oil Reserves Pg. 183
• Fold Trap: the up fold or anticline in the layers of the earth's crust form the reservoir.
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Oil Reserves
• Fault Trap: the vertical movement of the earth's crust forms a v-shaped reservoir.
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Oil Reserves
• Salt Dome Trap: The salt dome forms an up-fold in the earth's crust not unlike the anticline caused by tectonic forces.
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Oil Reserves
• Stratigraphic trap: has a former limestone reef
as its porous rock feeding the reservoir.
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Techniques Used to Locate Reserves
Before 1900’s
• The search for oil was limited. Had to look along
fault lines for oil seeping to the surface (EX: Jed
& Granny Clampett and the “Beverly Hillbillies”).
After early 1900’s
• Geologists knew to drill in gentle anticlines or
faulted sedimentary rock where reservoirs of oil
might occur. (Not always successful).
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Techniques Used to Locate Reserves
• ships tow sound emitters and hydrophones to send sound towards earth’s crust.
• different rock layers
reflect sound differently.
• computers convert the sound data into 3D pictures of the ocean’s rock layers.
Modern oil exploration on the seas
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Techniques Used to Locate Reserves
• “Wild cat” wells are drilled to test for oil:
– if they strike oil then delineating wells are drilled to
determine the size of the reservoir.
– If they miss oil then the core samples are examined
for evidence of oil.
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Patterns of Offshore Oil Production
FIGURE 11.2 PG. 184
• Most oil regions of the world are on land.
• Oil regions under the ocean floor are concentrated in the North sea around the UK and in the Gulf of Mexico.
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Gulf of Mexico North Sea West Africa
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Patterns of Offshore Oil Production
• FIGURE 11.3 PG. 185
• It also reveals that offshore oil production is increasing faster than land production of oil.
• West Africa, especially around the Ivory Coast, seems to have high oil reserves and is increasing in oil production.
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