UNIT 9 AP DEVELOPMENT/INFANCY & CHILDHOOD

3 MAIN DEBATES

FOR DEVELOPMENT

1. Nature vs. Nurture:

2. Continuity vs. Discontinuity

3. Stability vs. Change

Terms: What’s going on?

Zygotes The fertilized egg, known as a zygote, then moves towards the uterus, takes up to a week to complete.

Embryo at about two weeks after conception. At this point, the growing bundle of cells is officially an embryo. The embryonic stage is marked by the formation of the major organs: the nervous system, heart, eyes, ears, arms, legs, teeth, palate, and external genitalia. Embryonic development continues until about eight weeks after conception.

Fetus the third prenatal stage, which begins with the formation of bone cells 8 weeks after conception and ends at birth.

Teratogens:

FAS (Fetal Alcohol Syndrome)

WHAT ARE SOME NEWBORN ABILITIES?

RootingReflex:

Grasping Reflex:

Babinski Reflex:

Moro Reflex:

Habituation:

UNIT 9 AP COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

What is your earliest childhood memory? Think hard:

Most of us can’t remember beyond Age 3 1/2. It is called Infant amnesia.

*Cognitive Development refers to studying all th mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering and communicating.

Terms for Cognitive Development

What’s going on?

Schemas

Assimilate Interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas. EG. Having a simple schema for dog a toddler may call all 4 legged animals a dog.

Accommodate Our schemas to incorporate information provided by new experiences, the child soon leans that the original dog schemas is too broad and accommodates by refining the category.

Metacognition

Jean Piaget (1896-1980: His studies led him to believe that child’s mind develops through a series of stages.

Stage 1 Sensorimotor

Object permanence:

STAGES OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

Stage 2: Preoperational:

Conservation:

Egocentric:

Stage 3: Concrete operational stage: begins around age seven and continues

until approximately age eleven. During this time, children gain a better understanding of mental operations. Children begin thinking logically about concrete events, but have difficulty understanding abstract or hypothetical concepts.

Stage 4: Formal operations:

Piaget vs. Leg Vygotsky: Vygotsky believed that children learn best by interacting with others. Peers and role models play a big part in development. Zone of Proximity: zone between what a child can and can’t do. It’s what a child can do with help.

UNIT 9 AP SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT: ATTACHMENT THEORIES

Origins of Attachment:Harry Harlow (Contact Comfort) Describe the experiment.

Konrad Lorenz

Imprinting:

Critical Period:

Stage 2: Preoperational:

Conservation:

Egocentric:

Mary Ainsworth Stranger Situation: Describe how Harry Potter, Ron, and Hermione are classified.

What have daycare studies shown? Pg. 494

UNIT 9 PARENTING AND GENDER DEVELOPMENTPG. 500-505

Pg. 497 Are the child rearing practices in the other cultures, in

general, better or worse than those in the United States?

Which practices would you adopt for your own children? Which would you reject? Why?

BAURMIND PARENTING STYLES

GENDER DEVELOPMENT

Term: Definition:

Gender role

Role

Gender Identity

Social Learning Theory

Gender Typing

Transgender

Who is more aggressive?

What is the ratio of male to female arrests in US?

UNIT 9 AP STAGE THEORIST

What is the Oedipus and Electra Complex?

Libido?

OPRAH AND PHIL LIKE GRAPES

FREUD’S PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES

KOHLBERG’S STAGES OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT

Pgs. 516 Criticisms of Kohlberg’s Moral Stages:

What is the Heinz Dilemma?

ERIKSON’S PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT STAGES

UNIT 9 AP SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT

Term: Definition:

X Chromosome

Y Chromosome

Testosterone

Puberty

Primary Sex Characteristics

Secondary Sex Characteristics

Menarche

AIDS

Sexual Orientation

Pgs. 529-530How can sexually transmitted diseases be prevented?

What environmental factors that contribute to teen pregnancy?

Pg. 532 How many people are exclusively homosexual?

How is sexual orientation like handiness?