unit d: production of field crops
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Unit D: Production of Field Crops. Lesson 1: Cereal Crops: Maize. Aflatoxin Climate Crown Cultural practices Embryo Endosperm Fertilizer Grain. Grain marketing Grain technology Growing degree day Hilum Husk Hybrid Integrated pest management. Terms. Kernel Palatable - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Unit D: Production of Field Crops
Lesson 1: Cereal Crops: Maize
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Terms• Aflatoxin• Climate• Crown• Cultural practices• Embryo• Endosperm• Fertilizer• Grain
• Grain marketing• Grain technology• Growing degree day• Hilum• Husk• Hybrid• Integrated pest
management
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Terms• Kernel• Palatable• Plant population• Prop roots• Seed coat• Silk• Tassel• Variety
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What is maize and what are its
uses?
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I. Maize is one of the most valuable cereal grain crops grown in the world.
• It was domesticated in Mexico around 9000 B.C.
• A grain is a seed of the cereal grain plant. • maize, or Zea mays, is a versatile crop. • It is used for both human and animal
consumption and its by-products can be used to make numerous non-food products.
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A. As a livestock feed, maize is used for fattening.
• Maize is the most palatable, or good tasting, of the cereal crops.
• Maize can be used in high concentrations in dairy cattle feed and is also used in poultry mash.
• The kernel is high in starch, which is a carbohydrate, and a good source of energy.
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B. A kernel is the part of the individual grain within the seed coat.
• Maize kernels are enclosed in a seed coat.
• A seed coat is the outer covering of a seed.
• Inside the seed are the embryo and endosperm.
• An embryo is an undeveloped seedling.7
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C. Maize kernels contain two types of endosperm: starchy and flinty.
• The endosperm is the food for the seedling inside the seed.
• Starchy endosperm is soft.
• Flinty endosperm is hard.
• The amount of each type determines how the maize can be used.
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D. The ends of the maize kernel are referred to as the crown and the hilum.
• The crown is the outer end of the maize kernel.
• The hilum is the point of attachment on the seed.
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E. Humans are also consumers of maize and maize/corn products.
• Common human food products include corn meal, corn hominy, corn flakes, corn chips, corn starch, corn oil, corn syrup, and corn sugar.
• And don’t forget about popcorn!
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F. In many countries, a number of by-products can also be made from the maize plant.
• The stalks can be processed into paper, insulation, and cardboard.
• The cobs can be processed into pipes, methanol, tar, and plastic.
• The cob grit can be used to clean and polish buttons and jewelry.
• maize cob dust can be made into face powder.
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G. Cereal grain plants are members of the grass or Gramineae family.
• Maize plants have fibrous root systems and are supported by smaller roots called prop roots.
• Prop roots are above ground roots that aid in keeping plants erect.
• The maize kernels grow on ears that vary in size, shape, and color dependent on variety.
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• Maize ears are enclosed in husks.
• A husk is the leafy, protective covering that surrounds ears of maize on the plant.
• The silk and tassel are the female and male reproductive parts of the maize plant.
• The silk is the female reproductive part of the maize plant.
• The tassel is the male reproductive part of the maize plant.
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What are the different types of
maize?
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What are the different types of maize?
II. There are six common types of maize.
• Maize types are classified based on kernel characteristics.
• These characteristics are amount, quality, and arrangement.
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1.dent maize
2. flint maize
3. floury maize
4. popcorn
5. sweet maize
6. pod maize.
The six most common types of maize are:
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A. Dent maize
• Dent maize, Zea mays indentata, is referred to as field maize.
• The crowns of the kernel are dented, giving the maize its name.
• This denting occurs when the starch at the end of the crown shrinks during drying.
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• Dent maize can be yellow, white, or red in color.
• The length of the growing period varies by cultivar.
• Dent corn provides corn starch and other byproducts which can be processed into an assortment of things from biodegradable plastics to fuels.
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B. Flint maize, Zea mays indurata
• A popular source of maize meal.
• Most cultivars mature fairly quickly, even under poor conditions.
• Flint maize is resistant to many insects and can be shipped overseas because of its kernel hardness. 21
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• This hardness is due to the makeup of the kernel.
• The center is made up of only a small amount of soft starch surrounded by a thick layer of hard starch.
• Flint maize comes in many colors, including: White, yellow, red, and blue.
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• When used as a decorative corn, flint corn is sometimes called Indian corn.
• The corn also has food use as well, however, and it is grown on several continents
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C. Floury maize, Zea mays amylacea
• Also called soft maize.
• Soft maize kernels are made up primarily of soft starch with a thin covering of hard starch.
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• The lack of a thick hard starch layer makes this type of maize a good choice for flour production.
• Flint maize comes in several colors, including white and blue.
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D. Popcorn, Zea mays everta
• Cultivars are divided into two classes, pearl and rice.
• This division is based on the shape of the kernel.
• Popcorn kernels are smaller than flint maize kernels and are made up of a hard, flinty starch.
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• Some cultivars have a soft starchy center.
• The kernels are usually white or yellow but may be red, blue, or brown.
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Popcorn Zea mays everta
• When popcorn is “popped” the moisture inside the kernel is heated until it becomes steam.
• This causes pressure that causes the kernel to explode.
• The white or yellow flaky material is the starch from inside of the kernel, and is good for human consumption.
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E. Sweet maize, Zea mays saccharata
• Is most commonly grown for human consumption.
• Sweet maize is picked while still immature to retain the high sugar content.
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• Sweet maize kernels are white or yellow and may be wrinkled or become caramelized in color when fully mature.
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F. Pod maize,Zea mays tunicata
• Has little commercial importance
• Is commonly grown as a specialty item.
• Pod maize kernels are enclosed in a husk or pod and the ear is surrounded by a large husk.
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What soil and climatic conditions do maize plants
require?
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Soil and Climatic Conditions
III. Climate is the average weather condition over a long period of time.
• Grain crops, such as maize, require moderate rainfall, frost-free temperatures, warm weather, and sunshine.
• Medium textured soils will also help to provide optimum maize yields.
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A. The variety of maize grown should match the climate of the area.
• The optimum temperatures for maize growth are 21.1 °- 30° Celsius. Adequate rainfall is also important.
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• In some parts of the world frost is an issue. Frosts are detrimental to the production of a quality maize crop.
• Early frosts cause damage to the plant by damaging leaves and delaying growth.
• Late season frosts may cause more damage by causing severe leaf injury or death.
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B. Cereal grains require fertile soil for growth.
• Specific nutrient requirements vary by cultivar.
• Soil pH should be between 5.0 and 8.0.
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What are the cultural practices of maize
production?
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IV. Cultural Practices• Cultural practices are the
procedures used in producing a crop.
• Cultural practices include selecting a variety, planting, fertilizing, pest control, and harvesting.
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• Irrigation is also considered a cultural practice.
• These practices will vary with the crop being produced; they may also vary with the type and variety of the crop.
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A. Some parts of the world use hybrid maize.
• A hybrid is an offspring from genetically different parents.
• Hybrids are produced through human manipulation.
• 100’s of hybrids are available for planting
• A variety is a plant cultivar that is cultivated and retains its features when reproduced.
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B. A variety should be chosen that matures according to the date of the first local frost.
• Days to maturity range from 50 to 330 days.
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C. Besides days to maturity, maize varieties also vary in height and number of ears per stalk.
• Maize plants are commonly 1.8 to 2.4 meters tall but can grow from .6 to 6.1 meters tall.
• On the average, maize plants will produce 1 to 3 ears.
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D. If frost is a factor, planting should occur after the danger of frost has passed.
• Soil temperature should be above 10° Celsius at 5 centimeters deep.
• In Afghanistan most people try to plant maize between the middle of April up until the end of June, depending on the region.
• Germination and rapid growth is related to the amount of growing degree days.
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E. A growing degree day (GDD) is a measure of the temperature requirements for best maize growth.
• The GDD is figured by adding the maximum temperature and the minimum temperature in a day, divided by two, and subtract 10.
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• 10 is a constant because maize grows very little at 10° C. The maximum temperature used is 30. This is because temperatures above 30° C do not increase the rate of growth. Temperatures above 30 are counted as 30.
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F. Maize should be planted in a prepared seedbed.
• This can be done by working up the land until the soil clods are at a minimum. In some parts of the world, a seedbed can be prepared by plowing with a chisel or moldboard plow followed by a disk harrow or do-all.
• Plowing and disking reduces soil clods and prepares a fine seedbed.
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G. Maize is planted in rows 50.8 to 101.6 centimeters apart and 2.5 to 5 centimeters deep.
• Yields per acre increase with narrower rows.
• A planter is used to open the seed drill and place the seed.
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H. Planters can be set to achieve a desired plant population.
• Plant population is the number of plants growing in one hectare.
• Plant populations may range from 24,000 to 32,000 plants per 0.4 hectare.
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I. Plant population is easy to calculate.
• First, determine the row width.
• Divide the width in meters into 10,000 (square meters per hectare ) to determine the total length of all rows in an hectare.
• Divide the number of plants into the row length to calculate the distance between seed.
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J. No-till planting requires different techniques and different equipment than a prepared seedbed.
• Vegetation is cut and often controlled with chemicals.
• Seeds are planted deeper in no-till planting; however, there is less soil covering the seed.
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K. A healthy maize plant requires a good fertilizer.
• A fertilizer is a material added to the soil to provide nutrients to increase plant growth, yield, or nutritional value of the plant.
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L. Integrated pest management (IPM) is a pest management strategy that uses a combination of measures to reduce pest damage with the least disruption to the environment.
• Common maize pests include weeds, insects, nematodes, and diseases.
• Besides IPM, planting resistant varieties can help reduce pest and disease problems.
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M. Maize can be harvested by hand
• They will then need to have the husks removed.
• In some parts of the world harvesting corn is done with a picker or a combine.
• Maize harvesting should be timed for maximum yield.
• Harvest dates in Afghanistan can run from anywhere from the beginning of August to the end of October, depending on the region.
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Corn Combine
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• Grain maize should be harvested at 20 percent to 28 percent moisture.
• Higher moisture maize requires increased artificial drying.
• Maize should be dried to approximately 15.5 percent.
• However, maize in more humid areas may need to be dried to 11 percent. 55
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• The increased drying should help avoid aflatoxin buildup.
• An aflatoxin is a highly poisonous substance caused by the fungi Aspergillus florus in grain.
• Aflatoxins in animal feed can be deadly.
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Review
1. Identify maize and its uses.
2. Identify areas where maize is grown.
3. Describe the different types of maize.
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Review
4. Describe the soil and climatic requirements of maize plants.
5. Explain the cultural practices of maize production.
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