unit .egqï yd ksrdlrkh 10 - artsapi.lk

s u r e k a w a g e e s h w a r a

jd.SIajr

.egqï yd ksrdlrkh

.egqï ye|skaùu

.egqï iïnkaO ks¾jpk

.egqï we;sùug n,mdk idOl ^.egqï uQ,dY%&

.egqïj, fM;sydisl úldYkh

.egqïj, ,CIK

.egqï ;%sfldaKh

.egqul wjia:d

.egqï j¾.SlrKh

.egqul idOkSh ,CIK

.egqul m%;sfYaOkSh ,CIK

.egqï ixj¾Okhg ndOdjla f,i

.egqï ksrdlrK ixl,amh

idu wOHdmkh

unit 10

² .egqï ye|skaùu'

.egqu ^Conflict& hk jdla ixfla;h nyq w¾: iys; mohls' Ydia;%Sh kHdhsl mokulska wE;a jQ idudkHh jHjydrh ;=< .egqu hk w¾:h m%ldYkh lsÍu i|yd wdrjq, ̂ Dispute& - w¾nqOh ̂ Crisis& - igk ̂ Fight& - m%pKav;ajh ̂ Violence& hk jdla ixfla;hka Ndú;d lrhs' kuq;a Ydia;%Sh kHdhsl mokulska ú.%ylrk l,ays —.egqu˜ iy Wla; jdla ixfla;hka w;r meyeos,s fjkialï mj;S'

.egqu iudcfha iEu ia:rhlu y÷kd.; yels fmdÿ iudc ixisoaêhls' iudch ;=< mj;akd ffki¾.sl .=Kdx.hla jk nyqúO;djfha ^úúO;ajh& m%;sM,hla f,i .egqu ye|skaúh yelsh' udkj iudch ;=< úúO mqoa.,hka cSj;a fj;s' Tjqka YÍr yevfhka " j¾Kfhka " m%udKfhka " nqoaêfhka " iudc ;rd;srfuka úúO fj;s' tu nyqúO;djh ksid iEu iudc ia:rhlu .egqu mj;S'

iajNdjfhkau mqoa.,hkaf.a wdYdjka - wjYH;djhka - wruqKq - wkd.; wfmaCIdjka - we.hqï - ms<s.ekSï - úYajdihka úúO fõ' oaú;shslj wd.u - NdIdj - l=<h - j¾.h - j¾Kh - ixialD;sh - m%foaYh jeks —wkkH;d ks¾udmlhka˜ u.ska tu úúO;ajh j¾Okh lsÍug wod< úYd, N+ñldjla r`. olajhs' fujeks jdia;úl ;;a;ajhka u; .egqu fkdje,elaúh yels iudc m%mxphla njg m;aj ;sfí'

tlu lreKla fyda isoaêhla iïnkaOfhka udkj cSúka úúO u; orhs' tys ksh; m%;sM,h jkafka .egqu ̂.eàu& W;amdo ùuhs'

² .egqï iïnkaO ks¾jpk'

- .egqï iïnkaOfhka m,ù we;s fmdÿ ks¾jpk'

—.egqu hkq ir,j olajkafka kï mqoa.,hka fofofkl= fyda jeä .Kkla w;r" md¾Ij folla fyda jeä .Kkla w;r" rdcHh folla fyda jeä .Kkla w;r olakg we;s fkdtl`.;djhla fyda l<yldÍ ;;a;ajhls'˜

—tlsfklg mriamr woyia we;s mqoa.,hka fofofkl= fyda jeä msßila jdÑl f,i" ldhsl f,i fyda wdhqO u.ska lrk wr.,h .egqu fõ'˜

- .egqï iïnkaOfhka m,ù we;s od¾Yksl ks¾jpk'

—;r`.ldÍ wNs,dIhka " úúO jQ wkkH;djhka yd wdl,amSh fjkialï u; mqoa.,hska fyda mqoa., lKavdhï w;r we;sjk m%;súfrdaO;djhka .egqula f,i ye|skaúh yelsh'˜

[Jems A . Schellenberg]

Sureka Wageeshwara01


—tlsfklg mriamr wruqKq yd b,lal <`.dlr .ekSfï oS ksoyia mqoa.,hka w;r isÿjk wka;¾ l%shdldÍ;ajhka .egqu f,i ye|skaúh yelsh'˜

[ I.L. Hocker and W.W. Wilmot ]

—m%pKav yemamSï " wr.,hla fyda yrUhla " udkisl jYfhka isÿjk wr.,hla .egqula f,i ye|skaúh yelsh'˜

[ The Webster English Dictionary ]

—mqoa., lKavdhï fyda rdcHhka nrm;, fkdtl`.;djkag fyda újdohg iïnkaOj isák ;;a;ajhl oS .egqï mek k.S'˜

[ The Oxford Dictionary ]

—tlsfklg fkd.e,fmk wruqKq iys; mqoa.,hka fofofkla fyda Bg jeä .Kkla fyda lKavdhula tu úYajdihka m%ldY lrk úg iudc .egqï mek k.S˜

[ Louic Kriesbury ]

² .egqïj,g wod< ft;sydisl úldYkh

.egqu hk iudc m%mxph oS¾. ft;sydisl mokula iys; ixl,amhls' fjk;a wdldrhlska olajkafka kï .egqu udkj b;sydifha wdrïNfha isg W;amdo jQjls' igkaldóka N+ñh w;am;a lr .ekSug - iïm;a j¾Okh lr .ekSug - iajlSh n,h ia:dmkh lr .ekSug .egqï we;s lr ;snqKs'

15" 16" 17 ishjia kQ;k wjêh jk úg mqkreofhaa - ld¾ólrKfha m%;sM,hla f,i .egqu kj wêhrlg meñK ;snqKs' 1688 bx.%Sis úma,jh ta w;r m%Odk fõ' miqj hqfrdamd flakaøh " iamd[a[h " mD;=.d,h bx.%Sis cd;slhka úiska wdishdkq " wm%sldkq " ,;ska weußldkq N+f.da,Sh iSudjka iajlSh .%yKhg k;= lr .ekSu iïnkaOfhka ;r`.h wdrïNlr ;snqKs'

18 " 19 jeks ishjia jk úg .egqu hk iudc m%mxph mq`M,a foaYmd,k tall jid me;sr .sfha h' rdcHh uÜgñka hqoaO olakg ,enqKs' I f,dal uyd ix.%duh ̂ 1914 - 1918& - II f,dal uyd ix.%duh ̂ 1939 - 1945& - l%sñhdkq hqoaOh - weußldkq úma,jh - m%xY úma,jh - reishdkq úma,jh Yla;su;a ksoiqka fõ'

1945 fojk f,dal uyd ix.%uhg mYapd;a ld,Sk wjêh ;=< wdishdkq - wm%sldkq - ,;ska weußldkq l,dm ;=< hg;a úcs; lrKhg úreoaOj ksoyia wr., wdrïN úh' ta ;=,ska o .egqu fndfyda ÿrg jHdma; úh' 1960 jk úg cd;sl rdcH ;=<ska ckjd¾.sl w¾nqo mek ke.=Ks'

² .egqï ;%sfldaKh'

ydjâ úYajúoHd,fha uydpd¾h fcdydka .e,agqx ̂ Johan Galtung& úiska .egqï ;%sfldaKh iïnkaO woyi bosßm;a lf<A h' ^1969& tu.ska .egqula ;=<ska úoHudk jkakd jQ tlsfklg iïnkaO jHQy - wdl,am - p¾hdjka iïnkaOfhka wOHhkh lrhs'

1' ixo¾Nh ̂jHQyh& - Context

jHQyh hkq .egqug uq,ajk ^miqìïjk& ;;ajhka h' fjk;a wdldrhlska olajkafka kï .egqï yd iïnkaO úIh uQ,sl idOlhka h' fuu úIh uQ,sl idOl iudc jákdlï yd iudc jHQyfha fkdukd .e,mSï ksid we;s jk nj frdnÜ ñfp,a meyeos,s lrhs' fï wkqj úúO md¾Yjhka ^lKavdhï& w;r wiudkqmd;sl wjYH;d - wiudkqmd;sl idrO¾u - wiudkqmd;sl b,lal we;s jQ úg .egqï ks¾udKh jk nj m%ldY fõ' tu wiudkqmd;sl wjYH;d idrO¾u " b,lal u.ska .egqula ks¾udKh ùug wjYH úIh uQ,sl fyj;a iudc wd¾Ól jd;djrKh ks¾udKh lrhs'

kso¾Yk -( msf,damSksishdkq hqoaOhg ^Peloponnesian war& fmr .%Sl k.r rdcHh w;r ;r`.ldÍ lKavdhï we;s ùu' fuu lKavdhï w;r mej;s wfkHdakHh ;r`.h u.ska iuñ;sl .egqï jHQyhla ixia:dmkh lsÍu'

2' wdl,am - Attitude

.egqu ms<sn| wOHhkh lsÍfï oS wdl,am iïnkaOfhka wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu w;sYh jeo.;a fõ' wdl,am hkq .egqu ks¾udKh lrkq ,nk ufkdaúoHd;aul idOlhka yd tys l%shdoduh hs' tu ufkdauQ,sl idOl w;r" wfmaCIdNx.;ajh - fkdßiaiqu yd ffjrh - ìh - ixYh flakaø fõ' fuu ufkda uQ,sl idOhka W;amdo ùu i|yd úreoaO md¾Ijhka tlsfkld iïnkaOj we;s lr .kakd m%;súreoaO ye`.Sï - i;=re m%;srEm n,mdkq ,efí'


ixo¾Nh ^jHQyh&^Context&

p¾hd^Behaviour&

wdl,am^Attitude&


3' p¾hdjka - Behavior

.egqug wod< lKavdhï úiska tlsfkldg wk;=re lr.kakd úg .egqï p¾hdjka m%lg fõ' óg wod< kso¾Yk f,i ìh .ekaùu - n,y;aldrh - úkdYldÍ m%ydr oelaúh yelsh' fï wkqj .egqula"

wiudkqmd;sl b,lalksfYaOkd;aul wdl,amúkdYldÍ p¾hdjka ;=,ska W;amdo úh yel'

” .egqï ;%sfldaKh ;=< we;s jeo.;alï'

î& úfYaIs; jQ .egqï wjia:djka úNd. lsÍug yd úu¾Ykh lsÍug yels ùu'

îi& .egqï yd iïnkaO md¾Ijhka f.a wdl,am yd oekqu ms<sn| ;;ajhka úNd. lsÍug yels ùu'

îii& .egqï l%shdj,sh ;=< p¾hd;aul l%shdYS,S;ajh iïnkaOfhka wjfndaO fldg.; yels ùu'

² .egqï we;sùug n,mdk idOl ̂.egqï uQ,dY%&'

.egqï iïnkaO ixjdoh ;=< oS .egqï uQ,dY% fyj;a .egqï we;sùug n,mdk idOl iïnkaOfhka igyka ;eîu jeo.;a fõ' úfYaIfhka .egqï ksrdlrKh lsÍfï oS .egqï uQ,dY% iïnkaO wjfndaOh w;sYhska jeo.;a fõ'

” wNHka;r .egqï ms<sn| uQ,dY% 04 ls'

1' jHQyd;aul idOl2' foaYmd,k idOl3' wd¾Ól yd iudc idOl4' ixialD;sl idOl

01' jHQyd;aul idOl

ÿ¾j, rdcHhka - rdcH wNHka;r wdrCIl m%Yak - jd¾.sl N+f.da,Sh moku jHQyd;aul idOl w;r m%Odk fõ'

ÿ¾j, rdcHh"

wNHka;r .egqï we;s ùug n,mdk m%Odk jHQyd;aul idOlhls fuh' II jk f,dal uyd ix.%duhg miqj ìysjk kj rdcHhka ÿn,j ìys ù ;sfí'

kj rdcHhkays ,CIK'

I' wd¾Ól w;ska fkdfmdfydi;a ùu ̂ÿ¾j, ùu'&II' foaYmd,k jYfhka kùlrKh fkdùu'III' iudch;=< nyqúO ;djla mej;Su'

hg;a úcs; md,k l%u úiska wm%sldkq uyoaùmfha fndfyda rdcHhka wiïNdú;dj ìys fldg ;sîu kso¾Yk f,i oelaúh yelsh' ̂fidaud,shdj - W.kavdj - fudfrdlafldaj - khscSßhdj - frdfâIsldj - flkakshdj - .dkdj& tu wm%sldkq rdcHhka ;=< foaYiSud w¾nqO " foaYmd,k kS;Hdkql+, Ndjh iïnkaO m%Yak " w¾:dkaú; md,khla f.k hdug fkdyels ùu" foaYmd,k jHQyhla fkdue;s ùu hk w¾nqOhkag uqyqKmd ;sfí' óg iduH jQ .eg`M j,g fidaúhÜ iuQydKavqj yd hqf.diaf,djelshdkq md,kh ì|jeàfuka miqj ìys jQ fndfyda rdcHhkag o uqyqKoSug isÿúh'

we;eï rdcHhka ÿ¾j, ùu flfrys n,mE fya;=

- f,dal n,j;=ka yd wka;¾cd;sl uQ,H wdh;k úiska ,nd fok úfoaY wdOdr wju lsÍu'

- wka;¾ cd;sl fj<| fmd< ;=, foaYSh ksIamdos; NdKavhkaf.a ñ< my< jeàu'

- jxpdj " ¥IKh wldrHCIu;djh yd wd¾Ól wixj¾ê; Ndjh'

fuf,i rdcHh wNHka;r jHQyh ÿ¾j, wixj¾ê; iajNdjhla we;s úu m%pKavldÍ .egqï j¾Okh ùug fya;= fõ' rdcHh ÿn,jk úg wdKavq mCIh yd úreoaO mCIh w;r n, wr.,h o W;aikak fõ' túg uOH wdKavqfõ mSvkhg ,laj isák jd¾.sl fldgia mßmd,k iajdêk;djla fyda iajdëk rdcHhla ks¾udKh lr .ekSugfm<öu'

ckjd¾.sl;ajh"

ckjd¾.sl;ajh wNHka;r .egqï we;sùug fya;= úh yels jHQyd;aul idOlhls' j¾;udkh ;=< cd;sl rdcH foish .Kkdj w;=ßka icd;sh rdcHhka mj;skafka 20 lg;a jvd wvq .Kkls' ta w;r cmdkh - W;=re fldßhdj - ol=Kq fldßhdj - iaùvkh - fkd¾fõ rdcHhka m%Odk fõ' icd;Sh rdcHhka ;=< jd¾.sl .egqï we;s fkdfõ' kuq;a icd;Sh Ndjh muKla wNHka;r cd;sl wdrCIdj mj;ajdf.k hdu i|yd m%udKj;a fkdfõ' kso¾Yk f,i olajkafka kï wm%sldkq l,dmfha fidaud,shdkq rdcHh icd;Sh rdcHhls' kuq;a ta ;=< f.da;%sl hqoaO - m%dfoaYSh n, wr., j,ska .yK fõ'

ckjd¾.sl;ajh wNHka;r .egqï we;s ùug n,mdk uQ,sl idOlhls' úfYaIfhka f;jk f,dalfha rdcHhkays iudch nyqjd¾.sl iajrEmhla .kS' tu ksid tjeks rdcH ;=< ckjd¾.sl;ajh .egqï ìysùug wod< m%Odk uQ,dY%hka fõ'


02' foaYmd,k idOl'

wNHka;r .egqï we;sùu i|yd foaYmd,k wdh;k ;=< isÿjk fjkialï - cd;sl u;jdo fkdi,ld yeÍï - wka;¾ lKavdhï - foaYmd,k m%N+ka jeks foaYmd,k idOl fya;= fõ'

fjkialï lrkq ,nk foaYmd,k wdh;k "

foaYmd,k l%uh iy tu.ska bgqjk idOdrK;ajfha m%udKh .egqï we;s lsÍu flfrys n,mdhs' wêldÍ foaYmd,k l%shdj,shla ;=< tla ckj¾.hl wjYH;d - jqjukdjka muKla bgq lrñka wka ck j¾. fkdi,ld yßk úg .egqï W;amdo ùfï m%jk;djh jeä fõ' m%cd;ka;%jdoS md,k l%uhla l%shd;aul jqjo wdKavqfõ " fmd,Sisfhys " wêlrKfhys " isú,a fiajfhys foaYmd,k fCIA;%hkays iy wksl=;a foaYmd,k wdh;khkays ish¨u ckj¾ ksfhdackh fkdjk úg .egqï we;s úh yelsh'

cd;sl u;jdohkaf.a iajNdjh "

rdcHhka ;=< l%shd;aul jk cd;sl u;jdofha iajNdjh u; o .egqï W;amdo úh yelsh' cd;sl u;jdoh jd¾.sl mokula u; f.dvk.d we;s úg rdcHh ;=< .egqï we;s úh yelsh' fuu ;;ajhg kso¾Yk f,i fnda,alka rdcHhka - ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk rgj,a oelaúh yelsh'

foaYmd,k m%N+ka "

wNHka;r .egqï we;sùug n,mdk foaYmd,k uQ,dY%hla f,i foaYmd,k m%N+ka oelaúh yelsh'úfYaIfhka wd¾Ól " foaYmd,k fyda iudcuh w¾nqOhka mj;sk úg th ksrdlrKh lsÍu i|yd foaYmd,k m%N+ka Ndú;d lrk Wmdh ud¾. fuys oS jeo.;a fõ' tjeks iudc " wd¾Ól " foaYmd,k w¾nqo ksrdlrKh lsÍu i|yd md,l m%N+ mka;sh ckjd¾.sl wr.,hla W;aikak l< yelsh' túg .egqu W;amdo fõ'

03' wd¾Ól yd idudchSh idOl'

.egqï W;aikak ùug wd¾Ól yd idudchSh idOl fya;= fõ' wd¾Ól .eg`M - fjkialï isÿ lrk wd¾Ól l%shdj,ska - wd¾Ól ixj¾Okfhys w;ayod ne,Sïj, úmdl yd kùlrKh ta w;r m%Odk fõ'

wd¾Ól .eg`M "

rdcHhka ;=< úúOdlrfha wd¾Ól .eg`M w¾nqo mj;S' tu wd¾Ól .eg`M u; rdcHhka ;=< le,îï iy.; ;;ajhka we;sj ;sfí' merKs fidaúhÜ foaYh fukau we;eï wm%sldkq rdcHhka o ie,iqï iy.; wd¾Ólfha isg fjf<|fmd, u; mokï jQ wd¾Ól l%shdj,shg mßj¾:kh ùfï oS wd¾Ól .eg`M W;aikakj ;sfí' ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk rdcHhka ;=< ú/lshdj - WoaOukh - bvï i|yd jQ ;r`.h jeks wd¾Ól .eg`M rdYshls'


fjkialï isÿlrk wd¾Ól l%shdj,s "

iudcuh jYfhka tla mx;shlg fyda tla ckj¾.hlg úfYaISlrKh jQ wd¾Ól l%shdj,shla ;=,ska m%pKav;ajh ìys lrhs' ;ry W;aoSmkh lrhs' wfmaCId Nx.;ajh W;amdokh lrhs' óg wod<j wiudkqmd;sl wd¾Ól whs;sjdislï - wiudkqmd;sl wd¾Òl wjia:djka - wiudkqmd;sl wd¾Ól ksoyila - bvï iy iïm;a iïnkaOfhka wiudkqmd;sl m%fõY wdosh oelaúh yelsh' fujeks ;;ajhka ;=< rdcHh wNHka;rh ;=< .egqï W;amdo úh yelsh'

kùlrKh "

kùlrKh ms<sn| isoaOdka;h o .egqï we;sùu i|yd n,mdk wd¾Ól yd idudchSh idOlhls' ld¾ólrKh - kj ;dCIKh y÷kajdoSu u.ska iudch ;=< fjkialï isÿfõ' ixl%uK yd kd.ÍlrKh u.ska tu fjkialï ;jÿrg;a ;Sj%r lrhs' tys m%;sM,h jkafka iudc " wd¾Ól " foaYmd,ksl " wd.ñl " ixialD;sl lreKq iïnkaOfhka kj ye`.Sï my< ùuhs' túg idïm%odhsl u;jdo yd kj u;jdo w;r .egqula isÿfõ' wfkla miska kj iudc" wd¾Ól " foaYmd,ksl " ixialD;sl .eàï j,g j¾Okh fkdjQ foaYmd,k wdh;khka " u;jdohka ndOdjla f,i u;= ùuhs' tjeks ;;ajhla ;=< .egqï W;amdo fõ' kso¾Yk f,i W;alDIag úma,jh - 1776 - weußldkq úma,jh - m%xY úma,jh - reishdkq úma,jh oelaúh yelsh'

04' ixialD;sl idOl "

wNHka;r .egqï we;sùu i|yd n,mdk m%Odk uQ,dY%hla f,i ixialD;sl idOl oelaúh yelsh' iq`M;rh yd iïnkaO ixialD;sl fjkialï - ckjd¾.sl lKavdhï w;r mj;sk jeros wjfndaOh Bg wod< m%Odk lreKq f,i ú.%y l< yelsh'

iq`M cd;sh yd iïnkaO ixialD;sl fjkialï"

wiudk jQ wOHdmk wjia:d - iq`M cd;sl NdIdjkays j,x.= Ndjh iïnkaO m%Yak - iq`M cd;sl wd.ï j,g we;s ksoyi iïnkaO m%Yak - iq`M cd;ska yd iïnkaO ixialD;sl fjkialï f,i ye|skaúh yelsh' fuu.ska W;aidy f.k we;af;a iq`M jd¾.sl lKavdhï uyd ixialD;shg wjfYdaIKh lr .ekSuhs' kso¾Yk f,i fidaúhÜ iuQydKavqj ;=< fcdaima iagd¾,sia wkq.ukh l< m%;sm;a;s - m%xYh úiska ;=¾ls cd;slhka iïnkaOfhka wkq.ukh l< m%;sm;a;s - ;dhs,ka;h úiska W;=re yd ngysr l÷lr f.da;% iïnkaOfhka wkq.ukh l< m%;sm;a;s - brdKh úiska l¾os cd;slhka iïnkaOfhka wkq.ukh l< m%;sm;a;s wdosh oelaúh yelsh'



ckjd¾.sl lKavdhï w;r we;s jeros wjfndaOh "

wNHka;r .egqï we;s ùu i|yd ckjd¾.sl lKavdhï w;r we;s jeros wjfndaOh yd ufkdaNdjhka o fya;= fõ' ckjd¾.sl fldgia w;r we;s ffjrh - oafõIh fndfydaúg ft;sydisl f;dr;=re idOl uQ,dY% ud¾.fhka hqla;s iy.; fldg ;sîu' kso¾Yk f,i fndiakshdfõ I¾ì cd;slhka ;uka hqfrdamh wdrCId lrk ùfrdaOdr cd;slhka nj úYajdi lsÍu' fldaIshkajre *eisiaÜjdoSka f,i ye|skaùu'

^N.B& j¾;udkfha mj;sk .egqï w;ßka fndafydauhla jd¾.sl;ajh - NdIdj - b;sydih - j¾Kh - l=,h - wd.u - whs;sjdislï hk lreKq uQ,dY% fldgf.k W;amdo ù ;sfí' fujeks idOl u; W;amdo jQ .egqï rdcHh wNHka;r .egqï f,i

ks¾jpkh lrkq ,nhs' tâjâ wid¾ ^Edward Azar& g wkqj os.a.eiaiqKq iudc.egqï j, wys;rl m%;sM,h cd;sl uÜgfï isg cd;Hka; uÜgu olajd úisrf.dia ;sfí'

” uQ,sl jYfhka .egqï we;sùug n,mdk idOl lsysmhls'

1' idOl - ft;sydisl ms<s.ekSï w;S; yd j¾;udk fldkafoais hkdosh ms<sn| ;;a;ajhka'

2' wjYH;d yd wdYdjka - wdrCIdj iy .re;ajh iïnkaOfhka we;sjk wjYH;dj ms<sn| ye`.Su'

3' we.hqu - os.=ld,Sk úYajdi yd Wml,amk'

4' ;;ajhka - úfYaIs; wjYH;djhka iy wdYdjka bgqlr .ekSug yels fyd|u l%uh f,i ie,lSu'

5' l%uhka - wruqKq ,nd .ekSu i|yd ck;dj wkq.ukh lrkq ,nk l%uhla ùu'

6' ikaksfõokh ì|jeàu - ta ta ck;djka fyda md¾Ij w;r we;s ikaksfõokh ì| jeàu'

7' wêldÍ n,h yd iïm;a - n,h yd iajdNdúl úfYaIfhka iajdNdúl iïm;a i|yd we;s ;r`.h i|yd we;s wr.,h'

² .egqï j, ,CIK'

î& mqoa.,hka fofofkl= fyda md¾Ijhka folla fyda lsysmhla w;r we;sjk fkdtl`.;djh fyj;a fkd.e<mSu'

îi& ta ta md¾Yjhka fyda lKavdhï m%;súreoaO l%shdud¾.j, ks;r ùu'

îii& m%;sjreoaO md¾Ijhkag w,dNydks lsÍu úkdY lsÍu wruqKq fldg f.k mej;Su'

îv& .egqïj, idOkSh ,CIK fukau m%;sfYaOkSh ,CIK mj;S'

^v& .egqïj, iajNdjh wkqj ks¾udKd;dul fyda úkdYldÍ úh yelsh'

² .egqul wjia:d'

.egqï iïnkaO ixjdoh ;=< oS .egqul wjia:d iïnkaOfhka o wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu jeo.;a fõ' we;eï úprlhska .egqu pl%hla f,i ú.%y lrhs' we;euqka .egqu by< my< hk l%shdj,shla f,i ols;s' .egqul wjia:d ir, nfõ isg ixlS¾K;ajh olajd my; wdldrhg fm<.eiaúh yelsh'

1' wúpdrj;a wjia:dj'

mqoa.,hka " md¾Ijhka fyda lKavdhï ;uka b;d ksjeros nj tlsfkld flaj,j l,amkd lsÍu 'tfukau tlsfkld ms<sn|j úpdrj;a yd ;=,kd;aul wjfndaOhla fkdùu wúpdrj;a wjia:dj f,i ye|skaúh yelsh' fuu wúpdrj;a wjia:dj tl;= ùu idlÉPd lsÍu u.ska úi|Sug yelsh'

2' fnoSï wjia:dj'

wúpdrj;a wjia:dj ;j ÿrg;a j¾Okh ùu u.ska lKavdhï jYfhka fnoS oeä f,i fNao Nskak ù lsis oskl tla úh fkdyels hehs hk ye`.Sï u; l%shd;aul jk wjia:dj fnoSfï wjia:dj f,i ye\skaúh yelsh' fujeks ;;ajhla fomd¾Yjh iu.slrùu u.ska úi|sh yelsh'

3' wfkHdakHh ÿla.ekú,s m%ldY jk wjia:dj'

fuys oS iajlSh yelshd " oCI;d" ixLHd;aul m%udKh jdis yd wjdis iy.; ;;a;ajhka m%ldY lrhs' ueosy;a lrejl= u.ska jdis fyda wjdis i,ld bosßm;a l< yelsh'



4' O%ejdka;lrKh yd ikakoaOlrK wjia:dj'

mSvkhg m;ajQ msßi fnoS O%ejdka;lrKh fõ' tu O%ejdka;lrKh jQ msßi ikakoaO ùug mgka .kS' tu ikakoaO lrKh u.ska tlajr m%pKav;ajh biau;= fkdjqk o fuu ;;ajh ld,hla mej;Su m%pKavldÍ .egqï ;;ajhla iau;= úh yelsh'

5' m%pKav .egqï wjia:dj'

m%pKavldÍ wjia:dfõoS iajlSh meje;au ;yjqre jkafka wfkld úkdY lsÍfukah' hk ye`.Su m%;smCI lKavdhï is;hs' tu ksid myroSu - m,jd yeÍug l%shd lrhs' ;u ch.%yKh igkaldój w;am;a lr .ekSug lghq;= lrhs'

² .egqï j¾.SlrKh'

.egï iïnkaOfhka j¾.SlrK rdYshla bosßm;a ù ;sfí' úúO ks¾kdhlhka Ndú;d lrñka .egqfï úúO wdldrhg j¾.fldg ;sfí'

” .egqï wdYdjka wkqj wdldr ;=klg j¾. l< yelsh'

I' wdYdjka ms<sn| .egqï' ^wjYH;d yd whs;Ska ms<sn| .egqï&

II' we.hqï ms<sn| .egqï'

III' iïnkaO;dj ms<sn| we.hqï

01' wdYdjka ms<sn| .egqï ̂wjYH;djhka yd whs;Ska iïnkaO .egqï&

wdYdjka yd whs;Ska ms<sn| .egqï hkq N+ñh fyda iïm;a u; mokï ù W;amdojk .egqï h' fuu .egqï wjYH;d yd whs;Ska ms<sn| .egqï f,i o y÷kajhs' fuu .egqï j, iajNdjh wdYdfõ yd whs;skaf.a iajNdjh u; ;SrKh fõ'

kso¾Yk -( t;rï jeo.;a N+ñhla fkdfõ kï .egqu iduldój úif|a' tys,d kso¾Yk f,i Y%S ,xldj yd bkaoshdj w;r lÉp;sõ ¥m; iïnkaOj mej;s m%Yakh .egqulska f;drj iduldój úi|d .ekSu' 1946 oS bkaoshdkq w.ue;s ,d,a nyÿ¾ Ydia;%S yd Y%S ,xld w.ue;s isßudfjda ue;sKsh w;r mej;s idlÉPdfõ m%;sM,hla f,i lÉp;sõ ¥mf;a whs;sh ,xldjg ysñ úh'

kuq;a cd;sl wdrCIdjg rdcH wdrCIdjh jeo.;a N+ñhla mokï fldgf.k we;sjk .egqï b;d W.% fõ' kso¾Yk f,i bkaoshdj - Ökh" bkaoshdj - mlsia:dkh " bkaoshdj - brdl .egqï oelaúh yelsh'


^N.B& fujeks .egqï ksrdlrKh lsÍu ;rula myiqh' Bg fya;= jkafka .egqu isÿjk md¾Ij w;r Bg wod< fya;= iïnkaOfhka fmdÿ tl`.;djhla mej;Suhs' tfiau fujeks .egqï úi|Sug wkq.ukh l< yels fmdÿ l%shdj,shla wka;¾cd;sl foaYmd,kh ;=< mj;S'

02' we.hqï ms<sn| .egqï ̂idrO¾u yd iïíê; .egqï&

wd.u - foaYmd,k u;jdo - ckjd¾.sl;ajh u; W;amdo jk .egqï we.hqï ms<sn| .egqï fyj;a idrO¾u ms<sn| .egqï f,i ks¾jpkh l< yelsh'

^N.B& fujeks .egqï ksrdlrKh lsÍu ÿIalrh' Bg m%Odk;u fya;=j jkafka .egqug wod< md¾Ijhka w;r .egqu iïnkaOfhka iajlSh idrO¾u ^úYajdi moaO;ska& iïnkaOfhka iïuq;Skag t<öug wlue;s ùuhs'

03' iïnkaO;d ms<sn| .egqï

iïnkaO;d ms<sn| .egqï hkq hg;a úcs; md,lhka yd hg;a úcs; jeishka w;r" iq`M;rh yd nyq;rh w;r md,l mka;sh yd md,s; mx;sh w;r isÿjk .egqïh' fujeks .egqulg kso¾Yk f,i ì%;dkHh iy wd¾ckaákdj w;r zfmdala,kaâZ ¥m; iïnkaOj mej;s .egqu oelaúh yelsh' fmdala,kaâ osjhsk ì%;dkHhkag o wd¾ckaákdjg o t;rï jeo.;a N+ñhla fkdfõ' fuu .egqu úpdrlhska y÷kajd we;af;a ysiflia fkdue;s mqoa.,hka fofofkla mkdjlg lrk wr.,hla f,i h'

^N.B& by; wdldrhg wdYdjka ms<sn| .egqï - we.hqï ms<sn| .egqï - iïnkaO;d ms<sn| .egqï f,i fjk fjku j¾. l< yels uq;a we;eï úg fuu idOlhka tlúg n,mdñka jqjo .egqï ks¾udKh úh yelsh'

” .egqu isÿjk md¾Ij u; mokï fjñka o .egqï wdldr follg j¾. l< yelsh'

I' iïñ;Sh .egqï ^Symmetric Conflict&

II' wiïñ;Sh .egqï ^Asymmetric Conflict&

1' iïñ;Sh .egqï'

iuñ;Sh .egqï hkq iudk mqoa.,hka fyda iudk md¾Ijhka iudk rdcHhka w;r we;sjk .egqïh' fuu .egqï j,g kso¾Yk f,i iajdñ mqreIhd iy Nd¾hdj w;r we;sjk .egqï - weußldj ud reishdj w;r mj;sk .egqï " BY%dh,h - ueofmros. rgj,a w;r mj;sk .egqï'


2' wiïñ;Sh .egqï'

wiuñ;Sh .egqï hkq" wiudk mqoa.,hka fyda wiudk md¾Ij " wiudk rdcHhka w;r we;sjk .egqï h' wiïñ;Sh .egqï j,g kso¾Yk f,i iq`M cd;Ska yd nyq ckj¾. w;r we;sjk .egqï" W;=re úhÜkduh yd weußldj w;r we;s jQ .egqu " weußldkqjka yd ì%;dkHh - brdlhg úreoaOj isÿl< hqoaOh " rdcHhka ;=< we;sjk ler<s " úma,j o óg wod< fõ'

wka;¾ rdcHh .egqï'

wka;¾ rdcHh .egqï hkq cd;sl rdcHhka w;r we;sjk .egqï f,i ir,j ks¾jpkh l< yelsh' fuu .egqï W;amdo jkafka foaYiSud - iïm;a fnod .ekSu - foaYmd,k o¾Ykjdohka u; mokï fjñks' kso¾Yk f,i " bkaoshdj - Ökh " bkaoshdj - mdlsia:dkh " cïnq ldYaór N+ñhg we;s jQ .egqu" brdk - brdl .egqu " W;=re fldßhdj - ol=Kq fldßhdj w;r we;s jQ .egqï oelaúh yelsh'

” ñksid w;r isÿjk .egqï m%Odk ia:r ;=kla hgf;a y÷kd.; yelsh'

I' .Dyia: .egqï ^Domestic Conflict&

II' rdcH wNHka;r .egqï ^Intra - State Conflict&

III' wka;¾ rdcHh .egqï ^Inter - State Conflict&

1' .Dyia: .egqï'

.Dy l=gqïNh ;=< uj " mshd " orejka w;r we;sjk .egqï .Dyia: .egqï f,i ir,j ks¾jpkh l< yel'

2' rdcHh wNHka;r .egqï'

rdcHh wNHka;r .ehqï hkq" cd;sl rdcHh ;=< isÿjk .egqï f,i ir,j ye|skaúh yelsh' fuu .egqï fndfydauhla jd¾.sl - wd.u - NdIdj - b;sydih - whs;sjdislï wdosh u; mokï ù W;amdo fõ' kQ;k cd;sl rdcHhka úYd, m%udKhla úcd;Sh ^nyqjd¾.sl - nyqjd¾Ksl - nyq wd.ñl - nyq ixialD;sl - nyq NdIduh& rdcHhka h' tjeks rdcHhka ;=< wNHka;r .egqï fndfydauhla osla.eiqKq iudc w¾nqO njg m;aj ;sfí' tâjâ wid¾ keu;s úpdrlhd olajk wdldrhg osla.eiqKq iuyr w¾nqoj, wys;lr m%;sM, cd;sl uÜgfï isg cd;Hka;rh olajd jHdma;j mj;S' le,aúka fyd,aiaÜ m%ldY lrkafka rdcH wNHka;r .egqï fndfydauhla W;amdo ù we;af;a rdcH md,kh - cd;Skaf.a ld¾hNdrh yd ;;ajh - rdcH wNHka;rh ;=< isák úúO ckj¾. j, ;;ajh jeks idOl u;h' kso¾Yk f,i Y%S ,xldj bkaoshdj - mlsia:dkh - nx.,s foaYh - fidaud,shdj jeks rdcHh ;=< we;s jQ rdcHh wNHka;r .egqï oelaúh yelsh'

” l=vd m%udKfha .egqfï isg uyd mßudK .egqï olajd .egqu úúO iajrEmfhka j¾. fldg ;sfí'

I' mqoa.,hka fofofkla w;r we;sjk .egqï'

iudcfha mqoa.,hka fofofkl= w;r úúO lreKq u; we;sjk .egqï óg wod<j y÷kd.; yelsh'

II' mjq,la ;=< we;sjk .egqï'

l=gqlïNh fyj;a mjq, ;=, wUq ieñ " uõmsh " ¥ ore w;r we;sjk u; .egqï óg wod< fõ'

III' mqoa., lKavdhï w;r we;sjk .egqï'

m%dfoaYSh - wd.ñl - jd¾.sl - l=, - f.da;% jYhka fnoS mqoa., lKavdhï w;r we;sjk .egqï óg wod< fõ'

IV' rdcHhka ;=< rdcHh úfrdaë lKAvdhï iu`. we;sjk .egqï'

rdcHh m%;sm;a;s fjkialrjd .ekSu iïnkaOfhka we;sjk ler,s - Woaf>DaIK - wr., - úma,j óg wod< fõ'

V' rdcHh folla w;r we;sjk .egqï'

foaYiSud iajdNdúl iïm;a mokï fldg .ksñka rdcHhka folla u; we;sjk .egqï'

VI' rdcHhka lsysmhla w;r we;sjk .egqï'

foaYmd,k u;jdo - wd¾Ól - iudchSh u;jdo n,lduh u; we;sjk .egqï m<uq yd fojk f,dal hqoaO ksoiqka fõ'

;jÿrg;a"

” .egqug n,mdk idOl u;o ^oDYaáfldaKh& .egqï úúO iajrEmfhka j¾. l< yelsh'



I' foaYmd,k .egqï'

foaYmd,k u;jdo o¾Ykhka mokï fldg f.k we;sjk .egqï ñg wod< fõ' kso¾Yk f,i weußldkq m%uqL OfkaYajr rdcHh yd fidaúhÜ m%uqL jdujdoS rdcHhka w;r mej;s .egqu - bkaÿkSishdj kef.kysr áfudarfhka fjku rdcHhla ks¾udKh lr .ekSu i|yd f.k.sh igk'

II' wd.ñl .egqï'

wd.ñl mokula u; W;amdo jQ .egqï wd.ñl .egqï f,i ks¾jpkh l< yelsh' kso¾Yk f,i f,dal b;sydih ;=< isÿ jQ l=rei hqoaOh " bkaoshdfõ uqia,sï - yskaÿ w;r .egqu oelaúh yelsh'

III' foaYiSud .egqï'

foaYiSud u; mokï ù we;s jQ .egqï óg wod< fõ' kso¾Yk f,i BY%dh,h - m,ia;Skh w;r we;s jQ hqoaOh'

IV' jrK fNaojdoS .egqï'

l`M - iqÿ hk jd¾.sl .egqu f,dal b;sydih ;=< jßka jr iau;= jQjls' kso¾Yk f,i ol=Kq wm%sldj - weußldkq rdcHhka ;=< we;s jQ .egqï oelaúh yelsh'

V' wd¾Ól yd iïm;a iïnkaOfhka jk .egqï'

iajdNdúl iïm;a mokï fldgf.k W;amdojk .egqï óg wod< fõ' úfYaIfhka LKsc f;,a wkqN+;sh fldg.;a .egqï f,dal b;sydih ;=< olakg ,efí' kso¾Yk f,i weußldj - brdlh w;r .egqu'

VI' f.da;%sl fyda l=< .egqï'

f.da;% fyda l=<h u; mokïj W;amdo jk .egqï óg wod< fõ' kso¾Yk f,i ol=Kq wm%sldkq rdcHhka ;=< mj;akd f.da;%sl .egqï - W;=re yd ngysr l÷lr f.da;% ckhd iïnkaO ;dhs,ka; l%shdjka - bkaoshdfõ yskaÿ yß ckhd w;r we;sjk .egqï'

” .egqul .;s ,CIK wkqjo .egqï j¾. l< yelsh'

I' osla.eiaiqKq .egqï'

.egqug wod< idOlj, ixlS¾K Ndjh ksid u; mokïj osla.eiaiqKq .egqï W;amdo ùu yd jHdma; úu isÿfõ'

II' úi|Sug ÿIalr .egqï'

fuu .egqï o osla.eiaiqK .egqï j,g iduH;djhla olajhs'

III' ñ,sgÍlrKh jQ .egqï'

wú wdhqO Ndú;d lrñka hqOuh iajrEmfhka isÿlrkq ,nk .egqï óg wod< fõ'

² .egqïj, jeo.;a ̂idOkSh& ,CIK y÷kd.; yelsh'

.egqu ffki¾.slju whym;a fohla fkdfõ' .egqï ;=<ska ft;sydisl ;;ajhka ;=< isÿj we;af;a iudcfha bosß.dó m%j¾Okhls' ld,a udlaiag wkqj ft;sydisl iudc m%j¾Okhg yd wkd.;fha W;amdo jk úoHd;aul fldñhqksiaÜ iudch ìys ùug o fya;= jkafka .egqu hk iudc m%Njhhs'

1' .egqu hkq úi|Sug wmyiq m%Yak ud,djla fjk;a wdldrhlska m%ldYhg m;a ùuls'

2' .egqï W;amdo jk úg tu.ska meyeos,s jkafka ta olajd wjOdkh fhduq fkdl< m%Yak iuQyhla flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lsÍuhs'

3' m%Yak j,g úiÿï fiùug n,lsÍula ùu'

4' .egqu u.ska ck;dj i;= mSvkh uqod yeÍug yels ùu'

² .egqïj, ÿ¾j, ̂m%;sfYaOkSh& ,CIKhka y÷kd.; yelsh'

1' m%pKavldÍ .egqï j,ska cSú; ydks iïm;a ydks isÿ ùu'

2' rdcHh yd cd;sl wdrCIdiys; Ndjhg whym;a ùu'

3' mqoa.,hka - mqoa., lKavdhï - rdcHh w;r ffjrh " wiu.s;djh W;amdo ùu'

4' iudc tal.%;djh ìo jeàu" iudch fNao Nskak ùu'


kso¾Yk -( II jk f,dal uyd ix.%duh ksid ñksiqka ydrfldaá ye;a;E ,CIhla ñh hdu'ldcskshd fldñiu fmkajd fok wdldrhg 20 jk ishji ;=, ñ,shk ishhlg jvd hqoaOh ksid ñh hdu'

² rgl ixj¾Okhg .egqï j,ska jk ydksh'

I' cSú; yd foam, ydks isÿùu'

II' mßirh yd iajdNdúl iïm;a úkdY ùu'

III' YdÍßl wdndê;hka we;sùu" udkisl wdndO j,g f.dÿreùu " mjq,a wjq,a jeä ùu" irKd.; l÷jre j¾Okh ùu" iuia;hla f,i iudc l%uhu w¾nqohg lrd .uka lsÍu'

IV' rfÜ wd¾Ól yd cSjk ud¾. ì|jeàu ksid isÿjk wd¾Ól .eg`M'

V' úYd, yuqodjla kv;a;= lsÍu iy kùk hqO wú i|yd úhoï wêl ùu'

VI' ;reK m%cdfõ wOHhkh ì|jeàu iu. udkj iodpdrh msßySug yels ùu'

VII' fN!;sl ydks" kej; f.dv ke.Su i|yd úYd, uqo,la jeh lsÍug isÿ ùu'

VIII' cd;Hka;r iïnkaO;d ì| jeàug fya;= ùu' úYajdih - ñ;%;ajh ì| jeàu wúYajdih wiu.sh W;amdo ùu'

² .egqï ksrdlrKh ms<sn| ixl,amh'

.egqï ksrdlrKh ms<sn| ixl,amh bosßhg meñKSug n,mE fya;= lsysmhla y÷kd.; yelsh' ta w;r úYd, jYfhka udkj iïm;a yd fN!;sl iïm;a úkdYù hdu uQ,sl fya;= idOlhla f,i fmkajd osh yelsh'

kso¾Yk -( tâj¾â yd wid¾ olajk wdldrfha osla.eiqKq iudc .egqïj, wys; lr m%;sM, cd;sl uÜgfï isg cd;Hka;r uÜgu olajd jHdma; ùu'

ñksia cSú; ì<s.; yels .egqï je,elaùu ms<sn| ld¾kscs fldñiu ^Carnegie Commission& fmkajd fok wdldrhg 20 jeks ishjfia ñksiqka ñ,shk 100 jvd hqoaOh ksid ñh f.dia ;sfí' 1990 jif¾ oS ñ,shk 40 la irK.d;hska f,i iajlSh uõìu w;yer oud f.dia ;sfí'

hqoaOfhka miqj l=fõgh yd fndiakshdj m%;s ks¾udKh lsÍu i|yd .Kka n,d we;s úhou weußldkq fvd,¾ ì,shk 100 ls'


udkisl jYfhka hqoaOhl oS we;s lrkq ,nk n,mEu ksYaÑ; ñkqulska udkh l< yelalla fkdfõ'

—m<uq yd fojk f,dal hqoaOh ksid udkj cSú; ydrfldaá ye;a;E ,CIhla wysñ ùu'˜

fujeks ;;ajhla ksid ñksiqka w;r we;sjk .egqï je<elaùug wjYH Wml%u .fõIKh lsÍu iudchSh úoHd ;=,ska bosßhg meñKsfha h' ta wkqj kj .egqï ksrdlrK ixl,am lsysmhla ks¾udKh úh'

1' .egqu je<elaùu' 2' .egqï iu:kh

3' .egqï l<uKdlrKh' 4' .eKqï ksrdlrKh

5' .egqï úmßj¾:kh ̂úmßkduh&

01' .egqu je<elaùu'

.egqu je<elaùu hkafkys ir, w¾:h jkafka" .egqula W;amdo ùug mQ¾jfha th j,aljd .ekSuhs' —iqj lsÍug jvd j,lajd .ekSu jvd;a hym;a h˜ hk isoaOdka;h u; .egqï je<elaùu iïnkaO ixjdoh bosßhg meñK ;sfí' we;eï frda.hla we;s jqkdhehs Wml,amkh l< fyd;a th iqj lsÍug wmyiqúh yelsh' we;eïúg iqj lsÍug fkdyelsúh yelsh' tjeks ;;a;ajhka u; .egqu we;sùu je,elaùu " th we;s jQ miq úi|Sug orkq ,nk W;aidyhg jvd w¾:j;a jk nj nqoaêu;=kaf.a u;h fõ'

.egqï je<elaùu" .egqï ksrdlrKh ;=<g tl;= jkafka 1950 g mYapd;a ld,Sk wjêfha h' óg wod< kHdhsl moku flkka fnda,aâka - laùkaia rhsÜ jeks nqoaêu;=ka imhd ;sfí' miqj tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkh óg wod< m%Odk uQ,dY%h njg m;aúh' miqj ;jÿrg;a rdcHh fkdjk ixúOdk ;=,ska .egqu j,lajd .ekSug wod< ixjdoh j¾Okh lf<A h'

” .egqu je<elaùu m%Odk woshr ;=kla hgf;a isÿl< yelsh'

I' ksfYaOd;aul .egqula fkdue;s ;;ajhla ;=< wkd.;fha tjekakla we;sfõ hehs is;d th je,elaùug wod< úê úOdk fhoSu' fjk;a wdldrhlska olajkafka kï m%pKav .egqula we;s ùug we;s wjldYh iSud lsÍu' Bg wod<j .; yels l%shdud¾. lsysmhls' .egqula we;s ù bosßhg j¾Okh ùug we;s bvlv wiqrd,ñka l%shdldÍ ie,iqï iïmdokh lsÍu - .egqu u;=ùu je<elaùug ksjdrd;aul m%;sl¾u fhoSu'

II' oekg we;s ù ;sfnk .egqula wkd.;fha oS úkdYldÍ yd m%pKavldÍ fõ hehs is;d th je,elaùug l%shd lsÍu' fï i|yd Ndú; l< yels l%shdud¾. lsysmhls' oekg we;s ù ;sfnk .egqula ;sria isria w;g ;Sj%r ùu je<elaùu i|yd lghq;= lsÍu - fmr isg l%shd;aul jk .egqula fjk;a m%foaYj,g ;sria w;g jHdma; ùu je,elaùu - jHikldÍ .egqïj, m%;súmdl wju lsÍug iykodhS jevigykla l%shdjg kexùu'


III' wdhqO ikakoaO .egqï we;sùu je<elaùu' fjk;a wdldrhlska olajkafka kï .egqu úi|Sfuka miqj kej; tu .egqï u;=ùfï wjldYh f,dma lsÍu'

” .egqï je<elaùug Ndú; lrkq ,nk l%u fldgia follg fnosh yelsh'

I' ieye,a¨ .egqï je,elaùu'II' .eUqre .egqï je,elaùu ̂úpCIK .egqï je,elaùu&

I ieye,a¨ .egqï je,elaùu'

ieye,a¨ .egqï je,elaùu hkafkka w¾:j;a jkafka" .egqula m%pKav;ajh lrd jHdma;ùug we;s wjldYh je,elaùuhs' fjk;a wdldrhlska olajkafka kï" ks,Sk .egqula oreKq wú ikakoaO .egqula njg jHdma;ùug wjldYh ,nd fkdoSuhs' Bg wod<j Ndú;d lrk l%shdud¾." rdcHh ;dka;%sl ueosy;aùu " mqoa.,sl uÜgñka ueosy;aùu" fldñIka iNd m;a lsÍu'

II .eUqre .egqï je<elaùu'

.eUQßka .egqu je<elaùu fjk;a wdldrhlska olajkafka kï úpCIK .egqï je,elaùu f,i o y÷kajhs' fuu l%uh ;=< oS .egqug fya;= ù we;s .egqï uQ,hkag wduka;%Kh lrhs' óg wod<j isÿ lrkq ,nk ld¾hka lsysmhls' m%cd;ka;%jdoh ia:dms; lsÍu - ixj¾Okh fõ.j;a lsÍu - kS;sfha wdêm;Hh ;yjqre lsÍu - udkj whs;sjdislï wdrCId lsÍu' .egqu je,elaúu hkq .egqu iïnkaO wjidk ms<shu fkdfõ' .egqu je,elaùu Wmßu m%;sM,odhS lr .ekSu i|yd wxY lsysmhla flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu jeo.;a fõ'

- .egqï ikao¾N ^jHQyh& úYaf,aIKhla yryd .egqug iïnkaO uQ,sldx. jk md¾Yjh - l%shdlrejka - n,fõ. wjfndaO lr .ekSu'

- úúO ia:dkj, .egqï iQplhla fhoùu'

- úfYaIs; .egqï wduka;%Kh lsrög wjYH hdka;%Kh yd jHQyhka i|yd .ekSu'

- .egqï ke;sùu iu kj l%u ms<sn|j ks¾udKd;aulj is;Su'

.egqï je,elaùu iïnkaOfhka mj;sk uQ,sl .eg`Mj jkafka .egqï uQ,hka y÷kd.kafka flfia o hkakhs' fuu ;;ajh ksid .egqï je,elaùu iïnkaO jk ;j;a l%uhla f,i mQ¾j wk;=re y÷kd .ekSfï ix{d bosßhg meñK ;sfí' mQ¾j wk;=re y÷kd .ekSu iïnkaO ixjdoh 1980 - 1990 oYlj, .egqï ksrdlrKhg wod< m%mxphla f,i bosßhg meñKfhs' mQ¾j wk;=re y÷kd .ekSfï ix{d ;=< oS wjOdkh fhduq lrkq ,nkafka .egqï ms<sn| mQ¾jfhka y÷kd.; yels Wmdx. moaO;shla ks¾udKh lsÍuhs' .egqï j,g wod< mQ¾j ix{d lsysmhla my; mßos oelaúh yelsh'



- tla lKavdhï úiska ;j;a lKavdhul fyda wdrCIl wxY úiska úfYaIs; ck j¾.hlg lror ysßyer lsÍu by< hdu'

- m%pKav isÿùï by< hdu'

- ck fldgia w;r .egqï ;Sj%r ùu'

- tla iudc lKavdhula wfkla iudc lKavdhï w;r ikaksfõok lghq;= w;yer oeóu'

- iudc lKavdhï úiska ÿla .ekú,s kej; kej; bosßm;a lsÍu'

- hqla;sh fyda idOdrK;ajh wdrCIdj i|yd mj;sk iudc jHQyhka ms<sn| úYajdikSh;ajh wju ùu'

- iudc yd foaYmd,k wd;;sh'

- ksfhdack wiu;=,s;;djh'

- wiu ;=,s; ixj¾Okh'

ñhd,a úiska úúO uÜgïj, .egqï we;sùug n,mE idOl yd je,elaùug .; yels l%shdud¾. my; mßos olajhs'

.egqï we;sùug n,mdk idOl

² f,dal uÜgu- fkd.e,fmk wka;rx. jHQyhka - wka;¾ cd;sl l%ufha fjkialï

² l,dmSh uÜgu- l,dmSh jYfhka úisr we;s ckfldgia

l,dmSh wdrCIK úê úOdk

² rdcH uÜgu- jd¾.sl iaÓrlKh

- ÿ¾j, wd¾Ólhka - wêm;sjdoS md,kh- udkj whs;sjdislï W,a,x.kh

- iuQy ix.; m%;sm;a;s $ f*vr,ajdoh iajdh;a;djh - iqcd;Ndjh " m%cd;ka;%SlrKh- kS;sfha wdêm;Hh"- udkj whs;sjdislï iqmÍCIKh iy wdrCIKh'

² iudc uÜgu- fkdoshqKq iudchka

- ÿ¾j, ikaksfõok l%u- O%eùlrKh jQ wdl,am

- isú,a iudch Yla;sula lsÍu'- jgfïi idlÉPd " jevuq`M " m%cd iïnkaO;d- ixialD;sl uÜgfï jev

² m%N+;aj $ mqoa., uÜgu- mrdfrdamksl m%;sm;a;s - Yla;su;a m%ñ;lrKhka

je,elaùfï l%shdud¾.


;jÿrg;a"

.egqu j<lajd .ekSug .; yels mshjr'''

- isÿùï úu¾Ykh lsÍu u.ska .egqï j,g iïnkaO mqoa.,hka iy i;H jYfhka isÿ ù we;s foh meyeos,s lr .ekSu'

- jeros wjfndaO ksjeros lsÍug lg l:d iy fkdu. hefjk m%ldYkhka isÿ lsÍu md,kh lsÍu'

- úúO md¾Ij w;r ixjdohka f.dv ke.Sug myiqlï ie,iSu'

- .egqug iïnkaO md¾Yj uqK .eiSu yd Tjqka w;r ifydaor;ajh f.dv ke.Su'

- úreoaOmd¾Ij w;r úYajdikSh;ajh f.dv ke.Su'

- m%;s ixúOdk .; ùu ffO¾u;a lsÍu'

- .egqï iy.; ;;ajhka h,s we;s fkdùug m%;s{d oSug .egqug wod< md¾Yj fm<Uúu'

- YdÍßl " udkisl " wd;aóh jYfhka we;s ù we;s wd;;Ska iqj lsÍug lghq;= lsÍu'

.egqu je<elaùfï l%shdoduh b;d ;d¾lslj" nqoaOu;aj bjis,s jka;j isÿ l< hq;= ld¾hla nj m%;HCI ùug Wla; lreKq fya;= fõ' .egqu iïnkaOfhka Okd;aulj l%shd;aul ùfï oS úkdYldÍ .egqï je<elaùu bosßfhka isà'

2' .egqï iu:kh'

.egqï iu:kh hkq m%pKavldÍ .egqul m%pKav;ajh iukh lsÍuhs' md¾Yj folla fyda jeä .Kk w;r we;s ù we;s úkdYldÍ iy m%pKav .egqula ;=< úkdYldÍ Ndjh yd m%pKavldÍ nj bj;a lsÍug fuysoS l%shd lrhs' fuys oS .egqug ;=vq oS we;s úfYaI fyda idudkHh lreKq iïnkaOfhka wjOdkh fhduq fkdlrhs' Bg fya;= jkafka m%pKav;ajh iys; .egqfï ;Sj%r;djh wju lsßu tys wruqK ùuhs' .egqï iu:kfha wruqK jkafka m%pKavldÍ;ajfhka isÿjk ydksh wju lr .ekSuhs' fuh .egqfï wjidkh fkdjk uq;a .egqï ksrdlrKh lsÍfï uQ,sl wjia:dj úh yelsh'

.egqï iu:lrKhg wod<j yuqjk m%Odk wNsfhda.h jkafka th isÿ lrkq ,nkaka l=uk l%shdj,sh u.ska o hkak fidhd .ekSuhs' ñhd,a we;=`M msßi fmkajd fokafka .súiqula ud¾.fhka fuu ld¾h isÿ l< yels njhs' ta i|yd igka úrdu .súiqula fyda idu .súiqula Ndú;d l< yels nj fmkajd fohs' fujeks .súiqula u.ska .egqï ;=< we;s m%pKavldÍ ;Sj%r;djh wju l< yelsh'

kso¾Yk -( W;=re wh¾,ka; .egqug iïnkaO md¾Yj w;r 1998 wfm%a,a ui 10 osk w;aika l< uy isl=rdod .súiqu'

2002 fmnrjdß 22 osk Y%S ,xld wdKavqj iy t,a'à'á'B ixúOdkh w;r w;aika l< wjfndaO;d .súiqu'

.egqu iu:lrK l%shdj,sh u.ska .egqfï m%pKav;ajh wju lsÍu m%Odk fõ' tu ksid th .egqfï wjidkh fkdfõ' iu:lrKh ;=< oS .egqu W;amdo ùug wod< uQ, îc ;;ajhka iïnkaOfhka wjOdkh fhduq fkdlrhs' tu ksid kej; .egqu wdrïN ùfï wjldYh mj;S'

03' .egqï l<uKdlrKh'

.egqï l<uKdlrKh hkq .egqug iïnkaOmd¾Yj ;=< Okd;aul p¾hd fjkia lï u.ska wkd.;fha we;súh yels m%pKav l%shd iSud lsÍu iy u.yerùuhs' ñhd,a ̂Miall& we;=`M msßi .egqï l<uKdlrKh ks¾jpkh lrkq ,nkafka " m%pKav .egqula iSud lsÍu" ieye,a¨ lsÍu iy me;sÍu k;r lsÍug hkqfjks' .egqï l<ukdlrKh ms<sn| woyi 1980 oYlfha oS bosßhg meñfKkakls'

- .egqï l<ukdlrKh u.ska wfmaCIs; wruqKq ;=kls'

I' .egqfï m%pKav;ajh yd úkdYldÍ Ndjh wju lsÍu'

II' .egqu ;Sj%;djh ck ixydrl wú mdúÉÑ lsÍug ;rï ïgulg jHdma; ùu je<elaùu'

III' fjk;a osYdjkag ;sria f,i .egqu jHdma; ùu je<elaùu'

1996 oS ,kaâ ^Lund& keu;s úpdrlhd fmkajdÿka wdldrhg .egqï l<ukdlrKh u.ska bgqlr .ekSug wfmaCIs; m%Odk lreKq folla mj;S'

I' m%pKav .egqï u.ska isÿjk ydksh wju uÜgulg f.k tafï wka;¾ l%shdldÍ wdlD;shla ;=<g úm¾j¾:kh lsÍu'

II' .egqï ;Sj%f,i jHdma;ùu j<lajñka .egqug iïnkaO md¾Ij .egqï ksrdlrKhla foig fhduq lrjd .ekSu' fyda ñksia >d;kh k;r lsÍug igka úrdu " idu .súiqï jeks Wml%u u.ska lghq;= lsÍu'

.egqï l<ukdlrKh hkak wxY follska w¾: oelaùu l< yelsh' tkï m<uq jekak .egqu l<ukdlrKh lsÍu fyj;a .egqu hï iSudjla ;=<g iSud lsÍuhs' fojkqj .egqug iïnkaO md¾Yj tla wka;¾ l%shdldÍ wdlD;shla fj;g f.k tauhs'



.egqï l<ukdlrKh ms<sn| ixjdoh .egqï ksrdlrKh ;=< we;s w;sYh jeo.;a f;audjls' Bg fya;= jkafka .egqï ksrdlrKh b;d ixlS¾K oS¾> l%shdj,shla ùu;a" .egqï ksrdlrK ld¾hka wid¾:lùu;a h' fuu ;;a;ajh u; .egqu ksrdlrKh fyj;a úi|Sug fmr .egqu l<uKdlrKh l<hq;= nj fmdÿ ms<s.ekSula mj;S' we;eï nqoaêu;=ka" úpdrlhska " úoaj;=ka " f,aLlhka fmkajd fokafka ckjd¾.sl;ajh u; mokï jQ .egqï úi|Sug fkdyels nj;a hï ;dla ÿrlg tajd l<uKdlrKh lsÍug yels nj muKs'

—jd¾.sl .egqï l<uKdlrKh lsÍu wLKav l%shdoduhls' tys wjidkh ksrdlrKhla iys; tlla fkdfõ'˜

^f,ala - frd;aphs,aâ&

.egqï l<uKdlrKh lsÍfï oS .egqug iïnkaO md¾Yj j, wkkH;djh - whs;sjdislï - ;yjqre lrñka tajd m%j¾Ok lsÍu iy ixjrKh lghq;= ;=,s; uÜgulska mj;ajdf.k hdug wod< hdka;%Kh ks¾udKh l< hq;= h'

04' .egqï ksrdlrKh'

.egqu ksrdlrKh hk NdIduh jdla ixfla;h nyq w¾: iys;j úúO fCIa;% ;=< ks¾jpkh jk mohls' fuu ;;ajh u; .egqu ksrdlrKh hk mofhka w¾: ksrEmKh jkafka l=ula o hkak ms<sn|j nyqúO u;jdo y÷kd.ekSug isÿfõ' ta w;r hqO úfYaI{hska" wOHdmk{hska " rdc;dka;%slhska iajlSh úIh jmißh ;=< .egqï ksrdlrKh w¾:l:kh fldg ;sfí'

hqO úfYaI{hska .egqï ksrdlrKh w¾: ksrEmKh lrkq ,nkafka" ;¾ckh lsÍu yryd id¾:lj hg;alr .ekSula fyda n, lsÍu u.ska fyda tfia fkdyels jqjfyd;a ñ,sgÍh n,h id¾:l f,i fhoùu u.ska hqoaOh wjidk lsÍu fyda je,elaùuhs' fuu hqO úfYaI{hska úiska bosßm;a lrk .egqï ksrdlrK hdka;%Kh .egqï ksrdlrKhg wod< kHdhdpd¾hjrekaf.a .=rel=,h' úiska m%;sfCIam lrhs' Bg fya;= jkafka tys we;s m%pKav ldÍ;ajh yd úkdYldÍ;ajh hs' kuq;a tu kHdhdpd¾hjreka .egqï úi|Su i|yd n,h fhoùu w;HjYH uQ,sldx.hla f,i mS<s.kS'

.egqï ksrdlrKh ms<sn| bosßm;aù we;s u;hla jkafka" .egqï ksrdlrKh hkq " .egqu ksjdrKh - .egqu iu:kh - .egqu l<uKdlrKh - .egqu mßKdukh hk wdoS ish¨ wxY we;=<;a mq`M,a l%shdoduhla njhs'

;j;a msßila .egqï ksrdlrKh f,i w¾: olajkafka" ks¾udkd;aulj yd wúysxidjdoSj m%Yak úioñka .egqï iïnkaO ish¨ md¾Yj j, wkkH;djh y÷kd.ksñka " Tjqkaf.a udkj wjYH;djhka yd wdYdjka y÷kd.ksñka wjYH ms<shï fhoSuhs'

ihsuka *sI¾ we;=`M lKavdhu .egqu ksrdlrKh hkqfjka w¾:j;a lf<a " .egqï md¾Ij w;r kjH iy wjika iïnkaO;djhka f.dv ke.Suhs'

,kaâ ^Lund& g wkqj .egqug iïnkaO md¾Ij w;r iyfhda.S;djh by< kekaùug orKq ,nk m%h;akhka .egqï ksrdlrKh fõ' .egqug u.mE¥ ;;ajhka wduka;%Kh lrñka .egqï md¾Ij w;r iïnkaO;djh ;yjqre lrkq ,efí' Okd;aul wdl,am fmdaIKh lrkq ,nhs' m%;sixúOdk .; m%drïNkh u.ska wúYajdih ;=rka flf¾' .egqï md¾Yj j, wka;¾ l%shdldÍ;ajh f.dvke.Su fyda Yla;su;a lsÍu i|yd wdh;k iy l%shdoduhka wdrïN lrkq ,efí' .egqu ksrdlrKh u.ska m%pKav;ajh i|yd we;s yelshdj wju lrk w;r m%;s - ;Sj%;djh je,elaùu i|yd o ls%hd lrkq we;'

1995 jif¾ oS CIud ixúOdkh .egqu ksrdlrKh my; mßos ks¾jpkh lf<a h' .egqïldÍ m%cdjka w;r md,ula f.dv ke.Sug l%shdlsÍu' Tjqka w;r .egqï ldÍ;ajhla bosßg f.k taug ;=vq oS we;s idOl meyeos,s lsÍug l%shd lsÍu hk iduldó fjkialï lsÍfï l%shdoduhla yd ;DK uQ, uÜgfï m%;sixúOdk .; lsÍula u.ska kj iïnkaO;d ixj¾Okh lsÍug wjYH wjia:d ks¾udKh lsÍu .egqï ksrdlrKh fõ'˜

” .egqu ksrdlrKh ;=< y÷kd.; yels uQ,sl ,CIK lsysmhls'

- .egqug iïnkaO uQ,hka Wÿrd oeóug l%shd lsÍu' - .egqï md¾Ij w;r kj iïnkaO;d f.dv ke.Sug l%shdlsÍu' - Okd;aul wdl,am cks; lsÍu' - m%pKav;ajh m%;s - ;Sj%lsÍug we;s bvlv bj;a lsÍu'

^N.B& .egqu ksrdlrKh ;=<" .egqu je,elaùu - .egqu iu:lrKh - .egqï l<uKdlrKh wdoS wx. mj;S' ;jÿrg;a .egqug fya;= ú we;s lreKq by; .eUqßka wOHhkh lsÍu o ta i|yd jeo.;a fõ'

” .egqï ksrdlrKfha jdis odhl ;;a;ajhka'

- i;=rej isá lKavdhï ñ;=re ùu" tu.ska iyfhda.h udkj iïm;a ixj¾Okh yd cd;sl wkkH;djh ;yjqre ùu'

- .egqu ;=<ska ks¾udKh lr ;snQ wia:djr nj myj hdfuka fmdÿfõ ck;dj ;=< we;sjk Woafhda.h yd Wkkaÿj rdcHh ixj¾Okhg fya;= ùu'

- cSú; yd foam< ydks wjika ùu'

- hqOdhqo i|yd úhoï jk uqo,a rdcHh ixj¾Okh i|yd fhoúh yels ùu'

- .egqï ksid rfÜ iajNdjhg jdhq f.da,hg mßirhg jk ydksh wjika ùu'

- cd;Hka;r in|;d j¾Okh yd wfhdaclhska meñKSu'

- mqkre;a:dmk lghq;= mj;ajd ck;djg ia:djr mosxÑ ia:dk ,ndosh yels ùu'



05' .egqï úmßj¾:kh ̂úmßkduh&

.egqï úmßj¾:kh hkq" .egqï ksrdlrKhg jvd mq`M,a jHQyd;aul wxY flfrys jeä wjOdkhal fhduq lrk wjia:djhs' ir,j olajkafka kï .egqï ksrldrKh ;=< oS isÿjkafka .egqug wod< md¾Ij w;r mj;akd m%;súfrdaO;djh iukh lr ish`M md¾Ij j,g iEySulg m;aúh yels ;;ajhla Wodlrhs' bka Tífnys .egqug wod< md¾Ij j, wdl,am - yeisÍï - fjkia lsÍu iïnkaOfhka Ndú;d lrkq ,nk l%shdud¾.h .egqï úmßj¾;kh fõ'

we;eï úpdrlhska fmkajd fokafka .egqï úmßj¾:kh .egqï ksrdlrKfhka Tíng .sh mshjrla f,isks' we;euqka ksrdlrKfhau os.=jla f,i th y÷kd.kS'

” .egqï úm¾j¾:kh ;=ka wdldrhlg ks¾jpkh l< yelsh'

I' iuia; .egqï ikao¾Nh fjkia lsÍu'

II' .egqï md¾Ijhkays iïnkaO;d fjkia lsÍu'

III' iún,lrKh yd .egqug iïnkaO mqoa., uÜgï fjkia lsÍu'

fï wkqj .egqï úmßkdufha oS .egqug iïnkaO iudc yd foaYmd,k uQ,dY% flfrys mq`M,a wjOdkhla fhduq lsÍug isÿ fõ' tu.ska .egqï yd iïnkaO iDKd;aul ^ksfYaOkd;aul& n,fõ. Okd;aul ̂m%;scdkd;aul& fjkialï njg m;a lrkq ,efí'

mSg¾ fj,kiaàka olajk wdldrhg id¾:l .egqï úmßkdu l%shdjla hkq" .egqfï md¾Ij j, .egqug ;=vqoS we;s fya;+ka iy .egqfï mrud¾:fhka fjkia lsÍu fõ' tu.ska tu md¾Ij w;r .egqula fyda hqoaOhla u;= fõ hehs ;jÿrg;a ìhla we;s fkdfõ' .egqu mßkdukh u.ska .egqï md¾Ij j, wdYdjka" wNsm%dhka " wjYH;djhka iy iajhx w¾:l:khka ienE f,ig fjkia lrhs' th id¾:l .egqï ksrdlrKhlg fukau ;sridr iduh flfrys o u. mEoSula jkafka h'

fõrhska úiska .egqï úmßkduh isÿ l< yels wdldr lsysmhla fmkajd fohs'

ikao¾N úmßkduh'

ikao¾N úmßkduh hkq .egqu jHdma; ù we;s ikao¾Nh ;=< hï hï fjkia lï isÿlsÍuhs' .egqula fndfyda úg iudc" l,dmSh iy cd;Hka;r ikao¾Nh ;=< jHdma; fõ' fuu ikao¾N ;=< isÿjk fjkialï .egqfï md¾Ij w;r fjkialï yd in|;djhka fjkiaùug n,mdhs'

jHQyd;aul úmßkduh'

.egqfï jHQyh úmßkdukh lsÍu hkq" .egqug iïnkaO l%shdldÍka" .eg`M yd m%Yak " mriamr úfrdaë wdYhka yd Bg wod< iïnkaO;d ish,a, fjika lsÍuhs' fuh .egqï ksrdlrKh i|yd w;HdjYH fõ'

.eg`M úmßkduh'

.egqï j, moku jkafka b;d .eUqrg uq,anei .;a .eg`Mjla fyda .eg`Mh' tu .eg`M fjk;a osYdk;shlg p,kh lsÍu .eg`M úmßkduh f,i ir,j ye|skaúh yelsh' tu.ska .egqug wod< md¾Ij w;r ia:djrhka" wfmaCIdjka" iïnkaO;d mßkduh ùu i|yd idkqn,hla fõ' fndfyda osla.eiqKq .egqï úi|Su i|yd tu .egqug wod< mokï m%Yak j, osYdk;sh fjkia lsÍu jeo.;a fõ'

l%shdlrejka úmßkduh'

.egqug wod< md¾Ijhka iajlSh wruqKqj, osYdk;sh kej; ks¾jpkh lsÍug" kùlrKh lsÍug" w;yer oeóug" nyqúO b,lalhka ms<s.ekSug fm<ôh yelsh' th l%shdlrejka úmßkduh f,i ye|skaúh yelsh' ta i|yd kdhl;ajh fjkia ùu" l%shdlrejka fjkia ùu" kj wruqKq " kj úYajdihka ms<s.ekSu fya;=fõ'

mqoa., iy mqoa., lKavdhï úmßkduh'

ir,j olajkafka kï .egqug wod< mqoa., yd mqoa., lKavdhï j, ufkdaNdjhka úmßkduh lsÍu óg wod< fõ' nqÿkajykafiaf.a O¾uhg wkqj uki iy yoj; ;=< f,daN " oafõI" fuday hk wl=i, uQ, bj;alr wf,daN " wfodai " wfuday ia:dmkh l< hq;= h'

² idu wOHdmkh'

idu wOHdmkh hkq oS¾.ld,Sk isú,a hqoaOhlska miqj idOkSh ^úêu;a& iduhla lrd iudch fufy jkq ,nk WmlrKh fõ'


idu wOHdmkh

úêu;a idu wOHdmkh

wd.ñl idu wOHdmkhwd.ï;=< we;s iduh iïnkaO foaYkd

wúysxidj ydiduh f.dvke.+ft;sydislwjia:djka

iduh yd .egqï ms<sn|,súh yels idys;H uQ,dY%

b;sydih idys;Hh

mdi,a" úYajúoHd, fyda fjkia Wiia wOHdmk wdh;k ;=< úYhdkq noaOj idu wOHdmkh W.kajhs' th m%Odk fldgia ;=kls'

úYhdkqnoaO Ndjh neyerj wúêu;a idu wOHdmkh f.dv ke.S ;sfí' fuys oS wjOdkh fhduq lrkq ,nkafka mqoa., p¾hd ^yeisÍï& fjkia lsÍug wod< ufkdaNdjhka flfrys h'

wúêu;a idu wOHdmkh

unit .egqï yd ksrdlrkh 10 - artsapi.lk

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