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Biology 30 – UNIT C: Cell Division, Genetics and Molecular Biology Webber Academy

UNIT C3 – Molecular BiologyChapter 19 - The race to discover DNA (pg 646-648)

Complete the chart explaining the contributions of scientists in the discover and explanation of DNA

Scientist(s) Time Frame

Contributions

Avery and MacLeod

Hershey and Chase

Franklin

Watson and Crick

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Chapter 20 – Molecular Genetics

DNA Structure and Replication (pg 662-663)1. Who is credited with the model of DNA?2. What do DNA strands consist of?3. Name the components of a nucleotide.4. What type of bond holds the components together?5. What are the components of the backbone? How are the components arranged?6. What is the name given to Watson and Crick’s DNA model?7. Draw 3 simple DNA models – (1) showing strand components, (2) as an uncoiled ladder, (3) as a coiled ladder.8. How are purines and pyramidines paired?9. What are complementary base pairs? 10. Which pairs are complementary?11. What type of bond hold complements together?12. What type of bonds holds the strands together?13. What is the complementary DNA strand for ATGCCGTTA?14. Describe the term antiparallel in relation to DNA.

DNA Replication (pg 663-666)15. What is DNA replication?16. What makes DNA replication semi-conservative?17. What is a template?18. Give an example of a template used somewhere else in society.19. What enzyme unwinds the double helix?20. How does it accomplish this task?21. Once separated, what does DNA polymerase build?22. In which direction does DNA polymerase III add nucleotides to a growing strand?23. Describe the leading and lagging strands.24. Complete the chart about enzymes.

Enzyme Function

DNA HelicaseDNA Polymerase IIIDNA Polymerase IDNA Ligase

25. How is quality control maintained during DNA replication?26. How are mistakes dealt with?27. What are Okazaki fragments?

Gene Expression: The Central Dogma (pg 667-668)28. Define genetic expression.29. What is a polypeptide?30. What are proteins made up of?

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31. Give some examples of proteins in the body.32. DNA is one type of nucleic acid in the body, name another.

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33. What are the 3 main structural differences between RNA and DNA?i)ii)iii)

34. Name the 2 main stages of gene expression.35. What molecule is being copied during transcription?36. What molecule forms?37. This molecule carries the genetic information for what to occur?38. What occurs during translation?39. What are the 2 steps in this process?Transcription (pg 668-670)40. What is copied and formed during transcription?41. Name the 3 processes of transcription.42. Which enzyme is present during initiation?43. How does this enzyme initiate transcription?44. What is the promoter?45. Are both strands of DNA copied during transcription?46. What is the transcribed DNA strand known as?47. Yes or No, is the mRNA sequence identical to the DNA strand. Describe.48. What is the termination sequence?49. Where does the entire process of transcription occur?Translation (pg 670-675)49. What is formed by the genetic information carried by the mRNA?50. How many amino acids are found in proteins?51. DNA code is read in groups of ____ nucleotides. These are known as ______________52. What does each codon code for?53. How many different combinations of nitrogenous bases are there?54. Compare DNA codons and mRNA codons.55. Explain how start and stop codons are different?56. When does initiation of translation begin?57. What is the first codon that it recognizes?58. What must the mRNA to the ribosome for translation to occur?59. Define the term anticodon.60. Explain what is found on each end of a tRNA molecule.61. What is the start codon? Name its anticodon.62. Name the 3 stop codons.DNA Sequencing (pg 677-679)63. Define the term recombinant DNA.64. What is a genetic transformation?65. What must occur before you can make recombinant DNA?66. Explain how a sequencing gel works (see figure 1).67. Briefly explain the Human Genome ProjectEnzymes and Recombinant DNAMany enzymes exist in this unit but there are 2 important enzymes you MUST know to do recombinant DNA – restriction enzyme (pg 680) and ligase (pg 682)

Note: pg 680/681 is very important information; however, currently in Alberta, this depth of knowledge is not required.

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Complete the chart of terms and technologies. These terms and technologies can be used on an exam, but be sure you are using them in context to answer the question and not just randomly for the sake of using big words.

Technology Description (point form)

PCR

Vector

Transgenic

Plasmid

Mutations (pg 687-688)68. What is a mutation?69. Compare a point mutation and a gene mutation.

DNA Mutationsa) Define 4 different types of mutations. b) Alter the sample DNA (gene) code below to illustrate each type of mutation

THE FAT CAT ATE THE HOT DOGMutation Description

InsertionAdding one or more extra nucleotides into DNAEx. THE BIG FAT CAT ATE THE HOT DOG

Deletion

Point Mutation

Base Substitution

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UNIT TERMINOLOGY Students should develop flash cards for the following unit terms. • Place the term or concept on one side and all important information, recorded in

a precise manner, on the other.• students should be rehearsing the cards on a continuous basis throughout the

unit• flash cards should be brought to every Biology class• flash card quizzes will appear periodically throughout the course without

warning

DNA Replication Recombinant DNA

Enzymes Transcription

Technology Translation

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CONCEPT MAP

Fill in the appropriate descriptions from the word list

Word ListA, U, G, C Semi-Conservative Translation ReplicationA, T, G, C Transcription Recombinant DNA Protein Synthesis

DNA REVIEW

1. What chemicals make up chromosomes?

2. What are nucleotides?

3. Compare the amount of DNA found inside one of your muscle cells with the DNA found in one of your brain cells.

4. Why are organ transplants more successful between identical twins than between other individuals?

5. What is the significance of DNA replication for your body?

6. Why are the opposing sides of the DNA molecule never identical, but always complementary?

7. Briefly describe the events of DNA replication.

8. A drug holds the complementary nitrogen bases with such strength that the DNA molecule is permanently fused in the shape of a double helix. Predict whether or not this drug might prove harmful. Provide your reasons.

9. Provide the base sequence for the complementary strand of DNA that would match the DNA strand shown below:

TAGTCTAAGCCGTAATCA

10.Where do the nitrogen bases, sugars, and phosphates come from to make the complementary strand?

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DNA


11.Differentiate between DNA polymerase and DNA ligase enzymes.

12.Differentiate between ligase enzymes and restriction enzymes.

13.Explain how ligase and restriction enzymes can be used in gene splicing.

14.Differentiate between the following terms: chromosomes, DNA, genes, nucleotides.

15.Explain how your cells reduce the chances of mutations occurring during DNA replication.

16.What is recombinant DNA, how is it created, and what can it be used for?

RNA REVIEW

Importance of proteins What are the structural components of cells? What are all proteins made up of? Identify a few examples of what proteins are responsible for in our cells. What controls the production of each protein in a cell? How is the sequencing of amino acids regulated within a cell?

What are terminator codons and initiator codons?

Within the Ribosome How is the protein synthesis mechanism turned "on" at the ribosome? What is the function of transfer RNA (tRNA)? Explain how the mRNA codon and tRNA anticodon work together to place

amino acids in the correct sequence. How does the ribosome know that proteins synthesis is complete and that the

process can be turned off?

Compare DNA and RNA

DNA RNA1.2.3.4.5.

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Match the terms on the left with the correct descriptions on the right.1. uracil a. the sugar found in RNA2. tRNA b. made of proteins3. deoxyribose c. copying of the DNA code by mRNA4. mRNA d. the forming of a protein from the code found on mRNA5. double helix e. a 3 base code for an amino acid6. enzymes f. a base found in RNA only7. transcription g. the sugar found in DNA8. anticodon h. duplication of the DNA code9. nucleotide i. made of sugar, phosphate, and a base10. adenine j. carries information out into the cytoplasm11. codon k. bonds with thymine12. replication l. shape of the DNA molecule13. translation m. brings amino acids to the ribosome to form a protein14. ribose n. the 3 base code found on tRNA

Arrange these events in sequential order I. Transcription___ mRNA molecule detaches from the DNA strand___ DNA molecule in the nucleus unwinds/unzips___ DNA strand rejoins and coils.___ mRNA nucleotides attach themselves to exposed DNA nitrogen bases

II. Translation___ tRNA anticodon (carrying an amino acid) attach appropriately to the mRNA___ the polypeptide chain breaks away and is ready to be used by the cell.___ mRNA leaves the nucleus and “attaches” to the ribosome___ mRNA terminator codon is reached

How many nucleotides would be found in _____ mRNA strand 30 codons in length_____ 2 DNA strands of 20 nitrogen bases each_____ 25 tRNA anticondons

Can you…

Name the scientist(s) credited with the shape of the DNA molecule?

Describe the difference between a nitrogen base and a nucleotide?

Identify what causes the DNA molecule to "unzip"?

Name the nitrogen base found in DNA that is not found in RNA.

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SCRAMBLES - Unscramble the following words into a logical sequence

1. Position new gene, Ligase, Restriction Enzyme ___________ __________ __________

2. Translation, DNA Unzips, Transcription __________ __________ __________

Fill in the following table based on the original DNA codons provided.

DNA codon Complementary DNA strand

(use DNA codon)

Complementary mRNA codon

(use DNA codon)Ex. 1 AAG Ex. 1 TTC Ex. 1 UUCGAGTCTTAAGGACCACGCAAATGGATT

1. Using the mRNA chart for amino acids, match the following mRNA codons with their appropriate amino acids.

___ CUU 1. Stop___ UAG 2. Glutamine___ ACA 3. Leucine___ UGG 4. Isoleucine___ AGC 5. Tryptophan___ AUG 6. Serine___ GAG 7. Start___ AAU 8. Asparagine___ AUA 9. Threonine___ CAG 10. Glutamate

2. Using the mRNA chart for amino acids, match the following DNA codons with their appropriate amino acids.

___ AAA 1. Isoleucine___ GAA 2. Lysine___ TAA 3. Serine___ CAC 4. Stop___ AGC 5. Phenylalanine___ CGT 6. Start___ TAC 7. Valine___ TTA 8. Asparagine___TTC 9. Alanine___ ACT 10. Leucine

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3. If the second codon in the double helix is TAT. What is the amino acid coded by this triplet?

4. Read the following DNA code beginning at the left and provide the names, in order, of the amino acids coded in the DNA.

G-G-T-G-G-G-C-T-A-A-C-A-

5. If a DNA codon is CAG and the tRNA anti-codon loop reads CAG, what codon is carried by the mRNA?

6. Using the DNA sequence TCAGGA, what is the dipeptide formed?

7. Which amino acids connect to the tRNA molecules that have the anti-codon sequences:a) AGC b) CUU c) ACU d) AUA

8. Explain why DNA strands are coded using triplet codons and not just the 4 nitrogenous bases alone.

9. True or False: Some of the amino acids have more than one codon, but each codon can only have one particular amino acid.

10.Explain how an infinite variety of proteins can be created from only 20 amino acids.

11.Explain the difference between somatic mutations (DNA mutations in body cells) and gametic mutations (DNA mutations in gametes).

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Can you describe the significance of the following terms?

Term Significance

Deoxribose

Phosphate

S – P Backbone

DNA Nitrogen Bases (4)

Nucleotide

Complementary Base Pairs

Hydrogen Bond

Covalent Bond

Double Stranded

Double Helix

Ribose

RNA Nitrogen Bases (4)

Uracil

Single Strand

Transcription

mRNA

Codon

Translation

tRNA

Anticodon

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CRYPTIC PUZZLE - Use the clues to fill in the blanks below, the place the appropriate letter (ie. double underlined letter) from the word into the puzzle at the bottom of the page

1 Asexual reproduction __ __ __ __ __ __ __ 2 First true phase of mitosis/meiosis __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ 3 Phase when genetic material aligns on the equator __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ 4 Phase when non-disjunction is visible __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __5 Final phase of mitosis/meiosis __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __6 Largest percentage of a cell’s life cycle is spent in this phase __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __7 AKA…genes, genetic material __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __8 Time period when crossing over occurs __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __9 Occurs during Prophase I of meiosis __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ (2)10 AKA…4 sister chromatids __ __ __ __ __ __11 Contains genetic code __ __ __ 12 Binds with Uracil or Thymine __ __ __ __ __ __ __13 Found in DNA but not RNA __ __ __ __ __ __ __ 14 Sugar found in DNA __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __15 Always binds with Guanine __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __16 Always binds with Cytosine __ __ __ __ __ __ __17 Found in RNA but not DNA __ __ __ __ __ __ 18 Area within a cell where chromosomes can be found __ __ __ __ __ __ __19 Area within a cell where proteins are synthesized __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __20 Type of RNA that forms within the nucleus __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __21 Process of proteins synthesis that occurs in the nucleus __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __22 Process of proteins synthesis that occurs in the cytoplasm __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __23 Enzyme used in gene therapy, to cut a section of DNA __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __24 Enzyme used in gene therapy, to glue a section of DNA back together __ __ __ __ __ __ 25 Single stranded material used to synthesize proteins __ __ __26 What a cell does during cytokinesis __ __ __ __ __ __ __27 Sexual Reproduction __ __ __ __ __ __ __

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__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __1 16 27 17 21 15 11 3 20 19 26 10 22 14 9 4 23 24 2 5 8 18 25 13 6 7 12

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1. For the segment of DNA above, identify structures 1 and 2.

2. For the segment of RNA above, identify structures 1 and 3.

3. For both segments (DNA and RNA), identify structures 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8.

4. What is the name of the process when DNA is used to synthesize single strands of RNA?

1. Identify the 4 amino acids that are making up the polypeptide chain shown above.

2. If a new drug inhibited the enzymes gyrase and helicase, which part of the process would be prevented?

3. What other enzyme might be needed for the above processes to occur?

1. Identify which enzymes are needed to carry out the process depicted above, and state where they will be used in the process.

2. Explain how it is possible for human DNA and Bacterial DNA to be recombined and still function properly.

3. Give 3 examples of how this type of technology could be used to benefit society.

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unit a - nervous and endocrine systems€¦ · web viewunit c3 – molecular biology. c. hapter 19...

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