Unit 8Unit 8

The Pearl (Text I)The Pearl (Text I)

Main IdeaMain Idea

The text describes the psychology of The text describes the psychology of various kinds of people just before Kino a various kinds of people just before Kino a poor fisherman goes to the town to sell poor fisherman goes to the town to sell the Pearl of the World the Pearl of the World

Pre-reading questionsPre-reading questions

1 How do people usually think of pearl1 How do people usually think of pearl

2 What might happen if a very poor man ca2 What might happen if a very poor man came into possession of a large pearl of greame into possession of a large pearl of great value Think of two or three possibilitiest value Think of two or three possibilities

Some information about the author Some information about the author

Steinbeck John ErnstSteinbeck John Ernst (1902-1968) (1902-1968) American writer and Nobel laureate who American writer and Nobel laureate who described in his work the unremitting described in his work the unremitting struggle of people who depend on the soil struggle of people who depend on the soil for their livelihood for their livelihood

He was born in Salinas California In The He was born in Salinas California In The Pastures of Heaven (1932) a group of Pastures of Heaven (1932) a group of short stories depicting a community of short stories depicting a community of California farmers Steinbeck first dealt California farmers Steinbeck first dealt with the hardworking people and social with the hardworking people and social themes associated with most of his works themes associated with most of his works His other early books include In Dubious His other early books include In Dubious Battle (1936) and Of Mice and Men Battle (1936) and Of Mice and Men (1937)(1937)

Steinbecks most widely known work is Steinbecks most widely known work is The GrapThe Grapes of Wrathes of Wrath (1939 Pulitzer Prize 1940) the star (1939 Pulitzer Prize 1940) the stark account of the Joad family from the impoverishk account of the Joad family from the impoverished Oklahoma Dust Bowl and their migration to Ced Oklahoma Dust Bowl and their migration to California during the Great Depression of the 1930alifornia during the Great Depression of the 1930s A major literary figure since the 1930s Steinbs A major literary figure since the 1930s Steinbeck took as his central theme the quiet dignity he eck took as his central theme the quiet dignity he saw in the poor and the oppressed Although his saw in the poor and the oppressed Although his characters are often trapped in an unfair world tcharacters are often trapped in an unfair world they remain sympathetic and heroic if defeated hey remain sympathetic and heroic if defeated human beings Steinbeck was awarded the 1962 human beings Steinbeck was awarded the 1962 Nobel Prize in literature Nobel Prize in literature

Language pointsLanguage points

pay pay

to give someone money for something you buy or for a servto give someone money for something you buy or for a serviceice

How would you like to payHow would you like to pay

pay forpay for

Mum paid for my driving lessonsMum paid for my driving lessons

pay (in) cash pay (in) cash

Youd get a discount for paying cash Youd get a discount for paying cash

pay by chequecredit cardpay by chequecredit card

Can I pay by credit cardCan I pay by credit card

pay somebody for somethingpay somebody for somethingHe didnt even offer to pay me for the ticketHe didnt even offer to pay me for the ticketpay somebody to do somethingpay somebody to do somethingRay paid some kids to wash the carRay paid some kids to wash the carpay somebody somethingpay somebody somethingI paid him $5 to cut the grassI paid him $5 to cut the grasspay (somebody) in dollarseuros etcpay (somebody) in dollarseuros etc He wanted to be paid in dollarsHe wanted to be paid in dollars

scramble scramble

to climb up down or over something quickly to climb up down or over something quickly and with difficulty especially using your haand with difficulty especially using your hands to help younds to help you

scramble updownover etcscramble updownover etc

They tried to scramble up the cliff She scraThey tried to scramble up the cliff She scrambled down the tree as quickly as she coumbled down the tree as quickly as she couldld

panting boyspanting boys

pantpantto breathe quickly with short noisy breaths for exato breathe quickly with short noisy breaths for exa

mple because you have been running or becausmple because you have been running or because it is very hote it is very hot

He came in panting after running up the steps He He came in panting after running up the steps He was panting for breath was panting for breath

The dog lay panting on the doorstepThe dog lay panting on the doorstep

strangle strangle to kill someone by pressing their throat with your hands a rto kill someone by pressing their throat with your hands a r

ope etcope etcstrangle withstrangle withThe victim had been strangled with a beltThe victim had been strangled with a belt

sternsternserious and strict and showing strong disapproval of someserious and strict and showing strong disapproval of some

ones behaviourones behavioursterner penalties for drug offences stern sterner penalties for drug offences stern lookvoiceexpression etc lookvoiceexpression etc Wait I shouted in my sternest voiceWait I shouted in my sternest voice

judiciousjudicioushaving or done with good judgement sensible having or done with good judgement sensible a judicious choice a judicious choice

usageusageJudicious means lsquousing good judgement sensiblersquo Judicious means lsquousing good judgement sensiblersquo

as in as in the judicious use of public investmentthe judicious use of public investment it sh it should not be confused with judicial which means ould not be confused with judicial which means lsquorelating to the administration of justicersquo as in lsquorelating to the administration of justicersquo as in the the judicial systemjudicial system

clientclient someone who gets services or advice someone who gets services or advice from a professional pefrom a professional pe

rson company or organizationrson company or organization

Elkins assured the judge that neither of his clients had a crimiElkins assured the judge that neither of his clients had a criminal recordnal record

Kilmers attorney Ralph Loeb said that his client should not hKilmers attorney Ralph Loeb said that his client should not have to pay the government anythingave to pay the government anything

Mr Langston normally meets with clients in the afternoonMr Langston normally meets with clients in the afternoon

The firm is one of our oldest clients - we dont want to lose thThe firm is one of our oldest clients - we dont want to lose themem

agedaged 1 very old1 very oldmy aged parentsmy aged parents2 the aged [plural] old people2 the aged [plural] old peoplethe care of children and the agedthe care of children and the aged

cfcfaged 525 etcaged 525 etcaged 525 etc betweenaged 525 etc betweenPolice are looking for a man aged between 30 and 35Police are looking for a man aged between 30 and 35The course is open to children aged 12 and overThe course is open to children aged 12 and over

SYNONYMSSYNONYMSold elderly aged old elderly aged These words all describe sb who has lived for a loThese words all describe sb who has lived for a lo

ng time or that usually lives for a long timeng time or that usually lives for a long timeoldold having lived for a long time no longer young having lived for a long time no longer young Shes getting oldmdashshes 75 next yearShes getting oldmdashshes 75 next yearelderlyelderly (rather formal) used as a polite word for (rather formal) used as a polite word for lsquooldrsquo She is very busy caring for two elderly relatilsquooldrsquo She is very busy caring for two elderly relativesvesagedaged (formal) very old Having aged relatives to (formal) very old Having aged relatives to stay in your house can be quite stressfulstay in your house can be quite stressful

almsalms

[pl] (old-fashioned) money clothes and food that a[pl] (old-fashioned) money clothes and food that are given to poor peoplere given to poor people

cracklecrackle

to make repeated short sounds like something burto make repeated short sounds like something burning in a firening in a fire

logs crackling on the fire logs crackling on the fire

An announcement crackled over the loudspeakerAn announcement crackled over the loudspeaker

all manner of people (line 36)all manner of people (line 36)

all manner of somethingall manner of something

formalformal many different kinds of things or peop many different kinds of things or peoplele

We would discuss all manner of subjects We would discuss all manner of subjects

The British Isles have been conquered by all The British Isles have been conquered by all manner of peoplemanner of people

speculationspeculation1 when you guess about the possible causes or 1 when you guess about the possible causes or

effects of something without knowing all the effects of something without knowing all the facts or the guesses that you makefacts or the guesses that you make

speculation thatspeculation thatThere is speculation that the president is illThere is speculation that the president is illspeculation aboutonspeculation aboutonspeculation about the futurespeculation about the futurethe witnesss statement was pure speculation the witnesss statement was pure speculation

(=not based on any facts) (=not based on any facts)

wildidle speculationwildidle speculation (=speculation that is unlikely to be (=speculation that is unlikely to be true) true)

2 when you try to make a large profit by buying goods 2 when you try to make a large profit by buying goods property shares etc and then selling themproperty shares etc and then selling them

property speculationproperty speculation

scheme scheme 1 1 British EnglishBritish English an official plan that is intended to help an official plan that is intended to help

people in some way for example by providing education people in some way for example by providing education or training American Equivalent or training American Equivalent programprogram

The money will be used for teacher training schemesThe money will be used for teacher training schemesa pension schemea pension scheme

scheme forscheme forschemes for two new cross-city linesschemes for two new cross-city linesscheme to do somethingscheme to do somethinga new scheme to boost exportsa new scheme to boost exportspilot schemepilot scheme (=something that is done on a small s (=something that is done on a small s

cale in order to see if it is successful enough to bcale in order to see if it is successful enough to be done on a larger scale)e done on a larger scale) 小规模试验性质的小规模试验性质的

The pilot scheme proved to be a great successThe pilot scheme proved to be a great success2 a clever plan especially to do something that is 2 a clever plan especially to do something that is

bad or illegal - used in order to show disapprovalbad or illegal - used in order to show disapprovala get-rich-quick schemea get-rich-quick scheme

stand in the waystand in the way

in the sbrsquos wayin the sbrsquos way

stopping sb from moving or doing sthstopping sb from moving or doing sth

Yoursquoll have to movemdashyoursquore in my way Yoursquoll have to movemdashyoursquore in my way

I left them alone as I felt I was in the wayI left them alone as I felt I was in the way

love is withheld (line 44)love is withheld (line 44)

withholdwithhold

past tense and past participle withheld past tense and past participle withheld

to refuse to give someone somethingto refuse to give someone something

I withheld payment until they had completed I withheld payment until they had completed the work the work

Ian was accused of withholding vital informatIan was accused of withholding vital information from the policeion from the police

Text 2 GoldText 2 Gold

esteemesteem

formalformal to respect and admire someone or s to respect and admire someone or somethingomething

Peden was greatly esteemed by the people Peden was greatly esteemed by the people

He was esteemed as a literary witHe was esteemed as a literary wit

fabricatefabricate

1 to invent a story piece of information etc i1 to invent a story piece of information etc in order to deceive someonen order to deceive someone

The police were accused of fabricating evideThe police were accused of fabricating evidence nce

2 technical to make or produce goods or equ2 technical to make or produce goods or equipmentipment ￚￚ synonym manufacturesynonym manufacture

The discs are expensive to fabricateThe discs are expensive to fabricate

ounceounce

An ounce is a unit of weight used in Britain aAn ounce is a unit of weight used in Britain and the USA There are sixteen ounces in a nd the USA There are sixteen ounces in a pound and one ounce is equal to 2835 grpound and one ounce is equal to 2835 grams ams 盎司英两唡〔常衡＝盎司英两唡〔常衡＝ 116116 磅＝磅＝284284 克略作 克略作 ozoz 〕〕

four ounces of sugarfour ounces of sugar

long to possesshellip(line 12)long to possesshellip(line 12)longlongto want something very much especially when it sto want something very much especially when it s

eems unlikely to happen sooneems unlikely to happen soonlong to do somethinglong to do somethingHe longed to see her againHe longed to see her againlong forlong forShe longed for the chance to speak to him in privatShe longed for the chance to speak to him in privat

eeWe longed for a bed after several days of campingWe longed for a bed after several days of camping

longinglonging

a strong feeling of wanting something or someonea strong feeling of wanting something or someone

She looked back with longing on the good old daysShe looked back with longing on the good old days

longing forlonging for

His heart was filled with longing for CynthiaHis heart was filled with longing for Cynthia

longing tolonging to

She felt a longing to throw herself into his armsShe felt a longing to throw herself into his arms

bring out the bestworst in somebodybring out the bestworst in somebody

to make someone behave in the best or worto make someone behave in the best or worst way that they canst way that they can

Alcohol just brings out the worst in herAlcohol just brings out the worst in her

And Vince was obviously a great coach he And Vince was obviously a great coach he brought out the best in his team and whoebrought out the best in his team and whoever played himver played him

exerciseexercise (a rule) (a rule)

formal to use a power right or quality that yformal to use a power right or quality that you haveou have

There are plans to encourage people to exerThere are plans to encourage people to exercise their right to vote People who can excise their right to vote People who can exercise some control over their surroundingercise some control over their surroundings feel less anxiouss feel less anxious

the running of somethingthe running of something

the process of managing or organizing a busthe process of managing or organizing a business home organization etciness home organization etc

Brian took over the day-to-day running of the Brian took over the day-to-day running of the company while his father was away He prcompany while his father was away He praised the smooth running of the electionaised the smooth running of the election

helliphellipplusplus (room and board) (room and board)and alsoand alsoThere are numerous clubs plus a casinoThere are numerous clubs plus a casinoThe cost is pound45 plus pound5 for deliveryThe cost is pound45 plus pound5 for deliveryThe jacket costs $4995 plus taxThe jacket costs $4995 plus tax

the gold standard the gold standard 金本位金本位technicaltechnical the use of the value of gold as a fixed sta the use of the value of gold as a fixed sta

ndard on which to base the value of moneyndard on which to base the value of money

currencycurrency

1 [uncountable and countable] the system or type of money 1 [uncountable and countable] the system or type of money that a country usesthat a country uses

The bank can supply you with foreign currency The bank can supply you with foreign currency There are moves towards a single currency in Europe There are moves towards a single currency in Europe The local currency is the Swiss francThe local currency is the Swiss franc2 [uncountable] the state of being accepted or used by a lot 2 [uncountable] the state of being accepted or used by a lot

of peopleof peopleMarxism began to gain currency Marxism began to gain currency The idea was common currency in European political lifeThe idea was common currency in European political life

prospectorprospector

someone who looks for gold minerals oil etcsomeone who looks for gold minerals oil etc

infamousinfamous

well known for being bad or evilwell known for being bad or evil

an infamous killer Los Angeles infamous smogan infamous killer Los Angeles infamous smog

infamous forinfamous for

This area is infamous for drugs and prostitutionThis area is infamous for drugs and prostitution

ex-guardsex-guards

ex- former and still livingex- former and still living

an ex-Presidentan ex-PresidentHer dads an ex-policemanHer dads an ex-policemanLydia is still friends with her ex-husbandLydia is still friends with her ex-husbandmy ex-wifemy ex-wife

已故的总统已故的总统

an an occupationoccupation for the working class (line 38) for the working class (line 38)which of the following is a suitable synonymwhich of the following is a suitable synonym

his fathers occupationhis fathers occupation JOB profession (line JOB profession (line of) workof) work her leisure occupationsher leisure occupations PASTIME activity PASTIME activity hobby entertainment recreation amusementhobby entertainment recreation amusement a property suitable for occupation by older a property suitable for occupation by older peoplepeople RESIDENCE residency habitation RESIDENCE residency habitation the Roman occupation of Britainthe Roman occupation of Britain CONQUEST capture invasion seizure CONQUEST capture invasion seizure takeovertakeover

eloquenteloquent1 able to express your ideas and opinions well especially i1 able to express your ideas and opinions well especially i

n a way that influences people n a way that influences people 雄辩的有说明力的雄辩的有说明力的an eloquent appeal for supportan eloquent appeal for support

2 showing a feeling or meaning without using words2 showing a feeling or meaning without using words cleaclearly expressiverly expressive

The photographs are an eloquent reminder of the horrors of The photographs are an eloquent reminder of the horrors of warwar

an art that is eloquent of Americas cultural diversityan art that is eloquent of Americas cultural diversity

trust totrust to something something place reliance on (luck fate etc)place reliance on (luck fate etc) to hoto ho

pe that what you want to happen will happpe that what you want to happen will happen because there is nothing you can do aen because there is nothing you can do about itbout it

Ill just have to trust to luck that it works out oIll just have to trust to luck that it works out okay kay

I hope I may trust to your discretionI hope I may trust to your discretion

METAPHORMETAPHOR

METAPHORMETAPHOR A comparison which A comparison which imaginatively identifies one thing with imaginatively identifies one thing with another dissimilar thing and transfers or another dissimilar thing and transfers or ascribes to ascribes to the first thing (the tenor or the first thing (the tenor or idea)idea) some of the qualities of some of the qualities of the second the second (the vehicle or image)(the vehicle or image) Unlike a simile or Unlike a simile or analogy metaphor asserts that one thing analogy metaphor asserts that one thing is another thing not just that one is like is another thing not just that one is like another very frequently a metaphor is another very frequently a metaphor is invoked by the to be verbinvoked by the to be verb

notenote

tenortenor The word phrase or subject with whi The word phrase or subject with which the ch the vehiclevehicle of a metaphor is identified a of a metaphor is identified as life ins life in

隐喻所指的词短语或对象如 隐喻所指的词短语或对象如 life life 在 在 Lifes but a walking shadow Lifes but a walking shadow

(Shakespeare)(Shakespeare)

ldquoldquo 生命不过是一个行走的影子rdquo生命不过是一个行走的影子rdquo (( 莎士比亚莎士比亚 ))

10486951048695Some examples from the BibleSome examples from the Bible

Then Jesus declared I am the bread of life --JoThen Jesus declared I am the bread of life --John 635hn 63510486951048695I am the door if anyone enters through me he shall be I am the door if anyone enters through me he shall be saved and shall go in and out and find pasture --JOHN saved and shall go in and out and find pasture --JOHN 10910910486951048695But I will sing of your strength In the morning I will sinBut I will sing of your strength In the morning I will sing of your love For you are my fortress My refuge in tig of your love For you are my fortress My refuge in times of trouble --Psalm 5916mes of trouble --Psalm 591610486951048695The name of the Lord is a strong tower The righteous The name of the Lord is a strong tower The righteous run to it and are safe --Proverbs 1810run to it and are safe --Proverbs 1810

Another common method of constructing a metaphor is tAnother common method of constructing a metaphor is to use the possessive where the image is expressed as o use the possessive where the image is expressed as being a part of the idea usually in the form of the x of ybeing a part of the idea usually in the form of the x of y

10486951048695A writers river of words will dry up unless it is continuoA writers river of words will dry up unless it is continuously replenished by streams of new learningusly replenished by streams of new learning10486951048695The first beam of hope that had ever darted into his miThe first beam of hope that had ever darted into his mind rekindled youth in his cheeks and doubled the lustre ond rekindled youth in his cheeks and doubled the lustre of his eyes --SAMUEL JOHNSONf his eyes --SAMUEL JOHNSON10486951048695The furnace of affliction had softened his heart and puriThe furnace of affliction had softened his heart and purified his soulfied his soul

In fact there is a whole range of different degrees of direct iIn fact there is a whole range of different degrees of direct identification between image and idea dentification between image and idea

There is fully expressedThere is fully expressed10486951048695The eye is the lamp of your body when your eye is soundThe eye is the lamp of your body when your eye is sound

your whole body is full of light but when it is not sound your whole body is full of light but when it is not sound your body is full of darkness --LUKE 1134your body is full of darkness --LUKE 1134

There is impliedThere is implied10486951048695 For thou hast been my help and in the shadow of thy For thou hast been my help and in the shadow of thy

wings i sing for joy --PSALM 637wings i sing for joy --PSALM 637And there is very impliedAnd there is very implied10486951048695For if men do these things when the tree is green what wiFor if men do these things when the tree is green what wi

ll happen when it is dry --LUKE2331ll happen when it is dry --LUKE2331

Like simile and analogy metaphor is a profoundly important Like simile and analogy metaphor is a profoundly important and useful device Aristotle says in his Rhetoric It is and useful device Aristotle says in his Rhetoric It is metaphor above all else that gives clearness charm metaphor above all else that gives clearness charm and distinction to the style and distinction to the style

So metaphor not only explains by making the abstract or So metaphor not only explains by making the abstract or unknown concrete and familiar but it also enlivens by unknown concrete and familiar but it also enlivens by touching the readers imagination Further it affirms one touching the readers imagination Further it affirms one more interconnection in the unity of all things by showing more interconnection in the unity of all things by showing a relationship between things seemingly alien to each a relationship between things seemingly alien to each other And the fact that two very unlike things can be other And the fact that two very unlike things can be equated or referred to in terms of one another comments equated or referred to in terms of one another comments upon them both upon them both

No metaphor is just a metaphor All have significant imNo metaphor is just a metaphor All have significant implications and they must be chosen carefully especially plications and they must be chosen carefully especially in regard to the connotations the vehicle (image) will tranin regard to the connotations the vehicle (image) will transfer to the tenor Consider for example the differences isfer to the tenor Consider for example the differences in meaning conveyed by these statementsn meaning conveyed by these statements

10486951048695That club is spreading like wildfireThat club is spreading like wildfire10486951048695That club is spreading like cancerThat club is spreading like cancer10486951048695That club is really blossoming nowThat club is really blossoming now10486951048695That club in its amebic That club in its amebic （阿米巴的（阿米巴的 变形虫的） 变形虫的） momotions is engulfing the campustions is engulfing the campus

SimileSimile

Simile is a direct expressed comparison Simile is a direct expressed comparison between two things essentially unlike each other between two things essentially unlike each other but resembling each other in at least one way but resembling each other in at least one way In formal prose the simile is a device both of art In formal prose the simile is a device both of art and explanation comparing the unfamiliar thing and explanation comparing the unfamiliar thing (to be explained) to some familiar thing (an (to be explained) to some familiar thing (an object event process etc) known to the reader object event process etc) known to the reader There is no simile in the comparison my car is There is no simile in the comparison my car is like your car because the two objects are not like your car because the two objects are not essentially unlike each other essentially unlike each other When a noun is compared to a noun the simile When a noun is compared to a noun the simile is usually introduced by likeis usually introduced by like

Some examples from the BibleSome examples from the Bible

I see men but they look like trees walking --MaI see men but they look like trees walking --Mark 824rk 824

10486951048695The soul in the body is like a bird in a cageThe soul in the body is like a bird in a cage

10486951048695After such long exposure to the direct sun the After such long exposure to the direct sun the leaves of the houseplant looked like pieces of ovleaves of the houseplant looked like pieces of overcooked baconercooked bacon

But I am But I am like an olive treelike an olive tree Flourishing in the hou Flourishing in the house of God --Psalm 528se of God --Psalm 528

They will come and shout for joy on the heights They will come and shout for joy on the heights of Zion (of Zion ( 锡安山在耶路撒冷犹太民族文化中锡安山在耶路撒冷犹太民族文化中心的象征心的象征 ) They will be ) They will be like a well-watered like a well-watered gardengarden And they will sorrow no more --Jeremi And they will sorrow no more --Jeremiah 3112ah 3112

(in these last two examples especially notice how powerfull(in these last two examples especially notice how powerfully the thing to be described called the tenor is colored by the thing to be described called the tenor is colored by the thing it is compared to called the vehicle)y the thing it is compared to called the vehicle)

DictationDictation

Gold Rush of 1849Gold Rush of 1849

In January 1848 James W Marshall a carpenter In January 1848 James W Marshall a carpenter building a sawmill in partnership with John A Sutter in building a sawmill in partnership with John A Sutter in Californias Sacramento Valley discovered gold Sutter Californias Sacramento Valley discovered gold Sutter made his workers promise to keep the discovery a made his workers promise to keep the discovery a secret However the news leaked out Within a few secret However the news leaked out Within a few months a shrewd merchant hoping to increase his months a shrewd merchant hoping to increase his business set off the gold rush in earnest Samuel business set off the gold rush in earnest Samuel Brannan one of the early Mormon settlers in San Brannan one of the early Mormon settlers in San Francisco owned a store near Sutters fort In early May Francisco owned a store near Sutters fort In early May he returned to San Francisco from a visit to the diggings he returned to San Francisco from a visit to the diggings and spread the word of gold and spread the word of gold

Within a few days boats filled with townspeople were Within a few days boats filled with townspeople were heading up the Sacramento River to look for gold heading up the Sacramento River to look for gold Brannan of course had stocked his store with mining Brannan of course had stocked his store with mining supplies and was doing a thriving business San supplies and was doing a thriving business San Francisco soon was a ghost town as almost everyone Francisco soon was a ghost town as almost everyone was off to the gold siteswas off to the gold sites

During the summer of 1848 the news spread up and During the summer of 1848 the news spread up and down the West Coast across the border to Mexico and down the West Coast across the border to Mexico and even to the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii) Word also even to the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii) Word also reached the Mississippi Valley and the Eastern statesreached the Mississippi Valley and the Eastern states

Newspapers were filled with the accounts of men who clNewspapers were filled with the accounts of men who claimed to have become rich overnight by picking gold out aimed to have become rich overnight by picking gold out of Californias wondrous earth Then in a message to thof Californias wondrous earth Then in a message to the Congress of the United States in December President e Congress of the United States in December President James K Polk confirmed the presence of gold in CalifornJames K Polk confirmed the presence of gold in California That winter people from all walks of life set out for Caia That winter people from all walks of life set out for California Many pawned their possessions to get there Thlifornia Many pawned their possessions to get there The gold seekers also known as Forty-Niners or Argonautse gold seekers also known as Forty-Niners or Argonauts joined the rush from as far off as Europe and Australia joined the rush from as far off as Europe and Australia Many Chinese also flocked to San Francisco to join in thMany Chinese also flocked to San Francisco to join in the gold rushe gold rush

The EndThe End

Thank YouThank You

Main IdeaMain Idea

The text describes the psychology of The text describes the psychology of various kinds of people just before Kino a various kinds of people just before Kino a poor fisherman goes to the town to sell poor fisherman goes to the town to sell the Pearl of the World the Pearl of the World

Pre-reading questionsPre-reading questions

1 How do people usually think of pearl1 How do people usually think of pearl

2 What might happen if a very poor man ca2 What might happen if a very poor man came into possession of a large pearl of greame into possession of a large pearl of great value Think of two or three possibilitiest value Think of two or three possibilities

Some information about the author Some information about the author

Steinbeck John ErnstSteinbeck John Ernst (1902-1968) (1902-1968) American writer and Nobel laureate who American writer and Nobel laureate who described in his work the unremitting described in his work the unremitting struggle of people who depend on the soil struggle of people who depend on the soil for their livelihood for their livelihood

He was born in Salinas California In The He was born in Salinas California In The Pastures of Heaven (1932) a group of Pastures of Heaven (1932) a group of short stories depicting a community of short stories depicting a community of California farmers Steinbeck first dealt California farmers Steinbeck first dealt with the hardworking people and social with the hardworking people and social themes associated with most of his works themes associated with most of his works His other early books include In Dubious His other early books include In Dubious Battle (1936) and Of Mice and Men Battle (1936) and Of Mice and Men (1937)(1937)

Steinbecks most widely known work is Steinbecks most widely known work is The GrapThe Grapes of Wrathes of Wrath (1939 Pulitzer Prize 1940) the star (1939 Pulitzer Prize 1940) the stark account of the Joad family from the impoverishk account of the Joad family from the impoverished Oklahoma Dust Bowl and their migration to Ced Oklahoma Dust Bowl and their migration to California during the Great Depression of the 1930alifornia during the Great Depression of the 1930s A major literary figure since the 1930s Steinbs A major literary figure since the 1930s Steinbeck took as his central theme the quiet dignity he eck took as his central theme the quiet dignity he saw in the poor and the oppressed Although his saw in the poor and the oppressed Although his characters are often trapped in an unfair world tcharacters are often trapped in an unfair world they remain sympathetic and heroic if defeated hey remain sympathetic and heroic if defeated human beings Steinbeck was awarded the 1962 human beings Steinbeck was awarded the 1962 Nobel Prize in literature Nobel Prize in literature

Language pointsLanguage points

pay pay

to give someone money for something you buy or for a servto give someone money for something you buy or for a serviceice

How would you like to payHow would you like to pay

pay forpay for

Mum paid for my driving lessonsMum paid for my driving lessons

pay (in) cash pay (in) cash

Youd get a discount for paying cash Youd get a discount for paying cash

pay by chequecredit cardpay by chequecredit card

Can I pay by credit cardCan I pay by credit card

pay somebody for somethingpay somebody for somethingHe didnt even offer to pay me for the ticketHe didnt even offer to pay me for the ticketpay somebody to do somethingpay somebody to do somethingRay paid some kids to wash the carRay paid some kids to wash the carpay somebody somethingpay somebody somethingI paid him $5 to cut the grassI paid him $5 to cut the grasspay (somebody) in dollarseuros etcpay (somebody) in dollarseuros etc He wanted to be paid in dollarsHe wanted to be paid in dollars

scramble scramble

to climb up down or over something quickly to climb up down or over something quickly and with difficulty especially using your haand with difficulty especially using your hands to help younds to help you

scramble updownover etcscramble updownover etc

They tried to scramble up the cliff She scraThey tried to scramble up the cliff She scrambled down the tree as quickly as she coumbled down the tree as quickly as she couldld

panting boyspanting boys

pantpantto breathe quickly with short noisy breaths for exato breathe quickly with short noisy breaths for exa

mple because you have been running or becausmple because you have been running or because it is very hote it is very hot

He came in panting after running up the steps He He came in panting after running up the steps He was panting for breath was panting for breath

The dog lay panting on the doorstepThe dog lay panting on the doorstep

strangle strangle to kill someone by pressing their throat with your hands a rto kill someone by pressing their throat with your hands a r

ope etcope etcstrangle withstrangle withThe victim had been strangled with a beltThe victim had been strangled with a belt

sternsternserious and strict and showing strong disapproval of someserious and strict and showing strong disapproval of some

ones behaviourones behavioursterner penalties for drug offences stern sterner penalties for drug offences stern lookvoiceexpression etc lookvoiceexpression etc Wait I shouted in my sternest voiceWait I shouted in my sternest voice

judiciousjudicioushaving or done with good judgement sensible having or done with good judgement sensible a judicious choice a judicious choice

usageusageJudicious means lsquousing good judgement sensiblersquo Judicious means lsquousing good judgement sensiblersquo

as in as in the judicious use of public investmentthe judicious use of public investment it sh it should not be confused with judicial which means ould not be confused with judicial which means lsquorelating to the administration of justicersquo as in lsquorelating to the administration of justicersquo as in the the judicial systemjudicial system

clientclient someone who gets services or advice someone who gets services or advice from a professional pefrom a professional pe

rson company or organizationrson company or organization

Elkins assured the judge that neither of his clients had a crimiElkins assured the judge that neither of his clients had a criminal recordnal record

Kilmers attorney Ralph Loeb said that his client should not hKilmers attorney Ralph Loeb said that his client should not have to pay the government anythingave to pay the government anything

Mr Langston normally meets with clients in the afternoonMr Langston normally meets with clients in the afternoon

The firm is one of our oldest clients - we dont want to lose thThe firm is one of our oldest clients - we dont want to lose themem

agedaged 1 very old1 very oldmy aged parentsmy aged parents2 the aged [plural] old people2 the aged [plural] old peoplethe care of children and the agedthe care of children and the aged

cfcfaged 525 etcaged 525 etcaged 525 etc betweenaged 525 etc betweenPolice are looking for a man aged between 30 and 35Police are looking for a man aged between 30 and 35The course is open to children aged 12 and overThe course is open to children aged 12 and over

SYNONYMSSYNONYMSold elderly aged old elderly aged These words all describe sb who has lived for a loThese words all describe sb who has lived for a lo

ng time or that usually lives for a long timeng time or that usually lives for a long timeoldold having lived for a long time no longer young having lived for a long time no longer young Shes getting oldmdashshes 75 next yearShes getting oldmdashshes 75 next yearelderlyelderly (rather formal) used as a polite word for (rather formal) used as a polite word for lsquooldrsquo She is very busy caring for two elderly relatilsquooldrsquo She is very busy caring for two elderly relativesvesagedaged (formal) very old Having aged relatives to (formal) very old Having aged relatives to stay in your house can be quite stressfulstay in your house can be quite stressful

almsalms

[pl] (old-fashioned) money clothes and food that a[pl] (old-fashioned) money clothes and food that are given to poor peoplere given to poor people

cracklecrackle

to make repeated short sounds like something burto make repeated short sounds like something burning in a firening in a fire

logs crackling on the fire logs crackling on the fire

An announcement crackled over the loudspeakerAn announcement crackled over the loudspeaker

all manner of people (line 36)all manner of people (line 36)

all manner of somethingall manner of something

formalformal many different kinds of things or peop many different kinds of things or peoplele

We would discuss all manner of subjects We would discuss all manner of subjects

The British Isles have been conquered by all The British Isles have been conquered by all manner of peoplemanner of people

speculationspeculation1 when you guess about the possible causes or 1 when you guess about the possible causes or

effects of something without knowing all the effects of something without knowing all the facts or the guesses that you makefacts or the guesses that you make

speculation thatspeculation thatThere is speculation that the president is illThere is speculation that the president is illspeculation aboutonspeculation aboutonspeculation about the futurespeculation about the futurethe witnesss statement was pure speculation the witnesss statement was pure speculation

(=not based on any facts) (=not based on any facts)

wildidle speculationwildidle speculation (=speculation that is unlikely to be (=speculation that is unlikely to be true) true)

2 when you try to make a large profit by buying goods 2 when you try to make a large profit by buying goods property shares etc and then selling themproperty shares etc and then selling them

property speculationproperty speculation

scheme scheme 1 1 British EnglishBritish English an official plan that is intended to help an official plan that is intended to help

people in some way for example by providing education people in some way for example by providing education or training American Equivalent or training American Equivalent programprogram

The money will be used for teacher training schemesThe money will be used for teacher training schemesa pension schemea pension scheme

scheme forscheme forschemes for two new cross-city linesschemes for two new cross-city linesscheme to do somethingscheme to do somethinga new scheme to boost exportsa new scheme to boost exportspilot schemepilot scheme (=something that is done on a small s (=something that is done on a small s

cale in order to see if it is successful enough to bcale in order to see if it is successful enough to be done on a larger scale)e done on a larger scale) 小规模试验性质的小规模试验性质的

The pilot scheme proved to be a great successThe pilot scheme proved to be a great success2 a clever plan especially to do something that is 2 a clever plan especially to do something that is

bad or illegal - used in order to show disapprovalbad or illegal - used in order to show disapprovala get-rich-quick schemea get-rich-quick scheme

stand in the waystand in the way

in the sbrsquos wayin the sbrsquos way

stopping sb from moving or doing sthstopping sb from moving or doing sth

Yoursquoll have to movemdashyoursquore in my way Yoursquoll have to movemdashyoursquore in my way

I left them alone as I felt I was in the wayI left them alone as I felt I was in the way

love is withheld (line 44)love is withheld (line 44)

withholdwithhold

past tense and past participle withheld past tense and past participle withheld

to refuse to give someone somethingto refuse to give someone something

I withheld payment until they had completed I withheld payment until they had completed the work the work

Ian was accused of withholding vital informatIan was accused of withholding vital information from the policeion from the police

Text 2 GoldText 2 Gold

esteemesteem

formalformal to respect and admire someone or s to respect and admire someone or somethingomething

Peden was greatly esteemed by the people Peden was greatly esteemed by the people

He was esteemed as a literary witHe was esteemed as a literary wit

fabricatefabricate

1 to invent a story piece of information etc i1 to invent a story piece of information etc in order to deceive someonen order to deceive someone

The police were accused of fabricating evideThe police were accused of fabricating evidence nce

2 technical to make or produce goods or equ2 technical to make or produce goods or equipmentipment ￚￚ synonym manufacturesynonym manufacture

The discs are expensive to fabricateThe discs are expensive to fabricate

ounceounce

An ounce is a unit of weight used in Britain aAn ounce is a unit of weight used in Britain and the USA There are sixteen ounces in a nd the USA There are sixteen ounces in a pound and one ounce is equal to 2835 grpound and one ounce is equal to 2835 grams ams 盎司英两唡〔常衡＝盎司英两唡〔常衡＝ 116116 磅＝磅＝284284 克略作 克略作 ozoz 〕〕

four ounces of sugarfour ounces of sugar

long to possesshellip(line 12)long to possesshellip(line 12)longlongto want something very much especially when it sto want something very much especially when it s

eems unlikely to happen sooneems unlikely to happen soonlong to do somethinglong to do somethingHe longed to see her againHe longed to see her againlong forlong forShe longed for the chance to speak to him in privatShe longed for the chance to speak to him in privat

eeWe longed for a bed after several days of campingWe longed for a bed after several days of camping

longinglonging

a strong feeling of wanting something or someonea strong feeling of wanting something or someone

She looked back with longing on the good old daysShe looked back with longing on the good old days

longing forlonging for

His heart was filled with longing for CynthiaHis heart was filled with longing for Cynthia

longing tolonging to

She felt a longing to throw herself into his armsShe felt a longing to throw herself into his arms

bring out the bestworst in somebodybring out the bestworst in somebody

to make someone behave in the best or worto make someone behave in the best or worst way that they canst way that they can

Alcohol just brings out the worst in herAlcohol just brings out the worst in her

And Vince was obviously a great coach he And Vince was obviously a great coach he brought out the best in his team and whoebrought out the best in his team and whoever played himver played him

exerciseexercise (a rule) (a rule)

formal to use a power right or quality that yformal to use a power right or quality that you haveou have

There are plans to encourage people to exerThere are plans to encourage people to exercise their right to vote People who can excise their right to vote People who can exercise some control over their surroundingercise some control over their surroundings feel less anxiouss feel less anxious

the running of somethingthe running of something

the process of managing or organizing a busthe process of managing or organizing a business home organization etciness home organization etc

Brian took over the day-to-day running of the Brian took over the day-to-day running of the company while his father was away He prcompany while his father was away He praised the smooth running of the electionaised the smooth running of the election

helliphellipplusplus (room and board) (room and board)and alsoand alsoThere are numerous clubs plus a casinoThere are numerous clubs plus a casinoThe cost is pound45 plus pound5 for deliveryThe cost is pound45 plus pound5 for deliveryThe jacket costs $4995 plus taxThe jacket costs $4995 plus tax

the gold standard the gold standard 金本位金本位technicaltechnical the use of the value of gold as a fixed sta the use of the value of gold as a fixed sta

ndard on which to base the value of moneyndard on which to base the value of money

currencycurrency

1 [uncountable and countable] the system or type of money 1 [uncountable and countable] the system or type of money that a country usesthat a country uses

The bank can supply you with foreign currency The bank can supply you with foreign currency There are moves towards a single currency in Europe There are moves towards a single currency in Europe The local currency is the Swiss francThe local currency is the Swiss franc2 [uncountable] the state of being accepted or used by a lot 2 [uncountable] the state of being accepted or used by a lot

of peopleof peopleMarxism began to gain currency Marxism began to gain currency The idea was common currency in European political lifeThe idea was common currency in European political life

prospectorprospector

someone who looks for gold minerals oil etcsomeone who looks for gold minerals oil etc

infamousinfamous

well known for being bad or evilwell known for being bad or evil

an infamous killer Los Angeles infamous smogan infamous killer Los Angeles infamous smog

infamous forinfamous for

This area is infamous for drugs and prostitutionThis area is infamous for drugs and prostitution

ex-guardsex-guards

ex- former and still livingex- former and still living

an ex-Presidentan ex-PresidentHer dads an ex-policemanHer dads an ex-policemanLydia is still friends with her ex-husbandLydia is still friends with her ex-husbandmy ex-wifemy ex-wife

已故的总统已故的总统

an an occupationoccupation for the working class (line 38) for the working class (line 38)which of the following is a suitable synonymwhich of the following is a suitable synonym

his fathers occupationhis fathers occupation JOB profession (line JOB profession (line of) workof) work her leisure occupationsher leisure occupations PASTIME activity PASTIME activity hobby entertainment recreation amusementhobby entertainment recreation amusement a property suitable for occupation by older a property suitable for occupation by older peoplepeople RESIDENCE residency habitation RESIDENCE residency habitation the Roman occupation of Britainthe Roman occupation of Britain CONQUEST capture invasion seizure CONQUEST capture invasion seizure takeovertakeover

eloquenteloquent1 able to express your ideas and opinions well especially i1 able to express your ideas and opinions well especially i

n a way that influences people n a way that influences people 雄辩的有说明力的雄辩的有说明力的an eloquent appeal for supportan eloquent appeal for support

2 showing a feeling or meaning without using words2 showing a feeling or meaning without using words cleaclearly expressiverly expressive

The photographs are an eloquent reminder of the horrors of The photographs are an eloquent reminder of the horrors of warwar

an art that is eloquent of Americas cultural diversityan art that is eloquent of Americas cultural diversity

trust totrust to something something place reliance on (luck fate etc)place reliance on (luck fate etc) to hoto ho

pe that what you want to happen will happpe that what you want to happen will happen because there is nothing you can do aen because there is nothing you can do about itbout it

Ill just have to trust to luck that it works out oIll just have to trust to luck that it works out okay kay

I hope I may trust to your discretionI hope I may trust to your discretion

METAPHORMETAPHOR

METAPHORMETAPHOR A comparison which A comparison which imaginatively identifies one thing with imaginatively identifies one thing with another dissimilar thing and transfers or another dissimilar thing and transfers or ascribes to ascribes to the first thing (the tenor or the first thing (the tenor or idea)idea) some of the qualities of some of the qualities of the second the second (the vehicle or image)(the vehicle or image) Unlike a simile or Unlike a simile or analogy metaphor asserts that one thing analogy metaphor asserts that one thing is another thing not just that one is like is another thing not just that one is like another very frequently a metaphor is another very frequently a metaphor is invoked by the to be verbinvoked by the to be verb

notenote

tenortenor The word phrase or subject with whi The word phrase or subject with which the ch the vehiclevehicle of a metaphor is identified a of a metaphor is identified as life ins life in

隐喻所指的词短语或对象如 隐喻所指的词短语或对象如 life life 在 在 Lifes but a walking shadow Lifes but a walking shadow

(Shakespeare)(Shakespeare)

ldquoldquo 生命不过是一个行走的影子rdquo生命不过是一个行走的影子rdquo (( 莎士比亚莎士比亚 ))

10486951048695Some examples from the BibleSome examples from the Bible

Then Jesus declared I am the bread of life --JoThen Jesus declared I am the bread of life --John 635hn 63510486951048695I am the door if anyone enters through me he shall be I am the door if anyone enters through me he shall be saved and shall go in and out and find pasture --JOHN saved and shall go in and out and find pasture --JOHN 10910910486951048695But I will sing of your strength In the morning I will sinBut I will sing of your strength In the morning I will sing of your love For you are my fortress My refuge in tig of your love For you are my fortress My refuge in times of trouble --Psalm 5916mes of trouble --Psalm 591610486951048695The name of the Lord is a strong tower The righteous The name of the Lord is a strong tower The righteous run to it and are safe --Proverbs 1810run to it and are safe --Proverbs 1810

Another common method of constructing a metaphor is tAnother common method of constructing a metaphor is to use the possessive where the image is expressed as o use the possessive where the image is expressed as being a part of the idea usually in the form of the x of ybeing a part of the idea usually in the form of the x of y

10486951048695A writers river of words will dry up unless it is continuoA writers river of words will dry up unless it is continuously replenished by streams of new learningusly replenished by streams of new learning10486951048695The first beam of hope that had ever darted into his miThe first beam of hope that had ever darted into his mind rekindled youth in his cheeks and doubled the lustre ond rekindled youth in his cheeks and doubled the lustre of his eyes --SAMUEL JOHNSONf his eyes --SAMUEL JOHNSON10486951048695The furnace of affliction had softened his heart and puriThe furnace of affliction had softened his heart and purified his soulfied his soul

In fact there is a whole range of different degrees of direct iIn fact there is a whole range of different degrees of direct identification between image and idea dentification between image and idea

There is fully expressedThere is fully expressed10486951048695The eye is the lamp of your body when your eye is soundThe eye is the lamp of your body when your eye is sound

your whole body is full of light but when it is not sound your whole body is full of light but when it is not sound your body is full of darkness --LUKE 1134your body is full of darkness --LUKE 1134

There is impliedThere is implied10486951048695 For thou hast been my help and in the shadow of thy For thou hast been my help and in the shadow of thy

wings i sing for joy --PSALM 637wings i sing for joy --PSALM 637And there is very impliedAnd there is very implied10486951048695For if men do these things when the tree is green what wiFor if men do these things when the tree is green what wi

ll happen when it is dry --LUKE2331ll happen when it is dry --LUKE2331

Like simile and analogy metaphor is a profoundly important Like simile and analogy metaphor is a profoundly important and useful device Aristotle says in his Rhetoric It is and useful device Aristotle says in his Rhetoric It is metaphor above all else that gives clearness charm metaphor above all else that gives clearness charm and distinction to the style and distinction to the style

So metaphor not only explains by making the abstract or So metaphor not only explains by making the abstract or unknown concrete and familiar but it also enlivens by unknown concrete and familiar but it also enlivens by touching the readers imagination Further it affirms one touching the readers imagination Further it affirms one more interconnection in the unity of all things by showing more interconnection in the unity of all things by showing a relationship between things seemingly alien to each a relationship between things seemingly alien to each other And the fact that two very unlike things can be other And the fact that two very unlike things can be equated or referred to in terms of one another comments equated or referred to in terms of one another comments upon them both upon them both

No metaphor is just a metaphor All have significant imNo metaphor is just a metaphor All have significant implications and they must be chosen carefully especially plications and they must be chosen carefully especially in regard to the connotations the vehicle (image) will tranin regard to the connotations the vehicle (image) will transfer to the tenor Consider for example the differences isfer to the tenor Consider for example the differences in meaning conveyed by these statementsn meaning conveyed by these statements

10486951048695That club is spreading like wildfireThat club is spreading like wildfire10486951048695That club is spreading like cancerThat club is spreading like cancer10486951048695That club is really blossoming nowThat club is really blossoming now10486951048695That club in its amebic That club in its amebic （阿米巴的（阿米巴的 变形虫的） 变形虫的） momotions is engulfing the campustions is engulfing the campus

SimileSimile

Simile is a direct expressed comparison Simile is a direct expressed comparison between two things essentially unlike each other between two things essentially unlike each other but resembling each other in at least one way but resembling each other in at least one way In formal prose the simile is a device both of art In formal prose the simile is a device both of art and explanation comparing the unfamiliar thing and explanation comparing the unfamiliar thing (to be explained) to some familiar thing (an (to be explained) to some familiar thing (an object event process etc) known to the reader object event process etc) known to the reader There is no simile in the comparison my car is There is no simile in the comparison my car is like your car because the two objects are not like your car because the two objects are not essentially unlike each other essentially unlike each other When a noun is compared to a noun the simile When a noun is compared to a noun the simile is usually introduced by likeis usually introduced by like

Some examples from the BibleSome examples from the Bible

I see men but they look like trees walking --MaI see men but they look like trees walking --Mark 824rk 824

10486951048695The soul in the body is like a bird in a cageThe soul in the body is like a bird in a cage

10486951048695After such long exposure to the direct sun the After such long exposure to the direct sun the leaves of the houseplant looked like pieces of ovleaves of the houseplant looked like pieces of overcooked baconercooked bacon

But I am But I am like an olive treelike an olive tree Flourishing in the hou Flourishing in the house of God --Psalm 528se of God --Psalm 528

They will come and shout for joy on the heights They will come and shout for joy on the heights of Zion (of Zion ( 锡安山在耶路撒冷犹太民族文化中锡安山在耶路撒冷犹太民族文化中心的象征心的象征 ) They will be ) They will be like a well-watered like a well-watered gardengarden And they will sorrow no more --Jeremi And they will sorrow no more --Jeremiah 3112ah 3112

(in these last two examples especially notice how powerfull(in these last two examples especially notice how powerfully the thing to be described called the tenor is colored by the thing to be described called the tenor is colored by the thing it is compared to called the vehicle)y the thing it is compared to called the vehicle)

DictationDictation

Gold Rush of 1849Gold Rush of 1849

In January 1848 James W Marshall a carpenter In January 1848 James W Marshall a carpenter building a sawmill in partnership with John A Sutter in building a sawmill in partnership with John A Sutter in Californias Sacramento Valley discovered gold Sutter Californias Sacramento Valley discovered gold Sutter made his workers promise to keep the discovery a made his workers promise to keep the discovery a secret However the news leaked out Within a few secret However the news leaked out Within a few months a shrewd merchant hoping to increase his months a shrewd merchant hoping to increase his business set off the gold rush in earnest Samuel business set off the gold rush in earnest Samuel Brannan one of the early Mormon settlers in San Brannan one of the early Mormon settlers in San Francisco owned a store near Sutters fort In early May Francisco owned a store near Sutters fort In early May he returned to San Francisco from a visit to the diggings he returned to San Francisco from a visit to the diggings and spread the word of gold and spread the word of gold

Within a few days boats filled with townspeople were Within a few days boats filled with townspeople were heading up the Sacramento River to look for gold heading up the Sacramento River to look for gold Brannan of course had stocked his store with mining Brannan of course had stocked his store with mining supplies and was doing a thriving business San supplies and was doing a thriving business San Francisco soon was a ghost town as almost everyone Francisco soon was a ghost town as almost everyone was off to the gold siteswas off to the gold sites

During the summer of 1848 the news spread up and During the summer of 1848 the news spread up and down the West Coast across the border to Mexico and down the West Coast across the border to Mexico and even to the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii) Word also even to the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii) Word also reached the Mississippi Valley and the Eastern statesreached the Mississippi Valley and the Eastern states

Newspapers were filled with the accounts of men who clNewspapers were filled with the accounts of men who claimed to have become rich overnight by picking gold out aimed to have become rich overnight by picking gold out of Californias wondrous earth Then in a message to thof Californias wondrous earth Then in a message to the Congress of the United States in December President e Congress of the United States in December President James K Polk confirmed the presence of gold in CalifornJames K Polk confirmed the presence of gold in California That winter people from all walks of life set out for Caia That winter people from all walks of life set out for California Many pawned their possessions to get there Thlifornia Many pawned their possessions to get there The gold seekers also known as Forty-Niners or Argonautse gold seekers also known as Forty-Niners or Argonauts joined the rush from as far off as Europe and Australia joined the rush from as far off as Europe and Australia Many Chinese also flocked to San Francisco to join in thMany Chinese also flocked to San Francisco to join in the gold rushe gold rush

The EndThe End

Thank YouThank You

Pre-reading questionsPre-reading questions

1 How do people usually think of pearl1 How do people usually think of pearl

2 What might happen if a very poor man ca2 What might happen if a very poor man came into possession of a large pearl of greame into possession of a large pearl of great value Think of two or three possibilitiest value Think of two or three possibilities

Some information about the author Some information about the author

Steinbeck John ErnstSteinbeck John Ernst (1902-1968) (1902-1968) American writer and Nobel laureate who American writer and Nobel laureate who described in his work the unremitting described in his work the unremitting struggle of people who depend on the soil struggle of people who depend on the soil for their livelihood for their livelihood

He was born in Salinas California In The He was born in Salinas California In The Pastures of Heaven (1932) a group of Pastures of Heaven (1932) a group of short stories depicting a community of short stories depicting a community of California farmers Steinbeck first dealt California farmers Steinbeck first dealt with the hardworking people and social with the hardworking people and social themes associated with most of his works themes associated with most of his works His other early books include In Dubious His other early books include In Dubious Battle (1936) and Of Mice and Men Battle (1936) and Of Mice and Men (1937)(1937)

Steinbecks most widely known work is Steinbecks most widely known work is The GrapThe Grapes of Wrathes of Wrath (1939 Pulitzer Prize 1940) the star (1939 Pulitzer Prize 1940) the stark account of the Joad family from the impoverishk account of the Joad family from the impoverished Oklahoma Dust Bowl and their migration to Ced Oklahoma Dust Bowl and their migration to California during the Great Depression of the 1930alifornia during the Great Depression of the 1930s A major literary figure since the 1930s Steinbs A major literary figure since the 1930s Steinbeck took as his central theme the quiet dignity he eck took as his central theme the quiet dignity he saw in the poor and the oppressed Although his saw in the poor and the oppressed Although his characters are often trapped in an unfair world tcharacters are often trapped in an unfair world they remain sympathetic and heroic if defeated hey remain sympathetic and heroic if defeated human beings Steinbeck was awarded the 1962 human beings Steinbeck was awarded the 1962 Nobel Prize in literature Nobel Prize in literature

Language pointsLanguage points

pay pay

to give someone money for something you buy or for a servto give someone money for something you buy or for a serviceice

How would you like to payHow would you like to pay

pay forpay for

Mum paid for my driving lessonsMum paid for my driving lessons

pay (in) cash pay (in) cash

Youd get a discount for paying cash Youd get a discount for paying cash

pay by chequecredit cardpay by chequecredit card

Can I pay by credit cardCan I pay by credit card

pay somebody for somethingpay somebody for somethingHe didnt even offer to pay me for the ticketHe didnt even offer to pay me for the ticketpay somebody to do somethingpay somebody to do somethingRay paid some kids to wash the carRay paid some kids to wash the carpay somebody somethingpay somebody somethingI paid him $5 to cut the grassI paid him $5 to cut the grasspay (somebody) in dollarseuros etcpay (somebody) in dollarseuros etc He wanted to be paid in dollarsHe wanted to be paid in dollars

scramble scramble

to climb up down or over something quickly to climb up down or over something quickly and with difficulty especially using your haand with difficulty especially using your hands to help younds to help you

scramble updownover etcscramble updownover etc

They tried to scramble up the cliff She scraThey tried to scramble up the cliff She scrambled down the tree as quickly as she coumbled down the tree as quickly as she couldld

panting boyspanting boys

pantpantto breathe quickly with short noisy breaths for exato breathe quickly with short noisy breaths for exa

mple because you have been running or becausmple because you have been running or because it is very hote it is very hot

He came in panting after running up the steps He He came in panting after running up the steps He was panting for breath was panting for breath

The dog lay panting on the doorstepThe dog lay panting on the doorstep

strangle strangle to kill someone by pressing their throat with your hands a rto kill someone by pressing their throat with your hands a r

ope etcope etcstrangle withstrangle withThe victim had been strangled with a beltThe victim had been strangled with a belt

sternsternserious and strict and showing strong disapproval of someserious and strict and showing strong disapproval of some

ones behaviourones behavioursterner penalties for drug offences stern sterner penalties for drug offences stern lookvoiceexpression etc lookvoiceexpression etc Wait I shouted in my sternest voiceWait I shouted in my sternest voice

judiciousjudicioushaving or done with good judgement sensible having or done with good judgement sensible a judicious choice a judicious choice

usageusageJudicious means lsquousing good judgement sensiblersquo Judicious means lsquousing good judgement sensiblersquo

as in as in the judicious use of public investmentthe judicious use of public investment it sh it should not be confused with judicial which means ould not be confused with judicial which means lsquorelating to the administration of justicersquo as in lsquorelating to the administration of justicersquo as in the the judicial systemjudicial system

clientclient someone who gets services or advice someone who gets services or advice from a professional pefrom a professional pe

rson company or organizationrson company or organization

Elkins assured the judge that neither of his clients had a crimiElkins assured the judge that neither of his clients had a criminal recordnal record

Kilmers attorney Ralph Loeb said that his client should not hKilmers attorney Ralph Loeb said that his client should not have to pay the government anythingave to pay the government anything

Mr Langston normally meets with clients in the afternoonMr Langston normally meets with clients in the afternoon

The firm is one of our oldest clients - we dont want to lose thThe firm is one of our oldest clients - we dont want to lose themem

agedaged 1 very old1 very oldmy aged parentsmy aged parents2 the aged [plural] old people2 the aged [plural] old peoplethe care of children and the agedthe care of children and the aged

cfcfaged 525 etcaged 525 etcaged 525 etc betweenaged 525 etc betweenPolice are looking for a man aged between 30 and 35Police are looking for a man aged between 30 and 35The course is open to children aged 12 and overThe course is open to children aged 12 and over

SYNONYMSSYNONYMSold elderly aged old elderly aged These words all describe sb who has lived for a loThese words all describe sb who has lived for a lo

ng time or that usually lives for a long timeng time or that usually lives for a long timeoldold having lived for a long time no longer young having lived for a long time no longer young Shes getting oldmdashshes 75 next yearShes getting oldmdashshes 75 next yearelderlyelderly (rather formal) used as a polite word for (rather formal) used as a polite word for lsquooldrsquo She is very busy caring for two elderly relatilsquooldrsquo She is very busy caring for two elderly relativesvesagedaged (formal) very old Having aged relatives to (formal) very old Having aged relatives to stay in your house can be quite stressfulstay in your house can be quite stressful

almsalms

[pl] (old-fashioned) money clothes and food that a[pl] (old-fashioned) money clothes and food that are given to poor peoplere given to poor people

cracklecrackle

to make repeated short sounds like something burto make repeated short sounds like something burning in a firening in a fire

logs crackling on the fire logs crackling on the fire

An announcement crackled over the loudspeakerAn announcement crackled over the loudspeaker

all manner of people (line 36)all manner of people (line 36)

all manner of somethingall manner of something

formalformal many different kinds of things or peop many different kinds of things or peoplele

We would discuss all manner of subjects We would discuss all manner of subjects

The British Isles have been conquered by all The British Isles have been conquered by all manner of peoplemanner of people

speculationspeculation1 when you guess about the possible causes or 1 when you guess about the possible causes or

effects of something without knowing all the effects of something without knowing all the facts or the guesses that you makefacts or the guesses that you make

speculation thatspeculation thatThere is speculation that the president is illThere is speculation that the president is illspeculation aboutonspeculation aboutonspeculation about the futurespeculation about the futurethe witnesss statement was pure speculation the witnesss statement was pure speculation

(=not based on any facts) (=not based on any facts)

wildidle speculationwildidle speculation (=speculation that is unlikely to be (=speculation that is unlikely to be true) true)

2 when you try to make a large profit by buying goods 2 when you try to make a large profit by buying goods property shares etc and then selling themproperty shares etc and then selling them

property speculationproperty speculation

scheme scheme 1 1 British EnglishBritish English an official plan that is intended to help an official plan that is intended to help

people in some way for example by providing education people in some way for example by providing education or training American Equivalent or training American Equivalent programprogram

The money will be used for teacher training schemesThe money will be used for teacher training schemesa pension schemea pension scheme

scheme forscheme forschemes for two new cross-city linesschemes for two new cross-city linesscheme to do somethingscheme to do somethinga new scheme to boost exportsa new scheme to boost exportspilot schemepilot scheme (=something that is done on a small s (=something that is done on a small s

cale in order to see if it is successful enough to bcale in order to see if it is successful enough to be done on a larger scale)e done on a larger scale) 小规模试验性质的小规模试验性质的

The pilot scheme proved to be a great successThe pilot scheme proved to be a great success2 a clever plan especially to do something that is 2 a clever plan especially to do something that is

bad or illegal - used in order to show disapprovalbad or illegal - used in order to show disapprovala get-rich-quick schemea get-rich-quick scheme

stand in the waystand in the way

in the sbrsquos wayin the sbrsquos way

stopping sb from moving or doing sthstopping sb from moving or doing sth

Yoursquoll have to movemdashyoursquore in my way Yoursquoll have to movemdashyoursquore in my way

I left them alone as I felt I was in the wayI left them alone as I felt I was in the way

love is withheld (line 44)love is withheld (line 44)

withholdwithhold

past tense and past participle withheld past tense and past participle withheld

to refuse to give someone somethingto refuse to give someone something

I withheld payment until they had completed I withheld payment until they had completed the work the work

Ian was accused of withholding vital informatIan was accused of withholding vital information from the policeion from the police

Text 2 GoldText 2 Gold

esteemesteem

formalformal to respect and admire someone or s to respect and admire someone or somethingomething

Peden was greatly esteemed by the people Peden was greatly esteemed by the people

He was esteemed as a literary witHe was esteemed as a literary wit

fabricatefabricate

1 to invent a story piece of information etc i1 to invent a story piece of information etc in order to deceive someonen order to deceive someone

The police were accused of fabricating evideThe police were accused of fabricating evidence nce

2 technical to make or produce goods or equ2 technical to make or produce goods or equipmentipment ￚￚ synonym manufacturesynonym manufacture

The discs are expensive to fabricateThe discs are expensive to fabricate

ounceounce

An ounce is a unit of weight used in Britain aAn ounce is a unit of weight used in Britain and the USA There are sixteen ounces in a nd the USA There are sixteen ounces in a pound and one ounce is equal to 2835 grpound and one ounce is equal to 2835 grams ams 盎司英两唡〔常衡＝盎司英两唡〔常衡＝ 116116 磅＝磅＝284284 克略作 克略作 ozoz 〕〕

four ounces of sugarfour ounces of sugar

long to possesshellip(line 12)long to possesshellip(line 12)longlongto want something very much especially when it sto want something very much especially when it s

eems unlikely to happen sooneems unlikely to happen soonlong to do somethinglong to do somethingHe longed to see her againHe longed to see her againlong forlong forShe longed for the chance to speak to him in privatShe longed for the chance to speak to him in privat

eeWe longed for a bed after several days of campingWe longed for a bed after several days of camping

longinglonging

a strong feeling of wanting something or someonea strong feeling of wanting something or someone

She looked back with longing on the good old daysShe looked back with longing on the good old days

longing forlonging for

His heart was filled with longing for CynthiaHis heart was filled with longing for Cynthia

longing tolonging to

She felt a longing to throw herself into his armsShe felt a longing to throw herself into his arms

bring out the bestworst in somebodybring out the bestworst in somebody

to make someone behave in the best or worto make someone behave in the best or worst way that they canst way that they can

Alcohol just brings out the worst in herAlcohol just brings out the worst in her

And Vince was obviously a great coach he And Vince was obviously a great coach he brought out the best in his team and whoebrought out the best in his team and whoever played himver played him

exerciseexercise (a rule) (a rule)

formal to use a power right or quality that yformal to use a power right or quality that you haveou have

There are plans to encourage people to exerThere are plans to encourage people to exercise their right to vote People who can excise their right to vote People who can exercise some control over their surroundingercise some control over their surroundings feel less anxiouss feel less anxious

the running of somethingthe running of something

the process of managing or organizing a busthe process of managing or organizing a business home organization etciness home organization etc

Brian took over the day-to-day running of the Brian took over the day-to-day running of the company while his father was away He prcompany while his father was away He praised the smooth running of the electionaised the smooth running of the election

helliphellipplusplus (room and board) (room and board)and alsoand alsoThere are numerous clubs plus a casinoThere are numerous clubs plus a casinoThe cost is pound45 plus pound5 for deliveryThe cost is pound45 plus pound5 for deliveryThe jacket costs $4995 plus taxThe jacket costs $4995 plus tax

the gold standard the gold standard 金本位金本位technicaltechnical the use of the value of gold as a fixed sta the use of the value of gold as a fixed sta

ndard on which to base the value of moneyndard on which to base the value of money

currencycurrency

1 [uncountable and countable] the system or type of money 1 [uncountable and countable] the system or type of money that a country usesthat a country uses

The bank can supply you with foreign currency The bank can supply you with foreign currency There are moves towards a single currency in Europe There are moves towards a single currency in Europe The local currency is the Swiss francThe local currency is the Swiss franc2 [uncountable] the state of being accepted or used by a lot 2 [uncountable] the state of being accepted or used by a lot

of peopleof peopleMarxism began to gain currency Marxism began to gain currency The idea was common currency in European political lifeThe idea was common currency in European political life

prospectorprospector

someone who looks for gold minerals oil etcsomeone who looks for gold minerals oil etc

infamousinfamous

well known for being bad or evilwell known for being bad or evil

an infamous killer Los Angeles infamous smogan infamous killer Los Angeles infamous smog

infamous forinfamous for

This area is infamous for drugs and prostitutionThis area is infamous for drugs and prostitution

ex-guardsex-guards

ex- former and still livingex- former and still living

an ex-Presidentan ex-PresidentHer dads an ex-policemanHer dads an ex-policemanLydia is still friends with her ex-husbandLydia is still friends with her ex-husbandmy ex-wifemy ex-wife

已故的总统已故的总统

an an occupationoccupation for the working class (line 38) for the working class (line 38)which of the following is a suitable synonymwhich of the following is a suitable synonym

his fathers occupationhis fathers occupation JOB profession (line JOB profession (line of) workof) work her leisure occupationsher leisure occupations PASTIME activity PASTIME activity hobby entertainment recreation amusementhobby entertainment recreation amusement a property suitable for occupation by older a property suitable for occupation by older peoplepeople RESIDENCE residency habitation RESIDENCE residency habitation the Roman occupation of Britainthe Roman occupation of Britain CONQUEST capture invasion seizure CONQUEST capture invasion seizure takeovertakeover

eloquenteloquent1 able to express your ideas and opinions well especially i1 able to express your ideas and opinions well especially i

n a way that influences people n a way that influences people 雄辩的有说明力的雄辩的有说明力的an eloquent appeal for supportan eloquent appeal for support

2 showing a feeling or meaning without using words2 showing a feeling or meaning without using words cleaclearly expressiverly expressive

The photographs are an eloquent reminder of the horrors of The photographs are an eloquent reminder of the horrors of warwar

an art that is eloquent of Americas cultural diversityan art that is eloquent of Americas cultural diversity

trust totrust to something something place reliance on (luck fate etc)place reliance on (luck fate etc) to hoto ho

pe that what you want to happen will happpe that what you want to happen will happen because there is nothing you can do aen because there is nothing you can do about itbout it

Ill just have to trust to luck that it works out oIll just have to trust to luck that it works out okay kay

I hope I may trust to your discretionI hope I may trust to your discretion

METAPHORMETAPHOR

METAPHORMETAPHOR A comparison which A comparison which imaginatively identifies one thing with imaginatively identifies one thing with another dissimilar thing and transfers or another dissimilar thing and transfers or ascribes to ascribes to the first thing (the tenor or the first thing (the tenor or idea)idea) some of the qualities of some of the qualities of the second the second (the vehicle or image)(the vehicle or image) Unlike a simile or Unlike a simile or analogy metaphor asserts that one thing analogy metaphor asserts that one thing is another thing not just that one is like is another thing not just that one is like another very frequently a metaphor is another very frequently a metaphor is invoked by the to be verbinvoked by the to be verb

notenote

tenortenor The word phrase or subject with whi The word phrase or subject with which the ch the vehiclevehicle of a metaphor is identified a of a metaphor is identified as life ins life in

隐喻所指的词短语或对象如 隐喻所指的词短语或对象如 life life 在 在 Lifes but a walking shadow Lifes but a walking shadow

(Shakespeare)(Shakespeare)

ldquoldquo 生命不过是一个行走的影子rdquo生命不过是一个行走的影子rdquo (( 莎士比亚莎士比亚 ))

10486951048695Some examples from the BibleSome examples from the Bible

Then Jesus declared I am the bread of life --JoThen Jesus declared I am the bread of life --John 635hn 63510486951048695I am the door if anyone enters through me he shall be I am the door if anyone enters through me he shall be saved and shall go in and out and find pasture --JOHN saved and shall go in and out and find pasture --JOHN 10910910486951048695But I will sing of your strength In the morning I will sinBut I will sing of your strength In the morning I will sing of your love For you are my fortress My refuge in tig of your love For you are my fortress My refuge in times of trouble --Psalm 5916mes of trouble --Psalm 591610486951048695The name of the Lord is a strong tower The righteous The name of the Lord is a strong tower The righteous run to it and are safe --Proverbs 1810run to it and are safe --Proverbs 1810

Another common method of constructing a metaphor is tAnother common method of constructing a metaphor is to use the possessive where the image is expressed as o use the possessive where the image is expressed as being a part of the idea usually in the form of the x of ybeing a part of the idea usually in the form of the x of y

10486951048695A writers river of words will dry up unless it is continuoA writers river of words will dry up unless it is continuously replenished by streams of new learningusly replenished by streams of new learning10486951048695The first beam of hope that had ever darted into his miThe first beam of hope that had ever darted into his mind rekindled youth in his cheeks and doubled the lustre ond rekindled youth in his cheeks and doubled the lustre of his eyes --SAMUEL JOHNSONf his eyes --SAMUEL JOHNSON10486951048695The furnace of affliction had softened his heart and puriThe furnace of affliction had softened his heart and purified his soulfied his soul

In fact there is a whole range of different degrees of direct iIn fact there is a whole range of different degrees of direct identification between image and idea dentification between image and idea

There is fully expressedThere is fully expressed10486951048695The eye is the lamp of your body when your eye is soundThe eye is the lamp of your body when your eye is sound

your whole body is full of light but when it is not sound your whole body is full of light but when it is not sound your body is full of darkness --LUKE 1134your body is full of darkness --LUKE 1134

There is impliedThere is implied10486951048695 For thou hast been my help and in the shadow of thy For thou hast been my help and in the shadow of thy

wings i sing for joy --PSALM 637wings i sing for joy --PSALM 637And there is very impliedAnd there is very implied10486951048695For if men do these things when the tree is green what wiFor if men do these things when the tree is green what wi

ll happen when it is dry --LUKE2331ll happen when it is dry --LUKE2331

Like simile and analogy metaphor is a profoundly important Like simile and analogy metaphor is a profoundly important and useful device Aristotle says in his Rhetoric It is and useful device Aristotle says in his Rhetoric It is metaphor above all else that gives clearness charm metaphor above all else that gives clearness charm and distinction to the style and distinction to the style

So metaphor not only explains by making the abstract or So metaphor not only explains by making the abstract or unknown concrete and familiar but it also enlivens by unknown concrete and familiar but it also enlivens by touching the readers imagination Further it affirms one touching the readers imagination Further it affirms one more interconnection in the unity of all things by showing more interconnection in the unity of all things by showing a relationship between things seemingly alien to each a relationship between things seemingly alien to each other And the fact that two very unlike things can be other And the fact that two very unlike things can be equated or referred to in terms of one another comments equated or referred to in terms of one another comments upon them both upon them both

No metaphor is just a metaphor All have significant imNo metaphor is just a metaphor All have significant implications and they must be chosen carefully especially plications and they must be chosen carefully especially in regard to the connotations the vehicle (image) will tranin regard to the connotations the vehicle (image) will transfer to the tenor Consider for example the differences isfer to the tenor Consider for example the differences in meaning conveyed by these statementsn meaning conveyed by these statements

10486951048695That club is spreading like wildfireThat club is spreading like wildfire10486951048695That club is spreading like cancerThat club is spreading like cancer10486951048695That club is really blossoming nowThat club is really blossoming now10486951048695That club in its amebic That club in its amebic （阿米巴的（阿米巴的 变形虫的） 变形虫的） momotions is engulfing the campustions is engulfing the campus

SimileSimile

Simile is a direct expressed comparison Simile is a direct expressed comparison between two things essentially unlike each other between two things essentially unlike each other but resembling each other in at least one way but resembling each other in at least one way In formal prose the simile is a device both of art In formal prose the simile is a device both of art and explanation comparing the unfamiliar thing and explanation comparing the unfamiliar thing (to be explained) to some familiar thing (an (to be explained) to some familiar thing (an object event process etc) known to the reader object event process etc) known to the reader There is no simile in the comparison my car is There is no simile in the comparison my car is like your car because the two objects are not like your car because the two objects are not essentially unlike each other essentially unlike each other When a noun is compared to a noun the simile When a noun is compared to a noun the simile is usually introduced by likeis usually introduced by like

Some examples from the BibleSome examples from the Bible

I see men but they look like trees walking --MaI see men but they look like trees walking --Mark 824rk 824

10486951048695The soul in the body is like a bird in a cageThe soul in the body is like a bird in a cage

10486951048695After such long exposure to the direct sun the After such long exposure to the direct sun the leaves of the houseplant looked like pieces of ovleaves of the houseplant looked like pieces of overcooked baconercooked bacon

But I am But I am like an olive treelike an olive tree Flourishing in the hou Flourishing in the house of God --Psalm 528se of God --Psalm 528

They will come and shout for joy on the heights They will come and shout for joy on the heights of Zion (of Zion ( 锡安山在耶路撒冷犹太民族文化中锡安山在耶路撒冷犹太民族文化中心的象征心的象征 ) They will be ) They will be like a well-watered like a well-watered gardengarden And they will sorrow no more --Jeremi And they will sorrow no more --Jeremiah 3112ah 3112

(in these last two examples especially notice how powerfull(in these last two examples especially notice how powerfully the thing to be described called the tenor is colored by the thing to be described called the tenor is colored by the thing it is compared to called the vehicle)y the thing it is compared to called the vehicle)

DictationDictation

Gold Rush of 1849Gold Rush of 1849

In January 1848 James W Marshall a carpenter In January 1848 James W Marshall a carpenter building a sawmill in partnership with John A Sutter in building a sawmill in partnership with John A Sutter in Californias Sacramento Valley discovered gold Sutter Californias Sacramento Valley discovered gold Sutter made his workers promise to keep the discovery a made his workers promise to keep the discovery a secret However the news leaked out Within a few secret However the news leaked out Within a few months a shrewd merchant hoping to increase his months a shrewd merchant hoping to increase his business set off the gold rush in earnest Samuel business set off the gold rush in earnest Samuel Brannan one of the early Mormon settlers in San Brannan one of the early Mormon settlers in San Francisco owned a store near Sutters fort In early May Francisco owned a store near Sutters fort In early May he returned to San Francisco from a visit to the diggings he returned to San Francisco from a visit to the diggings and spread the word of gold and spread the word of gold

Within a few days boats filled with townspeople were Within a few days boats filled with townspeople were heading up the Sacramento River to look for gold heading up the Sacramento River to look for gold Brannan of course had stocked his store with mining Brannan of course had stocked his store with mining supplies and was doing a thriving business San supplies and was doing a thriving business San Francisco soon was a ghost town as almost everyone Francisco soon was a ghost town as almost everyone was off to the gold siteswas off to the gold sites

During the summer of 1848 the news spread up and During the summer of 1848 the news spread up and down the West Coast across the border to Mexico and down the West Coast across the border to Mexico and even to the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii) Word also even to the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii) Word also reached the Mississippi Valley and the Eastern statesreached the Mississippi Valley and the Eastern states

Newspapers were filled with the accounts of men who clNewspapers were filled with the accounts of men who claimed to have become rich overnight by picking gold out aimed to have become rich overnight by picking gold out of Californias wondrous earth Then in a message to thof Californias wondrous earth Then in a message to the Congress of the United States in December President e Congress of the United States in December President James K Polk confirmed the presence of gold in CalifornJames K Polk confirmed the presence of gold in California That winter people from all walks of life set out for Caia That winter people from all walks of life set out for California Many pawned their possessions to get there Thlifornia Many pawned their possessions to get there The gold seekers also known as Forty-Niners or Argonautse gold seekers also known as Forty-Niners or Argonauts joined the rush from as far off as Europe and Australia joined the rush from as far off as Europe and Australia Many Chinese also flocked to San Francisco to join in thMany Chinese also flocked to San Francisco to join in the gold rushe gold rush

The EndThe End

Thank YouThank You

Some information about the author Some information about the author

Steinbeck John ErnstSteinbeck John Ernst (1902-1968) (1902-1968) American writer and Nobel laureate who American writer and Nobel laureate who described in his work the unremitting described in his work the unremitting struggle of people who depend on the soil struggle of people who depend on the soil for their livelihood for their livelihood

He was born in Salinas California In The He was born in Salinas California In The Pastures of Heaven (1932) a group of Pastures of Heaven (1932) a group of short stories depicting a community of short stories depicting a community of California farmers Steinbeck first dealt California farmers Steinbeck first dealt with the hardworking people and social with the hardworking people and social themes associated with most of his works themes associated with most of his works His other early books include In Dubious His other early books include In Dubious Battle (1936) and Of Mice and Men Battle (1936) and Of Mice and Men (1937)(1937)

Steinbecks most widely known work is Steinbecks most widely known work is The GrapThe Grapes of Wrathes of Wrath (1939 Pulitzer Prize 1940) the star (1939 Pulitzer Prize 1940) the stark account of the Joad family from the impoverishk account of the Joad family from the impoverished Oklahoma Dust Bowl and their migration to Ced Oklahoma Dust Bowl and their migration to California during the Great Depression of the 1930alifornia during the Great Depression of the 1930s A major literary figure since the 1930s Steinbs A major literary figure since the 1930s Steinbeck took as his central theme the quiet dignity he eck took as his central theme the quiet dignity he saw in the poor and the oppressed Although his saw in the poor and the oppressed Although his characters are often trapped in an unfair world tcharacters are often trapped in an unfair world they remain sympathetic and heroic if defeated hey remain sympathetic and heroic if defeated human beings Steinbeck was awarded the 1962 human beings Steinbeck was awarded the 1962 Nobel Prize in literature Nobel Prize in literature

Language pointsLanguage points

pay pay

to give someone money for something you buy or for a servto give someone money for something you buy or for a serviceice

How would you like to payHow would you like to pay

pay forpay for

Mum paid for my driving lessonsMum paid for my driving lessons

pay (in) cash pay (in) cash

Youd get a discount for paying cash Youd get a discount for paying cash

pay by chequecredit cardpay by chequecredit card

Can I pay by credit cardCan I pay by credit card

pay somebody for somethingpay somebody for somethingHe didnt even offer to pay me for the ticketHe didnt even offer to pay me for the ticketpay somebody to do somethingpay somebody to do somethingRay paid some kids to wash the carRay paid some kids to wash the carpay somebody somethingpay somebody somethingI paid him $5 to cut the grassI paid him $5 to cut the grasspay (somebody) in dollarseuros etcpay (somebody) in dollarseuros etc He wanted to be paid in dollarsHe wanted to be paid in dollars

scramble scramble

to climb up down or over something quickly to climb up down or over something quickly and with difficulty especially using your haand with difficulty especially using your hands to help younds to help you

scramble updownover etcscramble updownover etc

They tried to scramble up the cliff She scraThey tried to scramble up the cliff She scrambled down the tree as quickly as she coumbled down the tree as quickly as she couldld

panting boyspanting boys

pantpantto breathe quickly with short noisy breaths for exato breathe quickly with short noisy breaths for exa

mple because you have been running or becausmple because you have been running or because it is very hote it is very hot

He came in panting after running up the steps He He came in panting after running up the steps He was panting for breath was panting for breath

The dog lay panting on the doorstepThe dog lay panting on the doorstep

strangle strangle to kill someone by pressing their throat with your hands a rto kill someone by pressing their throat with your hands a r

ope etcope etcstrangle withstrangle withThe victim had been strangled with a beltThe victim had been strangled with a belt

sternsternserious and strict and showing strong disapproval of someserious and strict and showing strong disapproval of some

ones behaviourones behavioursterner penalties for drug offences stern sterner penalties for drug offences stern lookvoiceexpression etc lookvoiceexpression etc Wait I shouted in my sternest voiceWait I shouted in my sternest voice

judiciousjudicioushaving or done with good judgement sensible having or done with good judgement sensible a judicious choice a judicious choice

usageusageJudicious means lsquousing good judgement sensiblersquo Judicious means lsquousing good judgement sensiblersquo

as in as in the judicious use of public investmentthe judicious use of public investment it sh it should not be confused with judicial which means ould not be confused with judicial which means lsquorelating to the administration of justicersquo as in lsquorelating to the administration of justicersquo as in the the judicial systemjudicial system

clientclient someone who gets services or advice someone who gets services or advice from a professional pefrom a professional pe

rson company or organizationrson company or organization

Elkins assured the judge that neither of his clients had a crimiElkins assured the judge that neither of his clients had a criminal recordnal record

Kilmers attorney Ralph Loeb said that his client should not hKilmers attorney Ralph Loeb said that his client should not have to pay the government anythingave to pay the government anything

Mr Langston normally meets with clients in the afternoonMr Langston normally meets with clients in the afternoon

The firm is one of our oldest clients - we dont want to lose thThe firm is one of our oldest clients - we dont want to lose themem

agedaged 1 very old1 very oldmy aged parentsmy aged parents2 the aged [plural] old people2 the aged [plural] old peoplethe care of children and the agedthe care of children and the aged

cfcfaged 525 etcaged 525 etcaged 525 etc betweenaged 525 etc betweenPolice are looking for a man aged between 30 and 35Police are looking for a man aged between 30 and 35The course is open to children aged 12 and overThe course is open to children aged 12 and over

SYNONYMSSYNONYMSold elderly aged old elderly aged These words all describe sb who has lived for a loThese words all describe sb who has lived for a lo

ng time or that usually lives for a long timeng time or that usually lives for a long timeoldold having lived for a long time no longer young having lived for a long time no longer young Shes getting oldmdashshes 75 next yearShes getting oldmdashshes 75 next yearelderlyelderly (rather formal) used as a polite word for (rather formal) used as a polite word for lsquooldrsquo She is very busy caring for two elderly relatilsquooldrsquo She is very busy caring for two elderly relativesvesagedaged (formal) very old Having aged relatives to (formal) very old Having aged relatives to stay in your house can be quite stressfulstay in your house can be quite stressful

almsalms

[pl] (old-fashioned) money clothes and food that a[pl] (old-fashioned) money clothes and food that are given to poor peoplere given to poor people

cracklecrackle

to make repeated short sounds like something burto make repeated short sounds like something burning in a firening in a fire

logs crackling on the fire logs crackling on the fire

An announcement crackled over the loudspeakerAn announcement crackled over the loudspeaker

all manner of people (line 36)all manner of people (line 36)

all manner of somethingall manner of something

formalformal many different kinds of things or peop many different kinds of things or peoplele

We would discuss all manner of subjects We would discuss all manner of subjects

The British Isles have been conquered by all The British Isles have been conquered by all manner of peoplemanner of people

speculationspeculation1 when you guess about the possible causes or 1 when you guess about the possible causes or

effects of something without knowing all the effects of something without knowing all the facts or the guesses that you makefacts or the guesses that you make

speculation thatspeculation thatThere is speculation that the president is illThere is speculation that the president is illspeculation aboutonspeculation aboutonspeculation about the futurespeculation about the futurethe witnesss statement was pure speculation the witnesss statement was pure speculation

(=not based on any facts) (=not based on any facts)

wildidle speculationwildidle speculation (=speculation that is unlikely to be (=speculation that is unlikely to be true) true)

2 when you try to make a large profit by buying goods 2 when you try to make a large profit by buying goods property shares etc and then selling themproperty shares etc and then selling them

property speculationproperty speculation

scheme scheme 1 1 British EnglishBritish English an official plan that is intended to help an official plan that is intended to help

people in some way for example by providing education people in some way for example by providing education or training American Equivalent or training American Equivalent programprogram

The money will be used for teacher training schemesThe money will be used for teacher training schemesa pension schemea pension scheme

scheme forscheme forschemes for two new cross-city linesschemes for two new cross-city linesscheme to do somethingscheme to do somethinga new scheme to boost exportsa new scheme to boost exportspilot schemepilot scheme (=something that is done on a small s (=something that is done on a small s

cale in order to see if it is successful enough to bcale in order to see if it is successful enough to be done on a larger scale)e done on a larger scale) 小规模试验性质的小规模试验性质的

The pilot scheme proved to be a great successThe pilot scheme proved to be a great success2 a clever plan especially to do something that is 2 a clever plan especially to do something that is

bad or illegal - used in order to show disapprovalbad or illegal - used in order to show disapprovala get-rich-quick schemea get-rich-quick scheme

stand in the waystand in the way

in the sbrsquos wayin the sbrsquos way

stopping sb from moving or doing sthstopping sb from moving or doing sth

Yoursquoll have to movemdashyoursquore in my way Yoursquoll have to movemdashyoursquore in my way

I left them alone as I felt I was in the wayI left them alone as I felt I was in the way

love is withheld (line 44)love is withheld (line 44)

withholdwithhold

past tense and past participle withheld past tense and past participle withheld

to refuse to give someone somethingto refuse to give someone something

I withheld payment until they had completed I withheld payment until they had completed the work the work

Ian was accused of withholding vital informatIan was accused of withholding vital information from the policeion from the police

Text 2 GoldText 2 Gold

esteemesteem

formalformal to respect and admire someone or s to respect and admire someone or somethingomething

Peden was greatly esteemed by the people Peden was greatly esteemed by the people

He was esteemed as a literary witHe was esteemed as a literary wit

fabricatefabricate

1 to invent a story piece of information etc i1 to invent a story piece of information etc in order to deceive someonen order to deceive someone

The police were accused of fabricating evideThe police were accused of fabricating evidence nce

2 technical to make or produce goods or equ2 technical to make or produce goods or equipmentipment ￚￚ synonym manufacturesynonym manufacture

The discs are expensive to fabricateThe discs are expensive to fabricate

ounceounce

An ounce is a unit of weight used in Britain aAn ounce is a unit of weight used in Britain and the USA There are sixteen ounces in a nd the USA There are sixteen ounces in a pound and one ounce is equal to 2835 grpound and one ounce is equal to 2835 grams ams 盎司英两唡〔常衡＝盎司英两唡〔常衡＝ 116116 磅＝磅＝284284 克略作 克略作 ozoz 〕〕

four ounces of sugarfour ounces of sugar

long to possesshellip(line 12)long to possesshellip(line 12)longlongto want something very much especially when it sto want something very much especially when it s

eems unlikely to happen sooneems unlikely to happen soonlong to do somethinglong to do somethingHe longed to see her againHe longed to see her againlong forlong forShe longed for the chance to speak to him in privatShe longed for the chance to speak to him in privat

eeWe longed for a bed after several days of campingWe longed for a bed after several days of camping

longinglonging

a strong feeling of wanting something or someonea strong feeling of wanting something or someone

She looked back with longing on the good old daysShe looked back with longing on the good old days

longing forlonging for

His heart was filled with longing for CynthiaHis heart was filled with longing for Cynthia

longing tolonging to

She felt a longing to throw herself into his armsShe felt a longing to throw herself into his arms

bring out the bestworst in somebodybring out the bestworst in somebody

to make someone behave in the best or worto make someone behave in the best or worst way that they canst way that they can

Alcohol just brings out the worst in herAlcohol just brings out the worst in her

And Vince was obviously a great coach he And Vince was obviously a great coach he brought out the best in his team and whoebrought out the best in his team and whoever played himver played him

exerciseexercise (a rule) (a rule)

formal to use a power right or quality that yformal to use a power right or quality that you haveou have

There are plans to encourage people to exerThere are plans to encourage people to exercise their right to vote People who can excise their right to vote People who can exercise some control over their surroundingercise some control over their surroundings feel less anxiouss feel less anxious

the running of somethingthe running of something

the process of managing or organizing a busthe process of managing or organizing a business home organization etciness home organization etc

Brian took over the day-to-day running of the Brian took over the day-to-day running of the company while his father was away He prcompany while his father was away He praised the smooth running of the electionaised the smooth running of the election

helliphellipplusplus (room and board) (room and board)and alsoand alsoThere are numerous clubs plus a casinoThere are numerous clubs plus a casinoThe cost is pound45 plus pound5 for deliveryThe cost is pound45 plus pound5 for deliveryThe jacket costs $4995 plus taxThe jacket costs $4995 plus tax

the gold standard the gold standard 金本位金本位technicaltechnical the use of the value of gold as a fixed sta the use of the value of gold as a fixed sta

ndard on which to base the value of moneyndard on which to base the value of money

currencycurrency

1 [uncountable and countable] the system or type of money 1 [uncountable and countable] the system or type of money that a country usesthat a country uses

The bank can supply you with foreign currency The bank can supply you with foreign currency There are moves towards a single currency in Europe There are moves towards a single currency in Europe The local currency is the Swiss francThe local currency is the Swiss franc2 [uncountable] the state of being accepted or used by a lot 2 [uncountable] the state of being accepted or used by a lot

of peopleof peopleMarxism began to gain currency Marxism began to gain currency The idea was common currency in European political lifeThe idea was common currency in European political life

prospectorprospector

someone who looks for gold minerals oil etcsomeone who looks for gold minerals oil etc

infamousinfamous

well known for being bad or evilwell known for being bad or evil

an infamous killer Los Angeles infamous smogan infamous killer Los Angeles infamous smog

infamous forinfamous for

This area is infamous for drugs and prostitutionThis area is infamous for drugs and prostitution

ex-guardsex-guards

ex- former and still livingex- former and still living

an ex-Presidentan ex-PresidentHer dads an ex-policemanHer dads an ex-policemanLydia is still friends with her ex-husbandLydia is still friends with her ex-husbandmy ex-wifemy ex-wife

已故的总统已故的总统

an an occupationoccupation for the working class (line 38) for the working class (line 38)which of the following is a suitable synonymwhich of the following is a suitable synonym

his fathers occupationhis fathers occupation JOB profession (line JOB profession (line of) workof) work her leisure occupationsher leisure occupations PASTIME activity PASTIME activity hobby entertainment recreation amusementhobby entertainment recreation amusement a property suitable for occupation by older a property suitable for occupation by older peoplepeople RESIDENCE residency habitation RESIDENCE residency habitation the Roman occupation of Britainthe Roman occupation of Britain CONQUEST capture invasion seizure CONQUEST capture invasion seizure takeovertakeover

eloquenteloquent1 able to express your ideas and opinions well especially i1 able to express your ideas and opinions well especially i

n a way that influences people n a way that influences people 雄辩的有说明力的雄辩的有说明力的an eloquent appeal for supportan eloquent appeal for support

2 showing a feeling or meaning without using words2 showing a feeling or meaning without using words cleaclearly expressiverly expressive

The photographs are an eloquent reminder of the horrors of The photographs are an eloquent reminder of the horrors of warwar

an art that is eloquent of Americas cultural diversityan art that is eloquent of Americas cultural diversity

trust totrust to something something place reliance on (luck fate etc)place reliance on (luck fate etc) to hoto ho

pe that what you want to happen will happpe that what you want to happen will happen because there is nothing you can do aen because there is nothing you can do about itbout it

Ill just have to trust to luck that it works out oIll just have to trust to luck that it works out okay kay

I hope I may trust to your discretionI hope I may trust to your discretion

METAPHORMETAPHOR

METAPHORMETAPHOR A comparison which A comparison which imaginatively identifies one thing with imaginatively identifies one thing with another dissimilar thing and transfers or another dissimilar thing and transfers or ascribes to ascribes to the first thing (the tenor or the first thing (the tenor or idea)idea) some of the qualities of some of the qualities of the second the second (the vehicle or image)(the vehicle or image) Unlike a simile or Unlike a simile or analogy metaphor asserts that one thing analogy metaphor asserts that one thing is another thing not just that one is like is another thing not just that one is like another very frequently a metaphor is another very frequently a metaphor is invoked by the to be verbinvoked by the to be verb

notenote

tenortenor The word phrase or subject with whi The word phrase or subject with which the ch the vehiclevehicle of a metaphor is identified a of a metaphor is identified as life ins life in

隐喻所指的词短语或对象如 隐喻所指的词短语或对象如 life life 在 在 Lifes but a walking shadow Lifes but a walking shadow

(Shakespeare)(Shakespeare)

ldquoldquo 生命不过是一个行走的影子rdquo生命不过是一个行走的影子rdquo (( 莎士比亚莎士比亚 ))

10486951048695Some examples from the BibleSome examples from the Bible

Then Jesus declared I am the bread of life --JoThen Jesus declared I am the bread of life --John 635hn 63510486951048695I am the door if anyone enters through me he shall be I am the door if anyone enters through me he shall be saved and shall go in and out and find pasture --JOHN saved and shall go in and out and find pasture --JOHN 10910910486951048695But I will sing of your strength In the morning I will sinBut I will sing of your strength In the morning I will sing of your love For you are my fortress My refuge in tig of your love For you are my fortress My refuge in times of trouble --Psalm 5916mes of trouble --Psalm 591610486951048695The name of the Lord is a strong tower The righteous The name of the Lord is a strong tower The righteous run to it and are safe --Proverbs 1810run to it and are safe --Proverbs 1810

Another common method of constructing a metaphor is tAnother common method of constructing a metaphor is to use the possessive where the image is expressed as o use the possessive where the image is expressed as being a part of the idea usually in the form of the x of ybeing a part of the idea usually in the form of the x of y

10486951048695A writers river of words will dry up unless it is continuoA writers river of words will dry up unless it is continuously replenished by streams of new learningusly replenished by streams of new learning10486951048695The first beam of hope that had ever darted into his miThe first beam of hope that had ever darted into his mind rekindled youth in his cheeks and doubled the lustre ond rekindled youth in his cheeks and doubled the lustre of his eyes --SAMUEL JOHNSONf his eyes --SAMUEL JOHNSON10486951048695The furnace of affliction had softened his heart and puriThe furnace of affliction had softened his heart and purified his soulfied his soul

In fact there is a whole range of different degrees of direct iIn fact there is a whole range of different degrees of direct identification between image and idea dentification between image and idea

There is fully expressedThere is fully expressed10486951048695The eye is the lamp of your body when your eye is soundThe eye is the lamp of your body when your eye is sound

your whole body is full of light but when it is not sound your whole body is full of light but when it is not sound your body is full of darkness --LUKE 1134your body is full of darkness --LUKE 1134

There is impliedThere is implied10486951048695 For thou hast been my help and in the shadow of thy For thou hast been my help and in the shadow of thy

wings i sing for joy --PSALM 637wings i sing for joy --PSALM 637And there is very impliedAnd there is very implied10486951048695For if men do these things when the tree is green what wiFor if men do these things when the tree is green what wi

ll happen when it is dry --LUKE2331ll happen when it is dry --LUKE2331

Like simile and analogy metaphor is a profoundly important Like simile and analogy metaphor is a profoundly important and useful device Aristotle says in his Rhetoric It is and useful device Aristotle says in his Rhetoric It is metaphor above all else that gives clearness charm metaphor above all else that gives clearness charm and distinction to the style and distinction to the style

So metaphor not only explains by making the abstract or So metaphor not only explains by making the abstract or unknown concrete and familiar but it also enlivens by unknown concrete and familiar but it also enlivens by touching the readers imagination Further it affirms one touching the readers imagination Further it affirms one more interconnection in the unity of all things by showing more interconnection in the unity of all things by showing a relationship between things seemingly alien to each a relationship between things seemingly alien to each other And the fact that two very unlike things can be other And the fact that two very unlike things can be equated or referred to in terms of one another comments equated or referred to in terms of one another comments upon them both upon them both

No metaphor is just a metaphor All have significant imNo metaphor is just a metaphor All have significant implications and they must be chosen carefully especially plications and they must be chosen carefully especially in regard to the connotations the vehicle (image) will tranin regard to the connotations the vehicle (image) will transfer to the tenor Consider for example the differences isfer to the tenor Consider for example the differences in meaning conveyed by these statementsn meaning conveyed by these statements

10486951048695That club is spreading like wildfireThat club is spreading like wildfire10486951048695That club is spreading like cancerThat club is spreading like cancer10486951048695That club is really blossoming nowThat club is really blossoming now10486951048695That club in its amebic That club in its amebic （阿米巴的（阿米巴的 变形虫的） 变形虫的） momotions is engulfing the campustions is engulfing the campus

SimileSimile

Simile is a direct expressed comparison Simile is a direct expressed comparison between two things essentially unlike each other between two things essentially unlike each other but resembling each other in at least one way but resembling each other in at least one way In formal prose the simile is a device both of art In formal prose the simile is a device both of art and explanation comparing the unfamiliar thing and explanation comparing the unfamiliar thing (to be explained) to some familiar thing (an (to be explained) to some familiar thing (an object event process etc) known to the reader object event process etc) known to the reader There is no simile in the comparison my car is There is no simile in the comparison my car is like your car because the two objects are not like your car because the two objects are not essentially unlike each other essentially unlike each other When a noun is compared to a noun the simile When a noun is compared to a noun the simile is usually introduced by likeis usually introduced by like

Some examples from the BibleSome examples from the Bible

I see men but they look like trees walking --MaI see men but they look like trees walking --Mark 824rk 824

10486951048695The soul in the body is like a bird in a cageThe soul in the body is like a bird in a cage

10486951048695After such long exposure to the direct sun the After such long exposure to the direct sun the leaves of the houseplant looked like pieces of ovleaves of the houseplant looked like pieces of overcooked baconercooked bacon

But I am But I am like an olive treelike an olive tree Flourishing in the hou Flourishing in the house of God --Psalm 528se of God --Psalm 528

They will come and shout for joy on the heights They will come and shout for joy on the heights of Zion (of Zion ( 锡安山在耶路撒冷犹太民族文化中锡安山在耶路撒冷犹太民族文化中心的象征心的象征 ) They will be ) They will be like a well-watered like a well-watered gardengarden And they will sorrow no more --Jeremi And they will sorrow no more --Jeremiah 3112ah 3112

(in these last two examples especially notice how powerfull(in these last two examples especially notice how powerfully the thing to be described called the tenor is colored by the thing to be described called the tenor is colored by the thing it is compared to called the vehicle)y the thing it is compared to called the vehicle)

DictationDictation

Gold Rush of 1849Gold Rush of 1849

In January 1848 James W Marshall a carpenter In January 1848 James W Marshall a carpenter building a sawmill in partnership with John A Sutter in building a sawmill in partnership with John A Sutter in Californias Sacramento Valley discovered gold Sutter Californias Sacramento Valley discovered gold Sutter made his workers promise to keep the discovery a made his workers promise to keep the discovery a secret However the news leaked out Within a few secret However the news leaked out Within a few months a shrewd merchant hoping to increase his months a shrewd merchant hoping to increase his business set off the gold rush in earnest Samuel business set off the gold rush in earnest Samuel Brannan one of the early Mormon settlers in San Brannan one of the early Mormon settlers in San Francisco owned a store near Sutters fort In early May Francisco owned a store near Sutters fort In early May he returned to San Francisco from a visit to the diggings he returned to San Francisco from a visit to the diggings and spread the word of gold and spread the word of gold

Within a few days boats filled with townspeople were Within a few days boats filled with townspeople were heading up the Sacramento River to look for gold heading up the Sacramento River to look for gold Brannan of course had stocked his store with mining Brannan of course had stocked his store with mining supplies and was doing a thriving business San supplies and was doing a thriving business San Francisco soon was a ghost town as almost everyone Francisco soon was a ghost town as almost everyone was off to the gold siteswas off to the gold sites

During the summer of 1848 the news spread up and During the summer of 1848 the news spread up and down the West Coast across the border to Mexico and down the West Coast across the border to Mexico and even to the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii) Word also even to the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii) Word also reached the Mississippi Valley and the Eastern statesreached the Mississippi Valley and the Eastern states

Newspapers were filled with the accounts of men who clNewspapers were filled with the accounts of men who claimed to have become rich overnight by picking gold out aimed to have become rich overnight by picking gold out of Californias wondrous earth Then in a message to thof Californias wondrous earth Then in a message to the Congress of the United States in December President e Congress of the United States in December President James K Polk confirmed the presence of gold in CalifornJames K Polk confirmed the presence of gold in California That winter people from all walks of life set out for Caia That winter people from all walks of life set out for California Many pawned their possessions to get there Thlifornia Many pawned their possessions to get there The gold seekers also known as Forty-Niners or Argonautse gold seekers also known as Forty-Niners or Argonauts joined the rush from as far off as Europe and Australia joined the rush from as far off as Europe and Australia Many Chinese also flocked to San Francisco to join in thMany Chinese also flocked to San Francisco to join in the gold rushe gold rush

The EndThe End

Thank YouThank You

He was born in Salinas California In The He was born in Salinas California In The Pastures of Heaven (1932) a group of Pastures of Heaven (1932) a group of short stories depicting a community of short stories depicting a community of California farmers Steinbeck first dealt California farmers Steinbeck first dealt with the hardworking people and social with the hardworking people and social themes associated with most of his works themes associated with most of his works His other early books include In Dubious His other early books include In Dubious Battle (1936) and Of Mice and Men Battle (1936) and Of Mice and Men (1937)(1937)

Steinbecks most widely known work is Steinbecks most widely known work is The GrapThe Grapes of Wrathes of Wrath (1939 Pulitzer Prize 1940) the star (1939 Pulitzer Prize 1940) the stark account of the Joad family from the impoverishk account of the Joad family from the impoverished Oklahoma Dust Bowl and their migration to Ced Oklahoma Dust Bowl and their migration to California during the Great Depression of the 1930alifornia during the Great Depression of the 1930s A major literary figure since the 1930s Steinbs A major literary figure since the 1930s Steinbeck took as his central theme the quiet dignity he eck took as his central theme the quiet dignity he saw in the poor and the oppressed Although his saw in the poor and the oppressed Although his characters are often trapped in an unfair world tcharacters are often trapped in an unfair world they remain sympathetic and heroic if defeated hey remain sympathetic and heroic if defeated human beings Steinbeck was awarded the 1962 human beings Steinbeck was awarded the 1962 Nobel Prize in literature Nobel Prize in literature

Language pointsLanguage points

pay pay

to give someone money for something you buy or for a servto give someone money for something you buy or for a serviceice

How would you like to payHow would you like to pay

pay forpay for

Mum paid for my driving lessonsMum paid for my driving lessons

pay (in) cash pay (in) cash

Youd get a discount for paying cash Youd get a discount for paying cash

pay by chequecredit cardpay by chequecredit card

Can I pay by credit cardCan I pay by credit card

pay somebody for somethingpay somebody for somethingHe didnt even offer to pay me for the ticketHe didnt even offer to pay me for the ticketpay somebody to do somethingpay somebody to do somethingRay paid some kids to wash the carRay paid some kids to wash the carpay somebody somethingpay somebody somethingI paid him $5 to cut the grassI paid him $5 to cut the grasspay (somebody) in dollarseuros etcpay (somebody) in dollarseuros etc He wanted to be paid in dollarsHe wanted to be paid in dollars

scramble scramble

to climb up down or over something quickly to climb up down or over something quickly and with difficulty especially using your haand with difficulty especially using your hands to help younds to help you

scramble updownover etcscramble updownover etc

They tried to scramble up the cliff She scraThey tried to scramble up the cliff She scrambled down the tree as quickly as she coumbled down the tree as quickly as she couldld

panting boyspanting boys

pantpantto breathe quickly with short noisy breaths for exato breathe quickly with short noisy breaths for exa

mple because you have been running or becausmple because you have been running or because it is very hote it is very hot

He came in panting after running up the steps He He came in panting after running up the steps He was panting for breath was panting for breath

The dog lay panting on the doorstepThe dog lay panting on the doorstep

strangle strangle to kill someone by pressing their throat with your hands a rto kill someone by pressing their throat with your hands a r

ope etcope etcstrangle withstrangle withThe victim had been strangled with a beltThe victim had been strangled with a belt

sternsternserious and strict and showing strong disapproval of someserious and strict and showing strong disapproval of some

ones behaviourones behavioursterner penalties for drug offences stern sterner penalties for drug offences stern lookvoiceexpression etc lookvoiceexpression etc Wait I shouted in my sternest voiceWait I shouted in my sternest voice

judiciousjudicioushaving or done with good judgement sensible having or done with good judgement sensible a judicious choice a judicious choice

usageusageJudicious means lsquousing good judgement sensiblersquo Judicious means lsquousing good judgement sensiblersquo

as in as in the judicious use of public investmentthe judicious use of public investment it sh it should not be confused with judicial which means ould not be confused with judicial which means lsquorelating to the administration of justicersquo as in lsquorelating to the administration of justicersquo as in the the judicial systemjudicial system

clientclient someone who gets services or advice someone who gets services or advice from a professional pefrom a professional pe

rson company or organizationrson company or organization

Elkins assured the judge that neither of his clients had a crimiElkins assured the judge that neither of his clients had a criminal recordnal record

Kilmers attorney Ralph Loeb said that his client should not hKilmers attorney Ralph Loeb said that his client should not have to pay the government anythingave to pay the government anything

Mr Langston normally meets with clients in the afternoonMr Langston normally meets with clients in the afternoon

The firm is one of our oldest clients - we dont want to lose thThe firm is one of our oldest clients - we dont want to lose themem

agedaged 1 very old1 very oldmy aged parentsmy aged parents2 the aged [plural] old people2 the aged [plural] old peoplethe care of children and the agedthe care of children and the aged

cfcfaged 525 etcaged 525 etcaged 525 etc betweenaged 525 etc betweenPolice are looking for a man aged between 30 and 35Police are looking for a man aged between 30 and 35The course is open to children aged 12 and overThe course is open to children aged 12 and over

SYNONYMSSYNONYMSold elderly aged old elderly aged These words all describe sb who has lived for a loThese words all describe sb who has lived for a lo

ng time or that usually lives for a long timeng time or that usually lives for a long timeoldold having lived for a long time no longer young having lived for a long time no longer young Shes getting oldmdashshes 75 next yearShes getting oldmdashshes 75 next yearelderlyelderly (rather formal) used as a polite word for (rather formal) used as a polite word for lsquooldrsquo She is very busy caring for two elderly relatilsquooldrsquo She is very busy caring for two elderly relativesvesagedaged (formal) very old Having aged relatives to (formal) very old Having aged relatives to stay in your house can be quite stressfulstay in your house can be quite stressful

almsalms

[pl] (old-fashioned) money clothes and food that a[pl] (old-fashioned) money clothes and food that are given to poor peoplere given to poor people

cracklecrackle

to make repeated short sounds like something burto make repeated short sounds like something burning in a firening in a fire

logs crackling on the fire logs crackling on the fire

An announcement crackled over the loudspeakerAn announcement crackled over the loudspeaker

all manner of people (line 36)all manner of people (line 36)

all manner of somethingall manner of something

formalformal many different kinds of things or peop many different kinds of things or peoplele

We would discuss all manner of subjects We would discuss all manner of subjects

The British Isles have been conquered by all The British Isles have been conquered by all manner of peoplemanner of people

speculationspeculation1 when you guess about the possible causes or 1 when you guess about the possible causes or

effects of something without knowing all the effects of something without knowing all the facts or the guesses that you makefacts or the guesses that you make

speculation thatspeculation thatThere is speculation that the president is illThere is speculation that the president is illspeculation aboutonspeculation aboutonspeculation about the futurespeculation about the futurethe witnesss statement was pure speculation the witnesss statement was pure speculation

(=not based on any facts) (=not based on any facts)

wildidle speculationwildidle speculation (=speculation that is unlikely to be (=speculation that is unlikely to be true) true)

2 when you try to make a large profit by buying goods 2 when you try to make a large profit by buying goods property shares etc and then selling themproperty shares etc and then selling them

property speculationproperty speculation

scheme scheme 1 1 British EnglishBritish English an official plan that is intended to help an official plan that is intended to help

people in some way for example by providing education people in some way for example by providing education or training American Equivalent or training American Equivalent programprogram

The money will be used for teacher training schemesThe money will be used for teacher training schemesa pension schemea pension scheme

scheme forscheme forschemes for two new cross-city linesschemes for two new cross-city linesscheme to do somethingscheme to do somethinga new scheme to boost exportsa new scheme to boost exportspilot schemepilot scheme (=something that is done on a small s (=something that is done on a small s

cale in order to see if it is successful enough to bcale in order to see if it is successful enough to be done on a larger scale)e done on a larger scale) 小规模试验性质的小规模试验性质的

The pilot scheme proved to be a great successThe pilot scheme proved to be a great success2 a clever plan especially to do something that is 2 a clever plan especially to do something that is

bad or illegal - used in order to show disapprovalbad or illegal - used in order to show disapprovala get-rich-quick schemea get-rich-quick scheme

stand in the waystand in the way

in the sbrsquos wayin the sbrsquos way

stopping sb from moving or doing sthstopping sb from moving or doing sth

Yoursquoll have to movemdashyoursquore in my way Yoursquoll have to movemdashyoursquore in my way

I left them alone as I felt I was in the wayI left them alone as I felt I was in the way

love is withheld (line 44)love is withheld (line 44)

withholdwithhold

past tense and past participle withheld past tense and past participle withheld

to refuse to give someone somethingto refuse to give someone something

I withheld payment until they had completed I withheld payment until they had completed the work the work

Ian was accused of withholding vital informatIan was accused of withholding vital information from the policeion from the police

Text 2 GoldText 2 Gold

esteemesteem

formalformal to respect and admire someone or s to respect and admire someone or somethingomething

Peden was greatly esteemed by the people Peden was greatly esteemed by the people

He was esteemed as a literary witHe was esteemed as a literary wit

fabricatefabricate

1 to invent a story piece of information etc i1 to invent a story piece of information etc in order to deceive someonen order to deceive someone

The police were accused of fabricating evideThe police were accused of fabricating evidence nce

2 technical to make or produce goods or equ2 technical to make or produce goods or equipmentipment ￚￚ synonym manufacturesynonym manufacture

The discs are expensive to fabricateThe discs are expensive to fabricate

ounceounce

An ounce is a unit of weight used in Britain aAn ounce is a unit of weight used in Britain and the USA There are sixteen ounces in a nd the USA There are sixteen ounces in a pound and one ounce is equal to 2835 grpound and one ounce is equal to 2835 grams ams 盎司英两唡〔常衡＝盎司英两唡〔常衡＝ 116116 磅＝磅＝284284 克略作 克略作 ozoz 〕〕

four ounces of sugarfour ounces of sugar

long to possesshellip(line 12)long to possesshellip(line 12)longlongto want something very much especially when it sto want something very much especially when it s

eems unlikely to happen sooneems unlikely to happen soonlong to do somethinglong to do somethingHe longed to see her againHe longed to see her againlong forlong forShe longed for the chance to speak to him in privatShe longed for the chance to speak to him in privat

eeWe longed for a bed after several days of campingWe longed for a bed after several days of camping

longinglonging

a strong feeling of wanting something or someonea strong feeling of wanting something or someone

She looked back with longing on the good old daysShe looked back with longing on the good old days

longing forlonging for

His heart was filled with longing for CynthiaHis heart was filled with longing for Cynthia

longing tolonging to

She felt a longing to throw herself into his armsShe felt a longing to throw herself into his arms

bring out the bestworst in somebodybring out the bestworst in somebody

to make someone behave in the best or worto make someone behave in the best or worst way that they canst way that they can

Alcohol just brings out the worst in herAlcohol just brings out the worst in her

And Vince was obviously a great coach he And Vince was obviously a great coach he brought out the best in his team and whoebrought out the best in his team and whoever played himver played him

exerciseexercise (a rule) (a rule)

formal to use a power right or quality that yformal to use a power right or quality that you haveou have

There are plans to encourage people to exerThere are plans to encourage people to exercise their right to vote People who can excise their right to vote People who can exercise some control over their surroundingercise some control over their surroundings feel less anxiouss feel less anxious

the running of somethingthe running of something

the process of managing or organizing a busthe process of managing or organizing a business home organization etciness home organization etc

Brian took over the day-to-day running of the Brian took over the day-to-day running of the company while his father was away He prcompany while his father was away He praised the smooth running of the electionaised the smooth running of the election

helliphellipplusplus (room and board) (room and board)and alsoand alsoThere are numerous clubs plus a casinoThere are numerous clubs plus a casinoThe cost is pound45 plus pound5 for deliveryThe cost is pound45 plus pound5 for deliveryThe jacket costs $4995 plus taxThe jacket costs $4995 plus tax

the gold standard the gold standard 金本位金本位technicaltechnical the use of the value of gold as a fixed sta the use of the value of gold as a fixed sta

ndard on which to base the value of moneyndard on which to base the value of money

currencycurrency

1 [uncountable and countable] the system or type of money 1 [uncountable and countable] the system or type of money that a country usesthat a country uses

The bank can supply you with foreign currency The bank can supply you with foreign currency There are moves towards a single currency in Europe There are moves towards a single currency in Europe The local currency is the Swiss francThe local currency is the Swiss franc2 [uncountable] the state of being accepted or used by a lot 2 [uncountable] the state of being accepted or used by a lot

of peopleof peopleMarxism began to gain currency Marxism began to gain currency The idea was common currency in European political lifeThe idea was common currency in European political life

prospectorprospector

someone who looks for gold minerals oil etcsomeone who looks for gold minerals oil etc

infamousinfamous

well known for being bad or evilwell known for being bad or evil

an infamous killer Los Angeles infamous smogan infamous killer Los Angeles infamous smog

infamous forinfamous for

This area is infamous for drugs and prostitutionThis area is infamous for drugs and prostitution

ex-guardsex-guards

ex- former and still livingex- former and still living

an ex-Presidentan ex-PresidentHer dads an ex-policemanHer dads an ex-policemanLydia is still friends with her ex-husbandLydia is still friends with her ex-husbandmy ex-wifemy ex-wife

已故的总统已故的总统

an an occupationoccupation for the working class (line 38) for the working class (line 38)which of the following is a suitable synonymwhich of the following is a suitable synonym

his fathers occupationhis fathers occupation JOB profession (line JOB profession (line of) workof) work her leisure occupationsher leisure occupations PASTIME activity PASTIME activity hobby entertainment recreation amusementhobby entertainment recreation amusement a property suitable for occupation by older a property suitable for occupation by older peoplepeople RESIDENCE residency habitation RESIDENCE residency habitation the Roman occupation of Britainthe Roman occupation of Britain CONQUEST capture invasion seizure CONQUEST capture invasion seizure takeovertakeover

eloquenteloquent1 able to express your ideas and opinions well especially i1 able to express your ideas and opinions well especially i

n a way that influences people n a way that influences people 雄辩的有说明力的雄辩的有说明力的an eloquent appeal for supportan eloquent appeal for support

2 showing a feeling or meaning without using words2 showing a feeling or meaning without using words cleaclearly expressiverly expressive

The photographs are an eloquent reminder of the horrors of The photographs are an eloquent reminder of the horrors of warwar

an art that is eloquent of Americas cultural diversityan art that is eloquent of Americas cultural diversity

trust totrust to something something place reliance on (luck fate etc)place reliance on (luck fate etc) to hoto ho

pe that what you want to happen will happpe that what you want to happen will happen because there is nothing you can do aen because there is nothing you can do about itbout it

Ill just have to trust to luck that it works out oIll just have to trust to luck that it works out okay kay

I hope I may trust to your discretionI hope I may trust to your discretion

METAPHORMETAPHOR

METAPHORMETAPHOR A comparison which A comparison which imaginatively identifies one thing with imaginatively identifies one thing with another dissimilar thing and transfers or another dissimilar thing and transfers or ascribes to ascribes to the first thing (the tenor or the first thing (the tenor or idea)idea) some of the qualities of some of the qualities of the second the second (the vehicle or image)(the vehicle or image) Unlike a simile or Unlike a simile or analogy metaphor asserts that one thing analogy metaphor asserts that one thing is another thing not just that one is like is another thing not just that one is like another very frequently a metaphor is another very frequently a metaphor is invoked by the to be verbinvoked by the to be verb

notenote

tenortenor The word phrase or subject with whi The word phrase or subject with which the ch the vehiclevehicle of a metaphor is identified a of a metaphor is identified as life ins life in

隐喻所指的词短语或对象如 隐喻所指的词短语或对象如 life life 在 在 Lifes but a walking shadow Lifes but a walking shadow

(Shakespeare)(Shakespeare)

ldquoldquo 生命不过是一个行走的影子rdquo生命不过是一个行走的影子rdquo (( 莎士比亚莎士比亚 ))

10486951048695Some examples from the BibleSome examples from the Bible

Then Jesus declared I am the bread of life --JoThen Jesus declared I am the bread of life --John 635hn 63510486951048695I am the door if anyone enters through me he shall be I am the door if anyone enters through me he shall be saved and shall go in and out and find pasture --JOHN saved and shall go in and out and find pasture --JOHN 10910910486951048695But I will sing of your strength In the morning I will sinBut I will sing of your strength In the morning I will sing of your love For you are my fortress My refuge in tig of your love For you are my fortress My refuge in times of trouble --Psalm 5916mes of trouble --Psalm 591610486951048695The name of the Lord is a strong tower The righteous The name of the Lord is a strong tower The righteous run to it and are safe --Proverbs 1810run to it and are safe --Proverbs 1810

Another common method of constructing a metaphor is tAnother common method of constructing a metaphor is to use the possessive where the image is expressed as o use the possessive where the image is expressed as being a part of the idea usually in the form of the x of ybeing a part of the idea usually in the form of the x of y

10486951048695A writers river of words will dry up unless it is continuoA writers river of words will dry up unless it is continuously replenished by streams of new learningusly replenished by streams of new learning10486951048695The first beam of hope that had ever darted into his miThe first beam of hope that had ever darted into his mind rekindled youth in his cheeks and doubled the lustre ond rekindled youth in his cheeks and doubled the lustre of his eyes --SAMUEL JOHNSONf his eyes --SAMUEL JOHNSON10486951048695The furnace of affliction had softened his heart and puriThe furnace of affliction had softened his heart and purified his soulfied his soul

In fact there is a whole range of different degrees of direct iIn fact there is a whole range of different degrees of direct identification between image and idea dentification between image and idea

There is fully expressedThere is fully expressed10486951048695The eye is the lamp of your body when your eye is soundThe eye is the lamp of your body when your eye is sound

your whole body is full of light but when it is not sound your whole body is full of light but when it is not sound your body is full of darkness --LUKE 1134your body is full of darkness --LUKE 1134

There is impliedThere is implied10486951048695 For thou hast been my help and in the shadow of thy For thou hast been my help and in the shadow of thy

wings i sing for joy --PSALM 637wings i sing for joy --PSALM 637And there is very impliedAnd there is very implied10486951048695For if men do these things when the tree is green what wiFor if men do these things when the tree is green what wi

ll happen when it is dry --LUKE2331ll happen when it is dry --LUKE2331

Like simile and analogy metaphor is a profoundly important Like simile and analogy metaphor is a profoundly important and useful device Aristotle says in his Rhetoric It is and useful device Aristotle says in his Rhetoric It is metaphor above all else that gives clearness charm metaphor above all else that gives clearness charm and distinction to the style and distinction to the style

So metaphor not only explains by making the abstract or So metaphor not only explains by making the abstract or unknown concrete and familiar but it also enlivens by unknown concrete and familiar but it also enlivens by touching the readers imagination Further it affirms one touching the readers imagination Further it affirms one more interconnection in the unity of all things by showing more interconnection in the unity of all things by showing a relationship between things seemingly alien to each a relationship between things seemingly alien to each other And the fact that two very unlike things can be other And the fact that two very unlike things can be equated or referred to in terms of one another comments equated or referred to in terms of one another comments upon them both upon them both

No metaphor is just a metaphor All have significant imNo metaphor is just a metaphor All have significant implications and they must be chosen carefully especially plications and they must be chosen carefully especially in regard to the connotations the vehicle (image) will tranin regard to the connotations the vehicle (image) will transfer to the tenor Consider for example the differences isfer to the tenor Consider for example the differences in meaning conveyed by these statementsn meaning conveyed by these statements

10486951048695That club is spreading like wildfireThat club is spreading like wildfire10486951048695That club is spreading like cancerThat club is spreading like cancer10486951048695That club is really blossoming nowThat club is really blossoming now10486951048695That club in its amebic That club in its amebic （阿米巴的（阿米巴的 变形虫的） 变形虫的） momotions is engulfing the campustions is engulfing the campus

SimileSimile

Simile is a direct expressed comparison Simile is a direct expressed comparison between two things essentially unlike each other between two things essentially unlike each other but resembling each other in at least one way but resembling each other in at least one way In formal prose the simile is a device both of art In formal prose the simile is a device both of art and explanation comparing the unfamiliar thing and explanation comparing the unfamiliar thing (to be explained) to some familiar thing (an (to be explained) to some familiar thing (an object event process etc) known to the reader object event process etc) known to the reader There is no simile in the comparison my car is There is no simile in the comparison my car is like your car because the two objects are not like your car because the two objects are not essentially unlike each other essentially unlike each other When a noun is compared to a noun the simile When a noun is compared to a noun the simile is usually introduced by likeis usually introduced by like

Some examples from the BibleSome examples from the Bible

I see men but they look like trees walking --MaI see men but they look like trees walking --Mark 824rk 824

10486951048695The soul in the body is like a bird in a cageThe soul in the body is like a bird in a cage

10486951048695After such long exposure to the direct sun the After such long exposure to the direct sun the leaves of the houseplant looked like pieces of ovleaves of the houseplant looked like pieces of overcooked baconercooked bacon

But I am But I am like an olive treelike an olive tree Flourishing in the hou Flourishing in the house of God --Psalm 528se of God --Psalm 528

They will come and shout for joy on the heights They will come and shout for joy on the heights of Zion (of Zion ( 锡安山在耶路撒冷犹太民族文化中锡安山在耶路撒冷犹太民族文化中心的象征心的象征 ) They will be ) They will be like a well-watered like a well-watered gardengarden And they will sorrow no more --Jeremi And they will sorrow no more --Jeremiah 3112ah 3112

(in these last two examples especially notice how powerfull(in these last two examples especially notice how powerfully the thing to be described called the tenor is colored by the thing to be described called the tenor is colored by the thing it is compared to called the vehicle)y the thing it is compared to called the vehicle)

DictationDictation

Gold Rush of 1849Gold Rush of 1849

In January 1848 James W Marshall a carpenter In January 1848 James W Marshall a carpenter building a sawmill in partnership with John A Sutter in building a sawmill in partnership with John A Sutter in Californias Sacramento Valley discovered gold Sutter Californias Sacramento Valley discovered gold Sutter made his workers promise to keep the discovery a made his workers promise to keep the discovery a secret However the news leaked out Within a few secret However the news leaked out Within a few months a shrewd merchant hoping to increase his months a shrewd merchant hoping to increase his business set off the gold rush in earnest Samuel business set off the gold rush in earnest Samuel Brannan one of the early Mormon settlers in San Brannan one of the early Mormon settlers in San Francisco owned a store near Sutters fort In early May Francisco owned a store near Sutters fort In early May he returned to San Francisco from a visit to the diggings he returned to San Francisco from a visit to the diggings and spread the word of gold and spread the word of gold

Within a few days boats filled with townspeople were Within a few days boats filled with townspeople were heading up the Sacramento River to look for gold heading up the Sacramento River to look for gold Brannan of course had stocked his store with mining Brannan of course had stocked his store with mining supplies and was doing a thriving business San supplies and was doing a thriving business San Francisco soon was a ghost town as almost everyone Francisco soon was a ghost town as almost everyone was off to the gold siteswas off to the gold sites

During the summer of 1848 the news spread up and During the summer of 1848 the news spread up and down the West Coast across the border to Mexico and down the West Coast across the border to Mexico and even to the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii) Word also even to the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii) Word also reached the Mississippi Valley and the Eastern statesreached the Mississippi Valley and the Eastern states

Newspapers were filled with the accounts of men who clNewspapers were filled with the accounts of men who claimed to have become rich overnight by picking gold out aimed to have become rich overnight by picking gold out of Californias wondrous earth Then in a message to thof Californias wondrous earth Then in a message to the Congress of the United States in December President e Congress of the United States in December President James K Polk confirmed the presence of gold in CalifornJames K Polk confirmed the presence of gold in California That winter people from all walks of life set out for Caia That winter people from all walks of life set out for California Many pawned their possessions to get there Thlifornia Many pawned their possessions to get there The gold seekers also known as Forty-Niners or Argonautse gold seekers also known as Forty-Niners or Argonauts joined the rush from as far off as Europe and Australia joined the rush from as far off as Europe and Australia Many Chinese also flocked to San Francisco to join in thMany Chinese also flocked to San Francisco to join in the gold rushe gold rush

The EndThe End

Thank YouThank You

Steinbecks most widely known work is Steinbecks most widely known work is The GrapThe Grapes of Wrathes of Wrath (1939 Pulitzer Prize 1940) the star (1939 Pulitzer Prize 1940) the stark account of the Joad family from the impoverishk account of the Joad family from the impoverished Oklahoma Dust Bowl and their migration to Ced Oklahoma Dust Bowl and their migration to California during the Great Depression of the 1930alifornia during the Great Depression of the 1930s A major literary figure since the 1930s Steinbs A major literary figure since the 1930s Steinbeck took as his central theme the quiet dignity he eck took as his central theme the quiet dignity he saw in the poor and the oppressed Although his saw in the poor and the oppressed Although his characters are often trapped in an unfair world tcharacters are often trapped in an unfair world they remain sympathetic and heroic if defeated hey remain sympathetic and heroic if defeated human beings Steinbeck was awarded the 1962 human beings Steinbeck was awarded the 1962 Nobel Prize in literature Nobel Prize in literature

Language pointsLanguage points

pay pay

to give someone money for something you buy or for a servto give someone money for something you buy or for a serviceice

How would you like to payHow would you like to pay

pay forpay for

Mum paid for my driving lessonsMum paid for my driving lessons

pay (in) cash pay (in) cash

Youd get a discount for paying cash Youd get a discount for paying cash

pay by chequecredit cardpay by chequecredit card

Can I pay by credit cardCan I pay by credit card

pay somebody for somethingpay somebody for somethingHe didnt even offer to pay me for the ticketHe didnt even offer to pay me for the ticketpay somebody to do somethingpay somebody to do somethingRay paid some kids to wash the carRay paid some kids to wash the carpay somebody somethingpay somebody somethingI paid him $5 to cut the grassI paid him $5 to cut the grasspay (somebody) in dollarseuros etcpay (somebody) in dollarseuros etc He wanted to be paid in dollarsHe wanted to be paid in dollars

scramble scramble

to climb up down or over something quickly to climb up down or over something quickly and with difficulty especially using your haand with difficulty especially using your hands to help younds to help you

scramble updownover etcscramble updownover etc

They tried to scramble up the cliff She scraThey tried to scramble up the cliff She scrambled down the tree as quickly as she coumbled down the tree as quickly as she couldld

panting boyspanting boys

pantpantto breathe quickly with short noisy breaths for exato breathe quickly with short noisy breaths for exa

mple because you have been running or becausmple because you have been running or because it is very hote it is very hot

He came in panting after running up the steps He He came in panting after running up the steps He was panting for breath was panting for breath

The dog lay panting on the doorstepThe dog lay panting on the doorstep

strangle strangle to kill someone by pressing their throat with your hands a rto kill someone by pressing their throat with your hands a r

ope etcope etcstrangle withstrangle withThe victim had been strangled with a beltThe victim had been strangled with a belt

sternsternserious and strict and showing strong disapproval of someserious and strict and showing strong disapproval of some

ones behaviourones behavioursterner penalties for drug offences stern sterner penalties for drug offences stern lookvoiceexpression etc lookvoiceexpression etc Wait I shouted in my sternest voiceWait I shouted in my sternest voice

judiciousjudicioushaving or done with good judgement sensible having or done with good judgement sensible a judicious choice a judicious choice

usageusageJudicious means lsquousing good judgement sensiblersquo Judicious means lsquousing good judgement sensiblersquo

as in as in the judicious use of public investmentthe judicious use of public investment it sh it should not be confused with judicial which means ould not be confused with judicial which means lsquorelating to the administration of justicersquo as in lsquorelating to the administration of justicersquo as in the the judicial systemjudicial system

clientclient someone who gets services or advice someone who gets services or advice from a professional pefrom a professional pe

rson company or organizationrson company or organization

Elkins assured the judge that neither of his clients had a crimiElkins assured the judge that neither of his clients had a criminal recordnal record

Kilmers attorney Ralph Loeb said that his client should not hKilmers attorney Ralph Loeb said that his client should not have to pay the government anythingave to pay the government anything

Mr Langston normally meets with clients in the afternoonMr Langston normally meets with clients in the afternoon

The firm is one of our oldest clients - we dont want to lose thThe firm is one of our oldest clients - we dont want to lose themem

agedaged 1 very old1 very oldmy aged parentsmy aged parents2 the aged [plural] old people2 the aged [plural] old peoplethe care of children and the agedthe care of children and the aged

cfcfaged 525 etcaged 525 etcaged 525 etc betweenaged 525 etc betweenPolice are looking for a man aged between 30 and 35Police are looking for a man aged between 30 and 35The course is open to children aged 12 and overThe course is open to children aged 12 and over

SYNONYMSSYNONYMSold elderly aged old elderly aged These words all describe sb who has lived for a loThese words all describe sb who has lived for a lo

ng time or that usually lives for a long timeng time or that usually lives for a long timeoldold having lived for a long time no longer young having lived for a long time no longer young Shes getting oldmdashshes 75 next yearShes getting oldmdashshes 75 next yearelderlyelderly (rather formal) used as a polite word for (rather formal) used as a polite word for lsquooldrsquo She is very busy caring for two elderly relatilsquooldrsquo She is very busy caring for two elderly relativesvesagedaged (formal) very old Having aged relatives to (formal) very old Having aged relatives to stay in your house can be quite stressfulstay in your house can be quite stressful

almsalms

[pl] (old-fashioned) money clothes and food that a[pl] (old-fashioned) money clothes and food that are given to poor peoplere given to poor people

cracklecrackle

to make repeated short sounds like something burto make repeated short sounds like something burning in a firening in a fire

logs crackling on the fire logs crackling on the fire

An announcement crackled over the loudspeakerAn announcement crackled over the loudspeaker

all manner of people (line 36)all manner of people (line 36)

all manner of somethingall manner of something

formalformal many different kinds of things or peop many different kinds of things or peoplele

We would discuss all manner of subjects We would discuss all manner of subjects

The British Isles have been conquered by all The British Isles have been conquered by all manner of peoplemanner of people

speculationspeculation1 when you guess about the possible causes or 1 when you guess about the possible causes or

effects of something without knowing all the effects of something without knowing all the facts or the guesses that you makefacts or the guesses that you make

speculation thatspeculation thatThere is speculation that the president is illThere is speculation that the president is illspeculation aboutonspeculation aboutonspeculation about the futurespeculation about the futurethe witnesss statement was pure speculation the witnesss statement was pure speculation

(=not based on any facts) (=not based on any facts)

wildidle speculationwildidle speculation (=speculation that is unlikely to be (=speculation that is unlikely to be true) true)

2 when you try to make a large profit by buying goods 2 when you try to make a large profit by buying goods property shares etc and then selling themproperty shares etc and then selling them

property speculationproperty speculation

scheme scheme 1 1 British EnglishBritish English an official plan that is intended to help an official plan that is intended to help

people in some way for example by providing education people in some way for example by providing education or training American Equivalent or training American Equivalent programprogram

The money will be used for teacher training schemesThe money will be used for teacher training schemesa pension schemea pension scheme

scheme forscheme forschemes for two new cross-city linesschemes for two new cross-city linesscheme to do somethingscheme to do somethinga new scheme to boost exportsa new scheme to boost exportspilot schemepilot scheme (=something that is done on a small s (=something that is done on a small s

cale in order to see if it is successful enough to bcale in order to see if it is successful enough to be done on a larger scale)e done on a larger scale) 小规模试验性质的小规模试验性质的

The pilot scheme proved to be a great successThe pilot scheme proved to be a great success2 a clever plan especially to do something that is 2 a clever plan especially to do something that is

bad or illegal - used in order to show disapprovalbad or illegal - used in order to show disapprovala get-rich-quick schemea get-rich-quick scheme

stand in the waystand in the way

in the sbrsquos wayin the sbrsquos way

stopping sb from moving or doing sthstopping sb from moving or doing sth

Yoursquoll have to movemdashyoursquore in my way Yoursquoll have to movemdashyoursquore in my way

I left them alone as I felt I was in the wayI left them alone as I felt I was in the way

love is withheld (line 44)love is withheld (line 44)

withholdwithhold

past tense and past participle withheld past tense and past participle withheld

to refuse to give someone somethingto refuse to give someone something

I withheld payment until they had completed I withheld payment until they had completed the work the work

Ian was accused of withholding vital informatIan was accused of withholding vital information from the policeion from the police

Text 2 GoldText 2 Gold

esteemesteem

formalformal to respect and admire someone or s to respect and admire someone or somethingomething

Peden was greatly esteemed by the people Peden was greatly esteemed by the people

He was esteemed as a literary witHe was esteemed as a literary wit

fabricatefabricate

1 to invent a story piece of information etc i1 to invent a story piece of information etc in order to deceive someonen order to deceive someone

The police were accused of fabricating evideThe police were accused of fabricating evidence nce

2 technical to make or produce goods or equ2 technical to make or produce goods or equipmentipment ￚￚ synonym manufacturesynonym manufacture

The discs are expensive to fabricateThe discs are expensive to fabricate

ounceounce

An ounce is a unit of weight used in Britain aAn ounce is a unit of weight used in Britain and the USA There are sixteen ounces in a nd the USA There are sixteen ounces in a pound and one ounce is equal to 2835 grpound and one ounce is equal to 2835 grams ams 盎司英两唡〔常衡＝盎司英两唡〔常衡＝ 116116 磅＝磅＝284284 克略作 克略作 ozoz 〕〕

four ounces of sugarfour ounces of sugar

long to possesshellip(line 12)long to possesshellip(line 12)longlongto want something very much especially when it sto want something very much especially when it s

eems unlikely to happen sooneems unlikely to happen soonlong to do somethinglong to do somethingHe longed to see her againHe longed to see her againlong forlong forShe longed for the chance to speak to him in privatShe longed for the chance to speak to him in privat

eeWe longed for a bed after several days of campingWe longed for a bed after several days of camping

longinglonging

a strong feeling of wanting something or someonea strong feeling of wanting something or someone

She looked back with longing on the good old daysShe looked back with longing on the good old days

longing forlonging for

His heart was filled with longing for CynthiaHis heart was filled with longing for Cynthia

longing tolonging to

She felt a longing to throw herself into his armsShe felt a longing to throw herself into his arms

bring out the bestworst in somebodybring out the bestworst in somebody

to make someone behave in the best or worto make someone behave in the best or worst way that they canst way that they can

Alcohol just brings out the worst in herAlcohol just brings out the worst in her

And Vince was obviously a great coach he And Vince was obviously a great coach he brought out the best in his team and whoebrought out the best in his team and whoever played himver played him

exerciseexercise (a rule) (a rule)

formal to use a power right or quality that yformal to use a power right or quality that you haveou have

There are plans to encourage people to exerThere are plans to encourage people to exercise their right to vote People who can excise their right to vote People who can exercise some control over their surroundingercise some control over their surroundings feel less anxiouss feel less anxious

the running of somethingthe running of something

the process of managing or organizing a busthe process of managing or organizing a business home organization etciness home organization etc

Brian took over the day-to-day running of the Brian took over the day-to-day running of the company while his father was away He prcompany while his father was away He praised the smooth running of the electionaised the smooth running of the election

helliphellipplusplus (room and board) (room and board)and alsoand alsoThere are numerous clubs plus a casinoThere are numerous clubs plus a casinoThe cost is pound45 plus pound5 for deliveryThe cost is pound45 plus pound5 for deliveryThe jacket costs $4995 plus taxThe jacket costs $4995 plus tax

the gold standard the gold standard 金本位金本位technicaltechnical the use of the value of gold as a fixed sta the use of the value of gold as a fixed sta

ndard on which to base the value of moneyndard on which to base the value of money

currencycurrency

1 [uncountable and countable] the system or type of money 1 [uncountable and countable] the system or type of money that a country usesthat a country uses

The bank can supply you with foreign currency The bank can supply you with foreign currency There are moves towards a single currency in Europe There are moves towards a single currency in Europe The local currency is the Swiss francThe local currency is the Swiss franc2 [uncountable] the state of being accepted or used by a lot 2 [uncountable] the state of being accepted or used by a lot

of peopleof peopleMarxism began to gain currency Marxism began to gain currency The idea was common currency in European political lifeThe idea was common currency in European political life

prospectorprospector

someone who looks for gold minerals oil etcsomeone who looks for gold minerals oil etc

infamousinfamous

well known for being bad or evilwell known for being bad or evil

an infamous killer Los Angeles infamous smogan infamous killer Los Angeles infamous smog

infamous forinfamous for

This area is infamous for drugs and prostitutionThis area is infamous for drugs and prostitution

ex-guardsex-guards

ex- former and still livingex- former and still living

an ex-Presidentan ex-PresidentHer dads an ex-policemanHer dads an ex-policemanLydia is still friends with her ex-husbandLydia is still friends with her ex-husbandmy ex-wifemy ex-wife

已故的总统已故的总统

an an occupationoccupation for the working class (line 38) for the working class (line 38)which of the following is a suitable synonymwhich of the following is a suitable synonym

his fathers occupationhis fathers occupation JOB profession (line JOB profession (line of) workof) work her leisure occupationsher leisure occupations PASTIME activity PASTIME activity hobby entertainment recreation amusementhobby entertainment recreation amusement a property suitable for occupation by older a property suitable for occupation by older peoplepeople RESIDENCE residency habitation RESIDENCE residency habitation the Roman occupation of Britainthe Roman occupation of Britain CONQUEST capture invasion seizure CONQUEST capture invasion seizure takeovertakeover

eloquenteloquent1 able to express your ideas and opinions well especially i1 able to express your ideas and opinions well especially i

n a way that influences people n a way that influences people 雄辩的有说明力的雄辩的有说明力的an eloquent appeal for supportan eloquent appeal for support

2 showing a feeling or meaning without using words2 showing a feeling or meaning without using words cleaclearly expressiverly expressive

The photographs are an eloquent reminder of the horrors of The photographs are an eloquent reminder of the horrors of warwar

an art that is eloquent of Americas cultural diversityan art that is eloquent of Americas cultural diversity

trust totrust to something something place reliance on (luck fate etc)place reliance on (luck fate etc) to hoto ho

pe that what you want to happen will happpe that what you want to happen will happen because there is nothing you can do aen because there is nothing you can do about itbout it

Ill just have to trust to luck that it works out oIll just have to trust to luck that it works out okay kay

I hope I may trust to your discretionI hope I may trust to your discretion

METAPHORMETAPHOR

METAPHORMETAPHOR A comparison which A comparison which imaginatively identifies one thing with imaginatively identifies one thing with another dissimilar thing and transfers or another dissimilar thing and transfers or ascribes to ascribes to the first thing (the tenor or the first thing (the tenor or idea)idea) some of the qualities of some of the qualities of the second the second (the vehicle or image)(the vehicle or image) Unlike a simile or Unlike a simile or analogy metaphor asserts that one thing analogy metaphor asserts that one thing is another thing not just that one is like is another thing not just that one is like another very frequently a metaphor is another very frequently a metaphor is invoked by the to be verbinvoked by the to be verb

notenote

tenortenor The word phrase or subject with whi The word phrase or subject with which the ch the vehiclevehicle of a metaphor is identified a of a metaphor is identified as life ins life in

隐喻所指的词短语或对象如 隐喻所指的词短语或对象如 life life 在 在 Lifes but a walking shadow Lifes but a walking shadow

(Shakespeare)(Shakespeare)

ldquoldquo 生命不过是一个行走的影子rdquo生命不过是一个行走的影子rdquo (( 莎士比亚莎士比亚 ))

10486951048695Some examples from the BibleSome examples from the Bible

Then Jesus declared I am the bread of life --JoThen Jesus declared I am the bread of life --John 635hn 63510486951048695I am the door if anyone enters through me he shall be I am the door if anyone enters through me he shall be saved and shall go in and out and find pasture --JOHN saved and shall go in and out and find pasture --JOHN 10910910486951048695But I will sing of your strength In the morning I will sinBut I will sing of your strength In the morning I will sing of your love For you are my fortress My refuge in tig of your love For you are my fortress My refuge in times of trouble --Psalm 5916mes of trouble --Psalm 591610486951048695The name of the Lord is a strong tower The righteous The name of the Lord is a strong tower The righteous run to it and are safe --Proverbs 1810run to it and are safe --Proverbs 1810

Another common method of constructing a metaphor is tAnother common method of constructing a metaphor is to use the possessive where the image is expressed as o use the possessive where the image is expressed as being a part of the idea usually in the form of the x of ybeing a part of the idea usually in the form of the x of y

10486951048695A writers river of words will dry up unless it is continuoA writers river of words will dry up unless it is continuously replenished by streams of new learningusly replenished by streams of new learning10486951048695The first beam of hope that had ever darted into his miThe first beam of hope that had ever darted into his mind rekindled youth in his cheeks and doubled the lustre ond rekindled youth in his cheeks and doubled the lustre of his eyes --SAMUEL JOHNSONf his eyes --SAMUEL JOHNSON10486951048695The furnace of affliction had softened his heart and puriThe furnace of affliction had softened his heart and purified his soulfied his soul

In fact there is a whole range of different degrees of direct iIn fact there is a whole range of different degrees of direct identification between image and idea dentification between image and idea

There is fully expressedThere is fully expressed10486951048695The eye is the lamp of your body when your eye is soundThe eye is the lamp of your body when your eye is sound

your whole body is full of light but when it is not sound your whole body is full of light but when it is not sound your body is full of darkness --LUKE 1134your body is full of darkness --LUKE 1134

There is impliedThere is implied10486951048695 For thou hast been my help and in the shadow of thy For thou hast been my help and in the shadow of thy

wings i sing for joy --PSALM 637wings i sing for joy --PSALM 637And there is very impliedAnd there is very implied10486951048695For if men do these things when the tree is green what wiFor if men do these things when the tree is green what wi

ll happen when it is dry --LUKE2331ll happen when it is dry --LUKE2331

Like simile and analogy metaphor is a profoundly important Like simile and analogy metaphor is a profoundly important and useful device Aristotle says in his Rhetoric It is and useful device Aristotle says in his Rhetoric It is metaphor above all else that gives clearness charm metaphor above all else that gives clearness charm and distinction to the style and distinction to the style

So metaphor not only explains by making the abstract or So metaphor not only explains by making the abstract or unknown concrete and familiar but it also enlivens by unknown concrete and familiar but it also enlivens by touching the readers imagination Further it affirms one touching the readers imagination Further it affirms one more interconnection in the unity of all things by showing more interconnection in the unity of all things by showing a relationship between things seemingly alien to each a relationship between things seemingly alien to each other And the fact that two very unlike things can be other And the fact that two very unlike things can be equated or referred to in terms of one another comments equated or referred to in terms of one another comments upon them both upon them both

No metaphor is just a metaphor All have significant imNo metaphor is just a metaphor All have significant implications and they must be chosen carefully especially plications and they must be chosen carefully especially in regard to the connotations the vehicle (image) will tranin regard to the connotations the vehicle (image) will transfer to the tenor Consider for example the differences isfer to the tenor Consider for example the differences in meaning conveyed by these statementsn meaning conveyed by these statements

10486951048695That club is spreading like wildfireThat club is spreading like wildfire10486951048695That club is spreading like cancerThat club is spreading like cancer10486951048695That club is really blossoming nowThat club is really blossoming now10486951048695That club in its amebic That club in its amebic （阿米巴的（阿米巴的 变形虫的） 变形虫的） momotions is engulfing the campustions is engulfing the campus

SimileSimile

Simile is a direct expressed comparison Simile is a direct expressed comparison between two things essentially unlike each other between two things essentially unlike each other but resembling each other in at least one way but resembling each other in at least one way In formal prose the simile is a device both of art In formal prose the simile is a device both of art and explanation comparing the unfamiliar thing and explanation comparing the unfamiliar thing (to be explained) to some familiar thing (an (to be explained) to some familiar thing (an object event process etc) known to the reader object event process etc) known to the reader There is no simile in the comparison my car is There is no simile in the comparison my car is like your car because the two objects are not like your car because the two objects are not essentially unlike each other essentially unlike each other When a noun is compared to a noun the simile When a noun is compared to a noun the simile is usually introduced by likeis usually introduced by like

Some examples from the BibleSome examples from the Bible

I see men but they look like trees walking --MaI see men but they look like trees walking --Mark 824rk 824

10486951048695The soul in the body is like a bird in a cageThe soul in the body is like a bird in a cage

10486951048695After such long exposure to the direct sun the After such long exposure to the direct sun the leaves of the houseplant looked like pieces of ovleaves of the houseplant looked like pieces of overcooked baconercooked bacon

But I am But I am like an olive treelike an olive tree Flourishing in the hou Flourishing in the house of God --Psalm 528se of God --Psalm 528

They will come and shout for joy on the heights They will come and shout for joy on the heights of Zion (of Zion ( 锡安山在耶路撒冷犹太民族文化中锡安山在耶路撒冷犹太民族文化中心的象征心的象征 ) They will be ) They will be like a well-watered like a well-watered gardengarden And they will sorrow no more --Jeremi And they will sorrow no more --Jeremiah 3112ah 3112

(in these last two examples especially notice how powerfull(in these last two examples especially notice how powerfully the thing to be described called the tenor is colored by the thing to be described called the tenor is colored by the thing it is compared to called the vehicle)y the thing it is compared to called the vehicle)

DictationDictation

Gold Rush of 1849Gold Rush of 1849

In January 1848 James W Marshall a carpenter In January 1848 James W Marshall a carpenter building a sawmill in partnership with John A Sutter in building a sawmill in partnership with John A Sutter in Californias Sacramento Valley discovered gold Sutter Californias Sacramento Valley discovered gold Sutter made his workers promise to keep the discovery a made his workers promise to keep the discovery a secret However the news leaked out Within a few secret However the news leaked out Within a few months a shrewd merchant hoping to increase his months a shrewd merchant hoping to increase his business set off the gold rush in earnest Samuel business set off the gold rush in earnest Samuel Brannan one of the early Mormon settlers in San Brannan one of the early Mormon settlers in San Francisco owned a store near Sutters fort In early May Francisco owned a store near Sutters fort In early May he returned to San Francisco from a visit to the diggings he returned to San Francisco from a visit to the diggings and spread the word of gold and spread the word of gold

Within a few days boats filled with townspeople were Within a few days boats filled with townspeople were heading up the Sacramento River to look for gold heading up the Sacramento River to look for gold Brannan of course had stocked his store with mining Brannan of course had stocked his store with mining supplies and was doing a thriving business San supplies and was doing a thriving business San Francisco soon was a ghost town as almost everyone Francisco soon was a ghost town as almost everyone was off to the gold siteswas off to the gold sites

During the summer of 1848 the news spread up and During the summer of 1848 the news spread up and down the West Coast across the border to Mexico and down the West Coast across the border to Mexico and even to the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii) Word also even to the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii) Word also reached the Mississippi Valley and the Eastern statesreached the Mississippi Valley and the Eastern states

Newspapers were filled with the accounts of men who clNewspapers were filled with the accounts of men who claimed to have become rich overnight by picking gold out aimed to have become rich overnight by picking gold out of Californias wondrous earth Then in a message to thof Californias wondrous earth Then in a message to the Congress of the United States in December President e Congress of the United States in December President James K Polk confirmed the presence of gold in CalifornJames K Polk confirmed the presence of gold in California That winter people from all walks of life set out for Caia That winter people from all walks of life set out for California Many pawned their possessions to get there Thlifornia Many pawned their possessions to get there The gold seekers also known as Forty-Niners or Argonautse gold seekers also known as Forty-Niners or Argonauts joined the rush from as far off as Europe and Australia joined the rush from as far off as Europe and Australia Many Chinese also flocked to San Francisco to join in thMany Chinese also flocked to San Francisco to join in the gold rushe gold rush

The EndThe End

Thank YouThank You

Language pointsLanguage points

pay pay

to give someone money for something you buy or for a servto give someone money for something you buy or for a serviceice

How would you like to payHow would you like to pay

pay forpay for

Mum paid for my driving lessonsMum paid for my driving lessons

pay (in) cash pay (in) cash

Youd get a discount for paying cash Youd get a discount for paying cash

pay by chequecredit cardpay by chequecredit card

Can I pay by credit cardCan I pay by credit card

pay somebody for somethingpay somebody for somethingHe didnt even offer to pay me for the ticketHe didnt even offer to pay me for the ticketpay somebody to do somethingpay somebody to do somethingRay paid some kids to wash the carRay paid some kids to wash the carpay somebody somethingpay somebody somethingI paid him $5 to cut the grassI paid him $5 to cut the grasspay (somebody) in dollarseuros etcpay (somebody) in dollarseuros etc He wanted to be paid in dollarsHe wanted to be paid in dollars

scramble scramble

to climb up down or over something quickly to climb up down or over something quickly and with difficulty especially using your haand with difficulty especially using your hands to help younds to help you

scramble updownover etcscramble updownover etc

They tried to scramble up the cliff She scraThey tried to scramble up the cliff She scrambled down the tree as quickly as she coumbled down the tree as quickly as she couldld

panting boyspanting boys

pantpantto breathe quickly with short noisy breaths for exato breathe quickly with short noisy breaths for exa

mple because you have been running or becausmple because you have been running or because it is very hote it is very hot

He came in panting after running up the steps He He came in panting after running up the steps He was panting for breath was panting for breath

The dog lay panting on the doorstepThe dog lay panting on the doorstep

strangle strangle to kill someone by pressing their throat with your hands a rto kill someone by pressing their throat with your hands a r

ope etcope etcstrangle withstrangle withThe victim had been strangled with a beltThe victim had been strangled with a belt

sternsternserious and strict and showing strong disapproval of someserious and strict and showing strong disapproval of some

ones behaviourones behavioursterner penalties for drug offences stern sterner penalties for drug offences stern lookvoiceexpression etc lookvoiceexpression etc Wait I shouted in my sternest voiceWait I shouted in my sternest voice

judiciousjudicioushaving or done with good judgement sensible having or done with good judgement sensible a judicious choice a judicious choice

usageusageJudicious means lsquousing good judgement sensiblersquo Judicious means lsquousing good judgement sensiblersquo

as in as in the judicious use of public investmentthe judicious use of public investment it sh it should not be confused with judicial which means ould not be confused with judicial which means lsquorelating to the administration of justicersquo as in lsquorelating to the administration of justicersquo as in the the judicial systemjudicial system

clientclient someone who gets services or advice someone who gets services or advice from a professional pefrom a professional pe

rson company or organizationrson company or organization

Elkins assured the judge that neither of his clients had a crimiElkins assured the judge that neither of his clients had a criminal recordnal record

Kilmers attorney Ralph Loeb said that his client should not hKilmers attorney Ralph Loeb said that his client should not have to pay the government anythingave to pay the government anything

Mr Langston normally meets with clients in the afternoonMr Langston normally meets with clients in the afternoon

The firm is one of our oldest clients - we dont want to lose thThe firm is one of our oldest clients - we dont want to lose themem

agedaged 1 very old1 very oldmy aged parentsmy aged parents2 the aged [plural] old people2 the aged [plural] old peoplethe care of children and the agedthe care of children and the aged

cfcfaged 525 etcaged 525 etcaged 525 etc betweenaged 525 etc betweenPolice are looking for a man aged between 30 and 35Police are looking for a man aged between 30 and 35The course is open to children aged 12 and overThe course is open to children aged 12 and over

SYNONYMSSYNONYMSold elderly aged old elderly aged These words all describe sb who has lived for a loThese words all describe sb who has lived for a lo

ng time or that usually lives for a long timeng time or that usually lives for a long timeoldold having lived for a long time no longer young having lived for a long time no longer young Shes getting oldmdashshes 75 next yearShes getting oldmdashshes 75 next yearelderlyelderly (rather formal) used as a polite word for (rather formal) used as a polite word for lsquooldrsquo She is very busy caring for two elderly relatilsquooldrsquo She is very busy caring for two elderly relativesvesagedaged (formal) very old Having aged relatives to (formal) very old Having aged relatives to stay in your house can be quite stressfulstay in your house can be quite stressful

almsalms

[pl] (old-fashioned) money clothes and food that a[pl] (old-fashioned) money clothes and food that are given to poor peoplere given to poor people

cracklecrackle

to make repeated short sounds like something burto make repeated short sounds like something burning in a firening in a fire

logs crackling on the fire logs crackling on the fire

An announcement crackled over the loudspeakerAn announcement crackled over the loudspeaker

all manner of people (line 36)all manner of people (line 36)

all manner of somethingall manner of something

formalformal many different kinds of things or peop many different kinds of things or peoplele

We would discuss all manner of subjects We would discuss all manner of subjects

The British Isles have been conquered by all The British Isles have been conquered by all manner of peoplemanner of people

speculationspeculation1 when you guess about the possible causes or 1 when you guess about the possible causes or

effects of something without knowing all the effects of something without knowing all the facts or the guesses that you makefacts or the guesses that you make

speculation thatspeculation thatThere is speculation that the president is illThere is speculation that the president is illspeculation aboutonspeculation aboutonspeculation about the futurespeculation about the futurethe witnesss statement was pure speculation the witnesss statement was pure speculation

(=not based on any facts) (=not based on any facts)

wildidle speculationwildidle speculation (=speculation that is unlikely to be (=speculation that is unlikely to be true) true)

2 when you try to make a large profit by buying goods 2 when you try to make a large profit by buying goods property shares etc and then selling themproperty shares etc and then selling them

property speculationproperty speculation

scheme scheme 1 1 British EnglishBritish English an official plan that is intended to help an official plan that is intended to help

people in some way for example by providing education people in some way for example by providing education or training American Equivalent or training American Equivalent programprogram

The money will be used for teacher training schemesThe money will be used for teacher training schemesa pension schemea pension scheme

scheme forscheme forschemes for two new cross-city linesschemes for two new cross-city linesscheme to do somethingscheme to do somethinga new scheme to boost exportsa new scheme to boost exportspilot schemepilot scheme (=something that is done on a small s (=something that is done on a small s

cale in order to see if it is successful enough to bcale in order to see if it is successful enough to be done on a larger scale)e done on a larger scale) 小规模试验性质的小规模试验性质的

The pilot scheme proved to be a great successThe pilot scheme proved to be a great success2 a clever plan especially to do something that is 2 a clever plan especially to do something that is

bad or illegal - used in order to show disapprovalbad or illegal - used in order to show disapprovala get-rich-quick schemea get-rich-quick scheme

stand in the waystand in the way

in the sbrsquos wayin the sbrsquos way

stopping sb from moving or doing sthstopping sb from moving or doing sth

Yoursquoll have to movemdashyoursquore in my way Yoursquoll have to movemdashyoursquore in my way

I left them alone as I felt I was in the wayI left them alone as I felt I was in the way

love is withheld (line 44)love is withheld (line 44)

withholdwithhold

past tense and past participle withheld past tense and past participle withheld

to refuse to give someone somethingto refuse to give someone something

I withheld payment until they had completed I withheld payment until they had completed the work the work

Ian was accused of withholding vital informatIan was accused of withholding vital information from the policeion from the police

Text 2 GoldText 2 Gold

esteemesteem

formalformal to respect and admire someone or s to respect and admire someone or somethingomething

Peden was greatly esteemed by the people Peden was greatly esteemed by the people

He was esteemed as a literary witHe was esteemed as a literary wit

fabricatefabricate

1 to invent a story piece of information etc i1 to invent a story piece of information etc in order to deceive someonen order to deceive someone

The police were accused of fabricating evideThe police were accused of fabricating evidence nce

2 technical to make or produce goods or equ2 technical to make or produce goods or equipmentipment ￚￚ synonym manufacturesynonym manufacture

The discs are expensive to fabricateThe discs are expensive to fabricate

ounceounce

An ounce is a unit of weight used in Britain aAn ounce is a unit of weight used in Britain and the USA There are sixteen ounces in a nd the USA There are sixteen ounces in a pound and one ounce is equal to 2835 grpound and one ounce is equal to 2835 grams ams 盎司英两唡〔常衡＝盎司英两唡〔常衡＝ 116116 磅＝磅＝284284 克略作 克略作 ozoz 〕〕

four ounces of sugarfour ounces of sugar

long to possesshellip(line 12)long to possesshellip(line 12)longlongto want something very much especially when it sto want something very much especially when it s

eems unlikely to happen sooneems unlikely to happen soonlong to do somethinglong to do somethingHe longed to see her againHe longed to see her againlong forlong forShe longed for the chance to speak to him in privatShe longed for the chance to speak to him in privat

eeWe longed for a bed after several days of campingWe longed for a bed after several days of camping

longinglonging

a strong feeling of wanting something or someonea strong feeling of wanting something or someone

She looked back with longing on the good old daysShe looked back with longing on the good old days

longing forlonging for

His heart was filled with longing for CynthiaHis heart was filled with longing for Cynthia

longing tolonging to

She felt a longing to throw herself into his armsShe felt a longing to throw herself into his arms

bring out the bestworst in somebodybring out the bestworst in somebody

to make someone behave in the best or worto make someone behave in the best or worst way that they canst way that they can

Alcohol just brings out the worst in herAlcohol just brings out the worst in her

And Vince was obviously a great coach he And Vince was obviously a great coach he brought out the best in his team and whoebrought out the best in his team and whoever played himver played him

exerciseexercise (a rule) (a rule)

formal to use a power right or quality that yformal to use a power right or quality that you haveou have

There are plans to encourage people to exerThere are plans to encourage people to exercise their right to vote People who can excise their right to vote People who can exercise some control over their surroundingercise some control over their surroundings feel less anxiouss feel less anxious

the running of somethingthe running of something

the process of managing or organizing a busthe process of managing or organizing a business home organization etciness home organization etc

Brian took over the day-to-day running of the Brian took over the day-to-day running of the company while his father was away He prcompany while his father was away He praised the smooth running of the electionaised the smooth running of the election

helliphellipplusplus (room and board) (room and board)and alsoand alsoThere are numerous clubs plus a casinoThere are numerous clubs plus a casinoThe cost is pound45 plus pound5 for deliveryThe cost is pound45 plus pound5 for deliveryThe jacket costs $4995 plus taxThe jacket costs $4995 plus tax

the gold standard the gold standard 金本位金本位technicaltechnical the use of the value of gold as a fixed sta the use of the value of gold as a fixed sta

ndard on which to base the value of moneyndard on which to base the value of money

currencycurrency

1 [uncountable and countable] the system or type of money 1 [uncountable and countable] the system or type of money that a country usesthat a country uses

The bank can supply you with foreign currency The bank can supply you with foreign currency There are moves towards a single currency in Europe There are moves towards a single currency in Europe The local currency is the Swiss francThe local currency is the Swiss franc2 [uncountable] the state of being accepted or used by a lot 2 [uncountable] the state of being accepted or used by a lot

of peopleof peopleMarxism began to gain currency Marxism began to gain currency The idea was common currency in European political lifeThe idea was common currency in European political life

prospectorprospector

someone who looks for gold minerals oil etcsomeone who looks for gold minerals oil etc

infamousinfamous

well known for being bad or evilwell known for being bad or evil

an infamous killer Los Angeles infamous smogan infamous killer Los Angeles infamous smog

infamous forinfamous for

This area is infamous for drugs and prostitutionThis area is infamous for drugs and prostitution

ex-guardsex-guards

ex- former and still livingex- former and still living

an ex-Presidentan ex-PresidentHer dads an ex-policemanHer dads an ex-policemanLydia is still friends with her ex-husbandLydia is still friends with her ex-husbandmy ex-wifemy ex-wife

已故的总统已故的总统

an an occupationoccupation for the working class (line 38) for the working class (line 38)which of the following is a suitable synonymwhich of the following is a suitable synonym

his fathers occupationhis fathers occupation JOB profession (line JOB profession (line of) workof) work her leisure occupationsher leisure occupations PASTIME activity PASTIME activity hobby entertainment recreation amusementhobby entertainment recreation amusement a property suitable for occupation by older a property suitable for occupation by older peoplepeople RESIDENCE residency habitation RESIDENCE residency habitation the Roman occupation of Britainthe Roman occupation of Britain CONQUEST capture invasion seizure CONQUEST capture invasion seizure takeovertakeover

eloquenteloquent1 able to express your ideas and opinions well especially i1 able to express your ideas and opinions well especially i

n a way that influences people n a way that influences people 雄辩的有说明力的雄辩的有说明力的an eloquent appeal for supportan eloquent appeal for support

2 showing a feeling or meaning without using words2 showing a feeling or meaning without using words cleaclearly expressiverly expressive

The photographs are an eloquent reminder of the horrors of The photographs are an eloquent reminder of the horrors of warwar

an art that is eloquent of Americas cultural diversityan art that is eloquent of Americas cultural diversity

trust totrust to something something place reliance on (luck fate etc)place reliance on (luck fate etc) to hoto ho

pe that what you want to happen will happpe that what you want to happen will happen because there is nothing you can do aen because there is nothing you can do about itbout it

Ill just have to trust to luck that it works out oIll just have to trust to luck that it works out okay kay

I hope I may trust to your discretionI hope I may trust to your discretion

METAPHORMETAPHOR

METAPHORMETAPHOR A comparison which A comparison which imaginatively identifies one thing with imaginatively identifies one thing with another dissimilar thing and transfers or another dissimilar thing and transfers or ascribes to ascribes to the first thing (the tenor or the first thing (the tenor or idea)idea) some of the qualities of some of the qualities of the second the second (the vehicle or image)(the vehicle or image) Unlike a simile or Unlike a simile or analogy metaphor asserts that one thing analogy metaphor asserts that one thing is another thing not just that one is like is another thing not just that one is like another very frequently a metaphor is another very frequently a metaphor is invoked by the to be verbinvoked by the to be verb

notenote

tenortenor The word phrase or subject with whi The word phrase or subject with which the ch the vehiclevehicle of a metaphor is identified a of a metaphor is identified as life ins life in

隐喻所指的词短语或对象如 隐喻所指的词短语或对象如 life life 在 在 Lifes but a walking shadow Lifes but a walking shadow

(Shakespeare)(Shakespeare)

ldquoldquo 生命不过是一个行走的影子rdquo生命不过是一个行走的影子rdquo (( 莎士比亚莎士比亚 ))

10486951048695Some examples from the BibleSome examples from the Bible

Then Jesus declared I am the bread of life --JoThen Jesus declared I am the bread of life --John 635hn 63510486951048695I am the door if anyone enters through me he shall be I am the door if anyone enters through me he shall be saved and shall go in and out and find pasture --JOHN saved and shall go in and out and find pasture --JOHN 10910910486951048695But I will sing of your strength In the morning I will sinBut I will sing of your strength In the morning I will sing of your love For you are my fortress My refuge in tig of your love For you are my fortress My refuge in times of trouble --Psalm 5916mes of trouble --Psalm 591610486951048695The name of the Lord is a strong tower The righteous The name of the Lord is a strong tower The righteous run to it and are safe --Proverbs 1810run to it and are safe --Proverbs 1810

Another common method of constructing a metaphor is tAnother common method of constructing a metaphor is to use the possessive where the image is expressed as o use the possessive where the image is expressed as being a part of the idea usually in the form of the x of ybeing a part of the idea usually in the form of the x of y

10486951048695A writers river of words will dry up unless it is continuoA writers river of words will dry up unless it is continuously replenished by streams of new learningusly replenished by streams of new learning10486951048695The first beam of hope that had ever darted into his miThe first beam of hope that had ever darted into his mind rekindled youth in his cheeks and doubled the lustre ond rekindled youth in his cheeks and doubled the lustre of his eyes --SAMUEL JOHNSONf his eyes --SAMUEL JOHNSON10486951048695The furnace of affliction had softened his heart and puriThe furnace of affliction had softened his heart and purified his soulfied his soul

In fact there is a whole range of different degrees of direct iIn fact there is a whole range of different degrees of direct identification between image and idea dentification between image and idea

There is fully expressedThere is fully expressed10486951048695The eye is the lamp of your body when your eye is soundThe eye is the lamp of your body when your eye is sound

your whole body is full of light but when it is not sound your whole body is full of light but when it is not sound your body is full of darkness --LUKE 1134your body is full of darkness --LUKE 1134

There is impliedThere is implied10486951048695 For thou hast been my help and in the shadow of thy For thou hast been my help and in the shadow of thy

wings i sing for joy --PSALM 637wings i sing for joy --PSALM 637And there is very impliedAnd there is very implied10486951048695For if men do these things when the tree is green what wiFor if men do these things when the tree is green what wi

ll happen when it is dry --LUKE2331ll happen when it is dry --LUKE2331

Like simile and analogy metaphor is a profoundly important Like simile and analogy metaphor is a profoundly important and useful device Aristotle says in his Rhetoric It is and useful device Aristotle says in his Rhetoric It is metaphor above all else that gives clearness charm metaphor above all else that gives clearness charm and distinction to the style and distinction to the style

So metaphor not only explains by making the abstract or So metaphor not only explains by making the abstract or unknown concrete and familiar but it also enlivens by unknown concrete and familiar but it also enlivens by touching the readers imagination Further it affirms one touching the readers imagination Further it affirms one more interconnection in the unity of all things by showing more interconnection in the unity of all things by showing a relationship between things seemingly alien to each a relationship between things seemingly alien to each other And the fact that two very unlike things can be other And the fact that two very unlike things can be equated or referred to in terms of one another comments equated or referred to in terms of one another comments upon them both upon them both

No metaphor is just a metaphor All have significant imNo metaphor is just a metaphor All have significant implications and they must be chosen carefully especially plications and they must be chosen carefully especially in regard to the connotations the vehicle (image) will tranin regard to the connotations the vehicle (image) will transfer to the tenor Consider for example the differences isfer to the tenor Consider for example the differences in meaning conveyed by these statementsn meaning conveyed by these statements

10486951048695That club is spreading like wildfireThat club is spreading like wildfire10486951048695That club is spreading like cancerThat club is spreading like cancer10486951048695That club is really blossoming nowThat club is really blossoming now10486951048695That club in its amebic That club in its amebic （阿米巴的（阿米巴的 变形虫的） 变形虫的） momotions is engulfing the campustions is engulfing the campus

SimileSimile

Simile is a direct expressed comparison Simile is a direct expressed comparison between two things essentially unlike each other between two things essentially unlike each other but resembling each other in at least one way but resembling each other in at least one way In formal prose the simile is a device both of art In formal prose the simile is a device both of art and explanation comparing the unfamiliar thing and explanation comparing the unfamiliar thing (to be explained) to some familiar thing (an (to be explained) to some familiar thing (an object event process etc) known to the reader object event process etc) known to the reader There is no simile in the comparison my car is There is no simile in the comparison my car is like your car because the two objects are not like your car because the two objects are not essentially unlike each other essentially unlike each other When a noun is compared to a noun the simile When a noun is compared to a noun the simile is usually introduced by likeis usually introduced by like

Some examples from the BibleSome examples from the Bible

I see men but they look like trees walking --MaI see men but they look like trees walking --Mark 824rk 824

10486951048695The soul in the body is like a bird in a cageThe soul in the body is like a bird in a cage

10486951048695After such long exposure to the direct sun the After such long exposure to the direct sun the leaves of the houseplant looked like pieces of ovleaves of the houseplant looked like pieces of overcooked baconercooked bacon

But I am But I am like an olive treelike an olive tree Flourishing in the hou Flourishing in the house of God --Psalm 528se of God --Psalm 528

They will come and shout for joy on the heights They will come and shout for joy on the heights of Zion (of Zion ( 锡安山在耶路撒冷犹太民族文化中锡安山在耶路撒冷犹太民族文化中心的象征心的象征 ) They will be ) They will be like a well-watered like a well-watered gardengarden And they will sorrow no more --Jeremi And they will sorrow no more --Jeremiah 3112ah 3112

(in these last two examples especially notice how powerfull(in these last two examples especially notice how powerfully the thing to be described called the tenor is colored by the thing to be described called the tenor is colored by the thing it is compared to called the vehicle)y the thing it is compared to called the vehicle)

DictationDictation

Gold Rush of 1849Gold Rush of 1849

In January 1848 James W Marshall a carpenter In January 1848 James W Marshall a carpenter building a sawmill in partnership with John A Sutter in building a sawmill in partnership with John A Sutter in Californias Sacramento Valley discovered gold Sutter Californias Sacramento Valley discovered gold Sutter made his workers promise to keep the discovery a made his workers promise to keep the discovery a secret However the news leaked out Within a few secret However the news leaked out Within a few months a shrewd merchant hoping to increase his months a shrewd merchant hoping to increase his business set off the gold rush in earnest Samuel business set off the gold rush in earnest Samuel Brannan one of the early Mormon settlers in San Brannan one of the early Mormon settlers in San Francisco owned a store near Sutters fort In early May Francisco owned a store near Sutters fort In early May he returned to San Francisco from a visit to the diggings he returned to San Francisco from a visit to the diggings and spread the word of gold and spread the word of gold

Within a few days boats filled with townspeople were Within a few days boats filled with townspeople were heading up the Sacramento River to look for gold heading up the Sacramento River to look for gold Brannan of course had stocked his store with mining Brannan of course had stocked his store with mining supplies and was doing a thriving business San supplies and was doing a thriving business San Francisco soon was a ghost town as almost everyone Francisco soon was a ghost town as almost everyone was off to the gold siteswas off to the gold sites

During the summer of 1848 the news spread up and During the summer of 1848 the news spread up and down the West Coast across the border to Mexico and down the West Coast across the border to Mexico and even to the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii) Word also even to the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii) Word also reached the Mississippi Valley and the Eastern statesreached the Mississippi Valley and the Eastern states

Newspapers were filled with the accounts of men who clNewspapers were filled with the accounts of men who claimed to have become rich overnight by picking gold out aimed to have become rich overnight by picking gold out of Californias wondrous earth Then in a message to thof Californias wondrous earth Then in a message to the Congress of the United States in December President e Congress of the United States in December President James K Polk confirmed the presence of gold in CalifornJames K Polk confirmed the presence of gold in California That winter people from all walks of life set out for Caia That winter people from all walks of life set out for California Many pawned their possessions to get there Thlifornia Many pawned their possessions to get there The gold seekers also known as Forty-Niners or Argonautse gold seekers also known as Forty-Niners or Argonauts joined the rush from as far off as Europe and Australia joined the rush from as far off as Europe and Australia Many Chinese also flocked to San Francisco to join in thMany Chinese also flocked to San Francisco to join in the gold rushe gold rush

The EndThe End

Thank YouThank You

pay somebody for somethingpay somebody for somethingHe didnt even offer to pay me for the ticketHe didnt even offer to pay me for the ticketpay somebody to do somethingpay somebody to do somethingRay paid some kids to wash the carRay paid some kids to wash the carpay somebody somethingpay somebody somethingI paid him $5 to cut the grassI paid him $5 to cut the grasspay (somebody) in dollarseuros etcpay (somebody) in dollarseuros etc He wanted to be paid in dollarsHe wanted to be paid in dollars

scramble scramble

to climb up down or over something quickly to climb up down or over something quickly and with difficulty especially using your haand with difficulty especially using your hands to help younds to help you

scramble updownover etcscramble updownover etc

They tried to scramble up the cliff She scraThey tried to scramble up the cliff She scrambled down the tree as quickly as she coumbled down the tree as quickly as she couldld

panting boyspanting boys

pantpantto breathe quickly with short noisy breaths for exato breathe quickly with short noisy breaths for exa

mple because you have been running or becausmple because you have been running or because it is very hote it is very hot

He came in panting after running up the steps He He came in panting after running up the steps He was panting for breath was panting for breath

The dog lay panting on the doorstepThe dog lay panting on the doorstep

strangle strangle to kill someone by pressing their throat with your hands a rto kill someone by pressing their throat with your hands a r

ope etcope etcstrangle withstrangle withThe victim had been strangled with a beltThe victim had been strangled with a belt

sternsternserious and strict and showing strong disapproval of someserious and strict and showing strong disapproval of some

ones behaviourones behavioursterner penalties for drug offences stern sterner penalties for drug offences stern lookvoiceexpression etc lookvoiceexpression etc Wait I shouted in my sternest voiceWait I shouted in my sternest voice

judiciousjudicioushaving or done with good judgement sensible having or done with good judgement sensible a judicious choice a judicious choice

usageusageJudicious means lsquousing good judgement sensiblersquo Judicious means lsquousing good judgement sensiblersquo

as in as in the judicious use of public investmentthe judicious use of public investment it sh it should not be confused with judicial which means ould not be confused with judicial which means lsquorelating to the administration of justicersquo as in lsquorelating to the administration of justicersquo as in the the judicial systemjudicial system

clientclient someone who gets services or advice someone who gets services or advice from a professional pefrom a professional pe

rson company or organizationrson company or organization

Elkins assured the judge that neither of his clients had a crimiElkins assured the judge that neither of his clients had a criminal recordnal record

Kilmers attorney Ralph Loeb said that his client should not hKilmers attorney Ralph Loeb said that his client should not have to pay the government anythingave to pay the government anything

Mr Langston normally meets with clients in the afternoonMr Langston normally meets with clients in the afternoon

The firm is one of our oldest clients - we dont want to lose thThe firm is one of our oldest clients - we dont want to lose themem

agedaged 1 very old1 very oldmy aged parentsmy aged parents2 the aged [plural] old people2 the aged [plural] old peoplethe care of children and the agedthe care of children and the aged

cfcfaged 525 etcaged 525 etcaged 525 etc betweenaged 525 etc betweenPolice are looking for a man aged between 30 and 35Police are looking for a man aged between 30 and 35The course is open to children aged 12 and overThe course is open to children aged 12 and over

SYNONYMSSYNONYMSold elderly aged old elderly aged These words all describe sb who has lived for a loThese words all describe sb who has lived for a lo

ng time or that usually lives for a long timeng time or that usually lives for a long timeoldold having lived for a long time no longer young having lived for a long time no longer young Shes getting oldmdashshes 75 next yearShes getting oldmdashshes 75 next yearelderlyelderly (rather formal) used as a polite word for (rather formal) used as a polite word for lsquooldrsquo She is very busy caring for two elderly relatilsquooldrsquo She is very busy caring for two elderly relativesvesagedaged (formal) very old Having aged relatives to (formal) very old Having aged relatives to stay in your house can be quite stressfulstay in your house can be quite stressful

almsalms

[pl] (old-fashioned) money clothes and food that a[pl] (old-fashioned) money clothes and food that are given to poor peoplere given to poor people

cracklecrackle

to make repeated short sounds like something burto make repeated short sounds like something burning in a firening in a fire

logs crackling on the fire logs crackling on the fire

An announcement crackled over the loudspeakerAn announcement crackled over the loudspeaker

all manner of people (line 36)all manner of people (line 36)

all manner of somethingall manner of something

formalformal many different kinds of things or peop many different kinds of things or peoplele

We would discuss all manner of subjects We would discuss all manner of subjects

The British Isles have been conquered by all The British Isles have been conquered by all manner of peoplemanner of people

speculationspeculation1 when you guess about the possible causes or 1 when you guess about the possible causes or

effects of something without knowing all the effects of something without knowing all the facts or the guesses that you makefacts or the guesses that you make

speculation thatspeculation thatThere is speculation that the president is illThere is speculation that the president is illspeculation aboutonspeculation aboutonspeculation about the futurespeculation about the futurethe witnesss statement was pure speculation the witnesss statement was pure speculation

(=not based on any facts) (=not based on any facts)

wildidle speculationwildidle speculation (=speculation that is unlikely to be (=speculation that is unlikely to be true) true)

2 when you try to make a large profit by buying goods 2 when you try to make a large profit by buying goods property shares etc and then selling themproperty shares etc and then selling them

property speculationproperty speculation

scheme scheme 1 1 British EnglishBritish English an official plan that is intended to help an official plan that is intended to help

people in some way for example by providing education people in some way for example by providing education or training American Equivalent or training American Equivalent programprogram

The money will be used for teacher training schemesThe money will be used for teacher training schemesa pension schemea pension scheme

scheme forscheme forschemes for two new cross-city linesschemes for two new cross-city linesscheme to do somethingscheme to do somethinga new scheme to boost exportsa new scheme to boost exportspilot schemepilot scheme (=something that is done on a small s (=something that is done on a small s

cale in order to see if it is successful enough to bcale in order to see if it is successful enough to be done on a larger scale)e done on a larger scale) 小规模试验性质的小规模试验性质的

The pilot scheme proved to be a great successThe pilot scheme proved to be a great success2 a clever plan especially to do something that is 2 a clever plan especially to do something that is

bad or illegal - used in order to show disapprovalbad or illegal - used in order to show disapprovala get-rich-quick schemea get-rich-quick scheme

stand in the waystand in the way

in the sbrsquos wayin the sbrsquos way

stopping sb from moving or doing sthstopping sb from moving or doing sth

Yoursquoll have to movemdashyoursquore in my way Yoursquoll have to movemdashyoursquore in my way

I left them alone as I felt I was in the wayI left them alone as I felt I was in the way

love is withheld (line 44)love is withheld (line 44)

withholdwithhold

past tense and past participle withheld past tense and past participle withheld

to refuse to give someone somethingto refuse to give someone something

I withheld payment until they had completed I withheld payment until they had completed the work the work

Ian was accused of withholding vital informatIan was accused of withholding vital information from the policeion from the police

Text 2 GoldText 2 Gold

esteemesteem

formalformal to respect and admire someone or s to respect and admire someone or somethingomething

Peden was greatly esteemed by the people Peden was greatly esteemed by the people

He was esteemed as a literary witHe was esteemed as a literary wit

fabricatefabricate

1 to invent a story piece of information etc i1 to invent a story piece of information etc in order to deceive someonen order to deceive someone

The police were accused of fabricating evideThe police were accused of fabricating evidence nce

2 technical to make or produce goods or equ2 technical to make or produce goods or equipmentipment ￚￚ synonym manufacturesynonym manufacture

The discs are expensive to fabricateThe discs are expensive to fabricate

ounceounce

An ounce is a unit of weight used in Britain aAn ounce is a unit of weight used in Britain and the USA There are sixteen ounces in a nd the USA There are sixteen ounces in a pound and one ounce is equal to 2835 grpound and one ounce is equal to 2835 grams ams 盎司英两唡〔常衡＝盎司英两唡〔常衡＝ 116116 磅＝磅＝284284 克略作 克略作 ozoz 〕〕

four ounces of sugarfour ounces of sugar

long to possesshellip(line 12)long to possesshellip(line 12)longlongto want something very much especially when it sto want something very much especially when it s

eems unlikely to happen sooneems unlikely to happen soonlong to do somethinglong to do somethingHe longed to see her againHe longed to see her againlong forlong forShe longed for the chance to speak to him in privatShe longed for the chance to speak to him in privat

eeWe longed for a bed after several days of campingWe longed for a bed after several days of camping

longinglonging

a strong feeling of wanting something or someonea strong feeling of wanting something or someone

She looked back with longing on the good old daysShe looked back with longing on the good old days

longing forlonging for

His heart was filled with longing for CynthiaHis heart was filled with longing for Cynthia

longing tolonging to

She felt a longing to throw herself into his armsShe felt a longing to throw herself into his arms

bring out the bestworst in somebodybring out the bestworst in somebody

to make someone behave in the best or worto make someone behave in the best or worst way that they canst way that they can

Alcohol just brings out the worst in herAlcohol just brings out the worst in her

And Vince was obviously a great coach he And Vince was obviously a great coach he brought out the best in his team and whoebrought out the best in his team and whoever played himver played him

exerciseexercise (a rule) (a rule)

formal to use a power right or quality that yformal to use a power right or quality that you haveou have

There are plans to encourage people to exerThere are plans to encourage people to exercise their right to vote People who can excise their right to vote People who can exercise some control over their surroundingercise some control over their surroundings feel less anxiouss feel less anxious

the running of somethingthe running of something

the process of managing or organizing a busthe process of managing or organizing a business home organization etciness home organization etc

Brian took over the day-to-day running of the Brian took over the day-to-day running of the company while his father was away He prcompany while his father was away He praised the smooth running of the electionaised the smooth running of the election

helliphellipplusplus (room and board) (room and board)and alsoand alsoThere are numerous clubs plus a casinoThere are numerous clubs plus a casinoThe cost is pound45 plus pound5 for deliveryThe cost is pound45 plus pound5 for deliveryThe jacket costs $4995 plus taxThe jacket costs $4995 plus tax

the gold standard the gold standard 金本位金本位technicaltechnical the use of the value of gold as a fixed sta the use of the value of gold as a fixed sta

ndard on which to base the value of moneyndard on which to base the value of money

currencycurrency

1 [uncountable and countable] the system or type of money 1 [uncountable and countable] the system or type of money that a country usesthat a country uses

The bank can supply you with foreign currency The bank can supply you with foreign currency There are moves towards a single currency in Europe There are moves towards a single currency in Europe The local currency is the Swiss francThe local currency is the Swiss franc2 [uncountable] the state of being accepted or used by a lot 2 [uncountable] the state of being accepted or used by a lot

of peopleof peopleMarxism began to gain currency Marxism began to gain currency The idea was common currency in European political lifeThe idea was common currency in European political life

prospectorprospector

someone who looks for gold minerals oil etcsomeone who looks for gold minerals oil etc

infamousinfamous

well known for being bad or evilwell known for being bad or evil

an infamous killer Los Angeles infamous smogan infamous killer Los Angeles infamous smog

infamous forinfamous for

This area is infamous for drugs and prostitutionThis area is infamous for drugs and prostitution

ex-guardsex-guards

ex- former and still livingex- former and still living

an ex-Presidentan ex-PresidentHer dads an ex-policemanHer dads an ex-policemanLydia is still friends with her ex-husbandLydia is still friends with her ex-husbandmy ex-wifemy ex-wife

已故的总统已故的总统

an an occupationoccupation for the working class (line 38) for the working class (line 38)which of the following is a suitable synonymwhich of the following is a suitable synonym

his fathers occupationhis fathers occupation JOB profession (line JOB profession (line of) workof) work her leisure occupationsher leisure occupations PASTIME activity PASTIME activity hobby entertainment recreation amusementhobby entertainment recreation amusement a property suitable for occupation by older a property suitable for occupation by older peoplepeople RESIDENCE residency habitation RESIDENCE residency habitation the Roman occupation of Britainthe Roman occupation of Britain CONQUEST capture invasion seizure CONQUEST capture invasion seizure takeovertakeover

eloquenteloquent1 able to express your ideas and opinions well especially i1 able to express your ideas and opinions well especially i

n a way that influences people n a way that influences people 雄辩的有说明力的雄辩的有说明力的an eloquent appeal for supportan eloquent appeal for support

2 showing a feeling or meaning without using words2 showing a feeling or meaning without using words cleaclearly expressiverly expressive

The photographs are an eloquent reminder of the horrors of The photographs are an eloquent reminder of the horrors of warwar

an art that is eloquent of Americas cultural diversityan art that is eloquent of Americas cultural diversity

trust totrust to something something place reliance on (luck fate etc)place reliance on (luck fate etc) to hoto ho

pe that what you want to happen will happpe that what you want to happen will happen because there is nothing you can do aen because there is nothing you can do about itbout it

Ill just have to trust to luck that it works out oIll just have to trust to luck that it works out okay kay

I hope I may trust to your discretionI hope I may trust to your discretion

METAPHORMETAPHOR

METAPHORMETAPHOR A comparison which A comparison which imaginatively identifies one thing with imaginatively identifies one thing with another dissimilar thing and transfers or another dissimilar thing and transfers or ascribes to ascribes to the first thing (the tenor or the first thing (the tenor or idea)idea) some of the qualities of some of the qualities of the second the second (the vehicle or image)(the vehicle or image) Unlike a simile or Unlike a simile or analogy metaphor asserts that one thing analogy metaphor asserts that one thing is another thing not just that one is like is another thing not just that one is like another very frequently a metaphor is another very frequently a metaphor is invoked by the to be verbinvoked by the to be verb

notenote

tenortenor The word phrase or subject with whi The word phrase or subject with which the ch the vehiclevehicle of a metaphor is identified a of a metaphor is identified as life ins life in

隐喻所指的词短语或对象如 隐喻所指的词短语或对象如 life life 在 在 Lifes but a walking shadow Lifes but a walking shadow

(Shakespeare)(Shakespeare)

ldquoldquo 生命不过是一个行走的影子rdquo生命不过是一个行走的影子rdquo (( 莎士比亚莎士比亚 ))

10486951048695Some examples from the BibleSome examples from the Bible

Then Jesus declared I am the bread of life --JoThen Jesus declared I am the bread of life --John 635hn 63510486951048695I am the door if anyone enters through me he shall be I am the door if anyone enters through me he shall be saved and shall go in and out and find pasture --JOHN saved and shall go in and out and find pasture --JOHN 10910910486951048695But I will sing of your strength In the morning I will sinBut I will sing of your strength In the morning I will sing of your love For you are my fortress My refuge in tig of your love For you are my fortress My refuge in times of trouble --Psalm 5916mes of trouble --Psalm 591610486951048695The name of the Lord is a strong tower The righteous The name of the Lord is a strong tower The righteous run to it and are safe --Proverbs 1810run to it and are safe --Proverbs 1810

Another common method of constructing a metaphor is tAnother common method of constructing a metaphor is to use the possessive where the image is expressed as o use the possessive where the image is expressed as being a part of the idea usually in the form of the x of ybeing a part of the idea usually in the form of the x of y

10486951048695A writers river of words will dry up unless it is continuoA writers river of words will dry up unless it is continuously replenished by streams of new learningusly replenished by streams of new learning10486951048695The first beam of hope that had ever darted into his miThe first beam of hope that had ever darted into his mind rekindled youth in his cheeks and doubled the lustre ond rekindled youth in his cheeks and doubled the lustre of his eyes --SAMUEL JOHNSONf his eyes --SAMUEL JOHNSON10486951048695The furnace of affliction had softened his heart and puriThe furnace of affliction had softened his heart and purified his soulfied his soul

In fact there is a whole range of different degrees of direct iIn fact there is a whole range of different degrees of direct identification between image and idea dentification between image and idea

There is fully expressedThere is fully expressed10486951048695The eye is the lamp of your body when your eye is soundThe eye is the lamp of your body when your eye is sound

your whole body is full of light but when it is not sound your whole body is full of light but when it is not sound your body is full of darkness --LUKE 1134your body is full of darkness --LUKE 1134

There is impliedThere is implied10486951048695 For thou hast been my help and in the shadow of thy For thou hast been my help and in the shadow of thy

wings i sing for joy --PSALM 637wings i sing for joy --PSALM 637And there is very impliedAnd there is very implied10486951048695For if men do these things when the tree is green what wiFor if men do these things when the tree is green what wi

ll happen when it is dry --LUKE2331ll happen when it is dry --LUKE2331

Like simile and analogy metaphor is a profoundly important Like simile and analogy metaphor is a profoundly important and useful device Aristotle says in his Rhetoric It is and useful device Aristotle says in his Rhetoric It is metaphor above all else that gives clearness charm metaphor above all else that gives clearness charm and distinction to the style and distinction to the style

So metaphor not only explains by making the abstract or So metaphor not only explains by making the abstract or unknown concrete and familiar but it also enlivens by unknown concrete and familiar but it also enlivens by touching the readers imagination Further it affirms one touching the readers imagination Further it affirms one more interconnection in the unity of all things by showing more interconnection in the unity of all things by showing a relationship between things seemingly alien to each a relationship between things seemingly alien to each other And the fact that two very unlike things can be other And the fact that two very unlike things can be equated or referred to in terms of one another comments equated or referred to in terms of one another comments upon them both upon them both

No metaphor is just a metaphor All have significant imNo metaphor is just a metaphor All have significant implications and they must be chosen carefully especially plications and they must be chosen carefully especially in regard to the connotations the vehicle (image) will tranin regard to the connotations the vehicle (image) will transfer to the tenor Consider for example the differences isfer to the tenor Consider for example the differences in meaning conveyed by these statementsn meaning conveyed by these statements

10486951048695That club is spreading like wildfireThat club is spreading like wildfire10486951048695That club is spreading like cancerThat club is spreading like cancer10486951048695That club is really blossoming nowThat club is really blossoming now10486951048695That club in its amebic That club in its amebic （阿米巴的（阿米巴的 变形虫的） 变形虫的） momotions is engulfing the campustions is engulfing the campus

SimileSimile

Simile is a direct expressed comparison Simile is a direct expressed comparison between two things essentially unlike each other between two things essentially unlike each other but resembling each other in at least one way but resembling each other in at least one way In formal prose the simile is a device both of art In formal prose the simile is a device both of art and explanation comparing the unfamiliar thing and explanation comparing the unfamiliar thing (to be explained) to some familiar thing (an (to be explained) to some familiar thing (an object event process etc) known to the reader object event process etc) known to the reader There is no simile in the comparison my car is There is no simile in the comparison my car is like your car because the two objects are not like your car because the two objects are not essentially unlike each other essentially unlike each other When a noun is compared to a noun the simile When a noun is compared to a noun the simile is usually introduced by likeis usually introduced by like

Some examples from the BibleSome examples from the Bible

I see men but they look like trees walking --MaI see men but they look like trees walking --Mark 824rk 824

10486951048695The soul in the body is like a bird in a cageThe soul in the body is like a bird in a cage

10486951048695After such long exposure to the direct sun the After such long exposure to the direct sun the leaves of the houseplant looked like pieces of ovleaves of the houseplant looked like pieces of overcooked baconercooked bacon

But I am But I am like an olive treelike an olive tree Flourishing in the hou Flourishing in the house of God --Psalm 528se of God --Psalm 528

They will come and shout for joy on the heights They will come and shout for joy on the heights of Zion (of Zion ( 锡安山在耶路撒冷犹太民族文化中锡安山在耶路撒冷犹太民族文化中心的象征心的象征 ) They will be ) They will be like a well-watered like a well-watered gardengarden And they will sorrow no more --Jeremi And they will sorrow no more --Jeremiah 3112ah 3112

(in these last two examples especially notice how powerfull(in these last two examples especially notice how powerfully the thing to be described called the tenor is colored by the thing to be described called the tenor is colored by the thing it is compared to called the vehicle)y the thing it is compared to called the vehicle)

DictationDictation

Gold Rush of 1849Gold Rush of 1849

In January 1848 James W Marshall a carpenter In January 1848 James W Marshall a carpenter building a sawmill in partnership with John A Sutter in building a sawmill in partnership with John A Sutter in Californias Sacramento Valley discovered gold Sutter Californias Sacramento Valley discovered gold Sutter made his workers promise to keep the discovery a made his workers promise to keep the discovery a secret However the news leaked out Within a few secret However the news leaked out Within a few months a shrewd merchant hoping to increase his months a shrewd merchant hoping to increase his business set off the gold rush in earnest Samuel business set off the gold rush in earnest Samuel Brannan one of the early Mormon settlers in San Brannan one of the early Mormon settlers in San Francisco owned a store near Sutters fort In early May Francisco owned a store near Sutters fort In early May he returned to San Francisco from a visit to the diggings he returned to San Francisco from a visit to the diggings and spread the word of gold and spread the word of gold

Within a few days boats filled with townspeople were Within a few days boats filled with townspeople were heading up the Sacramento River to look for gold heading up the Sacramento River to look for gold Brannan of course had stocked his store with mining Brannan of course had stocked his store with mining supplies and was doing a thriving business San supplies and was doing a thriving business San Francisco soon was a ghost town as almost everyone Francisco soon was a ghost town as almost everyone was off to the gold siteswas off to the gold sites

During the summer of 1848 the news spread up and During the summer of 1848 the news spread up and down the West Coast across the border to Mexico and down the West Coast across the border to Mexico and even to the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii) Word also even to the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii) Word also reached the Mississippi Valley and the Eastern statesreached the Mississippi Valley and the Eastern states

Newspapers were filled with the accounts of men who clNewspapers were filled with the accounts of men who claimed to have become rich overnight by picking gold out aimed to have become rich overnight by picking gold out of Californias wondrous earth Then in a message to thof Californias wondrous earth Then in a message to the Congress of the United States in December President e Congress of the United States in December President James K Polk confirmed the presence of gold in CalifornJames K Polk confirmed the presence of gold in California That winter people from all walks of life set out for Caia That winter people from all walks of life set out for California Many pawned their possessions to get there Thlifornia Many pawned their possessions to get there The gold seekers also known as Forty-Niners or Argonautse gold seekers also known as Forty-Niners or Argonauts joined the rush from as far off as Europe and Australia joined the rush from as far off as Europe and Australia Many Chinese also flocked to San Francisco to join in thMany Chinese also flocked to San Francisco to join in the gold rushe gold rush

The EndThe End

Thank YouThank You

scramble scramble

to climb up down or over something quickly to climb up down or over something quickly and with difficulty especially using your haand with difficulty especially using your hands to help younds to help you

scramble updownover etcscramble updownover etc

They tried to scramble up the cliff She scraThey tried to scramble up the cliff She scrambled down the tree as quickly as she coumbled down the tree as quickly as she couldld

panting boyspanting boys

pantpantto breathe quickly with short noisy breaths for exato breathe quickly with short noisy breaths for exa

mple because you have been running or becausmple because you have been running or because it is very hote it is very hot

He came in panting after running up the steps He He came in panting after running up the steps He was panting for breath was panting for breath

The dog lay panting on the doorstepThe dog lay panting on the doorstep

strangle strangle to kill someone by pressing their throat with your hands a rto kill someone by pressing their throat with your hands a r

ope etcope etcstrangle withstrangle withThe victim had been strangled with a beltThe victim had been strangled with a belt

sternsternserious and strict and showing strong disapproval of someserious and strict and showing strong disapproval of some

ones behaviourones behavioursterner penalties for drug offences stern sterner penalties for drug offences stern lookvoiceexpression etc lookvoiceexpression etc Wait I shouted in my sternest voiceWait I shouted in my sternest voice

judiciousjudicioushaving or done with good judgement sensible having or done with good judgement sensible a judicious choice a judicious choice

usageusageJudicious means lsquousing good judgement sensiblersquo Judicious means lsquousing good judgement sensiblersquo

as in as in the judicious use of public investmentthe judicious use of public investment it sh it should not be confused with judicial which means ould not be confused with judicial which means lsquorelating to the administration of justicersquo as in lsquorelating to the administration of justicersquo as in the the judicial systemjudicial system

clientclient someone who gets services or advice someone who gets services or advice from a professional pefrom a professional pe

rson company or organizationrson company or organization

Elkins assured the judge that neither of his clients had a crimiElkins assured the judge that neither of his clients had a criminal recordnal record

Kilmers attorney Ralph Loeb said that his client should not hKilmers attorney Ralph Loeb said that his client should not have to pay the government anythingave to pay the government anything

Mr Langston normally meets with clients in the afternoonMr Langston normally meets with clients in the afternoon

The firm is one of our oldest clients - we dont want to lose thThe firm is one of our oldest clients - we dont want to lose themem

agedaged 1 very old1 very oldmy aged parentsmy aged parents2 the aged [plural] old people2 the aged [plural] old peoplethe care of children and the agedthe care of children and the aged

cfcfaged 525 etcaged 525 etcaged 525 etc betweenaged 525 etc betweenPolice are looking for a man aged between 30 and 35Police are looking for a man aged between 30 and 35The course is open to children aged 12 and overThe course is open to children aged 12 and over

SYNONYMSSYNONYMSold elderly aged old elderly aged These words all describe sb who has lived for a loThese words all describe sb who has lived for a lo

ng time or that usually lives for a long timeng time or that usually lives for a long timeoldold having lived for a long time no longer young having lived for a long time no longer young Shes getting oldmdashshes 75 next yearShes getting oldmdashshes 75 next yearelderlyelderly (rather formal) used as a polite word for (rather formal) used as a polite word for lsquooldrsquo She is very busy caring for two elderly relatilsquooldrsquo She is very busy caring for two elderly relativesvesagedaged (formal) very old Having aged relatives to (formal) very old Having aged relatives to stay in your house can be quite stressfulstay in your house can be quite stressful

almsalms

[pl] (old-fashioned) money clothes and food that a[pl] (old-fashioned) money clothes and food that are given to poor peoplere given to poor people

cracklecrackle

to make repeated short sounds like something burto make repeated short sounds like something burning in a firening in a fire

logs crackling on the fire logs crackling on the fire

An announcement crackled over the loudspeakerAn announcement crackled over the loudspeaker

all manner of people (line 36)all manner of people (line 36)

all manner of somethingall manner of something

formalformal many different kinds of things or peop many different kinds of things or peoplele

We would discuss all manner of subjects We would discuss all manner of subjects

The British Isles have been conquered by all The British Isles have been conquered by all manner of peoplemanner of people

speculationspeculation1 when you guess about the possible causes or 1 when you guess about the possible causes or

effects of something without knowing all the effects of something without knowing all the facts or the guesses that you makefacts or the guesses that you make

speculation thatspeculation thatThere is speculation that the president is illThere is speculation that the president is illspeculation aboutonspeculation aboutonspeculation about the futurespeculation about the futurethe witnesss statement was pure speculation the witnesss statement was pure speculation

(=not based on any facts) (=not based on any facts)

wildidle speculationwildidle speculation (=speculation that is unlikely to be (=speculation that is unlikely to be true) true)

2 when you try to make a large profit by buying goods 2 when you try to make a large profit by buying goods property shares etc and then selling themproperty shares etc and then selling them

property speculationproperty speculation

scheme scheme 1 1 British EnglishBritish English an official plan that is intended to help an official plan that is intended to help

people in some way for example by providing education people in some way for example by providing education or training American Equivalent or training American Equivalent programprogram

The money will be used for teacher training schemesThe money will be used for teacher training schemesa pension schemea pension scheme

scheme forscheme forschemes for two new cross-city linesschemes for two new cross-city linesscheme to do somethingscheme to do somethinga new scheme to boost exportsa new scheme to boost exportspilot schemepilot scheme (=something that is done on a small s (=something that is done on a small s

cale in order to see if it is successful enough to bcale in order to see if it is successful enough to be done on a larger scale)e done on a larger scale) 小规模试验性质的小规模试验性质的

The pilot scheme proved to be a great successThe pilot scheme proved to be a great success2 a clever plan especially to do something that is 2 a clever plan especially to do something that is

bad or illegal - used in order to show disapprovalbad or illegal - used in order to show disapprovala get-rich-quick schemea get-rich-quick scheme

stand in the waystand in the way

in the sbrsquos wayin the sbrsquos way

stopping sb from moving or doing sthstopping sb from moving or doing sth

Yoursquoll have to movemdashyoursquore in my way Yoursquoll have to movemdashyoursquore in my way

I left them alone as I felt I was in the wayI left them alone as I felt I was in the way

love is withheld (line 44)love is withheld (line 44)

withholdwithhold

past tense and past participle withheld past tense and past participle withheld

to refuse to give someone somethingto refuse to give someone something

I withheld payment until they had completed I withheld payment until they had completed the work the work

Ian was accused of withholding vital informatIan was accused of withholding vital information from the policeion from the police

Text 2 GoldText 2 Gold

esteemesteem

formalformal to respect and admire someone or s to respect and admire someone or somethingomething

Peden was greatly esteemed by the people Peden was greatly esteemed by the people

He was esteemed as a literary witHe was esteemed as a literary wit

fabricatefabricate

1 to invent a story piece of information etc i1 to invent a story piece of information etc in order to deceive someonen order to deceive someone

The police were accused of fabricating evideThe police were accused of fabricating evidence nce

2 technical to make or produce goods or equ2 technical to make or produce goods or equipmentipment ￚￚ synonym manufacturesynonym manufacture

The discs are expensive to fabricateThe discs are expensive to fabricate

ounceounce

An ounce is a unit of weight used in Britain aAn ounce is a unit of weight used in Britain and the USA There are sixteen ounces in a nd the USA There are sixteen ounces in a pound and one ounce is equal to 2835 grpound and one ounce is equal to 2835 grams ams 盎司英两唡〔常衡＝盎司英两唡〔常衡＝ 116116 磅＝磅＝284284 克略作 克略作 ozoz 〕〕

four ounces of sugarfour ounces of sugar

long to possesshellip(line 12)long to possesshellip(line 12)longlongto want something very much especially when it sto want something very much especially when it s

eems unlikely to happen sooneems unlikely to happen soonlong to do somethinglong to do somethingHe longed to see her againHe longed to see her againlong forlong forShe longed for the chance to speak to him in privatShe longed for the chance to speak to him in privat

eeWe longed for a bed after several days of campingWe longed for a bed after several days of camping

longinglonging

a strong feeling of wanting something or someonea strong feeling of wanting something or someone

She looked back with longing on the good old daysShe looked back with longing on the good old days

longing forlonging for

His heart was filled with longing for CynthiaHis heart was filled with longing for Cynthia

longing tolonging to

She felt a longing to throw herself into his armsShe felt a longing to throw herself into his arms

bring out the bestworst in somebodybring out the bestworst in somebody

to make someone behave in the best or worto make someone behave in the best or worst way that they canst way that they can

Alcohol just brings out the worst in herAlcohol just brings out the worst in her

And Vince was obviously a great coach he And Vince was obviously a great coach he brought out the best in his team and whoebrought out the best in his team and whoever played himver played him

exerciseexercise (a rule) (a rule)

formal to use a power right or quality that yformal to use a power right or quality that you haveou have

There are plans to encourage people to exerThere are plans to encourage people to exercise their right to vote People who can excise their right to vote People who can exercise some control over their surroundingercise some control over their surroundings feel less anxiouss feel less anxious

the running of somethingthe running of something

the process of managing or organizing a busthe process of managing or organizing a business home organization etciness home organization etc

Brian took over the day-to-day running of the Brian took over the day-to-day running of the company while his father was away He prcompany while his father was away He praised the smooth running of the electionaised the smooth running of the election

helliphellipplusplus (room and board) (room and board)and alsoand alsoThere are numerous clubs plus a casinoThere are numerous clubs plus a casinoThe cost is pound45 plus pound5 for deliveryThe cost is pound45 plus pound5 for deliveryThe jacket costs $4995 plus taxThe jacket costs $4995 plus tax

the gold standard the gold standard 金本位金本位technicaltechnical the use of the value of gold as a fixed sta the use of the value of gold as a fixed sta

ndard on which to base the value of moneyndard on which to base the value of money

currencycurrency

1 [uncountable and countable] the system or type of money 1 [uncountable and countable] the system or type of money that a country usesthat a country uses

The bank can supply you with foreign currency The bank can supply you with foreign currency There are moves towards a single currency in Europe There are moves towards a single currency in Europe The local currency is the Swiss francThe local currency is the Swiss franc2 [uncountable] the state of being accepted or used by a lot 2 [uncountable] the state of being accepted or used by a lot

of peopleof peopleMarxism began to gain currency Marxism began to gain currency The idea was common currency in European political lifeThe idea was common currency in European political life

prospectorprospector

someone who looks for gold minerals oil etcsomeone who looks for gold minerals oil etc

infamousinfamous

well known for being bad or evilwell known for being bad or evil

an infamous killer Los Angeles infamous smogan infamous killer Los Angeles infamous smog

infamous forinfamous for

This area is infamous for drugs and prostitutionThis area is infamous for drugs and prostitution

ex-guardsex-guards

ex- former and still livingex- former and still living

an ex-Presidentan ex-PresidentHer dads an ex-policemanHer dads an ex-policemanLydia is still friends with her ex-husbandLydia is still friends with her ex-husbandmy ex-wifemy ex-wife

已故的总统已故的总统

an an occupationoccupation for the working class (line 38) for the working class (line 38)which of the following is a suitable synonymwhich of the following is a suitable synonym

his fathers occupationhis fathers occupation JOB profession (line JOB profession (line of) workof) work her leisure occupationsher leisure occupations PASTIME activity PASTIME activity hobby entertainment recreation amusementhobby entertainment recreation amusement a property suitable for occupation by older a property suitable for occupation by older peoplepeople RESIDENCE residency habitation RESIDENCE residency habitation the Roman occupation of Britainthe Roman occupation of Britain CONQUEST capture invasion seizure CONQUEST capture invasion seizure takeovertakeover

eloquenteloquent1 able to express your ideas and opinions well especially i1 able to express your ideas and opinions well especially i

n a way that influences people n a way that influences people 雄辩的有说明力的雄辩的有说明力的an eloquent appeal for supportan eloquent appeal for support

2 showing a feeling or meaning without using words2 showing a feeling or meaning without using words cleaclearly expressiverly expressive

The photographs are an eloquent reminder of the horrors of The photographs are an eloquent reminder of the horrors of warwar

an art that is eloquent of Americas cultural diversityan art that is eloquent of Americas cultural diversity

trust totrust to something something place reliance on (luck fate etc)place reliance on (luck fate etc) to hoto ho

pe that what you want to happen will happpe that what you want to happen will happen because there is nothing you can do aen because there is nothing you can do about itbout it

Ill just have to trust to luck that it works out oIll just have to trust to luck that it works out okay kay

I hope I may trust to your discretionI hope I may trust to your discretion

METAPHORMETAPHOR

METAPHORMETAPHOR A comparison which A comparison which imaginatively identifies one thing with imaginatively identifies one thing with another dissimilar thing and transfers or another dissimilar thing and transfers or ascribes to ascribes to the first thing (the tenor or the first thing (the tenor or idea)idea) some of the qualities of some of the qualities of the second the second (the vehicle or image)(the vehicle or image) Unlike a simile or Unlike a simile or analogy metaphor asserts that one thing analogy metaphor asserts that one thing is another thing not just that one is like is another thing not just that one is like another very frequently a metaphor is another very frequently a metaphor is invoked by the to be verbinvoked by the to be verb

notenote

tenortenor The word phrase or subject with whi The word phrase or subject with which the ch the vehiclevehicle of a metaphor is identified a of a metaphor is identified as life ins life in

隐喻所指的词短语或对象如 隐喻所指的词短语或对象如 life life 在 在 Lifes but a walking shadow Lifes but a walking shadow

(Shakespeare)(Shakespeare)

ldquoldquo 生命不过是一个行走的影子rdquo生命不过是一个行走的影子rdquo (( 莎士比亚莎士比亚 ))

10486951048695Some examples from the BibleSome examples from the Bible

Then Jesus declared I am the bread of life --JoThen Jesus declared I am the bread of life --John 635hn 63510486951048695I am the door if anyone enters through me he shall be I am the door if anyone enters through me he shall be saved and shall go in and out and find pasture --JOHN saved and shall go in and out and find pasture --JOHN 10910910486951048695But I will sing of your strength In the morning I will sinBut I will sing of your strength In the morning I will sing of your love For you are my fortress My refuge in tig of your love For you are my fortress My refuge in times of trouble --Psalm 5916mes of trouble --Psalm 591610486951048695The name of the Lord is a strong tower The righteous The name of the Lord is a strong tower The righteous run to it and are safe --Proverbs 1810run to it and are safe --Proverbs 1810

Another common method of constructing a metaphor is tAnother common method of constructing a metaphor is to use the possessive where the image is expressed as o use the possessive where the image is expressed as being a part of the idea usually in the form of the x of ybeing a part of the idea usually in the form of the x of y

10486951048695A writers river of words will dry up unless it is continuoA writers river of words will dry up unless it is continuously replenished by streams of new learningusly replenished by streams of new learning10486951048695The first beam of hope that had ever darted into his miThe first beam of hope that had ever darted into his mind rekindled youth in his cheeks and doubled the lustre ond rekindled youth in his cheeks and doubled the lustre of his eyes --SAMUEL JOHNSONf his eyes --SAMUEL JOHNSON10486951048695The furnace of affliction had softened his heart and puriThe furnace of affliction had softened his heart and purified his soulfied his soul

In fact there is a whole range of different degrees of direct iIn fact there is a whole range of different degrees of direct identification between image and idea dentification between image and idea

There is fully expressedThere is fully expressed10486951048695The eye is the lamp of your body when your eye is soundThe eye is the lamp of your body when your eye is sound

your whole body is full of light but when it is not sound your whole body is full of light but when it is not sound your body is full of darkness --LUKE 1134your body is full of darkness --LUKE 1134

There is impliedThere is implied10486951048695 For thou hast been my help and in the shadow of thy For thou hast been my help and in the shadow of thy

wings i sing for joy --PSALM 637wings i sing for joy --PSALM 637And there is very impliedAnd there is very implied10486951048695For if men do these things when the tree is green what wiFor if men do these things when the tree is green what wi

ll happen when it is dry --LUKE2331ll happen when it is dry --LUKE2331

Like simile and analogy metaphor is a profoundly important Like simile and analogy metaphor is a profoundly important and useful device Aristotle says in his Rhetoric It is and useful device Aristotle says in his Rhetoric It is metaphor above all else that gives clearness charm metaphor above all else that gives clearness charm and distinction to the style and distinction to the style

So metaphor not only explains by making the abstract or So metaphor not only explains by making the abstract or unknown concrete and familiar but it also enlivens by unknown concrete and familiar but it also enlivens by touching the readers imagination Further it affirms one touching the readers imagination Further it affirms one more interconnection in the unity of all things by showing more interconnection in the unity of all things by showing a relationship between things seemingly alien to each a relationship between things seemingly alien to each other And the fact that two very unlike things can be other And the fact that two very unlike things can be equated or referred to in terms of one another comments equated or referred to in terms of one another comments upon them both upon them both

No metaphor is just a metaphor All have significant imNo metaphor is just a metaphor All have significant implications and they must be chosen carefully especially plications and they must be chosen carefully especially in regard to the connotations the vehicle (image) will tranin regard to the connotations the vehicle (image) will transfer to the tenor Consider for example the differences isfer to the tenor Consider for example the differences in meaning conveyed by these statementsn meaning conveyed by these statements

10486951048695That club is spreading like wildfireThat club is spreading like wildfire10486951048695That club is spreading like cancerThat club is spreading like cancer10486951048695That club is really blossoming nowThat club is really blossoming now10486951048695That club in its amebic That club in its amebic （阿米巴的（阿米巴的 变形虫的） 变形虫的） momotions is engulfing the campustions is engulfing the campus

SimileSimile

Simile is a direct expressed comparison Simile is a direct expressed comparison between two things essentially unlike each other between two things essentially unlike each other but resembling each other in at least one way but resembling each other in at least one way In formal prose the simile is a device both of art In formal prose the simile is a device both of art and explanation comparing the unfamiliar thing and explanation comparing the unfamiliar thing (to be explained) to some familiar thing (an (to be explained) to some familiar thing (an object event process etc) known to the reader object event process etc) known to the reader There is no simile in the comparison my car is There is no simile in the comparison my car is like your car because the two objects are not like your car because the two objects are not essentially unlike each other essentially unlike each other When a noun is compared to a noun the simile When a noun is compared to a noun the simile is usually introduced by likeis usually introduced by like

Some examples from the BibleSome examples from the Bible

I see men but they look like trees walking --MaI see men but they look like trees walking --Mark 824rk 824

10486951048695The soul in the body is like a bird in a cageThe soul in the body is like a bird in a cage

10486951048695After such long exposure to the direct sun the After such long exposure to the direct sun the leaves of the houseplant looked like pieces of ovleaves of the houseplant looked like pieces of overcooked baconercooked bacon

But I am But I am like an olive treelike an olive tree Flourishing in the hou Flourishing in the house of God --Psalm 528se of God --Psalm 528

They will come and shout for joy on the heights They will come and shout for joy on the heights of Zion (of Zion ( 锡安山在耶路撒冷犹太民族文化中锡安山在耶路撒冷犹太民族文化中心的象征心的象征 ) They will be ) They will be like a well-watered like a well-watered gardengarden And they will sorrow no more --Jeremi And they will sorrow no more --Jeremiah 3112ah 3112

(in these last two examples especially notice how powerfull(in these last two examples especially notice how powerfully the thing to be described called the tenor is colored by the thing to be described called the tenor is colored by the thing it is compared to called the vehicle)y the thing it is compared to called the vehicle)

DictationDictation

Gold Rush of 1849Gold Rush of 1849

In January 1848 James W Marshall a carpenter In January 1848 James W Marshall a carpenter building a sawmill in partnership with John A Sutter in building a sawmill in partnership with John A Sutter in Californias Sacramento Valley discovered gold Sutter Californias Sacramento Valley discovered gold Sutter made his workers promise to keep the discovery a made his workers promise to keep the discovery a secret However the news leaked out Within a few secret However the news leaked out Within a few months a shrewd merchant hoping to increase his months a shrewd merchant hoping to increase his business set off the gold rush in earnest Samuel business set off the gold rush in earnest Samuel Brannan one of the early Mormon settlers in San Brannan one of the early Mormon settlers in San Francisco owned a store near Sutters fort In early May Francisco owned a store near Sutters fort In early May he returned to San Francisco from a visit to the diggings he returned to San Francisco from a visit to the diggings and spread the word of gold and spread the word of gold

Within a few days boats filled with townspeople were Within a few days boats filled with townspeople were heading up the Sacramento River to look for gold heading up the Sacramento River to look for gold Brannan of course had stocked his store with mining Brannan of course had stocked his store with mining supplies and was doing a thriving business San supplies and was doing a thriving business San Francisco soon was a ghost town as almost everyone Francisco soon was a ghost town as almost everyone was off to the gold siteswas off to the gold sites

During the summer of 1848 the news spread up and During the summer of 1848 the news spread up and down the West Coast across the border to Mexico and down the West Coast across the border to Mexico and even to the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii) Word also even to the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii) Word also reached the Mississippi Valley and the Eastern statesreached the Mississippi Valley and the Eastern states

Newspapers were filled with the accounts of men who clNewspapers were filled with the accounts of men who claimed to have become rich overnight by picking gold out aimed to have become rich overnight by picking gold out of Californias wondrous earth Then in a message to thof Californias wondrous earth Then in a message to the Congress of the United States in December President e Congress of the United States in December President James K Polk confirmed the presence of gold in CalifornJames K Polk confirmed the presence of gold in California That winter people from all walks of life set out for Caia That winter people from all walks of life set out for California Many pawned their possessions to get there Thlifornia Many pawned their possessions to get there The gold seekers also known as Forty-Niners or Argonautse gold seekers also known as Forty-Niners or Argonauts joined the rush from as far off as Europe and Australia joined the rush from as far off as Europe and Australia Many Chinese also flocked to San Francisco to join in thMany Chinese also flocked to San Francisco to join in the gold rushe gold rush

The EndThe End

Thank YouThank You

panting boyspanting boys

pantpantto breathe quickly with short noisy breaths for exato breathe quickly with short noisy breaths for exa

mple because you have been running or becausmple because you have been running or because it is very hote it is very hot

He came in panting after running up the steps He He came in panting after running up the steps He was panting for breath was panting for breath

The dog lay panting on the doorstepThe dog lay panting on the doorstep

strangle strangle to kill someone by pressing their throat with your hands a rto kill someone by pressing their throat with your hands a r

ope etcope etcstrangle withstrangle withThe victim had been strangled with a beltThe victim had been strangled with a belt

sternsternserious and strict and showing strong disapproval of someserious and strict and showing strong disapproval of some

ones behaviourones behavioursterner penalties for drug offences stern sterner penalties for drug offences stern lookvoiceexpression etc lookvoiceexpression etc Wait I shouted in my sternest voiceWait I shouted in my sternest voice

judiciousjudicioushaving or done with good judgement sensible having or done with good judgement sensible a judicious choice a judicious choice

usageusageJudicious means lsquousing good judgement sensiblersquo Judicious means lsquousing good judgement sensiblersquo

as in as in the judicious use of public investmentthe judicious use of public investment it sh it should not be confused with judicial which means ould not be confused with judicial which means lsquorelating to the administration of justicersquo as in lsquorelating to the administration of justicersquo as in the the judicial systemjudicial system

clientclient someone who gets services or advice someone who gets services or advice from a professional pefrom a professional pe

rson company or organizationrson company or organization

Elkins assured the judge that neither of his clients had a crimiElkins assured the judge that neither of his clients had a criminal recordnal record

Kilmers attorney Ralph Loeb said that his client should not hKilmers attorney Ralph Loeb said that his client should not have to pay the government anythingave to pay the government anything

Mr Langston normally meets with clients in the afternoonMr Langston normally meets with clients in the afternoon

The firm is one of our oldest clients - we dont want to lose thThe firm is one of our oldest clients - we dont want to lose themem

agedaged 1 very old1 very oldmy aged parentsmy aged parents2 the aged [plural] old people2 the aged [plural] old peoplethe care of children and the agedthe care of children and the aged

cfcfaged 525 etcaged 525 etcaged 525 etc betweenaged 525 etc betweenPolice are looking for a man aged between 30 and 35Police are looking for a man aged between 30 and 35The course is open to children aged 12 and overThe course is open to children aged 12 and over

SYNONYMSSYNONYMSold elderly aged old elderly aged These words all describe sb who has lived for a loThese words all describe sb who has lived for a lo

ng time or that usually lives for a long timeng time or that usually lives for a long timeoldold having lived for a long time no longer young having lived for a long time no longer young Shes getting oldmdashshes 75 next yearShes getting oldmdashshes 75 next yearelderlyelderly (rather formal) used as a polite word for (rather formal) used as a polite word for lsquooldrsquo She is very busy caring for two elderly relatilsquooldrsquo She is very busy caring for two elderly relativesvesagedaged (formal) very old Having aged relatives to (formal) very old Having aged relatives to stay in your house can be quite stressfulstay in your house can be quite stressful

almsalms

[pl] (old-fashioned) money clothes and food that a[pl] (old-fashioned) money clothes and food that are given to poor peoplere given to poor people

cracklecrackle

to make repeated short sounds like something burto make repeated short sounds like something burning in a firening in a fire

logs crackling on the fire logs crackling on the fire

An announcement crackled over the loudspeakerAn announcement crackled over the loudspeaker

all manner of people (line 36)all manner of people (line 36)

all manner of somethingall manner of something

formalformal many different kinds of things or peop many different kinds of things or peoplele

We would discuss all manner of subjects We would discuss all manner of subjects

The British Isles have been conquered by all The British Isles have been conquered by all manner of peoplemanner of people

speculationspeculation1 when you guess about the possible causes or 1 when you guess about the possible causes or

effects of something without knowing all the effects of something without knowing all the facts or the guesses that you makefacts or the guesses that you make

speculation thatspeculation thatThere is speculation that the president is illThere is speculation that the president is illspeculation aboutonspeculation aboutonspeculation about the futurespeculation about the futurethe witnesss statement was pure speculation the witnesss statement was pure speculation

(=not based on any facts) (=not based on any facts)

wildidle speculationwildidle speculation (=speculation that is unlikely to be (=speculation that is unlikely to be true) true)

2 when you try to make a large profit by buying goods 2 when you try to make a large profit by buying goods property shares etc and then selling themproperty shares etc and then selling them

property speculationproperty speculation

scheme scheme 1 1 British EnglishBritish English an official plan that is intended to help an official plan that is intended to help

people in some way for example by providing education people in some way for example by providing education or training American Equivalent or training American Equivalent programprogram

The money will be used for teacher training schemesThe money will be used for teacher training schemesa pension schemea pension scheme

scheme forscheme forschemes for two new cross-city linesschemes for two new cross-city linesscheme to do somethingscheme to do somethinga new scheme to boost exportsa new scheme to boost exportspilot schemepilot scheme (=something that is done on a small s (=something that is done on a small s

cale in order to see if it is successful enough to bcale in order to see if it is successful enough to be done on a larger scale)e done on a larger scale) 小规模试验性质的小规模试验性质的

The pilot scheme proved to be a great successThe pilot scheme proved to be a great success2 a clever plan especially to do something that is 2 a clever plan especially to do something that is

bad or illegal - used in order to show disapprovalbad or illegal - used in order to show disapprovala get-rich-quick schemea get-rich-quick scheme

stand in the waystand in the way

in the sbrsquos wayin the sbrsquos way

stopping sb from moving or doing sthstopping sb from moving or doing sth

Yoursquoll have to movemdashyoursquore in my way Yoursquoll have to movemdashyoursquore in my way

I left them alone as I felt I was in the wayI left them alone as I felt I was in the way

love is withheld (line 44)love is withheld (line 44)

withholdwithhold

past tense and past participle withheld past tense and past participle withheld

to refuse to give someone somethingto refuse to give someone something

I withheld payment until they had completed I withheld payment until they had completed the work the work

Ian was accused of withholding vital informatIan was accused of withholding vital information from the policeion from the police

Text 2 GoldText 2 Gold

esteemesteem

formalformal to respect and admire someone or s to respect and admire someone or somethingomething

Peden was greatly esteemed by the people Peden was greatly esteemed by the people

He was esteemed as a literary witHe was esteemed as a literary wit

fabricatefabricate

1 to invent a story piece of information etc i1 to invent a story piece of information etc in order to deceive someonen order to deceive someone

The police were accused of fabricating evideThe police were accused of fabricating evidence nce

2 technical to make or produce goods or equ2 technical to make or produce goods or equipmentipment ￚￚ synonym manufacturesynonym manufacture

The discs are expensive to fabricateThe discs are expensive to fabricate

ounceounce

An ounce is a unit of weight used in Britain aAn ounce is a unit of weight used in Britain and the USA There are sixteen ounces in a nd the USA There are sixteen ounces in a pound and one ounce is equal to 2835 grpound and one ounce is equal to 2835 grams ams 盎司英两唡〔常衡＝盎司英两唡〔常衡＝ 116116 磅＝磅＝284284 克略作 克略作 ozoz 〕〕

four ounces of sugarfour ounces of sugar

long to possesshellip(line 12)long to possesshellip(line 12)longlongto want something very much especially when it sto want something very much especially when it s

eems unlikely to happen sooneems unlikely to happen soonlong to do somethinglong to do somethingHe longed to see her againHe longed to see her againlong forlong forShe longed for the chance to speak to him in privatShe longed for the chance to speak to him in privat

eeWe longed for a bed after several days of campingWe longed for a bed after several days of camping

longinglonging

a strong feeling of wanting something or someonea strong feeling of wanting something or someone

She looked back with longing on the good old daysShe looked back with longing on the good old days

longing forlonging for

His heart was filled with longing for CynthiaHis heart was filled with longing for Cynthia

longing tolonging to

She felt a longing to throw herself into his armsShe felt a longing to throw herself into his arms

bring out the bestworst in somebodybring out the bestworst in somebody

to make someone behave in the best or worto make someone behave in the best or worst way that they canst way that they can

Alcohol just brings out the worst in herAlcohol just brings out the worst in her

And Vince was obviously a great coach he And Vince was obviously a great coach he brought out the best in his team and whoebrought out the best in his team and whoever played himver played him

exerciseexercise (a rule) (a rule)

formal to use a power right or quality that yformal to use a power right or quality that you haveou have

There are plans to encourage people to exerThere are plans to encourage people to exercise their right to vote People who can excise their right to vote People who can exercise some control over their surroundingercise some control over their surroundings feel less anxiouss feel less anxious

the running of somethingthe running of something

the process of managing or organizing a busthe process of managing or organizing a business home organization etciness home organization etc

Brian took over the day-to-day running of the Brian took over the day-to-day running of the company while his father was away He prcompany while his father was away He praised the smooth running of the electionaised the smooth running of the election

helliphellipplusplus (room and board) (room and board)and alsoand alsoThere are numerous clubs plus a casinoThere are numerous clubs plus a casinoThe cost is pound45 plus pound5 for deliveryThe cost is pound45 plus pound5 for deliveryThe jacket costs $4995 plus taxThe jacket costs $4995 plus tax

the gold standard the gold standard 金本位金本位technicaltechnical the use of the value of gold as a fixed sta the use of the value of gold as a fixed sta

ndard on which to base the value of moneyndard on which to base the value of money

currencycurrency

1 [uncountable and countable] the system or type of money 1 [uncountable and countable] the system or type of money that a country usesthat a country uses

The bank can supply you with foreign currency The bank can supply you with foreign currency There are moves towards a single currency in Europe There are moves towards a single currency in Europe The local currency is the Swiss francThe local currency is the Swiss franc2 [uncountable] the state of being accepted or used by a lot 2 [uncountable] the state of being accepted or used by a lot

of peopleof peopleMarxism began to gain currency Marxism began to gain currency The idea was common currency in European political lifeThe idea was common currency in European political life

prospectorprospector

someone who looks for gold minerals oil etcsomeone who looks for gold minerals oil etc

infamousinfamous

well known for being bad or evilwell known for being bad or evil

an infamous killer Los Angeles infamous smogan infamous killer Los Angeles infamous smog

infamous forinfamous for

This area is infamous for drugs and prostitutionThis area is infamous for drugs and prostitution

ex-guardsex-guards

ex- former and still livingex- former and still living

an ex-Presidentan ex-PresidentHer dads an ex-policemanHer dads an ex-policemanLydia is still friends with her ex-husbandLydia is still friends with her ex-husbandmy ex-wifemy ex-wife

已故的总统已故的总统

an an occupationoccupation for the working class (line 38) for the working class (line 38)which of the following is a suitable synonymwhich of the following is a suitable synonym

his fathers occupationhis fathers occupation JOB profession (line JOB profession (line of) workof) work her leisure occupationsher leisure occupations PASTIME activity PASTIME activity hobby entertainment recreation amusementhobby entertainment recreation amusement a property suitable for occupation by older a property suitable for occupation by older peoplepeople RESIDENCE residency habitation RESIDENCE residency habitation the Roman occupation of Britainthe Roman occupation of Britain CONQUEST capture invasion seizure CONQUEST capture invasion seizure takeovertakeover

eloquenteloquent1 able to express your ideas and opinions well especially i1 able to express your ideas and opinions well especially i

n a way that influences people n a way that influences people 雄辩的有说明力的雄辩的有说明力的an eloquent appeal for supportan eloquent appeal for support

2 showing a feeling or meaning without using words2 showing a feeling or meaning without using words cleaclearly expressiverly expressive

The photographs are an eloquent reminder of the horrors of The photographs are an eloquent reminder of the horrors of warwar

an art that is eloquent of Americas cultural diversityan art that is eloquent of Americas cultural diversity

trust totrust to something something place reliance on (luck fate etc)place reliance on (luck fate etc) to hoto ho

pe that what you want to happen will happpe that what you want to happen will happen because there is nothing you can do aen because there is nothing you can do about itbout it

Ill just have to trust to luck that it works out oIll just have to trust to luck that it works out okay kay

I hope I may trust to your discretionI hope I may trust to your discretion

METAPHORMETAPHOR

METAPHORMETAPHOR A comparison which A comparison which imaginatively identifies one thing with imaginatively identifies one thing with another dissimilar thing and transfers or another dissimilar thing and transfers or ascribes to ascribes to the first thing (the tenor or the first thing (the tenor or idea)idea) some of the qualities of some of the qualities of the second the second (the vehicle or image)(the vehicle or image) Unlike a simile or Unlike a simile or analogy metaphor asserts that one thing analogy metaphor asserts that one thing is another thing not just that one is like is another thing not just that one is like another very frequently a metaphor is another very frequently a metaphor is invoked by the to be verbinvoked by the to be verb

notenote

tenortenor The word phrase or subject with whi The word phrase or subject with which the ch the vehiclevehicle of a metaphor is identified a of a metaphor is identified as life ins life in

隐喻所指的词短语或对象如 隐喻所指的词短语或对象如 life life 在 在 Lifes but a walking shadow Lifes but a walking shadow

(Shakespeare)(Shakespeare)

ldquoldquo 生命不过是一个行走的影子rdquo生命不过是一个行走的影子rdquo (( 莎士比亚莎士比亚 ))

10486951048695Some examples from the BibleSome examples from the Bible

Then Jesus declared I am the bread of life --JoThen Jesus declared I am the bread of life --John 635hn 63510486951048695I am the door if anyone enters through me he shall be I am the door if anyone enters through me he shall be saved and shall go in and out and find pasture --JOHN saved and shall go in and out and find pasture --JOHN 10910910486951048695But I will sing of your strength In the morning I will sinBut I will sing of your strength In the morning I will sing of your love For you are my fortress My refuge in tig of your love For you are my fortress My refuge in times of trouble --Psalm 5916mes of trouble --Psalm 591610486951048695The name of the Lord is a strong tower The righteous The name of the Lord is a strong tower The righteous run to it and are safe --Proverbs 1810run to it and are safe --Proverbs 1810

Another common method of constructing a metaphor is tAnother common method of constructing a metaphor is to use the possessive where the image is expressed as o use the possessive where the image is expressed as being a part of the idea usually in the form of the x of ybeing a part of the idea usually in the form of the x of y

10486951048695A writers river of words will dry up unless it is continuoA writers river of words will dry up unless it is continuously replenished by streams of new learningusly replenished by streams of new learning10486951048695The first beam of hope that had ever darted into his miThe first beam of hope that had ever darted into his mind rekindled youth in his cheeks and doubled the lustre ond rekindled youth in his cheeks and doubled the lustre of his eyes --SAMUEL JOHNSONf his eyes --SAMUEL JOHNSON10486951048695The furnace of affliction had softened his heart and puriThe furnace of affliction had softened his heart and purified his soulfied his soul

In fact there is a whole range of different degrees of direct iIn fact there is a whole range of different degrees of direct identification between image and idea dentification between image and idea

There is fully expressedThere is fully expressed10486951048695The eye is the lamp of your body when your eye is soundThe eye is the lamp of your body when your eye is sound

your whole body is full of light but when it is not sound your whole body is full of light but when it is not sound your body is full of darkness --LUKE 1134your body is full of darkness --LUKE 1134

There is impliedThere is implied10486951048695 For thou hast been my help and in the shadow of thy For thou hast been my help and in the shadow of thy

wings i sing for joy --PSALM 637wings i sing for joy --PSALM 637And there is very impliedAnd there is very implied10486951048695For if men do these things when the tree is green what wiFor if men do these things when the tree is green what wi

ll happen when it is dry --LUKE2331ll happen when it is dry --LUKE2331

Like simile and analogy metaphor is a profoundly important Like simile and analogy metaphor is a profoundly important and useful device Aristotle says in his Rhetoric It is and useful device Aristotle says in his Rhetoric It is metaphor above all else that gives clearness charm metaphor above all else that gives clearness charm and distinction to the style and distinction to the style

So metaphor not only explains by making the abstract or So metaphor not only explains by making the abstract or unknown concrete and familiar but it also enlivens by unknown concrete and familiar but it also enlivens by touching the readers imagination Further it affirms one touching the readers imagination Further it affirms one more interconnection in the unity of all things by showing more interconnection in the unity of all things by showing a relationship between things seemingly alien to each a relationship between things seemingly alien to each other And the fact that two very unlike things can be other And the fact that two very unlike things can be equated or referred to in terms of one another comments equated or referred to in terms of one another comments upon them both upon them both

No metaphor is just a metaphor All have significant imNo metaphor is just a metaphor All have significant implications and they must be chosen carefully especially plications and they must be chosen carefully especially in regard to the connotations the vehicle (image) will tranin regard to the connotations the vehicle (image) will transfer to the tenor Consider for example the differences isfer to the tenor Consider for example the differences in meaning conveyed by these statementsn meaning conveyed by these statements

10486951048695That club is spreading like wildfireThat club is spreading like wildfire10486951048695That club is spreading like cancerThat club is spreading like cancer10486951048695That club is really blossoming nowThat club is really blossoming now10486951048695That club in its amebic That club in its amebic （阿米巴的（阿米巴的 变形虫的） 变形虫的） momotions is engulfing the campustions is engulfing the campus

SimileSimile

Simile is a direct expressed comparison Simile is a direct expressed comparison between two things essentially unlike each other between two things essentially unlike each other but resembling each other in at least one way but resembling each other in at least one way In formal prose the simile is a device both of art In formal prose the simile is a device both of art and explanation comparing the unfamiliar thing and explanation comparing the unfamiliar thing (to be explained) to some familiar thing (an (to be explained) to some familiar thing (an object event process etc) known to the reader object event process etc) known to the reader There is no simile in the comparison my car is There is no simile in the comparison my car is like your car because the two objects are not like your car because the two objects are not essentially unlike each other essentially unlike each other When a noun is compared to a noun the simile When a noun is compared to a noun the simile is usually introduced by likeis usually introduced by like

Some examples from the BibleSome examples from the Bible

I see men but they look like trees walking --MaI see men but they look like trees walking --Mark 824rk 824

10486951048695The soul in the body is like a bird in a cageThe soul in the body is like a bird in a cage

10486951048695After such long exposure to the direct sun the After such long exposure to the direct sun the leaves of the houseplant looked like pieces of ovleaves of the houseplant looked like pieces of overcooked baconercooked bacon

But I am But I am like an olive treelike an olive tree Flourishing in the hou Flourishing in the house of God --Psalm 528se of God --Psalm 528

They will come and shout for joy on the heights They will come and shout for joy on the heights of Zion (of Zion ( 锡安山在耶路撒冷犹太民族文化中锡安山在耶路撒冷犹太民族文化中心的象征心的象征 ) They will be ) They will be like a well-watered like a well-watered gardengarden And they will sorrow no more --Jeremi And they will sorrow no more --Jeremiah 3112ah 3112

(in these last two examples especially notice how powerfull(in these last two examples especially notice how powerfully the thing to be described called the tenor is colored by the thing to be described called the tenor is colored by the thing it is compared to called the vehicle)y the thing it is compared to called the vehicle)

DictationDictation

Gold Rush of 1849Gold Rush of 1849

In January 1848 James W Marshall a carpenter In January 1848 James W Marshall a carpenter building a sawmill in partnership with John A Sutter in building a sawmill in partnership with John A Sutter in Californias Sacramento Valley discovered gold Sutter Californias Sacramento Valley discovered gold Sutter made his workers promise to keep the discovery a made his workers promise to keep the discovery a secret However the news leaked out Within a few secret However the news leaked out Within a few months a shrewd merchant hoping to increase his months a shrewd merchant hoping to increase his business set off the gold rush in earnest Samuel business set off the gold rush in earnest Samuel Brannan one of the early Mormon settlers in San Brannan one of the early Mormon settlers in San Francisco owned a store near Sutters fort In early May Francisco owned a store near Sutters fort In early May he returned to San Francisco from a visit to the diggings he returned to San Francisco from a visit to the diggings and spread the word of gold and spread the word of gold

Within a few days boats filled with townspeople were Within a few days boats filled with townspeople were heading up the Sacramento River to look for gold heading up the Sacramento River to look for gold Brannan of course had stocked his store with mining Brannan of course had stocked his store with mining supplies and was doing a thriving business San supplies and was doing a thriving business San Francisco soon was a ghost town as almost everyone Francisco soon was a ghost town as almost everyone was off to the gold siteswas off to the gold sites

During the summer of 1848 the news spread up and During the summer of 1848 the news spread up and down the West Coast across the border to Mexico and down the West Coast across the border to Mexico and even to the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii) Word also even to the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii) Word also reached the Mississippi Valley and the Eastern statesreached the Mississippi Valley and the Eastern states

Newspapers were filled with the accounts of men who clNewspapers were filled with the accounts of men who claimed to have become rich overnight by picking gold out aimed to have become rich overnight by picking gold out of Californias wondrous earth Then in a message to thof Californias wondrous earth Then in a message to the Congress of the United States in December President e Congress of the United States in December President James K Polk confirmed the presence of gold in CalifornJames K Polk confirmed the presence of gold in California That winter people from all walks of life set out for Caia That winter people from all walks of life set out for California Many pawned their possessions to get there Thlifornia Many pawned their possessions to get there The gold seekers also known as Forty-Niners or Argonautse gold seekers also known as Forty-Niners or Argonauts joined the rush from as far off as Europe and Australia joined the rush from as far off as Europe and Australia Many Chinese also flocked to San Francisco to join in thMany Chinese also flocked to San Francisco to join in the gold rushe gold rush

The EndThe End

Thank YouThank You

strangle strangle to kill someone by pressing their throat with your hands a rto kill someone by pressing their throat with your hands a r

ope etcope etcstrangle withstrangle withThe victim had been strangled with a beltThe victim had been strangled with a belt

sternsternserious and strict and showing strong disapproval of someserious and strict and showing strong disapproval of some

ones behaviourones behavioursterner penalties for drug offences stern sterner penalties for drug offences stern lookvoiceexpression etc lookvoiceexpression etc Wait I shouted in my sternest voiceWait I shouted in my sternest voice

judiciousjudicioushaving or done with good judgement sensible having or done with good judgement sensible a judicious choice a judicious choice

usageusageJudicious means lsquousing good judgement sensiblersquo Judicious means lsquousing good judgement sensiblersquo

as in as in the judicious use of public investmentthe judicious use of public investment it sh it should not be confused with judicial which means ould not be confused with judicial which means lsquorelating to the administration of justicersquo as in lsquorelating to the administration of justicersquo as in the the judicial systemjudicial system

clientclient someone who gets services or advice someone who gets services or advice from a professional pefrom a professional pe

rson company or organizationrson company or organization

Elkins assured the judge that neither of his clients had a crimiElkins assured the judge that neither of his clients had a criminal recordnal record

Kilmers attorney Ralph Loeb said that his client should not hKilmers attorney Ralph Loeb said that his client should not have to pay the government anythingave to pay the government anything

Mr Langston normally meets with clients in the afternoonMr Langston normally meets with clients in the afternoon

The firm is one of our oldest clients - we dont want to lose thThe firm is one of our oldest clients - we dont want to lose themem

agedaged 1 very old1 very oldmy aged parentsmy aged parents2 the aged [plural] old people2 the aged [plural] old peoplethe care of children and the agedthe care of children and the aged

cfcfaged 525 etcaged 525 etcaged 525 etc betweenaged 525 etc betweenPolice are looking for a man aged between 30 and 35Police are looking for a man aged between 30 and 35The course is open to children aged 12 and overThe course is open to children aged 12 and over

SYNONYMSSYNONYMSold elderly aged old elderly aged These words all describe sb who has lived for a loThese words all describe sb who has lived for a lo

ng time or that usually lives for a long timeng time or that usually lives for a long timeoldold having lived for a long time no longer young having lived for a long time no longer young Shes getting oldmdashshes 75 next yearShes getting oldmdashshes 75 next yearelderlyelderly (rather formal) used as a polite word for (rather formal) used as a polite word for lsquooldrsquo She is very busy caring for two elderly relatilsquooldrsquo She is very busy caring for two elderly relativesvesagedaged (formal) very old Having aged relatives to (formal) very old Having aged relatives to stay in your house can be quite stressfulstay in your house can be quite stressful

almsalms

[pl] (old-fashioned) money clothes and food that a[pl] (old-fashioned) money clothes and food that are given to poor peoplere given to poor people

cracklecrackle

to make repeated short sounds like something burto make repeated short sounds like something burning in a firening in a fire

logs crackling on the fire logs crackling on the fire

An announcement crackled over the loudspeakerAn announcement crackled over the loudspeaker

all manner of people (line 36)all manner of people (line 36)

all manner of somethingall manner of something

formalformal many different kinds of things or peop many different kinds of things or peoplele

We would discuss all manner of subjects We would discuss all manner of subjects

The British Isles have been conquered by all The British Isles have been conquered by all manner of peoplemanner of people

speculationspeculation1 when you guess about the possible causes or 1 when you guess about the possible causes or

effects of something without knowing all the effects of something without knowing all the facts or the guesses that you makefacts or the guesses that you make

speculation thatspeculation thatThere is speculation that the president is illThere is speculation that the president is illspeculation aboutonspeculation aboutonspeculation about the futurespeculation about the futurethe witnesss statement was pure speculation the witnesss statement was pure speculation

(=not based on any facts) (=not based on any facts)

wildidle speculationwildidle speculation (=speculation that is unlikely to be (=speculation that is unlikely to be true) true)

2 when you try to make a large profit by buying goods 2 when you try to make a large profit by buying goods property shares etc and then selling themproperty shares etc and then selling them

property speculationproperty speculation

scheme scheme 1 1 British EnglishBritish English an official plan that is intended to help an official plan that is intended to help

people in some way for example by providing education people in some way for example by providing education or training American Equivalent or training American Equivalent programprogram

The money will be used for teacher training schemesThe money will be used for teacher training schemesa pension schemea pension scheme

scheme forscheme forschemes for two new cross-city linesschemes for two new cross-city linesscheme to do somethingscheme to do somethinga new scheme to boost exportsa new scheme to boost exportspilot schemepilot scheme (=something that is done on a small s (=something that is done on a small s

cale in order to see if it is successful enough to bcale in order to see if it is successful enough to be done on a larger scale)e done on a larger scale) 小规模试验性质的小规模试验性质的

The pilot scheme proved to be a great successThe pilot scheme proved to be a great success2 a clever plan especially to do something that is 2 a clever plan especially to do something that is

bad or illegal - used in order to show disapprovalbad or illegal - used in order to show disapprovala get-rich-quick schemea get-rich-quick scheme

stand in the waystand in the way

in the sbrsquos wayin the sbrsquos way

stopping sb from moving or doing sthstopping sb from moving or doing sth

Yoursquoll have to movemdashyoursquore in my way Yoursquoll have to movemdashyoursquore in my way

I left them alone as I felt I was in the wayI left them alone as I felt I was in the way

love is withheld (line 44)love is withheld (line 44)

withholdwithhold

past tense and past participle withheld past tense and past participle withheld

to refuse to give someone somethingto refuse to give someone something

I withheld payment until they had completed I withheld payment until they had completed the work the work

Ian was accused of withholding vital informatIan was accused of withholding vital information from the policeion from the police

Text 2 GoldText 2 Gold

esteemesteem

formalformal to respect and admire someone or s to respect and admire someone or somethingomething

Peden was greatly esteemed by the people Peden was greatly esteemed by the people

He was esteemed as a literary witHe was esteemed as a literary wit

fabricatefabricate

1 to invent a story piece of information etc i1 to invent a story piece of information etc in order to deceive someonen order to deceive someone

The police were accused of fabricating evideThe police were accused of fabricating evidence nce

2 technical to make or produce goods or equ2 technical to make or produce goods or equipmentipment ￚￚ synonym manufacturesynonym manufacture

The discs are expensive to fabricateThe discs are expensive to fabricate

ounceounce

An ounce is a unit of weight used in Britain aAn ounce is a unit of weight used in Britain and the USA There are sixteen ounces in a nd the USA There are sixteen ounces in a pound and one ounce is equal to 2835 grpound and one ounce is equal to 2835 grams ams 盎司英两唡〔常衡＝盎司英两唡〔常衡＝ 116116 磅＝磅＝284284 克略作 克略作 ozoz 〕〕

four ounces of sugarfour ounces of sugar

long to possesshellip(line 12)long to possesshellip(line 12)longlongto want something very much especially when it sto want something very much especially when it s

eems unlikely to happen sooneems unlikely to happen soonlong to do somethinglong to do somethingHe longed to see her againHe longed to see her againlong forlong forShe longed for the chance to speak to him in privatShe longed for the chance to speak to him in privat

eeWe longed for a bed after several days of campingWe longed for a bed after several days of camping

longinglonging

a strong feeling of wanting something or someonea strong feeling of wanting something or someone

She looked back with longing on the good old daysShe looked back with longing on the good old days

longing forlonging for

His heart was filled with longing for CynthiaHis heart was filled with longing for Cynthia

longing tolonging to

She felt a longing to throw herself into his armsShe felt a longing to throw herself into his arms

bring out the bestworst in somebodybring out the bestworst in somebody

to make someone behave in the best or worto make someone behave in the best or worst way that they canst way that they can

Alcohol just brings out the worst in herAlcohol just brings out the worst in her

And Vince was obviously a great coach he And Vince was obviously a great coach he brought out the best in his team and whoebrought out the best in his team and whoever played himver played him

exerciseexercise (a rule) (a rule)

formal to use a power right or quality that yformal to use a power right or quality that you haveou have

There are plans to encourage people to exerThere are plans to encourage people to exercise their right to vote People who can excise their right to vote People who can exercise some control over their surroundingercise some control over their surroundings feel less anxiouss feel less anxious

the running of somethingthe running of something

the process of managing or organizing a busthe process of managing or organizing a business home organization etciness home organization etc

Brian took over the day-to-day running of the Brian took over the day-to-day running of the company while his father was away He prcompany while his father was away He praised the smooth running of the electionaised the smooth running of the election

helliphellipplusplus (room and board) (room and board)and alsoand alsoThere are numerous clubs plus a casinoThere are numerous clubs plus a casinoThe cost is pound45 plus pound5 for deliveryThe cost is pound45 plus pound5 for deliveryThe jacket costs $4995 plus taxThe jacket costs $4995 plus tax

the gold standard the gold standard 金本位金本位technicaltechnical the use of the value of gold as a fixed sta the use of the value of gold as a fixed sta

ndard on which to base the value of moneyndard on which to base the value of money

currencycurrency

1 [uncountable and countable] the system or type of money 1 [uncountable and countable] the system or type of money that a country usesthat a country uses

The bank can supply you with foreign currency The bank can supply you with foreign currency There are moves towards a single currency in Europe There are moves towards a single currency in Europe The local currency is the Swiss francThe local currency is the Swiss franc2 [uncountable] the state of being accepted or used by a lot 2 [uncountable] the state of being accepted or used by a lot

of peopleof peopleMarxism began to gain currency Marxism began to gain currency The idea was common currency in European political lifeThe idea was common currency in European political life

prospectorprospector

someone who looks for gold minerals oil etcsomeone who looks for gold minerals oil etc

infamousinfamous

well known for being bad or evilwell known for being bad or evil

an infamous killer Los Angeles infamous smogan infamous killer Los Angeles infamous smog

infamous forinfamous for

This area is infamous for drugs and prostitutionThis area is infamous for drugs and prostitution

ex-guardsex-guards

ex- former and still livingex- former and still living

an ex-Presidentan ex-PresidentHer dads an ex-policemanHer dads an ex-policemanLydia is still friends with her ex-husbandLydia is still friends with her ex-husbandmy ex-wifemy ex-wife

已故的总统已故的总统

an an occupationoccupation for the working class (line 38) for the working class (line 38)which of the following is a suitable synonymwhich of the following is a suitable synonym

his fathers occupationhis fathers occupation JOB profession (line JOB profession (line of) workof) work her leisure occupationsher leisure occupations PASTIME activity PASTIME activity hobby entertainment recreation amusementhobby entertainment recreation amusement a property suitable for occupation by older a property suitable for occupation by older peoplepeople RESIDENCE residency habitation RESIDENCE residency habitation the Roman occupation of Britainthe Roman occupation of Britain CONQUEST capture invasion seizure CONQUEST capture invasion seizure takeovertakeover

eloquenteloquent1 able to express your ideas and opinions well especially i1 able to express your ideas and opinions well especially i

n a way that influences people n a way that influences people 雄辩的有说明力的雄辩的有说明力的an eloquent appeal for supportan eloquent appeal for support

2 showing a feeling or meaning without using words2 showing a feeling or meaning without using words cleaclearly expressiverly expressive

The photographs are an eloquent reminder of the horrors of The photographs are an eloquent reminder of the horrors of warwar

an art that is eloquent of Americas cultural diversityan art that is eloquent of Americas cultural diversity

trust totrust to something something place reliance on (luck fate etc)place reliance on (luck fate etc) to hoto ho

pe that what you want to happen will happpe that what you want to happen will happen because there is nothing you can do aen because there is nothing you can do about itbout it

Ill just have to trust to luck that it works out oIll just have to trust to luck that it works out okay kay

I hope I may trust to your discretionI hope I may trust to your discretion

METAPHORMETAPHOR

METAPHORMETAPHOR A comparison which A comparison which imaginatively identifies one thing with imaginatively identifies one thing with another dissimilar thing and transfers or another dissimilar thing and transfers or ascribes to ascribes to the first thing (the tenor or the first thing (the tenor or idea)idea) some of the qualities of some of the qualities of the second the second (the vehicle or image)(the vehicle or image) Unlike a simile or Unlike a simile or analogy metaphor asserts that one thing analogy metaphor asserts that one thing is another thing not just that one is like is another thing not just that one is like another very frequently a metaphor is another very frequently a metaphor is invoked by the to be verbinvoked by the to be verb

notenote

tenortenor The word phrase or subject with whi The word phrase or subject with which the ch the vehiclevehicle of a metaphor is identified a of a metaphor is identified as life ins life in

隐喻所指的词短语或对象如 隐喻所指的词短语或对象如 life life 在 在 Lifes but a walking shadow Lifes but a walking shadow

(Shakespeare)(Shakespeare)

ldquoldquo 生命不过是一个行走的影子rdquo生命不过是一个行走的影子rdquo (( 莎士比亚莎士比亚 ))

10486951048695Some examples from the BibleSome examples from the Bible

Then Jesus declared I am the bread of life --JoThen Jesus declared I am the bread of life --John 635hn 63510486951048695I am the door if anyone enters through me he shall be I am the door if anyone enters through me he shall be saved and shall go in and out and find pasture --JOHN saved and shall go in and out and find pasture --JOHN 10910910486951048695But I will sing of your strength In the morning I will sinBut I will sing of your strength In the morning I will sing of your love For you are my fortress My refuge in tig of your love For you are my fortress My refuge in times of trouble --Psalm 5916mes of trouble --Psalm 591610486951048695The name of the Lord is a strong tower The righteous The name of the Lord is a strong tower The righteous run to it and are safe --Proverbs 1810run to it and are safe --Proverbs 1810

Another common method of constructing a metaphor is tAnother common method of constructing a metaphor is to use the possessive where the image is expressed as o use the possessive where the image is expressed as being a part of the idea usually in the form of the x of ybeing a part of the idea usually in the form of the x of y

10486951048695A writers river of words will dry up unless it is continuoA writers river of words will dry up unless it is continuously replenished by streams of new learningusly replenished by streams of new learning10486951048695The first beam of hope that had ever darted into his miThe first beam of hope that had ever darted into his mind rekindled youth in his cheeks and doubled the lustre ond rekindled youth in his cheeks and doubled the lustre of his eyes --SAMUEL JOHNSONf his eyes --SAMUEL JOHNSON10486951048695The furnace of affliction had softened his heart and puriThe furnace of affliction had softened his heart and purified his soulfied his soul

In fact there is a whole range of different degrees of direct iIn fact there is a whole range of different degrees of direct identification between image and idea dentification between image and idea

There is fully expressedThere is fully expressed10486951048695The eye is the lamp of your body when your eye is soundThe eye is the lamp of your body when your eye is sound

your whole body is full of light but when it is not sound your whole body is full of light but when it is not sound your body is full of darkness --LUKE 1134your body is full of darkness --LUKE 1134

There is impliedThere is implied10486951048695 For thou hast been my help and in the shadow of thy For thou hast been my help and in the shadow of thy

wings i sing for joy --PSALM 637wings i sing for joy --PSALM 637And there is very impliedAnd there is very implied10486951048695For if men do these things when the tree is green what wiFor if men do these things when the tree is green what wi

ll happen when it is dry --LUKE2331ll happen when it is dry --LUKE2331

Like simile and analogy metaphor is a profoundly important Like simile and analogy metaphor is a profoundly important and useful device Aristotle says in his Rhetoric It is and useful device Aristotle says in his Rhetoric It is metaphor above all else that gives clearness charm metaphor above all else that gives clearness charm and distinction to the style and distinction to the style

So metaphor not only explains by making the abstract or So metaphor not only explains by making the abstract or unknown concrete and familiar but it also enlivens by unknown concrete and familiar but it also enlivens by touching the readers imagination Further it affirms one touching the readers imagination Further it affirms one more interconnection in the unity of all things by showing more interconnection in the unity of all things by showing a relationship between things seemingly alien to each a relationship between things seemingly alien to each other And the fact that two very unlike things can be other And the fact that two very unlike things can be equated or referred to in terms of one another comments equated or referred to in terms of one another comments upon them both upon them both

No metaphor is just a metaphor All have significant imNo metaphor is just a metaphor All have significant implications and they must be chosen carefully especially plications and they must be chosen carefully especially in regard to the connotations the vehicle (image) will tranin regard to the connotations the vehicle (image) will transfer to the tenor Consider for example the differences isfer to the tenor Consider for example the differences in meaning conveyed by these statementsn meaning conveyed by these statements

10486951048695That club is spreading like wildfireThat club is spreading like wildfire10486951048695That club is spreading like cancerThat club is spreading like cancer10486951048695That club is really blossoming nowThat club is really blossoming now10486951048695That club in its amebic That club in its amebic （阿米巴的（阿米巴的 变形虫的） 变形虫的） momotions is engulfing the campustions is engulfing the campus

SimileSimile

Simile is a direct expressed comparison Simile is a direct expressed comparison between two things essentially unlike each other between two things essentially unlike each other but resembling each other in at least one way but resembling each other in at least one way In formal prose the simile is a device both of art In formal prose the simile is a device both of art and explanation comparing the unfamiliar thing and explanation comparing the unfamiliar thing (to be explained) to some familiar thing (an (to be explained) to some familiar thing (an object event process etc) known to the reader object event process etc) known to the reader There is no simile in the comparison my car is There is no simile in the comparison my car is like your car because the two objects are not like your car because the two objects are not essentially unlike each other essentially unlike each other When a noun is compared to a noun the simile When a noun is compared to a noun the simile is usually introduced by likeis usually introduced by like

Some examples from the BibleSome examples from the Bible

I see men but they look like trees walking --MaI see men but they look like trees walking --Mark 824rk 824

10486951048695The soul in the body is like a bird in a cageThe soul in the body is like a bird in a cage

10486951048695After such long exposure to the direct sun the After such long exposure to the direct sun the leaves of the houseplant looked like pieces of ovleaves of the houseplant looked like pieces of overcooked baconercooked bacon

But I am But I am like an olive treelike an olive tree Flourishing in the hou Flourishing in the house of God --Psalm 528se of God --Psalm 528

They will come and shout for joy on the heights They will come and shout for joy on the heights of Zion (of Zion ( 锡安山在耶路撒冷犹太民族文化中锡安山在耶路撒冷犹太民族文化中心的象征心的象征 ) They will be ) They will be like a well-watered like a well-watered gardengarden And they will sorrow no more --Jeremi And they will sorrow no more --Jeremiah 3112ah 3112

(in these last two examples especially notice how powerfull(in these last two examples especially notice how powerfully the thing to be described called the tenor is colored by the thing to be described called the tenor is colored by the thing it is compared to called the vehicle)y the thing it is compared to called the vehicle)

DictationDictation

Gold Rush of 1849Gold Rush of 1849

In January 1848 James W Marshall a carpenter In January 1848 James W Marshall a carpenter building a sawmill in partnership with John A Sutter in building a sawmill in partnership with John A Sutter in Californias Sacramento Valley discovered gold Sutter Californias Sacramento Valley discovered gold Sutter made his workers promise to keep the discovery a made his workers promise to keep the discovery a secret However the news leaked out Within a few secret However the news leaked out Within a few months a shrewd merchant hoping to increase his months a shrewd merchant hoping to increase his business set off the gold rush in earnest Samuel business set off the gold rush in earnest Samuel Brannan one of the early Mormon settlers in San Brannan one of the early Mormon settlers in San Francisco owned a store near Sutters fort In early May Francisco owned a store near Sutters fort In early May he returned to San Francisco from a visit to the diggings he returned to San Francisco from a visit to the diggings and spread the word of gold and spread the word of gold

Within a few days boats filled with townspeople were Within a few days boats filled with townspeople were heading up the Sacramento River to look for gold heading up the Sacramento River to look for gold Brannan of course had stocked his store with mining Brannan of course had stocked his store with mining supplies and was doing a thriving business San supplies and was doing a thriving business San Francisco soon was a ghost town as almost everyone Francisco soon was a ghost town as almost everyone was off to the gold siteswas off to the gold sites

During the summer of 1848 the news spread up and During the summer of 1848 the news spread up and down the West Coast across the border to Mexico and down the West Coast across the border to Mexico and even to the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii) Word also even to the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii) Word also reached the Mississippi Valley and the Eastern statesreached the Mississippi Valley and the Eastern states

Newspapers were filled with the accounts of men who clNewspapers were filled with the accounts of men who claimed to have become rich overnight by picking gold out aimed to have become rich overnight by picking gold out of Californias wondrous earth Then in a message to thof Californias wondrous earth Then in a message to the Congress of the United States in December President e Congress of the United States in December President James K Polk confirmed the presence of gold in CalifornJames K Polk confirmed the presence of gold in California That winter people from all walks of life set out for Caia That winter people from all walks of life set out for California Many pawned their possessions to get there Thlifornia Many pawned their possessions to get there The gold seekers also known as Forty-Niners or Argonautse gold seekers also known as Forty-Niners or Argonauts joined the rush from as far off as Europe and Australia joined the rush from as far off as Europe and Australia Many Chinese also flocked to San Francisco to join in thMany Chinese also flocked to San Francisco to join in the gold rushe gold rush

The EndThe End

Thank YouThank You

judiciousjudicioushaving or done with good judgement sensible having or done with good judgement sensible a judicious choice a judicious choice

usageusageJudicious means lsquousing good judgement sensiblersquo Judicious means lsquousing good judgement sensiblersquo

as in as in the judicious use of public investmentthe judicious use of public investment it sh it should not be confused with judicial which means ould not be confused with judicial which means lsquorelating to the administration of justicersquo as in lsquorelating to the administration of justicersquo as in the the judicial systemjudicial system

clientclient someone who gets services or advice someone who gets services or advice from a professional pefrom a professional pe

rson company or organizationrson company or organization

Elkins assured the judge that neither of his clients had a crimiElkins assured the judge that neither of his clients had a criminal recordnal record

Kilmers attorney Ralph Loeb said that his client should not hKilmers attorney Ralph Loeb said that his client should not have to pay the government anythingave to pay the government anything

Mr Langston normally meets with clients in the afternoonMr Langston normally meets with clients in the afternoon

The firm is one of our oldest clients - we dont want to lose thThe firm is one of our oldest clients - we dont want to lose themem

agedaged 1 very old1 very oldmy aged parentsmy aged parents2 the aged [plural] old people2 the aged [plural] old peoplethe care of children and the agedthe care of children and the aged

cfcfaged 525 etcaged 525 etcaged 525 etc betweenaged 525 etc betweenPolice are looking for a man aged between 30 and 35Police are looking for a man aged between 30 and 35The course is open to children aged 12 and overThe course is open to children aged 12 and over

SYNONYMSSYNONYMSold elderly aged old elderly aged These words all describe sb who has lived for a loThese words all describe sb who has lived for a lo

ng time or that usually lives for a long timeng time or that usually lives for a long timeoldold having lived for a long time no longer young having lived for a long time no longer young Shes getting oldmdashshes 75 next yearShes getting oldmdashshes 75 next yearelderlyelderly (rather formal) used as a polite word for (rather formal) used as a polite word for lsquooldrsquo She is very busy caring for two elderly relatilsquooldrsquo She is very busy caring for two elderly relativesvesagedaged (formal) very old Having aged relatives to (formal) very old Having aged relatives to stay in your house can be quite stressfulstay in your house can be quite stressful

almsalms

[pl] (old-fashioned) money clothes and food that a[pl] (old-fashioned) money clothes and food that are given to poor peoplere given to poor people

cracklecrackle

to make repeated short sounds like something burto make repeated short sounds like something burning in a firening in a fire

logs crackling on the fire logs crackling on the fire

An announcement crackled over the loudspeakerAn announcement crackled over the loudspeaker

all manner of people (line 36)all manner of people (line 36)

all manner of somethingall manner of something

formalformal many different kinds of things or peop many different kinds of things or peoplele

We would discuss all manner of subjects We would discuss all manner of subjects

The British Isles have been conquered by all The British Isles have been conquered by all manner of peoplemanner of people

speculationspeculation1 when you guess about the possible causes or 1 when you guess about the possible causes or

effects of something without knowing all the effects of something without knowing all the facts or the guesses that you makefacts or the guesses that you make

speculation thatspeculation thatThere is speculation that the president is illThere is speculation that the president is illspeculation aboutonspeculation aboutonspeculation about the futurespeculation about the futurethe witnesss statement was pure speculation the witnesss statement was pure speculation

(=not based on any facts) (=not based on any facts)

wildidle speculationwildidle speculation (=speculation that is unlikely to be (=speculation that is unlikely to be true) true)

2 when you try to make a large profit by buying goods 2 when you try to make a large profit by buying goods property shares etc and then selling themproperty shares etc and then selling them

property speculationproperty speculation

scheme scheme 1 1 British EnglishBritish English an official plan that is intended to help an official plan that is intended to help

people in some way for example by providing education people in some way for example by providing education or training American Equivalent or training American Equivalent programprogram

The money will be used for teacher training schemesThe money will be used for teacher training schemesa pension schemea pension scheme

scheme forscheme forschemes for two new cross-city linesschemes for two new cross-city linesscheme to do somethingscheme to do somethinga new scheme to boost exportsa new scheme to boost exportspilot schemepilot scheme (=something that is done on a small s (=something that is done on a small s

cale in order to see if it is successful enough to bcale in order to see if it is successful enough to be done on a larger scale)e done on a larger scale) 小规模试验性质的小规模试验性质的

The pilot scheme proved to be a great successThe pilot scheme proved to be a great success2 a clever plan especially to do something that is 2 a clever plan especially to do something that is

bad or illegal - used in order to show disapprovalbad or illegal - used in order to show disapprovala get-rich-quick schemea get-rich-quick scheme

stand in the waystand in the way

in the sbrsquos wayin the sbrsquos way

stopping sb from moving or doing sthstopping sb from moving or doing sth

Yoursquoll have to movemdashyoursquore in my way Yoursquoll have to movemdashyoursquore in my way

I left them alone as I felt I was in the wayI left them alone as I felt I was in the way

love is withheld (line 44)love is withheld (line 44)

withholdwithhold

past tense and past participle withheld past tense and past participle withheld

to refuse to give someone somethingto refuse to give someone something

I withheld payment until they had completed I withheld payment until they had completed the work the work

Ian was accused of withholding vital informatIan was accused of withholding vital information from the policeion from the police

Text 2 GoldText 2 Gold

esteemesteem

formalformal to respect and admire someone or s to respect and admire someone or somethingomething

Peden was greatly esteemed by the people Peden was greatly esteemed by the people

He was esteemed as a literary witHe was esteemed as a literary wit

fabricatefabricate

1 to invent a story piece of information etc i1 to invent a story piece of information etc in order to deceive someonen order to deceive someone

The police were accused of fabricating evideThe police were accused of fabricating evidence nce

2 technical to make or produce goods or equ2 technical to make or produce goods or equipmentipment ￚￚ synonym manufacturesynonym manufacture

The discs are expensive to fabricateThe discs are expensive to fabricate

ounceounce

An ounce is a unit of weight used in Britain aAn ounce is a unit of weight used in Britain and the USA There are sixteen ounces in a nd the USA There are sixteen ounces in a pound and one ounce is equal to 2835 grpound and one ounce is equal to 2835 grams ams 盎司英两唡〔常衡＝盎司英两唡〔常衡＝ 116116 磅＝磅＝284284 克略作 克略作 ozoz 〕〕

four ounces of sugarfour ounces of sugar

long to possesshellip(line 12)long to possesshellip(line 12)longlongto want something very much especially when it sto want something very much especially when it s

eems unlikely to happen sooneems unlikely to happen soonlong to do somethinglong to do somethingHe longed to see her againHe longed to see her againlong forlong forShe longed for the chance to speak to him in privatShe longed for the chance to speak to him in privat

eeWe longed for a bed after several days of campingWe longed for a bed after several days of camping

longinglonging

a strong feeling of wanting something or someonea strong feeling of wanting something or someone

She looked back with longing on the good old daysShe looked back with longing on the good old days

longing forlonging for

His heart was filled with longing for CynthiaHis heart was filled with longing for Cynthia

longing tolonging to

She felt a longing to throw herself into his armsShe felt a longing to throw herself into his arms

bring out the bestworst in somebodybring out the bestworst in somebody

to make someone behave in the best or worto make someone behave in the best or worst way that they canst way that they can

Alcohol just brings out the worst in herAlcohol just brings out the worst in her

And Vince was obviously a great coach he And Vince was obviously a great coach he brought out the best in his team and whoebrought out the best in his team and whoever played himver played him

exerciseexercise (a rule) (a rule)

formal to use a power right or quality that yformal to use a power right or quality that you haveou have

There are plans to encourage people to exerThere are plans to encourage people to exercise their right to vote People who can excise their right to vote People who can exercise some control over their surroundingercise some control over their surroundings feel less anxiouss feel less anxious

the running of somethingthe running of something

the process of managing or organizing a busthe process of managing or organizing a business home organization etciness home organization etc

Brian took over the day-to-day running of the Brian took over the day-to-day running of the company while his father was away He prcompany while his father was away He praised the smooth running of the electionaised the smooth running of the election

helliphellipplusplus (room and board) (room and board)and alsoand alsoThere are numerous clubs plus a casinoThere are numerous clubs plus a casinoThe cost is pound45 plus pound5 for deliveryThe cost is pound45 plus pound5 for deliveryThe jacket costs $4995 plus taxThe jacket costs $4995 plus tax

the gold standard the gold standard 金本位金本位technicaltechnical the use of the value of gold as a fixed sta the use of the value of gold as a fixed sta

ndard on which to base the value of moneyndard on which to base the value of money

currencycurrency

1 [uncountable and countable] the system or type of money 1 [uncountable and countable] the system or type of money that a country usesthat a country uses

The bank can supply you with foreign currency The bank can supply you with foreign currency There are moves towards a single currency in Europe There are moves towards a single currency in Europe The local currency is the Swiss francThe local currency is the Swiss franc2 [uncountable] the state of being accepted or used by a lot 2 [uncountable] the state of being accepted or used by a lot

of peopleof peopleMarxism began to gain currency Marxism began to gain currency The idea was common currency in European political lifeThe idea was common currency in European political life

prospectorprospector

someone who looks for gold minerals oil etcsomeone who looks for gold minerals oil etc

infamousinfamous

well known for being bad or evilwell known for being bad or evil

an infamous killer Los Angeles infamous smogan infamous killer Los Angeles infamous smog

infamous forinfamous for

This area is infamous for drugs and prostitutionThis area is infamous for drugs and prostitution

ex-guardsex-guards

ex- former and still livingex- former and still living

an ex-Presidentan ex-PresidentHer dads an ex-policemanHer dads an ex-policemanLydia is still friends with her ex-husbandLydia is still friends with her ex-husbandmy ex-wifemy ex-wife

已故的总统已故的总统

an an occupationoccupation for the working class (line 38) for the working class (line 38)which of the following is a suitable synonymwhich of the following is a suitable synonym

his fathers occupationhis fathers occupation JOB profession (line JOB profession (line of) workof) work her leisure occupationsher leisure occupations PASTIME activity PASTIME activity hobby entertainment recreation amusementhobby entertainment recreation amusement a property suitable for occupation by older a property suitable for occupation by older peoplepeople RESIDENCE residency habitation RESIDENCE residency habitation the Roman occupation of Britainthe Roman occupation of Britain CONQUEST capture invasion seizure CONQUEST capture invasion seizure takeovertakeover

eloquenteloquent1 able to express your ideas and opinions well especially i1 able to express your ideas and opinions well especially i

n a way that influences people n a way that influences people 雄辩的有说明力的雄辩的有说明力的an eloquent appeal for supportan eloquent appeal for support

2 showing a feeling or meaning without using words2 showing a feeling or meaning without using words cleaclearly expressiverly expressive

The photographs are an eloquent reminder of the horrors of The photographs are an eloquent reminder of the horrors of warwar

an art that is eloquent of Americas cultural diversityan art that is eloquent of Americas cultural diversity

trust totrust to something something place reliance on (luck fate etc)place reliance on (luck fate etc) to hoto ho

pe that what you want to happen will happpe that what you want to happen will happen because there is nothing you can do aen because there is nothing you can do about itbout it

Ill just have to trust to luck that it works out oIll just have to trust to luck that it works out okay kay

I hope I may trust to your discretionI hope I may trust to your discretion

METAPHORMETAPHOR

METAPHORMETAPHOR A comparison which A comparison which imaginatively identifies one thing with imaginatively identifies one thing with another dissimilar thing and transfers or another dissimilar thing and transfers or ascribes to ascribes to the first thing (the tenor or the first thing (the tenor or idea)idea) some of the qualities of some of the qualities of the second the second (the vehicle or image)(the vehicle or image) Unlike a simile or Unlike a simile or analogy metaphor asserts that one thing analogy metaphor asserts that one thing is another thing not just that one is like is another thing not just that one is like another very frequently a metaphor is another very frequently a metaphor is invoked by the to be verbinvoked by the to be verb

notenote

tenortenor The word phrase or subject with whi The word phrase or subject with which the ch the vehiclevehicle of a metaphor is identified a of a metaphor is identified as life ins life in

隐喻所指的词短语或对象如 隐喻所指的词短语或对象如 life life 在 在 Lifes but a walking shadow Lifes but a walking shadow

(Shakespeare)(Shakespeare)

ldquoldquo 生命不过是一个行走的影子rdquo生命不过是一个行走的影子rdquo (( 莎士比亚莎士比亚 ))

10486951048695Some examples from the BibleSome examples from the Bible

Then Jesus declared I am the bread of life --JoThen Jesus declared I am the bread of life --John 635hn 63510486951048695I am the door if anyone enters through me he shall be I am the door if anyone enters through me he shall be saved and shall go in and out and find pasture --JOHN saved and shall go in and out and find pasture --JOHN 10910910486951048695But I will sing of your strength In the morning I will sinBut I will sing of your strength In the morning I will sing of your love For you are my fortress My refuge in tig of your love For you are my fortress My refuge in times of trouble --Psalm 5916mes of trouble --Psalm 591610486951048695The name of the Lord is a strong tower The righteous The name of the Lord is a strong tower The righteous run to it and are safe --Proverbs 1810run to it and are safe --Proverbs 1810

Another common method of constructing a metaphor is tAnother common method of constructing a metaphor is to use the possessive where the image is expressed as o use the possessive where the image is expressed as being a part of the idea usually in the form of the x of ybeing a part of the idea usually in the form of the x of y

10486951048695A writers river of words will dry up unless it is continuoA writers river of words will dry up unless it is continuously replenished by streams of new learningusly replenished by streams of new learning10486951048695The first beam of hope that had ever darted into his miThe first beam of hope that had ever darted into his mind rekindled youth in his cheeks and doubled the lustre ond rekindled youth in his cheeks and doubled the lustre of his eyes --SAMUEL JOHNSONf his eyes --SAMUEL JOHNSON10486951048695The furnace of affliction had softened his heart and puriThe furnace of affliction had softened his heart and purified his soulfied his soul

In fact there is a whole range of different degrees of direct iIn fact there is a whole range of different degrees of direct identification between image and idea dentification between image and idea

There is fully expressedThere is fully expressed10486951048695The eye is the lamp of your body when your eye is soundThe eye is the lamp of your body when your eye is sound

your whole body is full of light but when it is not sound your whole body is full of light but when it is not sound your body is full of darkness --LUKE 1134your body is full of darkness --LUKE 1134

There is impliedThere is implied10486951048695 For thou hast been my help and in the shadow of thy For thou hast been my help and in the shadow of thy

wings i sing for joy --PSALM 637wings i sing for joy --PSALM 637And there is very impliedAnd there is very implied10486951048695For if men do these things when the tree is green what wiFor if men do these things when the tree is green what wi

ll happen when it is dry --LUKE2331ll happen when it is dry --LUKE2331

Like simile and analogy metaphor is a profoundly important Like simile and analogy metaphor is a profoundly important and useful device Aristotle says in his Rhetoric It is and useful device Aristotle says in his Rhetoric It is metaphor above all else that gives clearness charm metaphor above all else that gives clearness charm and distinction to the style and distinction to the style

So metaphor not only explains by making the abstract or So metaphor not only explains by making the abstract or unknown concrete and familiar but it also enlivens by unknown concrete and familiar but it also enlivens by touching the readers imagination Further it affirms one touching the readers imagination Further it affirms one more interconnection in the unity of all things by showing more interconnection in the unity of all things by showing a relationship between things seemingly alien to each a relationship between things seemingly alien to each other And the fact that two very unlike things can be other And the fact that two very unlike things can be equated or referred to in terms of one another comments equated or referred to in terms of one another comments upon them both upon them both

No metaphor is just a metaphor All have significant imNo metaphor is just a metaphor All have significant implications and they must be chosen carefully especially plications and they must be chosen carefully especially in regard to the connotations the vehicle (image) will tranin regard to the connotations the vehicle (image) will transfer to the tenor Consider for example the differences isfer to the tenor Consider for example the differences in meaning conveyed by these statementsn meaning conveyed by these statements

10486951048695That club is spreading like wildfireThat club is spreading like wildfire10486951048695That club is spreading like cancerThat club is spreading like cancer10486951048695That club is really blossoming nowThat club is really blossoming now10486951048695That club in its amebic That club in its amebic （阿米巴的（阿米巴的 变形虫的） 变形虫的） momotions is engulfing the campustions is engulfing the campus

SimileSimile

Simile is a direct expressed comparison Simile is a direct expressed comparison between two things essentially unlike each other between two things essentially unlike each other but resembling each other in at least one way but resembling each other in at least one way In formal prose the simile is a device both of art In formal prose the simile is a device both of art and explanation comparing the unfamiliar thing and explanation comparing the unfamiliar thing (to be explained) to some familiar thing (an (to be explained) to some familiar thing (an object event process etc) known to the reader object event process etc) known to the reader There is no simile in the comparison my car is There is no simile in the comparison my car is like your car because the two objects are not like your car because the two objects are not essentially unlike each other essentially unlike each other When a noun is compared to a noun the simile When a noun is compared to a noun the simile is usually introduced by likeis usually introduced by like

Some examples from the BibleSome examples from the Bible

I see men but they look like trees walking --MaI see men but they look like trees walking --Mark 824rk 824

10486951048695The soul in the body is like a bird in a cageThe soul in the body is like a bird in a cage

10486951048695After such long exposure to the direct sun the After such long exposure to the direct sun the leaves of the houseplant looked like pieces of ovleaves of the houseplant looked like pieces of overcooked baconercooked bacon

But I am But I am like an olive treelike an olive tree Flourishing in the hou Flourishing in the house of God --Psalm 528se of God --Psalm 528

They will come and shout for joy on the heights They will come and shout for joy on the heights of Zion (of Zion ( 锡安山在耶路撒冷犹太民族文化中锡安山在耶路撒冷犹太民族文化中心的象征心的象征 ) They will be ) They will be like a well-watered like a well-watered gardengarden And they will sorrow no more --Jeremi And they will sorrow no more --Jeremiah 3112ah 3112

(in these last two examples especially notice how powerfull(in these last two examples especially notice how powerfully the thing to be described called the tenor is colored by the thing to be described called the tenor is colored by the thing it is compared to called the vehicle)y the thing it is compared to called the vehicle)

DictationDictation

Gold Rush of 1849Gold Rush of 1849

In January 1848 James W Marshall a carpenter In January 1848 James W Marshall a carpenter building a sawmill in partnership with John A Sutter in building a sawmill in partnership with John A Sutter in Californias Sacramento Valley discovered gold Sutter Californias Sacramento Valley discovered gold Sutter made his workers promise to keep the discovery a made his workers promise to keep the discovery a secret However the news leaked out Within a few secret However the news leaked out Within a few months a shrewd merchant hoping to increase his months a shrewd merchant hoping to increase his business set off the gold rush in earnest Samuel business set off the gold rush in earnest Samuel Brannan one of the early Mormon settlers in San Brannan one of the early Mormon settlers in San Francisco owned a store near Sutters fort In early May Francisco owned a store near Sutters fort In early May he returned to San Francisco from a visit to the diggings he returned to San Francisco from a visit to the diggings and spread the word of gold and spread the word of gold

Within a few days boats filled with townspeople were Within a few days boats filled with townspeople were heading up the Sacramento River to look for gold heading up the Sacramento River to look for gold Brannan of course had stocked his store with mining Brannan of course had stocked his store with mining supplies and was doing a thriving business San supplies and was doing a thriving business San Francisco soon was a ghost town as almost everyone Francisco soon was a ghost town as almost everyone was off to the gold siteswas off to the gold sites

During the summer of 1848 the news spread up and During the summer of 1848 the news spread up and down the West Coast across the border to Mexico and down the West Coast across the border to Mexico and even to the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii) Word also even to the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii) Word also reached the Mississippi Valley and the Eastern statesreached the Mississippi Valley and the Eastern states

Newspapers were filled with the accounts of men who clNewspapers were filled with the accounts of men who claimed to have become rich overnight by picking gold out aimed to have become rich overnight by picking gold out of Californias wondrous earth Then in a message to thof Californias wondrous earth Then in a message to the Congress of the United States in December President e Congress of the United States in December President James K Polk confirmed the presence of gold in CalifornJames K Polk confirmed the presence of gold in California That winter people from all walks of life set out for Caia That winter people from all walks of life set out for California Many pawned their possessions to get there Thlifornia Many pawned their possessions to get there The gold seekers also known as Forty-Niners or Argonautse gold seekers also known as Forty-Niners or Argonauts joined the rush from as far off as Europe and Australia joined the rush from as far off as Europe and Australia Many Chinese also flocked to San Francisco to join in thMany Chinese also flocked to San Francisco to join in the gold rushe gold rush

The EndThe End

Thank YouThank You

clientclient someone who gets services or advice someone who gets services or advice from a professional pefrom a professional pe

rson company or organizationrson company or organization

Elkins assured the judge that neither of his clients had a crimiElkins assured the judge that neither of his clients had a criminal recordnal record

Kilmers attorney Ralph Loeb said that his client should not hKilmers attorney Ralph Loeb said that his client should not have to pay the government anythingave to pay the government anything

Mr Langston normally meets with clients in the afternoonMr Langston normally meets with clients in the afternoon

The firm is one of our oldest clients - we dont want to lose thThe firm is one of our oldest clients - we dont want to lose themem

agedaged 1 very old1 very oldmy aged parentsmy aged parents2 the aged [plural] old people2 the aged [plural] old peoplethe care of children and the agedthe care of children and the aged

cfcfaged 525 etcaged 525 etcaged 525 etc betweenaged 525 etc betweenPolice are looking for a man aged between 30 and 35Police are looking for a man aged between 30 and 35The course is open to children aged 12 and overThe course is open to children aged 12 and over

SYNONYMSSYNONYMSold elderly aged old elderly aged These words all describe sb who has lived for a loThese words all describe sb who has lived for a lo

ng time or that usually lives for a long timeng time or that usually lives for a long timeoldold having lived for a long time no longer young having lived for a long time no longer young Shes getting oldmdashshes 75 next yearShes getting oldmdashshes 75 next yearelderlyelderly (rather formal) used as a polite word for (rather formal) used as a polite word for lsquooldrsquo She is very busy caring for two elderly relatilsquooldrsquo She is very busy caring for two elderly relativesvesagedaged (formal) very old Having aged relatives to (formal) very old Having aged relatives to stay in your house can be quite stressfulstay in your house can be quite stressful

almsalms

[pl] (old-fashioned) money clothes and food that a[pl] (old-fashioned) money clothes and food that are given to poor peoplere given to poor people

cracklecrackle

to make repeated short sounds like something burto make repeated short sounds like something burning in a firening in a fire

logs crackling on the fire logs crackling on the fire

An announcement crackled over the loudspeakerAn announcement crackled over the loudspeaker

all manner of people (line 36)all manner of people (line 36)

all manner of somethingall manner of something

formalformal many different kinds of things or peop many different kinds of things or peoplele

We would discuss all manner of subjects We would discuss all manner of subjects

The British Isles have been conquered by all The British Isles have been conquered by all manner of peoplemanner of people

speculationspeculation1 when you guess about the possible causes or 1 when you guess about the possible causes or

effects of something without knowing all the effects of something without knowing all the facts or the guesses that you makefacts or the guesses that you make

speculation thatspeculation thatThere is speculation that the president is illThere is speculation that the president is illspeculation aboutonspeculation aboutonspeculation about the futurespeculation about the futurethe witnesss statement was pure speculation the witnesss statement was pure speculation

(=not based on any facts) (=not based on any facts)

wildidle speculationwildidle speculation (=speculation that is unlikely to be (=speculation that is unlikely to be true) true)

2 when you try to make a large profit by buying goods 2 when you try to make a large profit by buying goods property shares etc and then selling themproperty shares etc and then selling them

property speculationproperty speculation

scheme scheme 1 1 British EnglishBritish English an official plan that is intended to help an official plan that is intended to help

people in some way for example by providing education people in some way for example by providing education or training American Equivalent or training American Equivalent programprogram

The money will be used for teacher training schemesThe money will be used for teacher training schemesa pension schemea pension scheme

scheme forscheme forschemes for two new cross-city linesschemes for two new cross-city linesscheme to do somethingscheme to do somethinga new scheme to boost exportsa new scheme to boost exportspilot schemepilot scheme (=something that is done on a small s (=something that is done on a small s

cale in order to see if it is successful enough to bcale in order to see if it is successful enough to be done on a larger scale)e done on a larger scale) 小规模试验性质的小规模试验性质的

The pilot scheme proved to be a great successThe pilot scheme proved to be a great success2 a clever plan especially to do something that is 2 a clever plan especially to do something that is

bad or illegal - used in order to show disapprovalbad or illegal - used in order to show disapprovala get-rich-quick schemea get-rich-quick scheme

stand in the waystand in the way

in the sbrsquos wayin the sbrsquos way

stopping sb from moving or doing sthstopping sb from moving or doing sth

Yoursquoll have to movemdashyoursquore in my way Yoursquoll have to movemdashyoursquore in my way

I left them alone as I felt I was in the wayI left them alone as I felt I was in the way

love is withheld (line 44)love is withheld (line 44)

withholdwithhold

past tense and past participle withheld past tense and past participle withheld

to refuse to give someone somethingto refuse to give someone something

I withheld payment until they had completed I withheld payment until they had completed the work the work

Ian was accused of withholding vital informatIan was accused of withholding vital information from the policeion from the police

Text 2 GoldText 2 Gold

esteemesteem

formalformal to respect and admire someone or s to respect and admire someone or somethingomething

Peden was greatly esteemed by the people Peden was greatly esteemed by the people

He was esteemed as a literary witHe was esteemed as a literary wit

fabricatefabricate

1 to invent a story piece of information etc i1 to invent a story piece of information etc in order to deceive someonen order to deceive someone

The police were accused of fabricating evideThe police were accused of fabricating evidence nce

2 technical to make or produce goods or equ2 technical to make or produce goods or equipmentipment ￚￚ synonym manufacturesynonym manufacture

The discs are expensive to fabricateThe discs are expensive to fabricate

ounceounce

An ounce is a unit of weight used in Britain aAn ounce is a unit of weight used in Britain and the USA There are sixteen ounces in a nd the USA There are sixteen ounces in a pound and one ounce is equal to 2835 grpound and one ounce is equal to 2835 grams ams 盎司英两唡〔常衡＝盎司英两唡〔常衡＝ 116116 磅＝磅＝284284 克略作 克略作 ozoz 〕〕

four ounces of sugarfour ounces of sugar

long to possesshellip(line 12)long to possesshellip(line 12)longlongto want something very much especially when it sto want something very much especially when it s

eems unlikely to happen sooneems unlikely to happen soonlong to do somethinglong to do somethingHe longed to see her againHe longed to see her againlong forlong forShe longed for the chance to speak to him in privatShe longed for the chance to speak to him in privat

eeWe longed for a bed after several days of campingWe longed for a bed after several days of camping

longinglonging

a strong feeling of wanting something or someonea strong feeling of wanting something or someone

She looked back with longing on the good old daysShe looked back with longing on the good old days

longing forlonging for

His heart was filled with longing for CynthiaHis heart was filled with longing for Cynthia

longing tolonging to

She felt a longing to throw herself into his armsShe felt a longing to throw herself into his arms

bring out the bestworst in somebodybring out the bestworst in somebody

to make someone behave in the best or worto make someone behave in the best or worst way that they canst way that they can

Alcohol just brings out the worst in herAlcohol just brings out the worst in her

And Vince was obviously a great coach he And Vince was obviously a great coach he brought out the best in his team and whoebrought out the best in his team and whoever played himver played him

exerciseexercise (a rule) (a rule)

formal to use a power right or quality that yformal to use a power right or quality that you haveou have

There are plans to encourage people to exerThere are plans to encourage people to exercise their right to vote People who can excise their right to vote People who can exercise some control over their surroundingercise some control over their surroundings feel less anxiouss feel less anxious

the running of somethingthe running of something

the process of managing or organizing a busthe process of managing or organizing a business home organization etciness home organization etc

Brian took over the day-to-day running of the Brian took over the day-to-day running of the company while his father was away He prcompany while his father was away He praised the smooth running of the electionaised the smooth running of the election

helliphellipplusplus (room and board) (room and board)and alsoand alsoThere are numerous clubs plus a casinoThere are numerous clubs plus a casinoThe cost is pound45 plus pound5 for deliveryThe cost is pound45 plus pound5 for deliveryThe jacket costs $4995 plus taxThe jacket costs $4995 plus tax

the gold standard the gold standard 金本位金本位technicaltechnical the use of the value of gold as a fixed sta the use of the value of gold as a fixed sta

ndard on which to base the value of moneyndard on which to base the value of money

currencycurrency

1 [uncountable and countable] the system or type of money 1 [uncountable and countable] the system or type of money that a country usesthat a country uses

The bank can supply you with foreign currency The bank can supply you with foreign currency There are moves towards a single currency in Europe There are moves towards a single currency in Europe The local currency is the Swiss francThe local currency is the Swiss franc2 [uncountable] the state of being accepted or used by a lot 2 [uncountable] the state of being accepted or used by a lot

of peopleof peopleMarxism began to gain currency Marxism began to gain currency The idea was common currency in European political lifeThe idea was common currency in European political life

prospectorprospector

someone who looks for gold minerals oil etcsomeone who looks for gold minerals oil etc

infamousinfamous

well known for being bad or evilwell known for being bad or evil

an infamous killer Los Angeles infamous smogan infamous killer Los Angeles infamous smog

infamous forinfamous for

This area is infamous for drugs and prostitutionThis area is infamous for drugs and prostitution

ex-guardsex-guards

ex- former and still livingex- former and still living

an ex-Presidentan ex-PresidentHer dads an ex-policemanHer dads an ex-policemanLydia is still friends with her ex-husbandLydia is still friends with her ex-husbandmy ex-wifemy ex-wife

已故的总统已故的总统

an an occupationoccupation for the working class (line 38) for the working class (line 38)which of the following is a suitable synonymwhich of the following is a suitable synonym

his fathers occupationhis fathers occupation JOB profession (line JOB profession (line of) workof) work her leisure occupationsher leisure occupations PASTIME activity PASTIME activity hobby entertainment recreation amusementhobby entertainment recreation amusement a property suitable for occupation by older a property suitable for occupation by older peoplepeople RESIDENCE residency habitation RESIDENCE residency habitation the Roman occupation of Britainthe Roman occupation of Britain CONQUEST capture invasion seizure CONQUEST capture invasion seizure takeovertakeover

eloquenteloquent1 able to express your ideas and opinions well especially i1 able to express your ideas and opinions well especially i

n a way that influences people n a way that influences people 雄辩的有说明力的雄辩的有说明力的an eloquent appeal for supportan eloquent appeal for support

2 showing a feeling or meaning without using words2 showing a feeling or meaning without using words cleaclearly expressiverly expressive

The photographs are an eloquent reminder of the horrors of The photographs are an eloquent reminder of the horrors of warwar

an art that is eloquent of Americas cultural diversityan art that is eloquent of Americas cultural diversity

trust totrust to something something place reliance on (luck fate etc)place reliance on (luck fate etc) to hoto ho

pe that what you want to happen will happpe that what you want to happen will happen because there is nothing you can do aen because there is nothing you can do about itbout it

Ill just have to trust to luck that it works out oIll just have to trust to luck that it works out okay kay

I hope I may trust to your discretionI hope I may trust to your discretion

METAPHORMETAPHOR

METAPHORMETAPHOR A comparison which A comparison which imaginatively identifies one thing with imaginatively identifies one thing with another dissimilar thing and transfers or another dissimilar thing and transfers or ascribes to ascribes to the first thing (the tenor or the first thing (the tenor or idea)idea) some of the qualities of some of the qualities of the second the second (the vehicle or image)(the vehicle or image) Unlike a simile or Unlike a simile or analogy metaphor asserts that one thing analogy metaphor asserts that one thing is another thing not just that one is like is another thing not just that one is like another very frequently a metaphor is another very frequently a metaphor is invoked by the to be verbinvoked by the to be verb

notenote

tenortenor The word phrase or subject with whi The word phrase or subject with which the ch the vehiclevehicle of a metaphor is identified a of a metaphor is identified as life ins life in

隐喻所指的词短语或对象如 隐喻所指的词短语或对象如 life life 在 在 Lifes but a walking shadow Lifes but a walking shadow

(Shakespeare)(Shakespeare)

ldquoldquo 生命不过是一个行走的影子rdquo生命不过是一个行走的影子rdquo (( 莎士比亚莎士比亚 ))

10486951048695Some examples from the BibleSome examples from the Bible

Then Jesus declared I am the bread of life --JoThen Jesus declared I am the bread of life --John 635hn 63510486951048695I am the door if anyone enters through me he shall be I am the door if anyone enters through me he shall be saved and shall go in and out and find pasture --JOHN saved and shall go in and out and find pasture --JOHN 10910910486951048695But I will sing of your strength In the morning I will sinBut I will sing of your strength In the morning I will sing of your love For you are my fortress My refuge in tig of your love For you are my fortress My refuge in times of trouble --Psalm 5916mes of trouble --Psalm 591610486951048695The name of the Lord is a strong tower The righteous The name of the Lord is a strong tower The righteous run to it and are safe --Proverbs 1810run to it and are safe --Proverbs 1810

Another common method of constructing a metaphor is tAnother common method of constructing a metaphor is to use the possessive where the image is expressed as o use the possessive where the image is expressed as being a part of the idea usually in the form of the x of ybeing a part of the idea usually in the form of the x of y

10486951048695A writers river of words will dry up unless it is continuoA writers river of words will dry up unless it is continuously replenished by streams of new learningusly replenished by streams of new learning10486951048695The first beam of hope that had ever darted into his miThe first beam of hope that had ever darted into his mind rekindled youth in his cheeks and doubled the lustre ond rekindled youth in his cheeks and doubled the lustre of his eyes --SAMUEL JOHNSONf his eyes --SAMUEL JOHNSON10486951048695The furnace of affliction had softened his heart and puriThe furnace of affliction had softened his heart and purified his soulfied his soul

In fact there is a whole range of different degrees of direct iIn fact there is a whole range of different degrees of direct identification between image and idea dentification between image and idea

There is fully expressedThere is fully expressed10486951048695The eye is the lamp of your body when your eye is soundThe eye is the lamp of your body when your eye is sound

your whole body is full of light but when it is not sound your whole body is full of light but when it is not sound your body is full of darkness --LUKE 1134your body is full of darkness --LUKE 1134

There is impliedThere is implied10486951048695 For thou hast been my help and in the shadow of thy For thou hast been my help and in the shadow of thy

wings i sing for joy --PSALM 637wings i sing for joy --PSALM 637And there is very impliedAnd there is very implied10486951048695For if men do these things when the tree is green what wiFor if men do these things when the tree is green what wi

ll happen when it is dry --LUKE2331ll happen when it is dry --LUKE2331

Like simile and analogy metaphor is a profoundly important Like simile and analogy metaphor is a profoundly important and useful device Aristotle says in his Rhetoric It is and useful device Aristotle says in his Rhetoric It is metaphor above all else that gives clearness charm metaphor above all else that gives clearness charm and distinction to the style and distinction to the style

So metaphor not only explains by making the abstract or So metaphor not only explains by making the abstract or unknown concrete and familiar but it also enlivens by unknown concrete and familiar but it also enlivens by touching the readers imagination Further it affirms one touching the readers imagination Further it affirms one more interconnection in the unity of all things by showing more interconnection in the unity of all things by showing a relationship between things seemingly alien to each a relationship between things seemingly alien to each other And the fact that two very unlike things can be other And the fact that two very unlike things can be equated or referred to in terms of one another comments equated or referred to in terms of one another comments upon them both upon them both

No metaphor is just a metaphor All have significant imNo metaphor is just a metaphor All have significant implications and they must be chosen carefully especially plications and they must be chosen carefully especially in regard to the connotations the vehicle (image) will tranin regard to the connotations the vehicle (image) will transfer to the tenor Consider for example the differences isfer to the tenor Consider for example the differences in meaning conveyed by these statementsn meaning conveyed by these statements

10486951048695That club is spreading like wildfireThat club is spreading like wildfire10486951048695That club is spreading like cancerThat club is spreading like cancer10486951048695That club is really blossoming nowThat club is really blossoming now10486951048695That club in its amebic That club in its amebic （阿米巴的（阿米巴的 变形虫的） 变形虫的） momotions is engulfing the campustions is engulfing the campus

SimileSimile

Simile is a direct expressed comparison Simile is a direct expressed comparison between two things essentially unlike each other between two things essentially unlike each other but resembling each other in at least one way but resembling each other in at least one way In formal prose the simile is a device both of art In formal prose the simile is a device both of art and explanation comparing the unfamiliar thing and explanation comparing the unfamiliar thing (to be explained) to some familiar thing (an (to be explained) to some familiar thing (an object event process etc) known to the reader object event process etc) known to the reader There is no simile in the comparison my car is There is no simile in the comparison my car is like your car because the two objects are not like your car because the two objects are not essentially unlike each other essentially unlike each other When a noun is compared to a noun the simile When a noun is compared to a noun the simile is usually introduced by likeis usually introduced by like

Some examples from the BibleSome examples from the Bible

I see men but they look like trees walking --MaI see men but they look like trees walking --Mark 824rk 824

10486951048695The soul in the body is like a bird in a cageThe soul in the body is like a bird in a cage

10486951048695After such long exposure to the direct sun the After such long exposure to the direct sun the leaves of the houseplant looked like pieces of ovleaves of the houseplant looked like pieces of overcooked baconercooked bacon

But I am But I am like an olive treelike an olive tree Flourishing in the hou Flourishing in the house of God --Psalm 528se of God --Psalm 528

They will come and shout for joy on the heights They will come and shout for joy on the heights of Zion (of Zion ( 锡安山在耶路撒冷犹太民族文化中锡安山在耶路撒冷犹太民族文化中心的象征心的象征 ) They will be ) They will be like a well-watered like a well-watered gardengarden And they will sorrow no more --Jeremi And they will sorrow no more --Jeremiah 3112ah 3112

(in these last two examples especially notice how powerfull(in these last two examples especially notice how powerfully the thing to be described called the tenor is colored by the thing to be described called the tenor is colored by the thing it is compared to called the vehicle)y the thing it is compared to called the vehicle)

DictationDictation

Gold Rush of 1849Gold Rush of 1849

In January 1848 James W Marshall a carpenter In January 1848 James W Marshall a carpenter building a sawmill in partnership with John A Sutter in building a sawmill in partnership with John A Sutter in Californias Sacramento Valley discovered gold Sutter Californias Sacramento Valley discovered gold Sutter made his workers promise to keep the discovery a made his workers promise to keep the discovery a secret However the news leaked out Within a few secret However the news leaked out Within a few months a shrewd merchant hoping to increase his months a shrewd merchant hoping to increase his business set off the gold rush in earnest Samuel business set off the gold rush in earnest Samuel Brannan one of the early Mormon settlers in San Brannan one of the early Mormon settlers in San Francisco owned a store near Sutters fort In early May Francisco owned a store near Sutters fort In early May he returned to San Francisco from a visit to the diggings he returned to San Francisco from a visit to the diggings and spread the word of gold and spread the word of gold

Within a few days boats filled with townspeople were Within a few days boats filled with townspeople were heading up the Sacramento River to look for gold heading up the Sacramento River to look for gold Brannan of course had stocked his store with mining Brannan of course had stocked his store with mining supplies and was doing a thriving business San supplies and was doing a thriving business San Francisco soon was a ghost town as almost everyone Francisco soon was a ghost town as almost everyone was off to the gold siteswas off to the gold sites

During the summer of 1848 the news spread up and During the summer of 1848 the news spread up and down the West Coast across the border to Mexico and down the West Coast across the border to Mexico and even to the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii) Word also even to the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii) Word also reached the Mississippi Valley and the Eastern statesreached the Mississippi Valley and the Eastern states

Newspapers were filled with the accounts of men who clNewspapers were filled with the accounts of men who claimed to have become rich overnight by picking gold out aimed to have become rich overnight by picking gold out of Californias wondrous earth Then in a message to thof Californias wondrous earth Then in a message to the Congress of the United States in December President e Congress of the United States in December President James K Polk confirmed the presence of gold in CalifornJames K Polk confirmed the presence of gold in California That winter people from all walks of life set out for Caia That winter people from all walks of life set out for California Many pawned their possessions to get there Thlifornia Many pawned their possessions to get there The gold seekers also known as Forty-Niners or Argonautse gold seekers also known as Forty-Niners or Argonauts joined the rush from as far off as Europe and Australia joined the rush from as far off as Europe and Australia Many Chinese also flocked to San Francisco to join in thMany Chinese also flocked to San Francisco to join in the gold rushe gold rush

The EndThe End

Thank YouThank You

agedaged 1 very old1 very oldmy aged parentsmy aged parents2 the aged [plural] old people2 the aged [plural] old peoplethe care of children and the agedthe care of children and the aged

cfcfaged 525 etcaged 525 etcaged 525 etc betweenaged 525 etc betweenPolice are looking for a man aged between 30 and 35Police are looking for a man aged between 30 and 35The course is open to children aged 12 and overThe course is open to children aged 12 and over

SYNONYMSSYNONYMSold elderly aged old elderly aged These words all describe sb who has lived for a loThese words all describe sb who has lived for a lo

ng time or that usually lives for a long timeng time or that usually lives for a long timeoldold having lived for a long time no longer young having lived for a long time no longer young Shes getting oldmdashshes 75 next yearShes getting oldmdashshes 75 next yearelderlyelderly (rather formal) used as a polite word for (rather formal) used as a polite word for lsquooldrsquo She is very busy caring for two elderly relatilsquooldrsquo She is very busy caring for two elderly relativesvesagedaged (formal) very old Having aged relatives to (formal) very old Having aged relatives to stay in your house can be quite stressfulstay in your house can be quite stressful

almsalms

[pl] (old-fashioned) money clothes and food that a[pl] (old-fashioned) money clothes and food that are given to poor peoplere given to poor people

cracklecrackle

to make repeated short sounds like something burto make repeated short sounds like something burning in a firening in a fire

logs crackling on the fire logs crackling on the fire

An announcement crackled over the loudspeakerAn announcement crackled over the loudspeaker

all manner of people (line 36)all manner of people (line 36)

all manner of somethingall manner of something

formalformal many different kinds of things or peop many different kinds of things or peoplele

We would discuss all manner of subjects We would discuss all manner of subjects

The British Isles have been conquered by all The British Isles have been conquered by all manner of peoplemanner of people

speculationspeculation1 when you guess about the possible causes or 1 when you guess about the possible causes or

effects of something without knowing all the effects of something without knowing all the facts or the guesses that you makefacts or the guesses that you make

speculation thatspeculation thatThere is speculation that the president is illThere is speculation that the president is illspeculation aboutonspeculation aboutonspeculation about the futurespeculation about the futurethe witnesss statement was pure speculation the witnesss statement was pure speculation

(=not based on any facts) (=not based on any facts)

wildidle speculationwildidle speculation (=speculation that is unlikely to be (=speculation that is unlikely to be true) true)

2 when you try to make a large profit by buying goods 2 when you try to make a large profit by buying goods property shares etc and then selling themproperty shares etc and then selling them

property speculationproperty speculation

scheme scheme 1 1 British EnglishBritish English an official plan that is intended to help an official plan that is intended to help

people in some way for example by providing education people in some way for example by providing education or training American Equivalent or training American Equivalent programprogram

The money will be used for teacher training schemesThe money will be used for teacher training schemesa pension schemea pension scheme

scheme forscheme forschemes for two new cross-city linesschemes for two new cross-city linesscheme to do somethingscheme to do somethinga new scheme to boost exportsa new scheme to boost exportspilot schemepilot scheme (=something that is done on a small s (=something that is done on a small s

cale in order to see if it is successful enough to bcale in order to see if it is successful enough to be done on a larger scale)e done on a larger scale) 小规模试验性质的小规模试验性质的

The pilot scheme proved to be a great successThe pilot scheme proved to be a great success2 a clever plan especially to do something that is 2 a clever plan especially to do something that is

bad or illegal - used in order to show disapprovalbad or illegal - used in order to show disapprovala get-rich-quick schemea get-rich-quick scheme

stand in the waystand in the way

in the sbrsquos wayin the sbrsquos way

stopping sb from moving or doing sthstopping sb from moving or doing sth

Yoursquoll have to movemdashyoursquore in my way Yoursquoll have to movemdashyoursquore in my way

I left them alone as I felt I was in the wayI left them alone as I felt I was in the way

love is withheld (line 44)love is withheld (line 44)

withholdwithhold

past tense and past participle withheld past tense and past participle withheld

to refuse to give someone somethingto refuse to give someone something

I withheld payment until they had completed I withheld payment until they had completed the work the work

Ian was accused of withholding vital informatIan was accused of withholding vital information from the policeion from the police

Text 2 GoldText 2 Gold

esteemesteem

formalformal to respect and admire someone or s to respect and admire someone or somethingomething

Peden was greatly esteemed by the people Peden was greatly esteemed by the people

He was esteemed as a literary witHe was esteemed as a literary wit

fabricatefabricate

1 to invent a story piece of information etc i1 to invent a story piece of information etc in order to deceive someonen order to deceive someone

The police were accused of fabricating evideThe police were accused of fabricating evidence nce

2 technical to make or produce goods or equ2 technical to make or produce goods or equipmentipment ￚￚ synonym manufacturesynonym manufacture

The discs are expensive to fabricateThe discs are expensive to fabricate

ounceounce

An ounce is a unit of weight used in Britain aAn ounce is a unit of weight used in Britain and the USA There are sixteen ounces in a nd the USA There are sixteen ounces in a pound and one ounce is equal to 2835 grpound and one ounce is equal to 2835 grams ams 盎司英两唡〔常衡＝盎司英两唡〔常衡＝ 116116 磅＝磅＝284284 克略作 克略作 ozoz 〕〕

four ounces of sugarfour ounces of sugar

long to possesshellip(line 12)long to possesshellip(line 12)longlongto want something very much especially when it sto want something very much especially when it s

eems unlikely to happen sooneems unlikely to happen soonlong to do somethinglong to do somethingHe longed to see her againHe longed to see her againlong forlong forShe longed for the chance to speak to him in privatShe longed for the chance to speak to him in privat

eeWe longed for a bed after several days of campingWe longed for a bed after several days of camping

longinglonging

a strong feeling of wanting something or someonea strong feeling of wanting something or someone

She looked back with longing on the good old daysShe looked back with longing on the good old days

longing forlonging for

His heart was filled with longing for CynthiaHis heart was filled with longing for Cynthia

longing tolonging to

She felt a longing to throw herself into his armsShe felt a longing to throw herself into his arms

bring out the bestworst in somebodybring out the bestworst in somebody

to make someone behave in the best or worto make someone behave in the best or worst way that they canst way that they can

Alcohol just brings out the worst in herAlcohol just brings out the worst in her

And Vince was obviously a great coach he And Vince was obviously a great coach he brought out the best in his team and whoebrought out the best in his team and whoever played himver played him

exerciseexercise (a rule) (a rule)

formal to use a power right or quality that yformal to use a power right or quality that you haveou have

There are plans to encourage people to exerThere are plans to encourage people to exercise their right to vote People who can excise their right to vote People who can exercise some control over their surroundingercise some control over their surroundings feel less anxiouss feel less anxious

the running of somethingthe running of something

the process of managing or organizing a busthe process of managing or organizing a business home organization etciness home organization etc

Brian took over the day-to-day running of the Brian took over the day-to-day running of the company while his father was away He prcompany while his father was away He praised the smooth running of the electionaised the smooth running of the election

helliphellipplusplus (room and board) (room and board)and alsoand alsoThere are numerous clubs plus a casinoThere are numerous clubs plus a casinoThe cost is pound45 plus pound5 for deliveryThe cost is pound45 plus pound5 for deliveryThe jacket costs $4995 plus taxThe jacket costs $4995 plus tax

the gold standard the gold standard 金本位金本位technicaltechnical the use of the value of gold as a fixed sta the use of the value of gold as a fixed sta

ndard on which to base the value of moneyndard on which to base the value of money

currencycurrency

1 [uncountable and countable] the system or type of money 1 [uncountable and countable] the system or type of money that a country usesthat a country uses

The bank can supply you with foreign currency The bank can supply you with foreign currency There are moves towards a single currency in Europe There are moves towards a single currency in Europe The local currency is the Swiss francThe local currency is the Swiss franc2 [uncountable] the state of being accepted or used by a lot 2 [uncountable] the state of being accepted or used by a lot

of peopleof peopleMarxism began to gain currency Marxism began to gain currency The idea was common currency in European political lifeThe idea was common currency in European political life

prospectorprospector

someone who looks for gold minerals oil etcsomeone who looks for gold minerals oil etc

infamousinfamous

well known for being bad or evilwell known for being bad or evil

an infamous killer Los Angeles infamous smogan infamous killer Los Angeles infamous smog

infamous forinfamous for

This area is infamous for drugs and prostitutionThis area is infamous for drugs and prostitution

ex-guardsex-guards

ex- former and still livingex- former and still living

an ex-Presidentan ex-PresidentHer dads an ex-policemanHer dads an ex-policemanLydia is still friends with her ex-husbandLydia is still friends with her ex-husbandmy ex-wifemy ex-wife

已故的总统已故的总统

an an occupationoccupation for the working class (line 38) for the working class (line 38)which of the following is a suitable synonymwhich of the following is a suitable synonym

his fathers occupationhis fathers occupation JOB profession (line JOB profession (line of) workof) work her leisure occupationsher leisure occupations PASTIME activity PASTIME activity hobby entertainment recreation amusementhobby entertainment recreation amusement a property suitable for occupation by older a property suitable for occupation by older peoplepeople RESIDENCE residency habitation RESIDENCE residency habitation the Roman occupation of Britainthe Roman occupation of Britain CONQUEST capture invasion seizure CONQUEST capture invasion seizure takeovertakeover

eloquenteloquent1 able to express your ideas and opinions well especially i1 able to express your ideas and opinions well especially i

n a way that influences people n a way that influences people 雄辩的有说明力的雄辩的有说明力的an eloquent appeal for supportan eloquent appeal for support

2 showing a feeling or meaning without using words2 showing a feeling or meaning without using words cleaclearly expressiverly expressive

The photographs are an eloquent reminder of the horrors of The photographs are an eloquent reminder of the horrors of warwar

an art that is eloquent of Americas cultural diversityan art that is eloquent of Americas cultural diversity

trust totrust to something something place reliance on (luck fate etc)place reliance on (luck fate etc) to hoto ho

pe that what you want to happen will happpe that what you want to happen will happen because there is nothing you can do aen because there is nothing you can do about itbout it

Ill just have to trust to luck that it works out oIll just have to trust to luck that it works out okay kay

I hope I may trust to your discretionI hope I may trust to your discretion

METAPHORMETAPHOR

METAPHORMETAPHOR A comparison which A comparison which imaginatively identifies one thing with imaginatively identifies one thing with another dissimilar thing and transfers or another dissimilar thing and transfers or ascribes to ascribes to the first thing (the tenor or the first thing (the tenor or idea)idea) some of the qualities of some of the qualities of the second the second (the vehicle or image)(the vehicle or image) Unlike a simile or Unlike a simile or analogy metaphor asserts that one thing analogy metaphor asserts that one thing is another thing not just that one is like is another thing not just that one is like another very frequently a metaphor is another very frequently a metaphor is invoked by the to be verbinvoked by the to be verb

notenote

tenortenor The word phrase or subject with whi The word phrase or subject with which the ch the vehiclevehicle of a metaphor is identified a of a metaphor is identified as life ins life in

隐喻所指的词短语或对象如 隐喻所指的词短语或对象如 life life 在 在 Lifes but a walking shadow Lifes but a walking shadow

(Shakespeare)(Shakespeare)

ldquoldquo 生命不过是一个行走的影子rdquo生命不过是一个行走的影子rdquo (( 莎士比亚莎士比亚 ))

10486951048695Some examples from the BibleSome examples from the Bible

Then Jesus declared I am the bread of life --JoThen Jesus declared I am the bread of life --John 635hn 63510486951048695I am the door if anyone enters through me he shall be I am the door if anyone enters through me he shall be saved and shall go in and out and find pasture --JOHN saved and shall go in and out and find pasture --JOHN 10910910486951048695But I will sing of your strength In the morning I will sinBut I will sing of your strength In the morning I will sing of your love For you are my fortress My refuge in tig of your love For you are my fortress My refuge in times of trouble --Psalm 5916mes of trouble --Psalm 591610486951048695The name of the Lord is a strong tower The righteous The name of the Lord is a strong tower The righteous run to it and are safe --Proverbs 1810run to it and are safe --Proverbs 1810

Another common method of constructing a metaphor is tAnother common method of constructing a metaphor is to use the possessive where the image is expressed as o use the possessive where the image is expressed as being a part of the idea usually in the form of the x of ybeing a part of the idea usually in the form of the x of y

10486951048695A writers river of words will dry up unless it is continuoA writers river of words will dry up unless it is continuously replenished by streams of new learningusly replenished by streams of new learning10486951048695The first beam of hope that had ever darted into his miThe first beam of hope that had ever darted into his mind rekindled youth in his cheeks and doubled the lustre ond rekindled youth in his cheeks and doubled the lustre of his eyes --SAMUEL JOHNSONf his eyes --SAMUEL JOHNSON10486951048695The furnace of affliction had softened his heart and puriThe furnace of affliction had softened his heart and purified his soulfied his soul

In fact there is a whole range of different degrees of direct iIn fact there is a whole range of different degrees of direct identification between image and idea dentification between image and idea

There is fully expressedThere is fully expressed10486951048695The eye is the lamp of your body when your eye is soundThe eye is the lamp of your body when your eye is sound

your whole body is full of light but when it is not sound your whole body is full of light but when it is not sound your body is full of darkness --LUKE 1134your body is full of darkness --LUKE 1134

There is impliedThere is implied10486951048695 For thou hast been my help and in the shadow of thy For thou hast been my help and in the shadow of thy

wings i sing for joy --PSALM 637wings i sing for joy --PSALM 637And there is very impliedAnd there is very implied10486951048695For if men do these things when the tree is green what wiFor if men do these things when the tree is green what wi

ll happen when it is dry --LUKE2331ll happen when it is dry --LUKE2331

Like simile and analogy metaphor is a profoundly important Like simile and analogy metaphor is a profoundly important and useful device Aristotle says in his Rhetoric It is and useful device Aristotle says in his Rhetoric It is metaphor above all else that gives clearness charm metaphor above all else that gives clearness charm and distinction to the style and distinction to the style

So metaphor not only explains by making the abstract or So metaphor not only explains by making the abstract or unknown concrete and familiar but it also enlivens by unknown concrete and familiar but it also enlivens by touching the readers imagination Further it affirms one touching the readers imagination Further it affirms one more interconnection in the unity of all things by showing more interconnection in the unity of all things by showing a relationship between things seemingly alien to each a relationship between things seemingly alien to each other And the fact that two very unlike things can be other And the fact that two very unlike things can be equated or referred to in terms of one another comments equated or referred to in terms of one another comments upon them both upon them both

No metaphor is just a metaphor All have significant imNo metaphor is just a metaphor All have significant implications and they must be chosen carefully especially plications and they must be chosen carefully especially in regard to the connotations the vehicle (image) will tranin regard to the connotations the vehicle (image) will transfer to the tenor Consider for example the differences isfer to the tenor Consider for example the differences in meaning conveyed by these statementsn meaning conveyed by these statements

10486951048695That club is spreading like wildfireThat club is spreading like wildfire10486951048695That club is spreading like cancerThat club is spreading like cancer10486951048695That club is really blossoming nowThat club is really blossoming now10486951048695That club in its amebic That club in its amebic （阿米巴的（阿米巴的 变形虫的） 变形虫的） momotions is engulfing the campustions is engulfing the campus

SimileSimile

Simile is a direct expressed comparison Simile is a direct expressed comparison between two things essentially unlike each other between two things essentially unlike each other but resembling each other in at least one way but resembling each other in at least one way In formal prose the simile is a device both of art In formal prose the simile is a device both of art and explanation comparing the unfamiliar thing and explanation comparing the unfamiliar thing (to be explained) to some familiar thing (an (to be explained) to some familiar thing (an object event process etc) known to the reader object event process etc) known to the reader There is no simile in the comparison my car is There is no simile in the comparison my car is like your car because the two objects are not like your car because the two objects are not essentially unlike each other essentially unlike each other When a noun is compared to a noun the simile When a noun is compared to a noun the simile is usually introduced by likeis usually introduced by like

Some examples from the BibleSome examples from the Bible

I see men but they look like trees walking --MaI see men but they look like trees walking --Mark 824rk 824

10486951048695The soul in the body is like a bird in a cageThe soul in the body is like a bird in a cage

10486951048695After such long exposure to the direct sun the After such long exposure to the direct sun the leaves of the houseplant looked like pieces of ovleaves of the houseplant looked like pieces of overcooked baconercooked bacon

But I am But I am like an olive treelike an olive tree Flourishing in the hou Flourishing in the house of God --Psalm 528se of God --Psalm 528

They will come and shout for joy on the heights They will come and shout for joy on the heights of Zion (of Zion ( 锡安山在耶路撒冷犹太民族文化中锡安山在耶路撒冷犹太民族文化中心的象征心的象征 ) They will be ) They will be like a well-watered like a well-watered gardengarden And they will sorrow no more --Jeremi And they will sorrow no more --Jeremiah 3112ah 3112

(in these last two examples especially notice how powerfull(in these last two examples especially notice how powerfully the thing to be described called the tenor is colored by the thing to be described called the tenor is colored by the thing it is compared to called the vehicle)y the thing it is compared to called the vehicle)

DictationDictation

Gold Rush of 1849Gold Rush of 1849

In January 1848 James W Marshall a carpenter In January 1848 James W Marshall a carpenter building a sawmill in partnership with John A Sutter in building a sawmill in partnership with John A Sutter in Californias Sacramento Valley discovered gold Sutter Californias Sacramento Valley discovered gold Sutter made his workers promise to keep the discovery a made his workers promise to keep the discovery a secret However the news leaked out Within a few secret However the news leaked out Within a few months a shrewd merchant hoping to increase his months a shrewd merchant hoping to increase his business set off the gold rush in earnest Samuel business set off the gold rush in earnest Samuel Brannan one of the early Mormon settlers in San Brannan one of the early Mormon settlers in San Francisco owned a store near Sutters fort In early May Francisco owned a store near Sutters fort In early May he returned to San Francisco from a visit to the diggings he returned to San Francisco from a visit to the diggings and spread the word of gold and spread the word of gold

Within a few days boats filled with townspeople were Within a few days boats filled with townspeople were heading up the Sacramento River to look for gold heading up the Sacramento River to look for gold Brannan of course had stocked his store with mining Brannan of course had stocked his store with mining supplies and was doing a thriving business San supplies and was doing a thriving business San Francisco soon was a ghost town as almost everyone Francisco soon was a ghost town as almost everyone was off to the gold siteswas off to the gold sites

During the summer of 1848 the news spread up and During the summer of 1848 the news spread up and down the West Coast across the border to Mexico and down the West Coast across the border to Mexico and even to the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii) Word also even to the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii) Word also reached the Mississippi Valley and the Eastern statesreached the Mississippi Valley and the Eastern states

Newspapers were filled with the accounts of men who clNewspapers were filled with the accounts of men who claimed to have become rich overnight by picking gold out aimed to have become rich overnight by picking gold out of Californias wondrous earth Then in a message to thof Californias wondrous earth Then in a message to the Congress of the United States in December President e Congress of the United States in December President James K Polk confirmed the presence of gold in CalifornJames K Polk confirmed the presence of gold in California That winter people from all walks of life set out for Caia That winter people from all walks of life set out for California Many pawned their possessions to get there Thlifornia Many pawned their possessions to get there The gold seekers also known as Forty-Niners or Argonautse gold seekers also known as Forty-Niners or Argonauts joined the rush from as far off as Europe and Australia joined the rush from as far off as Europe and Australia Many Chinese also flocked to San Francisco to join in thMany Chinese also flocked to San Francisco to join in the gold rushe gold rush

The EndThe End

Thank YouThank You

SYNONYMSSYNONYMSold elderly aged old elderly aged These words all describe sb who has lived for a loThese words all describe sb who has lived for a lo

ng time or that usually lives for a long timeng time or that usually lives for a long timeoldold having lived for a long time no longer young having lived for a long time no longer young Shes getting oldmdashshes 75 next yearShes getting oldmdashshes 75 next yearelderlyelderly (rather formal) used as a polite word for (rather formal) used as a polite word for lsquooldrsquo She is very busy caring for two elderly relatilsquooldrsquo She is very busy caring for two elderly relativesvesagedaged (formal) very old Having aged relatives to (formal) very old Having aged relatives to stay in your house can be quite stressfulstay in your house can be quite stressful

almsalms

[pl] (old-fashioned) money clothes and food that a[pl] (old-fashioned) money clothes and food that are given to poor peoplere given to poor people

cracklecrackle

to make repeated short sounds like something burto make repeated short sounds like something burning in a firening in a fire

logs crackling on the fire logs crackling on the fire

An announcement crackled over the loudspeakerAn announcement crackled over the loudspeaker

all manner of people (line 36)all manner of people (line 36)

all manner of somethingall manner of something

formalformal many different kinds of things or peop many different kinds of things or peoplele

We would discuss all manner of subjects We would discuss all manner of subjects

The British Isles have been conquered by all The British Isles have been conquered by all manner of peoplemanner of people

speculationspeculation1 when you guess about the possible causes or 1 when you guess about the possible causes or

effects of something without knowing all the effects of something without knowing all the facts or the guesses that you makefacts or the guesses that you make

speculation thatspeculation thatThere is speculation that the president is illThere is speculation that the president is illspeculation aboutonspeculation aboutonspeculation about the futurespeculation about the futurethe witnesss statement was pure speculation the witnesss statement was pure speculation

(=not based on any facts) (=not based on any facts)

wildidle speculationwildidle speculation (=speculation that is unlikely to be (=speculation that is unlikely to be true) true)

2 when you try to make a large profit by buying goods 2 when you try to make a large profit by buying goods property shares etc and then selling themproperty shares etc and then selling them

property speculationproperty speculation

scheme scheme 1 1 British EnglishBritish English an official plan that is intended to help an official plan that is intended to help

people in some way for example by providing education people in some way for example by providing education or training American Equivalent or training American Equivalent programprogram

The money will be used for teacher training schemesThe money will be used for teacher training schemesa pension schemea pension scheme

scheme forscheme forschemes for two new cross-city linesschemes for two new cross-city linesscheme to do somethingscheme to do somethinga new scheme to boost exportsa new scheme to boost exportspilot schemepilot scheme (=something that is done on a small s (=something that is done on a small s

cale in order to see if it is successful enough to bcale in order to see if it is successful enough to be done on a larger scale)e done on a larger scale) 小规模试验性质的小规模试验性质的

The pilot scheme proved to be a great successThe pilot scheme proved to be a great success2 a clever plan especially to do something that is 2 a clever plan especially to do something that is

bad or illegal - used in order to show disapprovalbad or illegal - used in order to show disapprovala get-rich-quick schemea get-rich-quick scheme

stand in the waystand in the way

in the sbrsquos wayin the sbrsquos way

stopping sb from moving or doing sthstopping sb from moving or doing sth

Yoursquoll have to movemdashyoursquore in my way Yoursquoll have to movemdashyoursquore in my way

I left them alone as I felt I was in the wayI left them alone as I felt I was in the way

love is withheld (line 44)love is withheld (line 44)

withholdwithhold

past tense and past participle withheld past tense and past participle withheld

to refuse to give someone somethingto refuse to give someone something

I withheld payment until they had completed I withheld payment until they had completed the work the work

Ian was accused of withholding vital informatIan was accused of withholding vital information from the policeion from the police

Text 2 GoldText 2 Gold

esteemesteem

formalformal to respect and admire someone or s to respect and admire someone or somethingomething

Peden was greatly esteemed by the people Peden was greatly esteemed by the people

He was esteemed as a literary witHe was esteemed as a literary wit

fabricatefabricate

1 to invent a story piece of information etc i1 to invent a story piece of information etc in order to deceive someonen order to deceive someone

The police were accused of fabricating evideThe police were accused of fabricating evidence nce

2 technical to make or produce goods or equ2 technical to make or produce goods or equipmentipment ￚￚ synonym manufacturesynonym manufacture

The discs are expensive to fabricateThe discs are expensive to fabricate

ounceounce

An ounce is a unit of weight used in Britain aAn ounce is a unit of weight used in Britain and the USA There are sixteen ounces in a nd the USA There are sixteen ounces in a pound and one ounce is equal to 2835 grpound and one ounce is equal to 2835 grams ams 盎司英两唡〔常衡＝盎司英两唡〔常衡＝ 116116 磅＝磅＝284284 克略作 克略作 ozoz 〕〕

four ounces of sugarfour ounces of sugar

long to possesshellip(line 12)long to possesshellip(line 12)longlongto want something very much especially when it sto want something very much especially when it s

eems unlikely to happen sooneems unlikely to happen soonlong to do somethinglong to do somethingHe longed to see her againHe longed to see her againlong forlong forShe longed for the chance to speak to him in privatShe longed for the chance to speak to him in privat

eeWe longed for a bed after several days of campingWe longed for a bed after several days of camping

longinglonging

a strong feeling of wanting something or someonea strong feeling of wanting something or someone

She looked back with longing on the good old daysShe looked back with longing on the good old days

longing forlonging for

His heart was filled with longing for CynthiaHis heart was filled with longing for Cynthia

longing tolonging to

She felt a longing to throw herself into his armsShe felt a longing to throw herself into his arms

bring out the bestworst in somebodybring out the bestworst in somebody

to make someone behave in the best or worto make someone behave in the best or worst way that they canst way that they can

Alcohol just brings out the worst in herAlcohol just brings out the worst in her

And Vince was obviously a great coach he And Vince was obviously a great coach he brought out the best in his team and whoebrought out the best in his team and whoever played himver played him

exerciseexercise (a rule) (a rule)

formal to use a power right or quality that yformal to use a power right or quality that you haveou have

There are plans to encourage people to exerThere are plans to encourage people to exercise their right to vote People who can excise their right to vote People who can exercise some control over their surroundingercise some control over their surroundings feel less anxiouss feel less anxious

the running of somethingthe running of something

the process of managing or organizing a busthe process of managing or organizing a business home organization etciness home organization etc

Brian took over the day-to-day running of the Brian took over the day-to-day running of the company while his father was away He prcompany while his father was away He praised the smooth running of the electionaised the smooth running of the election

helliphellipplusplus (room and board) (room and board)and alsoand alsoThere are numerous clubs plus a casinoThere are numerous clubs plus a casinoThe cost is pound45 plus pound5 for deliveryThe cost is pound45 plus pound5 for deliveryThe jacket costs $4995 plus taxThe jacket costs $4995 plus tax

the gold standard the gold standard 金本位金本位technicaltechnical the use of the value of gold as a fixed sta the use of the value of gold as a fixed sta

ndard on which to base the value of moneyndard on which to base the value of money

currencycurrency

1 [uncountable and countable] the system or type of money 1 [uncountable and countable] the system or type of money that a country usesthat a country uses

The bank can supply you with foreign currency The bank can supply you with foreign currency There are moves towards a single currency in Europe There are moves towards a single currency in Europe The local currency is the Swiss francThe local currency is the Swiss franc2 [uncountable] the state of being accepted or used by a lot 2 [uncountable] the state of being accepted or used by a lot

of peopleof peopleMarxism began to gain currency Marxism began to gain currency The idea was common currency in European political lifeThe idea was common currency in European political life

prospectorprospector

someone who looks for gold minerals oil etcsomeone who looks for gold minerals oil etc

infamousinfamous

well known for being bad or evilwell known for being bad or evil

an infamous killer Los Angeles infamous smogan infamous killer Los Angeles infamous smog

infamous forinfamous for

This area is infamous for drugs and prostitutionThis area is infamous for drugs and prostitution

ex-guardsex-guards

ex- former and still livingex- former and still living

an ex-Presidentan ex-PresidentHer dads an ex-policemanHer dads an ex-policemanLydia is still friends with her ex-husbandLydia is still friends with her ex-husbandmy ex-wifemy ex-wife

已故的总统已故的总统

an an occupationoccupation for the working class (line 38) for the working class (line 38)which of the following is a suitable synonymwhich of the following is a suitable synonym

his fathers occupationhis fathers occupation JOB profession (line JOB profession (line of) workof) work her leisure occupationsher leisure occupations PASTIME activity PASTIME activity hobby entertainment recreation amusementhobby entertainment recreation amusement a property suitable for occupation by older a property suitable for occupation by older peoplepeople RESIDENCE residency habitation RESIDENCE residency habitation the Roman occupation of Britainthe Roman occupation of Britain CONQUEST capture invasion seizure CONQUEST capture invasion seizure takeovertakeover

eloquenteloquent1 able to express your ideas and opinions well especially i1 able to express your ideas and opinions well especially i

n a way that influences people n a way that influences people 雄辩的有说明力的雄辩的有说明力的an eloquent appeal for supportan eloquent appeal for support

2 showing a feeling or meaning without using words2 showing a feeling or meaning without using words cleaclearly expressiverly expressive

The photographs are an eloquent reminder of the horrors of The photographs are an eloquent reminder of the horrors of warwar

an art that is eloquent of Americas cultural diversityan art that is eloquent of Americas cultural diversity

trust totrust to something something place reliance on (luck fate etc)place reliance on (luck fate etc) to hoto ho

pe that what you want to happen will happpe that what you want to happen will happen because there is nothing you can do aen because there is nothing you can do about itbout it

Ill just have to trust to luck that it works out oIll just have to trust to luck that it works out okay kay

I hope I may trust to your discretionI hope I may trust to your discretion

METAPHORMETAPHOR

METAPHORMETAPHOR A comparison which A comparison which imaginatively identifies one thing with imaginatively identifies one thing with another dissimilar thing and transfers or another dissimilar thing and transfers or ascribes to ascribes to the first thing (the tenor or the first thing (the tenor or idea)idea) some of the qualities of some of the qualities of the second the second (the vehicle or image)(the vehicle or image) Unlike a simile or Unlike a simile or analogy metaphor asserts that one thing analogy metaphor asserts that one thing is another thing not just that one is like is another thing not just that one is like another very frequently a metaphor is another very frequently a metaphor is invoked by the to be verbinvoked by the to be verb

notenote

tenortenor The word phrase or subject with whi The word phrase or subject with which the ch the vehiclevehicle of a metaphor is identified a of a metaphor is identified as life ins life in

隐喻所指的词短语或对象如 隐喻所指的词短语或对象如 life life 在 在 Lifes but a walking shadow Lifes but a walking shadow

(Shakespeare)(Shakespeare)

ldquoldquo 生命不过是一个行走的影子rdquo生命不过是一个行走的影子rdquo (( 莎士比亚莎士比亚 ))

10486951048695Some examples from the BibleSome examples from the Bible

Then Jesus declared I am the bread of life --JoThen Jesus declared I am the bread of life --John 635hn 63510486951048695I am the door if anyone enters through me he shall be I am the door if anyone enters through me he shall be saved and shall go in and out and find pasture --JOHN saved and shall go in and out and find pasture --JOHN 10910910486951048695But I will sing of your strength In the morning I will sinBut I will sing of your strength In the morning I will sing of your love For you are my fortress My refuge in tig of your love For you are my fortress My refuge in times of trouble --Psalm 5916mes of trouble --Psalm 591610486951048695The name of the Lord is a strong tower The righteous The name of the Lord is a strong tower The righteous run to it and are safe --Proverbs 1810run to it and are safe --Proverbs 1810

Another common method of constructing a metaphor is tAnother common method of constructing a metaphor is to use the possessive where the image is expressed as o use the possessive where the image is expressed as being a part of the idea usually in the form of the x of ybeing a part of the idea usually in the form of the x of y

10486951048695A writers river of words will dry up unless it is continuoA writers river of words will dry up unless it is continuously replenished by streams of new learningusly replenished by streams of new learning10486951048695The first beam of hope that had ever darted into his miThe first beam of hope that had ever darted into his mind rekindled youth in his cheeks and doubled the lustre ond rekindled youth in his cheeks and doubled the lustre of his eyes --SAMUEL JOHNSONf his eyes --SAMUEL JOHNSON10486951048695The furnace of affliction had softened his heart and puriThe furnace of affliction had softened his heart and purified his soulfied his soul

In fact there is a whole range of different degrees of direct iIn fact there is a whole range of different degrees of direct identification between image and idea dentification between image and idea

There is fully expressedThere is fully expressed10486951048695The eye is the lamp of your body when your eye is soundThe eye is the lamp of your body when your eye is sound

your whole body is full of light but when it is not sound your whole body is full of light but when it is not sound your body is full of darkness --LUKE 1134your body is full of darkness --LUKE 1134

There is impliedThere is implied10486951048695 For thou hast been my help and in the shadow of thy For thou hast been my help and in the shadow of thy

wings i sing for joy --PSALM 637wings i sing for joy --PSALM 637And there is very impliedAnd there is very implied10486951048695For if men do these things when the tree is green what wiFor if men do these things when the tree is green what wi

ll happen when it is dry --LUKE2331ll happen when it is dry --LUKE2331

Like simile and analogy metaphor is a profoundly important Like simile and analogy metaphor is a profoundly important and useful device Aristotle says in his Rhetoric It is and useful device Aristotle says in his Rhetoric It is metaphor above all else that gives clearness charm metaphor above all else that gives clearness charm and distinction to the style and distinction to the style

So metaphor not only explains by making the abstract or So metaphor not only explains by making the abstract or unknown concrete and familiar but it also enlivens by unknown concrete and familiar but it also enlivens by touching the readers imagination Further it affirms one touching the readers imagination Further it affirms one more interconnection in the unity of all things by showing more interconnection in the unity of all things by showing a relationship between things seemingly alien to each a relationship between things seemingly alien to each other And the fact that two very unlike things can be other And the fact that two very unlike things can be equated or referred to in terms of one another comments equated or referred to in terms of one another comments upon them both upon them both

No metaphor is just a metaphor All have significant imNo metaphor is just a metaphor All have significant implications and they must be chosen carefully especially plications and they must be chosen carefully especially in regard to the connotations the vehicle (image) will tranin regard to the connotations the vehicle (image) will transfer to the tenor Consider for example the differences isfer to the tenor Consider for example the differences in meaning conveyed by these statementsn meaning conveyed by these statements

10486951048695That club is spreading like wildfireThat club is spreading like wildfire10486951048695That club is spreading like cancerThat club is spreading like cancer10486951048695That club is really blossoming nowThat club is really blossoming now10486951048695That club in its amebic That club in its amebic （阿米巴的（阿米巴的 变形虫的） 变形虫的） momotions is engulfing the campustions is engulfing the campus

SimileSimile

Simile is a direct expressed comparison Simile is a direct expressed comparison between two things essentially unlike each other between two things essentially unlike each other but resembling each other in at least one way but resembling each other in at least one way In formal prose the simile is a device both of art In formal prose the simile is a device both of art and explanation comparing the unfamiliar thing and explanation comparing the unfamiliar thing (to be explained) to some familiar thing (an (to be explained) to some familiar thing (an object event process etc) known to the reader object event process etc) known to the reader There is no simile in the comparison my car is There is no simile in the comparison my car is like your car because the two objects are not like your car because the two objects are not essentially unlike each other essentially unlike each other When a noun is compared to a noun the simile When a noun is compared to a noun the simile is usually introduced by likeis usually introduced by like

Some examples from the BibleSome examples from the Bible

I see men but they look like trees walking --MaI see men but they look like trees walking --Mark 824rk 824

10486951048695The soul in the body is like a bird in a cageThe soul in the body is like a bird in a cage

10486951048695After such long exposure to the direct sun the After such long exposure to the direct sun the leaves of the houseplant looked like pieces of ovleaves of the houseplant looked like pieces of overcooked baconercooked bacon

But I am But I am like an olive treelike an olive tree Flourishing in the hou Flourishing in the house of God --Psalm 528se of God --Psalm 528

They will come and shout for joy on the heights They will come and shout for joy on the heights of Zion (of Zion ( 锡安山在耶路撒冷犹太民族文化中锡安山在耶路撒冷犹太民族文化中心的象征心的象征 ) They will be ) They will be like a well-watered like a well-watered gardengarden And they will sorrow no more --Jeremi And they will sorrow no more --Jeremiah 3112ah 3112

(in these last two examples especially notice how powerfull(in these last two examples especially notice how powerfully the thing to be described called the tenor is colored by the thing to be described called the tenor is colored by the thing it is compared to called the vehicle)y the thing it is compared to called the vehicle)

DictationDictation

Gold Rush of 1849Gold Rush of 1849

In January 1848 James W Marshall a carpenter In January 1848 James W Marshall a carpenter building a sawmill in partnership with John A Sutter in building a sawmill in partnership with John A Sutter in Californias Sacramento Valley discovered gold Sutter Californias Sacramento Valley discovered gold Sutter made his workers promise to keep the discovery a made his workers promise to keep the discovery a secret However the news leaked out Within a few secret However the news leaked out Within a few months a shrewd merchant hoping to increase his months a shrewd merchant hoping to increase his business set off the gold rush in earnest Samuel business set off the gold rush in earnest Samuel Brannan one of the early Mormon settlers in San Brannan one of the early Mormon settlers in San Francisco owned a store near Sutters fort In early May Francisco owned a store near Sutters fort In early May he returned to San Francisco from a visit to the diggings he returned to San Francisco from a visit to the diggings and spread the word of gold and spread the word of gold

Within a few days boats filled with townspeople were Within a few days boats filled with townspeople were heading up the Sacramento River to look for gold heading up the Sacramento River to look for gold Brannan of course had stocked his store with mining Brannan of course had stocked his store with mining supplies and was doing a thriving business San supplies and was doing a thriving business San Francisco soon was a ghost town as almost everyone Francisco soon was a ghost town as almost everyone was off to the gold siteswas off to the gold sites

During the summer of 1848 the news spread up and During the summer of 1848 the news spread up and down the West Coast across the border to Mexico and down the West Coast across the border to Mexico and even to the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii) Word also even to the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii) Word also reached the Mississippi Valley and the Eastern statesreached the Mississippi Valley and the Eastern states

Newspapers were filled with the accounts of men who clNewspapers were filled with the accounts of men who claimed to have become rich overnight by picking gold out aimed to have become rich overnight by picking gold out of Californias wondrous earth Then in a message to thof Californias wondrous earth Then in a message to the Congress of the United States in December President e Congress of the United States in December President James K Polk confirmed the presence of gold in CalifornJames K Polk confirmed the presence of gold in California That winter people from all walks of life set out for Caia That winter people from all walks of life set out for California Many pawned their possessions to get there Thlifornia Many pawned their possessions to get there The gold seekers also known as Forty-Niners or Argonautse gold seekers also known as Forty-Niners or Argonauts joined the rush from as far off as Europe and Australia joined the rush from as far off as Europe and Australia Many Chinese also flocked to San Francisco to join in thMany Chinese also flocked to San Francisco to join in the gold rushe gold rush

The EndThe End

Thank YouThank You

almsalms

[pl] (old-fashioned) money clothes and food that a[pl] (old-fashioned) money clothes and food that are given to poor peoplere given to poor people

cracklecrackle

to make repeated short sounds like something burto make repeated short sounds like something burning in a firening in a fire

logs crackling on the fire logs crackling on the fire

An announcement crackled over the loudspeakerAn announcement crackled over the loudspeaker

all manner of people (line 36)all manner of people (line 36)

all manner of somethingall manner of something

formalformal many different kinds of things or peop many different kinds of things or peoplele

We would discuss all manner of subjects We would discuss all manner of subjects

The British Isles have been conquered by all The British Isles have been conquered by all manner of peoplemanner of people

speculationspeculation1 when you guess about the possible causes or 1 when you guess about the possible causes or

effects of something without knowing all the effects of something without knowing all the facts or the guesses that you makefacts or the guesses that you make

speculation thatspeculation thatThere is speculation that the president is illThere is speculation that the president is illspeculation aboutonspeculation aboutonspeculation about the futurespeculation about the futurethe witnesss statement was pure speculation the witnesss statement was pure speculation

(=not based on any facts) (=not based on any facts)

wildidle speculationwildidle speculation (=speculation that is unlikely to be (=speculation that is unlikely to be true) true)

2 when you try to make a large profit by buying goods 2 when you try to make a large profit by buying goods property shares etc and then selling themproperty shares etc and then selling them

property speculationproperty speculation

scheme scheme 1 1 British EnglishBritish English an official plan that is intended to help an official plan that is intended to help

people in some way for example by providing education people in some way for example by providing education or training American Equivalent or training American Equivalent programprogram

The money will be used for teacher training schemesThe money will be used for teacher training schemesa pension schemea pension scheme

scheme forscheme forschemes for two new cross-city linesschemes for two new cross-city linesscheme to do somethingscheme to do somethinga new scheme to boost exportsa new scheme to boost exportspilot schemepilot scheme (=something that is done on a small s (=something that is done on a small s

cale in order to see if it is successful enough to bcale in order to see if it is successful enough to be done on a larger scale)e done on a larger scale) 小规模试验性质的小规模试验性质的

The pilot scheme proved to be a great successThe pilot scheme proved to be a great success2 a clever plan especially to do something that is 2 a clever plan especially to do something that is

bad or illegal - used in order to show disapprovalbad or illegal - used in order to show disapprovala get-rich-quick schemea get-rich-quick scheme

stand in the waystand in the way

in the sbrsquos wayin the sbrsquos way

stopping sb from moving or doing sthstopping sb from moving or doing sth

Yoursquoll have to movemdashyoursquore in my way Yoursquoll have to movemdashyoursquore in my way

I left them alone as I felt I was in the wayI left them alone as I felt I was in the way

love is withheld (line 44)love is withheld (line 44)

withholdwithhold

past tense and past participle withheld past tense and past participle withheld

to refuse to give someone somethingto refuse to give someone something

I withheld payment until they had completed I withheld payment until they had completed the work the work

Ian was accused of withholding vital informatIan was accused of withholding vital information from the policeion from the police

Text 2 GoldText 2 Gold

esteemesteem

formalformal to respect and admire someone or s to respect and admire someone or somethingomething

Peden was greatly esteemed by the people Peden was greatly esteemed by the people

He was esteemed as a literary witHe was esteemed as a literary wit

fabricatefabricate

1 to invent a story piece of information etc i1 to invent a story piece of information etc in order to deceive someonen order to deceive someone

The police were accused of fabricating evideThe police were accused of fabricating evidence nce

2 technical to make or produce goods or equ2 technical to make or produce goods or equipmentipment ￚￚ synonym manufacturesynonym manufacture

The discs are expensive to fabricateThe discs are expensive to fabricate

ounceounce

An ounce is a unit of weight used in Britain aAn ounce is a unit of weight used in Britain and the USA There are sixteen ounces in a nd the USA There are sixteen ounces in a pound and one ounce is equal to 2835 grpound and one ounce is equal to 2835 grams ams 盎司英两唡〔常衡＝盎司英两唡〔常衡＝ 116116 磅＝磅＝284284 克略作 克略作 ozoz 〕〕

four ounces of sugarfour ounces of sugar

long to possesshellip(line 12)long to possesshellip(line 12)longlongto want something very much especially when it sto want something very much especially when it s

eems unlikely to happen sooneems unlikely to happen soonlong to do somethinglong to do somethingHe longed to see her againHe longed to see her againlong forlong forShe longed for the chance to speak to him in privatShe longed for the chance to speak to him in privat

eeWe longed for a bed after several days of campingWe longed for a bed after several days of camping

longinglonging

a strong feeling of wanting something or someonea strong feeling of wanting something or someone

She looked back with longing on the good old daysShe looked back with longing on the good old days

longing forlonging for

His heart was filled with longing for CynthiaHis heart was filled with longing for Cynthia

longing tolonging to

She felt a longing to throw herself into his armsShe felt a longing to throw herself into his arms

bring out the bestworst in somebodybring out the bestworst in somebody

to make someone behave in the best or worto make someone behave in the best or worst way that they canst way that they can

Alcohol just brings out the worst in herAlcohol just brings out the worst in her

And Vince was obviously a great coach he And Vince was obviously a great coach he brought out the best in his team and whoebrought out the best in his team and whoever played himver played him

exerciseexercise (a rule) (a rule)

formal to use a power right or quality that yformal to use a power right or quality that you haveou have

There are plans to encourage people to exerThere are plans to encourage people to exercise their right to vote People who can excise their right to vote People who can exercise some control over their surroundingercise some control over their surroundings feel less anxiouss feel less anxious

the running of somethingthe running of something

the process of managing or organizing a busthe process of managing or organizing a business home organization etciness home organization etc

Brian took over the day-to-day running of the Brian took over the day-to-day running of the company while his father was away He prcompany while his father was away He praised the smooth running of the electionaised the smooth running of the election

helliphellipplusplus (room and board) (room and board)and alsoand alsoThere are numerous clubs plus a casinoThere are numerous clubs plus a casinoThe cost is pound45 plus pound5 for deliveryThe cost is pound45 plus pound5 for deliveryThe jacket costs $4995 plus taxThe jacket costs $4995 plus tax

the gold standard the gold standard 金本位金本位technicaltechnical the use of the value of gold as a fixed sta the use of the value of gold as a fixed sta

ndard on which to base the value of moneyndard on which to base the value of money

currencycurrency

1 [uncountable and countable] the system or type of money 1 [uncountable and countable] the system or type of money that a country usesthat a country uses

The bank can supply you with foreign currency The bank can supply you with foreign currency There are moves towards a single currency in Europe There are moves towards a single currency in Europe The local currency is the Swiss francThe local currency is the Swiss franc2 [uncountable] the state of being accepted or used by a lot 2 [uncountable] the state of being accepted or used by a lot

of peopleof peopleMarxism began to gain currency Marxism began to gain currency The idea was common currency in European political lifeThe idea was common currency in European political life

prospectorprospector

someone who looks for gold minerals oil etcsomeone who looks for gold minerals oil etc

infamousinfamous

well known for being bad or evilwell known for being bad or evil

an infamous killer Los Angeles infamous smogan infamous killer Los Angeles infamous smog

infamous forinfamous for

This area is infamous for drugs and prostitutionThis area is infamous for drugs and prostitution

ex-guardsex-guards

ex- former and still livingex- former and still living

an ex-Presidentan ex-PresidentHer dads an ex-policemanHer dads an ex-policemanLydia is still friends with her ex-husbandLydia is still friends with her ex-husbandmy ex-wifemy ex-wife

已故的总统已故的总统

an an occupationoccupation for the working class (line 38) for the working class (line 38)which of the following is a suitable synonymwhich of the following is a suitable synonym

his fathers occupationhis fathers occupation JOB profession (line JOB profession (line of) workof) work her leisure occupationsher leisure occupations PASTIME activity PASTIME activity hobby entertainment recreation amusementhobby entertainment recreation amusement a property suitable for occupation by older a property suitable for occupation by older peoplepeople RESIDENCE residency habitation RESIDENCE residency habitation the Roman occupation of Britainthe Roman occupation of Britain CONQUEST capture invasion seizure CONQUEST capture invasion seizure takeovertakeover

eloquenteloquent1 able to express your ideas and opinions well especially i1 able to express your ideas and opinions well especially i

n a way that influences people n a way that influences people 雄辩的有说明力的雄辩的有说明力的an eloquent appeal for supportan eloquent appeal for support

2 showing a feeling or meaning without using words2 showing a feeling or meaning without using words cleaclearly expressiverly expressive

The photographs are an eloquent reminder of the horrors of The photographs are an eloquent reminder of the horrors of warwar

an art that is eloquent of Americas cultural diversityan art that is eloquent of Americas cultural diversity

trust totrust to something something place reliance on (luck fate etc)place reliance on (luck fate etc) to hoto ho

pe that what you want to happen will happpe that what you want to happen will happen because there is nothing you can do aen because there is nothing you can do about itbout it

Ill just have to trust to luck that it works out oIll just have to trust to luck that it works out okay kay

I hope I may trust to your discretionI hope I may trust to your discretion

METAPHORMETAPHOR

METAPHORMETAPHOR A comparison which A comparison which imaginatively identifies one thing with imaginatively identifies one thing with another dissimilar thing and transfers or another dissimilar thing and transfers or ascribes to ascribes to the first thing (the tenor or the first thing (the tenor or idea)idea) some of the qualities of some of the qualities of the second the second (the vehicle or image)(the vehicle or image) Unlike a simile or Unlike a simile or analogy metaphor asserts that one thing analogy metaphor asserts that one thing is another thing not just that one is like is another thing not just that one is like another very frequently a metaphor is another very frequently a metaphor is invoked by the to be verbinvoked by the to be verb

notenote

tenortenor The word phrase or subject with whi The word phrase or subject with which the ch the vehiclevehicle of a metaphor is identified a of a metaphor is identified as life ins life in

隐喻所指的词短语或对象如 隐喻所指的词短语或对象如 life life 在 在 Lifes but a walking shadow Lifes but a walking shadow

(Shakespeare)(Shakespeare)

ldquoldquo 生命不过是一个行走的影子rdquo生命不过是一个行走的影子rdquo (( 莎士比亚莎士比亚 ))

10486951048695Some examples from the BibleSome examples from the Bible

Then Jesus declared I am the bread of life --JoThen Jesus declared I am the bread of life --John 635hn 63510486951048695I am the door if anyone enters through me he shall be I am the door if anyone enters through me he shall be saved and shall go in and out and find pasture --JOHN saved and shall go in and out and find pasture --JOHN 10910910486951048695But I will sing of your strength In the morning I will sinBut I will sing of your strength In the morning I will sing of your love For you are my fortress My refuge in tig of your love For you are my fortress My refuge in times of trouble --Psalm 5916mes of trouble --Psalm 591610486951048695The name of the Lord is a strong tower The righteous The name of the Lord is a strong tower The righteous run to it and are safe --Proverbs 1810run to it and are safe --Proverbs 1810

Another common method of constructing a metaphor is tAnother common method of constructing a metaphor is to use the possessive where the image is expressed as o use the possessive where the image is expressed as being a part of the idea usually in the form of the x of ybeing a part of the idea usually in the form of the x of y

10486951048695A writers river of words will dry up unless it is continuoA writers river of words will dry up unless it is continuously replenished by streams of new learningusly replenished by streams of new learning10486951048695The first beam of hope that had ever darted into his miThe first beam of hope that had ever darted into his mind rekindled youth in his cheeks and doubled the lustre ond rekindled youth in his cheeks and doubled the lustre of his eyes --SAMUEL JOHNSONf his eyes --SAMUEL JOHNSON10486951048695The furnace of affliction had softened his heart and puriThe furnace of affliction had softened his heart and purified his soulfied his soul

In fact there is a whole range of different degrees of direct iIn fact there is a whole range of different degrees of direct identification between image and idea dentification between image and idea

There is fully expressedThere is fully expressed10486951048695The eye is the lamp of your body when your eye is soundThe eye is the lamp of your body when your eye is sound

your whole body is full of light but when it is not sound your whole body is full of light but when it is not sound your body is full of darkness --LUKE 1134your body is full of darkness --LUKE 1134

There is impliedThere is implied10486951048695 For thou hast been my help and in the shadow of thy For thou hast been my help and in the shadow of thy

wings i sing for joy --PSALM 637wings i sing for joy --PSALM 637And there is very impliedAnd there is very implied10486951048695For if men do these things when the tree is green what wiFor if men do these things when the tree is green what wi

ll happen when it is dry --LUKE2331ll happen when it is dry --LUKE2331

Like simile and analogy metaphor is a profoundly important Like simile and analogy metaphor is a profoundly important and useful device Aristotle says in his Rhetoric It is and useful device Aristotle says in his Rhetoric It is metaphor above all else that gives clearness charm metaphor above all else that gives clearness charm and distinction to the style and distinction to the style

So metaphor not only explains by making the abstract or So metaphor not only explains by making the abstract or unknown concrete and familiar but it also enlivens by unknown concrete and familiar but it also enlivens by touching the readers imagination Further it affirms one touching the readers imagination Further it affirms one more interconnection in the unity of all things by showing more interconnection in the unity of all things by showing a relationship between things seemingly alien to each a relationship between things seemingly alien to each other And the fact that two very unlike things can be other And the fact that two very unlike things can be equated or referred to in terms of one another comments equated or referred to in terms of one another comments upon them both upon them both

No metaphor is just a metaphor All have significant imNo metaphor is just a metaphor All have significant implications and they must be chosen carefully especially plications and they must be chosen carefully especially in regard to the connotations the vehicle (image) will tranin regard to the connotations the vehicle (image) will transfer to the tenor Consider for example the differences isfer to the tenor Consider for example the differences in meaning conveyed by these statementsn meaning conveyed by these statements

10486951048695That club is spreading like wildfireThat club is spreading like wildfire10486951048695That club is spreading like cancerThat club is spreading like cancer10486951048695That club is really blossoming nowThat club is really blossoming now10486951048695That club in its amebic That club in its amebic （阿米巴的（阿米巴的 变形虫的） 变形虫的） momotions is engulfing the campustions is engulfing the campus

SimileSimile

Simile is a direct expressed comparison Simile is a direct expressed comparison between two things essentially unlike each other between two things essentially unlike each other but resembling each other in at least one way but resembling each other in at least one way In formal prose the simile is a device both of art In formal prose the simile is a device both of art and explanation comparing the unfamiliar thing and explanation comparing the unfamiliar thing (to be explained) to some familiar thing (an (to be explained) to some familiar thing (an object event process etc) known to the reader object event process etc) known to the reader There is no simile in the comparison my car is There is no simile in the comparison my car is like your car because the two objects are not like your car because the two objects are not essentially unlike each other essentially unlike each other When a noun is compared to a noun the simile When a noun is compared to a noun the simile is usually introduced by likeis usually introduced by like

Some examples from the BibleSome examples from the Bible

I see men but they look like trees walking --MaI see men but they look like trees walking --Mark 824rk 824

10486951048695The soul in the body is like a bird in a cageThe soul in the body is like a bird in a cage

10486951048695After such long exposure to the direct sun the After such long exposure to the direct sun the leaves of the houseplant looked like pieces of ovleaves of the houseplant looked like pieces of overcooked baconercooked bacon

But I am But I am like an olive treelike an olive tree Flourishing in the hou Flourishing in the house of God --Psalm 528se of God --Psalm 528

They will come and shout for joy on the heights They will come and shout for joy on the heights of Zion (of Zion ( 锡安山在耶路撒冷犹太民族文化中锡安山在耶路撒冷犹太民族文化中心的象征心的象征 ) They will be ) They will be like a well-watered like a well-watered gardengarden And they will sorrow no more --Jeremi And they will sorrow no more --Jeremiah 3112ah 3112

(in these last two examples especially notice how powerfull(in these last two examples especially notice how powerfully the thing to be described called the tenor is colored by the thing to be described called the tenor is colored by the thing it is compared to called the vehicle)y the thing it is compared to called the vehicle)

DictationDictation

Gold Rush of 1849Gold Rush of 1849

In January 1848 James W Marshall a carpenter In January 1848 James W Marshall a carpenter building a sawmill in partnership with John A Sutter in building a sawmill in partnership with John A Sutter in Californias Sacramento Valley discovered gold Sutter Californias Sacramento Valley discovered gold Sutter made his workers promise to keep the discovery a made his workers promise to keep the discovery a secret However the news leaked out Within a few secret However the news leaked out Within a few months a shrewd merchant hoping to increase his months a shrewd merchant hoping to increase his business set off the gold rush in earnest Samuel business set off the gold rush in earnest Samuel Brannan one of the early Mormon settlers in San Brannan one of the early Mormon settlers in San Francisco owned a store near Sutters fort In early May Francisco owned a store near Sutters fort In early May he returned to San Francisco from a visit to the diggings he returned to San Francisco from a visit to the diggings and spread the word of gold and spread the word of gold

Within a few days boats filled with townspeople were Within a few days boats filled with townspeople were heading up the Sacramento River to look for gold heading up the Sacramento River to look for gold Brannan of course had stocked his store with mining Brannan of course had stocked his store with mining supplies and was doing a thriving business San supplies and was doing a thriving business San Francisco soon was a ghost town as almost everyone Francisco soon was a ghost town as almost everyone was off to the gold siteswas off to the gold sites

During the summer of 1848 the news spread up and During the summer of 1848 the news spread up and down the West Coast across the border to Mexico and down the West Coast across the border to Mexico and even to the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii) Word also even to the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii) Word also reached the Mississippi Valley and the Eastern statesreached the Mississippi Valley and the Eastern states

Newspapers were filled with the accounts of men who clNewspapers were filled with the accounts of men who claimed to have become rich overnight by picking gold out aimed to have become rich overnight by picking gold out of Californias wondrous earth Then in a message to thof Californias wondrous earth Then in a message to the Congress of the United States in December President e Congress of the United States in December President James K Polk confirmed the presence of gold in CalifornJames K Polk confirmed the presence of gold in California That winter people from all walks of life set out for Caia That winter people from all walks of life set out for California Many pawned their possessions to get there Thlifornia Many pawned their possessions to get there The gold seekers also known as Forty-Niners or Argonautse gold seekers also known as Forty-Niners or Argonauts joined the rush from as far off as Europe and Australia joined the rush from as far off as Europe and Australia Many Chinese also flocked to San Francisco to join in thMany Chinese also flocked to San Francisco to join in the gold rushe gold rush

The EndThe End

Thank YouThank You

all manner of people (line 36)all manner of people (line 36)

all manner of somethingall manner of something

formalformal many different kinds of things or peop many different kinds of things or peoplele

We would discuss all manner of subjects We would discuss all manner of subjects

The British Isles have been conquered by all The British Isles have been conquered by all manner of peoplemanner of people

speculationspeculation1 when you guess about the possible causes or 1 when you guess about the possible causes or

effects of something without knowing all the effects of something without knowing all the facts or the guesses that you makefacts or the guesses that you make

speculation thatspeculation thatThere is speculation that the president is illThere is speculation that the president is illspeculation aboutonspeculation aboutonspeculation about the futurespeculation about the futurethe witnesss statement was pure speculation the witnesss statement was pure speculation

(=not based on any facts) (=not based on any facts)

wildidle speculationwildidle speculation (=speculation that is unlikely to be (=speculation that is unlikely to be true) true)

2 when you try to make a large profit by buying goods 2 when you try to make a large profit by buying goods property shares etc and then selling themproperty shares etc and then selling them

property speculationproperty speculation

scheme scheme 1 1 British EnglishBritish English an official plan that is intended to help an official plan that is intended to help

people in some way for example by providing education people in some way for example by providing education or training American Equivalent or training American Equivalent programprogram

The money will be used for teacher training schemesThe money will be used for teacher training schemesa pension schemea pension scheme

scheme forscheme forschemes for two new cross-city linesschemes for two new cross-city linesscheme to do somethingscheme to do somethinga new scheme to boost exportsa new scheme to boost exportspilot schemepilot scheme (=something that is done on a small s (=something that is done on a small s

cale in order to see if it is successful enough to bcale in order to see if it is successful enough to be done on a larger scale)e done on a larger scale) 小规模试验性质的小规模试验性质的

The pilot scheme proved to be a great successThe pilot scheme proved to be a great success2 a clever plan especially to do something that is 2 a clever plan especially to do something that is

bad or illegal - used in order to show disapprovalbad or illegal - used in order to show disapprovala get-rich-quick schemea get-rich-quick scheme

stand in the waystand in the way

in the sbrsquos wayin the sbrsquos way

stopping sb from moving or doing sthstopping sb from moving or doing sth

Yoursquoll have to movemdashyoursquore in my way Yoursquoll have to movemdashyoursquore in my way

I left them alone as I felt I was in the wayI left them alone as I felt I was in the way

love is withheld (line 44)love is withheld (line 44)

withholdwithhold

past tense and past participle withheld past tense and past participle withheld

to refuse to give someone somethingto refuse to give someone something

I withheld payment until they had completed I withheld payment until they had completed the work the work

Ian was accused of withholding vital informatIan was accused of withholding vital information from the policeion from the police

Text 2 GoldText 2 Gold

esteemesteem

formalformal to respect and admire someone or s to respect and admire someone or somethingomething

Peden was greatly esteemed by the people Peden was greatly esteemed by the people

He was esteemed as a literary witHe was esteemed as a literary wit

fabricatefabricate

1 to invent a story piece of information etc i1 to invent a story piece of information etc in order to deceive someonen order to deceive someone

The police were accused of fabricating evideThe police were accused of fabricating evidence nce

2 technical to make or produce goods or equ2 technical to make or produce goods or equipmentipment ￚￚ synonym manufacturesynonym manufacture

The discs are expensive to fabricateThe discs are expensive to fabricate

ounceounce

An ounce is a unit of weight used in Britain aAn ounce is a unit of weight used in Britain and the USA There are sixteen ounces in a nd the USA There are sixteen ounces in a pound and one ounce is equal to 2835 grpound and one ounce is equal to 2835 grams ams 盎司英两唡〔常衡＝盎司英两唡〔常衡＝ 116116 磅＝磅＝284284 克略作 克略作 ozoz 〕〕

four ounces of sugarfour ounces of sugar

long to possesshellip(line 12)long to possesshellip(line 12)longlongto want something very much especially when it sto want something very much especially when it s

eems unlikely to happen sooneems unlikely to happen soonlong to do somethinglong to do somethingHe longed to see her againHe longed to see her againlong forlong forShe longed for the chance to speak to him in privatShe longed for the chance to speak to him in privat

eeWe longed for a bed after several days of campingWe longed for a bed after several days of camping

longinglonging

a strong feeling of wanting something or someonea strong feeling of wanting something or someone

She looked back with longing on the good old daysShe looked back with longing on the good old days

longing forlonging for

His heart was filled with longing for CynthiaHis heart was filled with longing for Cynthia

longing tolonging to

She felt a longing to throw herself into his armsShe felt a longing to throw herself into his arms

bring out the bestworst in somebodybring out the bestworst in somebody

to make someone behave in the best or worto make someone behave in the best or worst way that they canst way that they can

Alcohol just brings out the worst in herAlcohol just brings out the worst in her

And Vince was obviously a great coach he And Vince was obviously a great coach he brought out the best in his team and whoebrought out the best in his team and whoever played himver played him

exerciseexercise (a rule) (a rule)

formal to use a power right or quality that yformal to use a power right or quality that you haveou have

There are plans to encourage people to exerThere are plans to encourage people to exercise their right to vote People who can excise their right to vote People who can exercise some control over their surroundingercise some control over their surroundings feel less anxiouss feel less anxious

the running of somethingthe running of something

the process of managing or organizing a busthe process of managing or organizing a business home organization etciness home organization etc

Brian took over the day-to-day running of the Brian took over the day-to-day running of the company while his father was away He prcompany while his father was away He praised the smooth running of the electionaised the smooth running of the election

helliphellipplusplus (room and board) (room and board)and alsoand alsoThere are numerous clubs plus a casinoThere are numerous clubs plus a casinoThe cost is pound45 plus pound5 for deliveryThe cost is pound45 plus pound5 for deliveryThe jacket costs $4995 plus taxThe jacket costs $4995 plus tax

the gold standard the gold standard 金本位金本位technicaltechnical the use of the value of gold as a fixed sta the use of the value of gold as a fixed sta

ndard on which to base the value of moneyndard on which to base the value of money

currencycurrency

1 [uncountable and countable] the system or type of money 1 [uncountable and countable] the system or type of money that a country usesthat a country uses

The bank can supply you with foreign currency The bank can supply you with foreign currency There are moves towards a single currency in Europe There are moves towards a single currency in Europe The local currency is the Swiss francThe local currency is the Swiss franc2 [uncountable] the state of being accepted or used by a lot 2 [uncountable] the state of being accepted or used by a lot

of peopleof peopleMarxism began to gain currency Marxism began to gain currency The idea was common currency in European political lifeThe idea was common currency in European political life

prospectorprospector

someone who looks for gold minerals oil etcsomeone who looks for gold minerals oil etc

infamousinfamous

well known for being bad or evilwell known for being bad or evil

an infamous killer Los Angeles infamous smogan infamous killer Los Angeles infamous smog

infamous forinfamous for

This area is infamous for drugs and prostitutionThis area is infamous for drugs and prostitution

ex-guardsex-guards

ex- former and still livingex- former and still living

an ex-Presidentan ex-PresidentHer dads an ex-policemanHer dads an ex-policemanLydia is still friends with her ex-husbandLydia is still friends with her ex-husbandmy ex-wifemy ex-wife

已故的总统已故的总统

an an occupationoccupation for the working class (line 38) for the working class (line 38)which of the following is a suitable synonymwhich of the following is a suitable synonym

his fathers occupationhis fathers occupation JOB profession (line JOB profession (line of) workof) work her leisure occupationsher leisure occupations PASTIME activity PASTIME activity hobby entertainment recreation amusementhobby entertainment recreation amusement a property suitable for occupation by older a property suitable for occupation by older peoplepeople RESIDENCE residency habitation RESIDENCE residency habitation the Roman occupation of Britainthe Roman occupation of Britain CONQUEST capture invasion seizure CONQUEST capture invasion seizure takeovertakeover

eloquenteloquent1 able to express your ideas and opinions well especially i1 able to express your ideas and opinions well especially i

n a way that influences people n a way that influences people 雄辩的有说明力的雄辩的有说明力的an eloquent appeal for supportan eloquent appeal for support

2 showing a feeling or meaning without using words2 showing a feeling or meaning without using words cleaclearly expressiverly expressive

The photographs are an eloquent reminder of the horrors of The photographs are an eloquent reminder of the horrors of warwar

an art that is eloquent of Americas cultural diversityan art that is eloquent of Americas cultural diversity

trust totrust to something something place reliance on (luck fate etc)place reliance on (luck fate etc) to hoto ho

pe that what you want to happen will happpe that what you want to happen will happen because there is nothing you can do aen because there is nothing you can do about itbout it

Ill just have to trust to luck that it works out oIll just have to trust to luck that it works out okay kay

I hope I may trust to your discretionI hope I may trust to your discretion

METAPHORMETAPHOR

METAPHORMETAPHOR A comparison which A comparison which imaginatively identifies one thing with imaginatively identifies one thing with another dissimilar thing and transfers or another dissimilar thing and transfers or ascribes to ascribes to the first thing (the tenor or the first thing (the tenor or idea)idea) some of the qualities of some of the qualities of the second the second (the vehicle or image)(the vehicle or image) Unlike a simile or Unlike a simile or analogy metaphor asserts that one thing analogy metaphor asserts that one thing is another thing not just that one is like is another thing not just that one is like another very frequently a metaphor is another very frequently a metaphor is invoked by the to be verbinvoked by the to be verb

notenote

tenortenor The word phrase or subject with whi The word phrase or subject with which the ch the vehiclevehicle of a metaphor is identified a of a metaphor is identified as life ins life in

隐喻所指的词短语或对象如 隐喻所指的词短语或对象如 life life 在 在 Lifes but a walking shadow Lifes but a walking shadow

(Shakespeare)(Shakespeare)

ldquoldquo 生命不过是一个行走的影子rdquo生命不过是一个行走的影子rdquo (( 莎士比亚莎士比亚 ))

10486951048695Some examples from the BibleSome examples from the Bible

Then Jesus declared I am the bread of life --JoThen Jesus declared I am the bread of life --John 635hn 63510486951048695I am the door if anyone enters through me he shall be I am the door if anyone enters through me he shall be saved and shall go in and out and find pasture --JOHN saved and shall go in and out and find pasture --JOHN 10910910486951048695But I will sing of your strength In the morning I will sinBut I will sing of your strength In the morning I will sing of your love For you are my fortress My refuge in tig of your love For you are my fortress My refuge in times of trouble --Psalm 5916mes of trouble --Psalm 591610486951048695The name of the Lord is a strong tower The righteous The name of the Lord is a strong tower The righteous run to it and are safe --Proverbs 1810run to it and are safe --Proverbs 1810

Another common method of constructing a metaphor is tAnother common method of constructing a metaphor is to use the possessive where the image is expressed as o use the possessive where the image is expressed as being a part of the idea usually in the form of the x of ybeing a part of the idea usually in the form of the x of y

10486951048695A writers river of words will dry up unless it is continuoA writers river of words will dry up unless it is continuously replenished by streams of new learningusly replenished by streams of new learning10486951048695The first beam of hope that had ever darted into his miThe first beam of hope that had ever darted into his mind rekindled youth in his cheeks and doubled the lustre ond rekindled youth in his cheeks and doubled the lustre of his eyes --SAMUEL JOHNSONf his eyes --SAMUEL JOHNSON10486951048695The furnace of affliction had softened his heart and puriThe furnace of affliction had softened his heart and purified his soulfied his soul

In fact there is a whole range of different degrees of direct iIn fact there is a whole range of different degrees of direct identification between image and idea dentification between image and idea

There is fully expressedThere is fully expressed10486951048695The eye is the lamp of your body when your eye is soundThe eye is the lamp of your body when your eye is sound

your whole body is full of light but when it is not sound your whole body is full of light but when it is not sound your body is full of darkness --LUKE 1134your body is full of darkness --LUKE 1134

There is impliedThere is implied10486951048695 For thou hast been my help and in the shadow of thy For thou hast been my help and in the shadow of thy

wings i sing for joy --PSALM 637wings i sing for joy --PSALM 637And there is very impliedAnd there is very implied10486951048695For if men do these things when the tree is green what wiFor if men do these things when the tree is green what wi

ll happen when it is dry --LUKE2331ll happen when it is dry --LUKE2331

Like simile and analogy metaphor is a profoundly important Like simile and analogy metaphor is a profoundly important and useful device Aristotle says in his Rhetoric It is and useful device Aristotle says in his Rhetoric It is metaphor above all else that gives clearness charm metaphor above all else that gives clearness charm and distinction to the style and distinction to the style

So metaphor not only explains by making the abstract or So metaphor not only explains by making the abstract or unknown concrete and familiar but it also enlivens by unknown concrete and familiar but it also enlivens by touching the readers imagination Further it affirms one touching the readers imagination Further it affirms one more interconnection in the unity of all things by showing more interconnection in the unity of all things by showing a relationship between things seemingly alien to each a relationship between things seemingly alien to each other And the fact that two very unlike things can be other And the fact that two very unlike things can be equated or referred to in terms of one another comments equated or referred to in terms of one another comments upon them both upon them both

No metaphor is just a metaphor All have significant imNo metaphor is just a metaphor All have significant implications and they must be chosen carefully especially plications and they must be chosen carefully especially in regard to the connotations the vehicle (image) will tranin regard to the connotations the vehicle (image) will transfer to the tenor Consider for example the differences isfer to the tenor Consider for example the differences in meaning conveyed by these statementsn meaning conveyed by these statements

10486951048695That club is spreading like wildfireThat club is spreading like wildfire10486951048695That club is spreading like cancerThat club is spreading like cancer10486951048695That club is really blossoming nowThat club is really blossoming now10486951048695That club in its amebic That club in its amebic （阿米巴的（阿米巴的 变形虫的） 变形虫的） momotions is engulfing the campustions is engulfing the campus

SimileSimile

Simile is a direct expressed comparison Simile is a direct expressed comparison between two things essentially unlike each other between two things essentially unlike each other but resembling each other in at least one way but resembling each other in at least one way In formal prose the simile is a device both of art In formal prose the simile is a device both of art and explanation comparing the unfamiliar thing and explanation comparing the unfamiliar thing (to be explained) to some familiar thing (an (to be explained) to some familiar thing (an object event process etc) known to the reader object event process etc) known to the reader There is no simile in the comparison my car is There is no simile in the comparison my car is like your car because the two objects are not like your car because the two objects are not essentially unlike each other essentially unlike each other When a noun is compared to a noun the simile When a noun is compared to a noun the simile is usually introduced by likeis usually introduced by like

Some examples from the BibleSome examples from the Bible

I see men but they look like trees walking --MaI see men but they look like trees walking --Mark 824rk 824

10486951048695The soul in the body is like a bird in a cageThe soul in the body is like a bird in a cage

10486951048695After such long exposure to the direct sun the After such long exposure to the direct sun the leaves of the houseplant looked like pieces of ovleaves of the houseplant looked like pieces of overcooked baconercooked bacon

But I am But I am like an olive treelike an olive tree Flourishing in the hou Flourishing in the house of God --Psalm 528se of God --Psalm 528

They will come and shout for joy on the heights They will come and shout for joy on the heights of Zion (of Zion ( 锡安山在耶路撒冷犹太民族文化中锡安山在耶路撒冷犹太民族文化中心的象征心的象征 ) They will be ) They will be like a well-watered like a well-watered gardengarden And they will sorrow no more --Jeremi And they will sorrow no more --Jeremiah 3112ah 3112

(in these last two examples especially notice how powerfull(in these last two examples especially notice how powerfully the thing to be described called the tenor is colored by the thing to be described called the tenor is colored by the thing it is compared to called the vehicle)y the thing it is compared to called the vehicle)

DictationDictation

Gold Rush of 1849Gold Rush of 1849

In January 1848 James W Marshall a carpenter In January 1848 James W Marshall a carpenter building a sawmill in partnership with John A Sutter in building a sawmill in partnership with John A Sutter in Californias Sacramento Valley discovered gold Sutter Californias Sacramento Valley discovered gold Sutter made his workers promise to keep the discovery a made his workers promise to keep the discovery a secret However the news leaked out Within a few secret However the news leaked out Within a few months a shrewd merchant hoping to increase his months a shrewd merchant hoping to increase his business set off the gold rush in earnest Samuel business set off the gold rush in earnest Samuel Brannan one of the early Mormon settlers in San Brannan one of the early Mormon settlers in San Francisco owned a store near Sutters fort In early May Francisco owned a store near Sutters fort In early May he returned to San Francisco from a visit to the diggings he returned to San Francisco from a visit to the diggings and spread the word of gold and spread the word of gold

Within a few days boats filled with townspeople were Within a few days boats filled with townspeople were heading up the Sacramento River to look for gold heading up the Sacramento River to look for gold Brannan of course had stocked his store with mining Brannan of course had stocked his store with mining supplies and was doing a thriving business San supplies and was doing a thriving business San Francisco soon was a ghost town as almost everyone Francisco soon was a ghost town as almost everyone was off to the gold siteswas off to the gold sites

During the summer of 1848 the news spread up and During the summer of 1848 the news spread up and down the West Coast across the border to Mexico and down the West Coast across the border to Mexico and even to the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii) Word also even to the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii) Word also reached the Mississippi Valley and the Eastern statesreached the Mississippi Valley and the Eastern states

Newspapers were filled with the accounts of men who clNewspapers were filled with the accounts of men who claimed to have become rich overnight by picking gold out aimed to have become rich overnight by picking gold out of Californias wondrous earth Then in a message to thof Californias wondrous earth Then in a message to the Congress of the United States in December President e Congress of the United States in December President James K Polk confirmed the presence of gold in CalifornJames K Polk confirmed the presence of gold in California That winter people from all walks of life set out for Caia That winter people from all walks of life set out for California Many pawned their possessions to get there Thlifornia Many pawned their possessions to get there The gold seekers also known as Forty-Niners or Argonautse gold seekers also known as Forty-Niners or Argonauts joined the rush from as far off as Europe and Australia joined the rush from as far off as Europe and Australia Many Chinese also flocked to San Francisco to join in thMany Chinese also flocked to San Francisco to join in the gold rushe gold rush

The EndThe End

Thank YouThank You

speculationspeculation1 when you guess about the possible causes or 1 when you guess about the possible causes or

effects of something without knowing all the effects of something without knowing all the facts or the guesses that you makefacts or the guesses that you make

speculation thatspeculation thatThere is speculation that the president is illThere is speculation that the president is illspeculation aboutonspeculation aboutonspeculation about the futurespeculation about the futurethe witnesss statement was pure speculation the witnesss statement was pure speculation

(=not based on any facts) (=not based on any facts)

wildidle speculationwildidle speculation (=speculation that is unlikely to be (=speculation that is unlikely to be true) true)

2 when you try to make a large profit by buying goods 2 when you try to make a large profit by buying goods property shares etc and then selling themproperty shares etc and then selling them

property speculationproperty speculation

scheme scheme 1 1 British EnglishBritish English an official plan that is intended to help an official plan that is intended to help

people in some way for example by providing education people in some way for example by providing education or training American Equivalent or training American Equivalent programprogram

The money will be used for teacher training schemesThe money will be used for teacher training schemesa pension schemea pension scheme

scheme forscheme forschemes for two new cross-city linesschemes for two new cross-city linesscheme to do somethingscheme to do somethinga new scheme to boost exportsa new scheme to boost exportspilot schemepilot scheme (=something that is done on a small s (=something that is done on a small s

cale in order to see if it is successful enough to bcale in order to see if it is successful enough to be done on a larger scale)e done on a larger scale) 小规模试验性质的小规模试验性质的

The pilot scheme proved to be a great successThe pilot scheme proved to be a great success2 a clever plan especially to do something that is 2 a clever plan especially to do something that is

bad or illegal - used in order to show disapprovalbad or illegal - used in order to show disapprovala get-rich-quick schemea get-rich-quick scheme

stand in the waystand in the way

in the sbrsquos wayin the sbrsquos way

stopping sb from moving or doing sthstopping sb from moving or doing sth

Yoursquoll have to movemdashyoursquore in my way Yoursquoll have to movemdashyoursquore in my way

I left them alone as I felt I was in the wayI left them alone as I felt I was in the way

love is withheld (line 44)love is withheld (line 44)

withholdwithhold

past tense and past participle withheld past tense and past participle withheld

to refuse to give someone somethingto refuse to give someone something

I withheld payment until they had completed I withheld payment until they had completed the work the work

Ian was accused of withholding vital informatIan was accused of withholding vital information from the policeion from the police

Text 2 GoldText 2 Gold

esteemesteem

formalformal to respect and admire someone or s to respect and admire someone or somethingomething

Peden was greatly esteemed by the people Peden was greatly esteemed by the people

He was esteemed as a literary witHe was esteemed as a literary wit

fabricatefabricate

1 to invent a story piece of information etc i1 to invent a story piece of information etc in order to deceive someonen order to deceive someone

The police were accused of fabricating evideThe police were accused of fabricating evidence nce

2 technical to make or produce goods or equ2 technical to make or produce goods or equipmentipment ￚￚ synonym manufacturesynonym manufacture

The discs are expensive to fabricateThe discs are expensive to fabricate

ounceounce

An ounce is a unit of weight used in Britain aAn ounce is a unit of weight used in Britain and the USA There are sixteen ounces in a nd the USA There are sixteen ounces in a pound and one ounce is equal to 2835 grpound and one ounce is equal to 2835 grams ams 盎司英两唡〔常衡＝盎司英两唡〔常衡＝ 116116 磅＝磅＝284284 克略作 克略作 ozoz 〕〕

four ounces of sugarfour ounces of sugar

long to possesshellip(line 12)long to possesshellip(line 12)longlongto want something very much especially when it sto want something very much especially when it s

eems unlikely to happen sooneems unlikely to happen soonlong to do somethinglong to do somethingHe longed to see her againHe longed to see her againlong forlong forShe longed for the chance to speak to him in privatShe longed for the chance to speak to him in privat

eeWe longed for a bed after several days of campingWe longed for a bed after several days of camping

longinglonging

a strong feeling of wanting something or someonea strong feeling of wanting something or someone

She looked back with longing on the good old daysShe looked back with longing on the good old days

longing forlonging for

His heart was filled with longing for CynthiaHis heart was filled with longing for Cynthia

longing tolonging to

She felt a longing to throw herself into his armsShe felt a longing to throw herself into his arms

bring out the bestworst in somebodybring out the bestworst in somebody

to make someone behave in the best or worto make someone behave in the best or worst way that they canst way that they can

Alcohol just brings out the worst in herAlcohol just brings out the worst in her

And Vince was obviously a great coach he And Vince was obviously a great coach he brought out the best in his team and whoebrought out the best in his team and whoever played himver played him

exerciseexercise (a rule) (a rule)

formal to use a power right or quality that yformal to use a power right or quality that you haveou have

There are plans to encourage people to exerThere are plans to encourage people to exercise their right to vote People who can excise their right to vote People who can exercise some control over their surroundingercise some control over their surroundings feel less anxiouss feel less anxious

the running of somethingthe running of something

the process of managing or organizing a busthe process of managing or organizing a business home organization etciness home organization etc

Brian took over the day-to-day running of the Brian took over the day-to-day running of the company while his father was away He prcompany while his father was away He praised the smooth running of the electionaised the smooth running of the election

helliphellipplusplus (room and board) (room and board)and alsoand alsoThere are numerous clubs plus a casinoThere are numerous clubs plus a casinoThe cost is pound45 plus pound5 for deliveryThe cost is pound45 plus pound5 for deliveryThe jacket costs $4995 plus taxThe jacket costs $4995 plus tax

the gold standard the gold standard 金本位金本位technicaltechnical the use of the value of gold as a fixed sta the use of the value of gold as a fixed sta

ndard on which to base the value of moneyndard on which to base the value of money

currencycurrency

1 [uncountable and countable] the system or type of money 1 [uncountable and countable] the system or type of money that a country usesthat a country uses

The bank can supply you with foreign currency The bank can supply you with foreign currency There are moves towards a single currency in Europe There are moves towards a single currency in Europe The local currency is the Swiss francThe local currency is the Swiss franc2 [uncountable] the state of being accepted or used by a lot 2 [uncountable] the state of being accepted or used by a lot

of peopleof peopleMarxism began to gain currency Marxism began to gain currency The idea was common currency in European political lifeThe idea was common currency in European political life

prospectorprospector

someone who looks for gold minerals oil etcsomeone who looks for gold minerals oil etc

infamousinfamous

well known for being bad or evilwell known for being bad or evil

an infamous killer Los Angeles infamous smogan infamous killer Los Angeles infamous smog

infamous forinfamous for

This area is infamous for drugs and prostitutionThis area is infamous for drugs and prostitution

ex-guardsex-guards

ex- former and still livingex- former and still living

an ex-Presidentan ex-PresidentHer dads an ex-policemanHer dads an ex-policemanLydia is still friends with her ex-husbandLydia is still friends with her ex-husbandmy ex-wifemy ex-wife

已故的总统已故的总统

an an occupationoccupation for the working class (line 38) for the working class (line 38)which of the following is a suitable synonymwhich of the following is a suitable synonym

his fathers occupationhis fathers occupation JOB profession (line JOB profession (line of) workof) work her leisure occupationsher leisure occupations PASTIME activity PASTIME activity hobby entertainment recreation amusementhobby entertainment recreation amusement a property suitable for occupation by older a property suitable for occupation by older peoplepeople RESIDENCE residency habitation RESIDENCE residency habitation the Roman occupation of Britainthe Roman occupation of Britain CONQUEST capture invasion seizure CONQUEST capture invasion seizure takeovertakeover

eloquenteloquent1 able to express your ideas and opinions well especially i1 able to express your ideas and opinions well especially i

n a way that influences people n a way that influences people 雄辩的有说明力的雄辩的有说明力的an eloquent appeal for supportan eloquent appeal for support

2 showing a feeling or meaning without using words2 showing a feeling or meaning without using words cleaclearly expressiverly expressive

The photographs are an eloquent reminder of the horrors of The photographs are an eloquent reminder of the horrors of warwar

an art that is eloquent of Americas cultural diversityan art that is eloquent of Americas cultural diversity

trust totrust to something something place reliance on (luck fate etc)place reliance on (luck fate etc) to hoto ho

pe that what you want to happen will happpe that what you want to happen will happen because there is nothing you can do aen because there is nothing you can do about itbout it

Ill just have to trust to luck that it works out oIll just have to trust to luck that it works out okay kay

I hope I may trust to your discretionI hope I may trust to your discretion

METAPHORMETAPHOR

METAPHORMETAPHOR A comparison which A comparison which imaginatively identifies one thing with imaginatively identifies one thing with another dissimilar thing and transfers or another dissimilar thing and transfers or ascribes to ascribes to the first thing (the tenor or the first thing (the tenor or idea)idea) some of the qualities of some of the qualities of the second the second (the vehicle or image)(the vehicle or image) Unlike a simile or Unlike a simile or analogy metaphor asserts that one thing analogy metaphor asserts that one thing is another thing not just that one is like is another thing not just that one is like another very frequently a metaphor is another very frequently a metaphor is invoked by the to be verbinvoked by the to be verb

notenote

tenortenor The word phrase or subject with whi The word phrase or subject with which the ch the vehiclevehicle of a metaphor is identified a of a metaphor is identified as life ins life in

隐喻所指的词短语或对象如 隐喻所指的词短语或对象如 life life 在 在 Lifes but a walking shadow Lifes but a walking shadow

(Shakespeare)(Shakespeare)

ldquoldquo 生命不过是一个行走的影子rdquo生命不过是一个行走的影子rdquo (( 莎士比亚莎士比亚 ))

10486951048695Some examples from the BibleSome examples from the Bible

Then Jesus declared I am the bread of life --JoThen Jesus declared I am the bread of life --John 635hn 63510486951048695I am the door if anyone enters through me he shall be I am the door if anyone enters through me he shall be saved and shall go in and out and find pasture --JOHN saved and shall go in and out and find pasture --JOHN 10910910486951048695But I will sing of your strength In the morning I will sinBut I will sing of your strength In the morning I will sing of your love For you are my fortress My refuge in tig of your love For you are my fortress My refuge in times of trouble --Psalm 5916mes of trouble --Psalm 591610486951048695The name of the Lord is a strong tower The righteous The name of the Lord is a strong tower The righteous run to it and are safe --Proverbs 1810run to it and are safe --Proverbs 1810

Another common method of constructing a metaphor is tAnother common method of constructing a metaphor is to use the possessive where the image is expressed as o use the possessive where the image is expressed as being a part of the idea usually in the form of the x of ybeing a part of the idea usually in the form of the x of y

10486951048695A writers river of words will dry up unless it is continuoA writers river of words will dry up unless it is continuously replenished by streams of new learningusly replenished by streams of new learning10486951048695The first beam of hope that had ever darted into his miThe first beam of hope that had ever darted into his mind rekindled youth in his cheeks and doubled the lustre ond rekindled youth in his cheeks and doubled the lustre of his eyes --SAMUEL JOHNSONf his eyes --SAMUEL JOHNSON10486951048695The furnace of affliction had softened his heart and puriThe furnace of affliction had softened his heart and purified his soulfied his soul

In fact there is a whole range of different degrees of direct iIn fact there is a whole range of different degrees of direct identification between image and idea dentification between image and idea

There is fully expressedThere is fully expressed10486951048695The eye is the lamp of your body when your eye is soundThe eye is the lamp of your body when your eye is sound

your whole body is full of light but when it is not sound your whole body is full of light but when it is not sound your body is full of darkness --LUKE 1134your body is full of darkness --LUKE 1134

There is impliedThere is implied10486951048695 For thou hast been my help and in the shadow of thy For thou hast been my help and in the shadow of thy

wings i sing for joy --PSALM 637wings i sing for joy --PSALM 637And there is very impliedAnd there is very implied10486951048695For if men do these things when the tree is green what wiFor if men do these things when the tree is green what wi

ll happen when it is dry --LUKE2331ll happen when it is dry --LUKE2331

Like simile and analogy metaphor is a profoundly important Like simile and analogy metaphor is a profoundly important and useful device Aristotle says in his Rhetoric It is and useful device Aristotle says in his Rhetoric It is metaphor above all else that gives clearness charm metaphor above all else that gives clearness charm and distinction to the style and distinction to the style

So metaphor not only explains by making the abstract or So metaphor not only explains by making the abstract or unknown concrete and familiar but it also enlivens by unknown concrete and familiar but it also enlivens by touching the readers imagination Further it affirms one touching the readers imagination Further it affirms one more interconnection in the unity of all things by showing more interconnection in the unity of all things by showing a relationship between things seemingly alien to each a relationship between things seemingly alien to each other And the fact that two very unlike things can be other And the fact that two very unlike things can be equated or referred to in terms of one another comments equated or referred to in terms of one another comments upon them both upon them both

No metaphor is just a metaphor All have significant imNo metaphor is just a metaphor All have significant implications and they must be chosen carefully especially plications and they must be chosen carefully especially in regard to the connotations the vehicle (image) will tranin regard to the connotations the vehicle (image) will transfer to the tenor Consider for example the differences isfer to the tenor Consider for example the differences in meaning conveyed by these statementsn meaning conveyed by these statements

10486951048695That club is spreading like wildfireThat club is spreading like wildfire10486951048695That club is spreading like cancerThat club is spreading like cancer10486951048695That club is really blossoming nowThat club is really blossoming now10486951048695That club in its amebic That club in its amebic （阿米巴的（阿米巴的 变形虫的） 变形虫的） momotions is engulfing the campustions is engulfing the campus

SimileSimile

Simile is a direct expressed comparison Simile is a direct expressed comparison between two things essentially unlike each other between two things essentially unlike each other but resembling each other in at least one way but resembling each other in at least one way In formal prose the simile is a device both of art In formal prose the simile is a device both of art and explanation comparing the unfamiliar thing and explanation comparing the unfamiliar thing (to be explained) to some familiar thing (an (to be explained) to some familiar thing (an object event process etc) known to the reader object event process etc) known to the reader There is no simile in the comparison my car is There is no simile in the comparison my car is like your car because the two objects are not like your car because the two objects are not essentially unlike each other essentially unlike each other When a noun is compared to a noun the simile When a noun is compared to a noun the simile is usually introduced by likeis usually introduced by like

Some examples from the BibleSome examples from the Bible

I see men but they look like trees walking --MaI see men but they look like trees walking --Mark 824rk 824

10486951048695The soul in the body is like a bird in a cageThe soul in the body is like a bird in a cage

10486951048695After such long exposure to the direct sun the After such long exposure to the direct sun the leaves of the houseplant looked like pieces of ovleaves of the houseplant looked like pieces of overcooked baconercooked bacon

But I am But I am like an olive treelike an olive tree Flourishing in the hou Flourishing in the house of God --Psalm 528se of God --Psalm 528

They will come and shout for joy on the heights They will come and shout for joy on the heights of Zion (of Zion ( 锡安山在耶路撒冷犹太民族文化中锡安山在耶路撒冷犹太民族文化中心的象征心的象征 ) They will be ) They will be like a well-watered like a well-watered gardengarden And they will sorrow no more --Jeremi And they will sorrow no more --Jeremiah 3112ah 3112

(in these last two examples especially notice how powerfull(in these last two examples especially notice how powerfully the thing to be described called the tenor is colored by the thing to be described called the tenor is colored by the thing it is compared to called the vehicle)y the thing it is compared to called the vehicle)

DictationDictation

Gold Rush of 1849Gold Rush of 1849

In January 1848 James W Marshall a carpenter In January 1848 James W Marshall a carpenter building a sawmill in partnership with John A Sutter in building a sawmill in partnership with John A Sutter in Californias Sacramento Valley discovered gold Sutter Californias Sacramento Valley discovered gold Sutter made his workers promise to keep the discovery a made his workers promise to keep the discovery a secret However the news leaked out Within a few secret However the news leaked out Within a few months a shrewd merchant hoping to increase his months a shrewd merchant hoping to increase his business set off the gold rush in earnest Samuel business set off the gold rush in earnest Samuel Brannan one of the early Mormon settlers in San Brannan one of the early Mormon settlers in San Francisco owned a store near Sutters fort In early May Francisco owned a store near Sutters fort In early May he returned to San Francisco from a visit to the diggings he returned to San Francisco from a visit to the diggings and spread the word of gold and spread the word of gold

Within a few days boats filled with townspeople were Within a few days boats filled with townspeople were heading up the Sacramento River to look for gold heading up the Sacramento River to look for gold Brannan of course had stocked his store with mining Brannan of course had stocked his store with mining supplies and was doing a thriving business San supplies and was doing a thriving business San Francisco soon was a ghost town as almost everyone Francisco soon was a ghost town as almost everyone was off to the gold siteswas off to the gold sites

During the summer of 1848 the news spread up and During the summer of 1848 the news spread up and down the West Coast across the border to Mexico and down the West Coast across the border to Mexico and even to the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii) Word also even to the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii) Word also reached the Mississippi Valley and the Eastern statesreached the Mississippi Valley and the Eastern states

Newspapers were filled with the accounts of men who clNewspapers were filled with the accounts of men who claimed to have become rich overnight by picking gold out aimed to have become rich overnight by picking gold out of Californias wondrous earth Then in a message to thof Californias wondrous earth Then in a message to the Congress of the United States in December President e Congress of the United States in December President James K Polk confirmed the presence of gold in CalifornJames K Polk confirmed the presence of gold in California That winter people from all walks of life set out for Caia That winter people from all walks of life set out for California Many pawned their possessions to get there Thlifornia Many pawned their possessions to get there The gold seekers also known as Forty-Niners or Argonautse gold seekers also known as Forty-Niners or Argonauts joined the rush from as far off as Europe and Australia joined the rush from as far off as Europe and Australia Many Chinese also flocked to San Francisco to join in thMany Chinese also flocked to San Francisco to join in the gold rushe gold rush

The EndThe End

Thank YouThank You

wildidle speculationwildidle speculation (=speculation that is unlikely to be (=speculation that is unlikely to be true) true)

2 when you try to make a large profit by buying goods 2 when you try to make a large profit by buying goods property shares etc and then selling themproperty shares etc and then selling them

property speculationproperty speculation

scheme scheme 1 1 British EnglishBritish English an official plan that is intended to help an official plan that is intended to help

people in some way for example by providing education people in some way for example by providing education or training American Equivalent or training American Equivalent programprogram

The money will be used for teacher training schemesThe money will be used for teacher training schemesa pension schemea pension scheme

scheme forscheme forschemes for two new cross-city linesschemes for two new cross-city linesscheme to do somethingscheme to do somethinga new scheme to boost exportsa new scheme to boost exportspilot schemepilot scheme (=something that is done on a small s (=something that is done on a small s

cale in order to see if it is successful enough to bcale in order to see if it is successful enough to be done on a larger scale)e done on a larger scale) 小规模试验性质的小规模试验性质的

The pilot scheme proved to be a great successThe pilot scheme proved to be a great success2 a clever plan especially to do something that is 2 a clever plan especially to do something that is

bad or illegal - used in order to show disapprovalbad or illegal - used in order to show disapprovala get-rich-quick schemea get-rich-quick scheme

stand in the waystand in the way

in the sbrsquos wayin the sbrsquos way

stopping sb from moving or doing sthstopping sb from moving or doing sth

Yoursquoll have to movemdashyoursquore in my way Yoursquoll have to movemdashyoursquore in my way

I left them alone as I felt I was in the wayI left them alone as I felt I was in the way

love is withheld (line 44)love is withheld (line 44)

withholdwithhold

past tense and past participle withheld past tense and past participle withheld

to refuse to give someone somethingto refuse to give someone something

I withheld payment until they had completed I withheld payment until they had completed the work the work

Ian was accused of withholding vital informatIan was accused of withholding vital information from the policeion from the police

Text 2 GoldText 2 Gold

esteemesteem

formalformal to respect and admire someone or s to respect and admire someone or somethingomething

Peden was greatly esteemed by the people Peden was greatly esteemed by the people

He was esteemed as a literary witHe was esteemed as a literary wit

fabricatefabricate

1 to invent a story piece of information etc i1 to invent a story piece of information etc in order to deceive someonen order to deceive someone

The police were accused of fabricating evideThe police were accused of fabricating evidence nce

2 technical to make or produce goods or equ2 technical to make or produce goods or equipmentipment ￚￚ synonym manufacturesynonym manufacture

The discs are expensive to fabricateThe discs are expensive to fabricate

ounceounce

An ounce is a unit of weight used in Britain aAn ounce is a unit of weight used in Britain and the USA There are sixteen ounces in a nd the USA There are sixteen ounces in a pound and one ounce is equal to 2835 grpound and one ounce is equal to 2835 grams ams 盎司英两唡〔常衡＝盎司英两唡〔常衡＝ 116116 磅＝磅＝284284 克略作 克略作 ozoz 〕〕

four ounces of sugarfour ounces of sugar

long to possesshellip(line 12)long to possesshellip(line 12)longlongto want something very much especially when it sto want something very much especially when it s

eems unlikely to happen sooneems unlikely to happen soonlong to do somethinglong to do somethingHe longed to see her againHe longed to see her againlong forlong forShe longed for the chance to speak to him in privatShe longed for the chance to speak to him in privat

eeWe longed for a bed after several days of campingWe longed for a bed after several days of camping

longinglonging

a strong feeling of wanting something or someonea strong feeling of wanting something or someone

She looked back with longing on the good old daysShe looked back with longing on the good old days

longing forlonging for

His heart was filled with longing for CynthiaHis heart was filled with longing for Cynthia

longing tolonging to

She felt a longing to throw herself into his armsShe felt a longing to throw herself into his arms

bring out the bestworst in somebodybring out the bestworst in somebody

to make someone behave in the best or worto make someone behave in the best or worst way that they canst way that they can

Alcohol just brings out the worst in herAlcohol just brings out the worst in her

And Vince was obviously a great coach he And Vince was obviously a great coach he brought out the best in his team and whoebrought out the best in his team and whoever played himver played him

exerciseexercise (a rule) (a rule)

formal to use a power right or quality that yformal to use a power right or quality that you haveou have

There are plans to encourage people to exerThere are plans to encourage people to exercise their right to vote People who can excise their right to vote People who can exercise some control over their surroundingercise some control over their surroundings feel less anxiouss feel less anxious

the running of somethingthe running of something

the process of managing or organizing a busthe process of managing or organizing a business home organization etciness home organization etc

Brian took over the day-to-day running of the Brian took over the day-to-day running of the company while his father was away He prcompany while his father was away He praised the smooth running of the electionaised the smooth running of the election

helliphellipplusplus (room and board) (room and board)and alsoand alsoThere are numerous clubs plus a casinoThere are numerous clubs plus a casinoThe cost is pound45 plus pound5 for deliveryThe cost is pound45 plus pound5 for deliveryThe jacket costs $4995 plus taxThe jacket costs $4995 plus tax

the gold standard the gold standard 金本位金本位technicaltechnical the use of the value of gold as a fixed sta the use of the value of gold as a fixed sta

ndard on which to base the value of moneyndard on which to base the value of money

currencycurrency

1 [uncountable and countable] the system or type of money 1 [uncountable and countable] the system or type of money that a country usesthat a country uses

The bank can supply you with foreign currency The bank can supply you with foreign currency There are moves towards a single currency in Europe There are moves towards a single currency in Europe The local currency is the Swiss francThe local currency is the Swiss franc2 [uncountable] the state of being accepted or used by a lot 2 [uncountable] the state of being accepted or used by a lot

of peopleof peopleMarxism began to gain currency Marxism began to gain currency The idea was common currency in European political lifeThe idea was common currency in European political life

prospectorprospector

someone who looks for gold minerals oil etcsomeone who looks for gold minerals oil etc

infamousinfamous

well known for being bad or evilwell known for being bad or evil

an infamous killer Los Angeles infamous smogan infamous killer Los Angeles infamous smog

infamous forinfamous for

This area is infamous for drugs and prostitutionThis area is infamous for drugs and prostitution

ex-guardsex-guards

ex- former and still livingex- former and still living

an ex-Presidentan ex-PresidentHer dads an ex-policemanHer dads an ex-policemanLydia is still friends with her ex-husbandLydia is still friends with her ex-husbandmy ex-wifemy ex-wife

已故的总统已故的总统

an an occupationoccupation for the working class (line 38) for the working class (line 38)which of the following is a suitable synonymwhich of the following is a suitable synonym

his fathers occupationhis fathers occupation JOB profession (line JOB profession (line of) workof) work her leisure occupationsher leisure occupations PASTIME activity PASTIME activity hobby entertainment recreation amusementhobby entertainment recreation amusement a property suitable for occupation by older a property suitable for occupation by older peoplepeople RESIDENCE residency habitation RESIDENCE residency habitation the Roman occupation of Britainthe Roman occupation of Britain CONQUEST capture invasion seizure CONQUEST capture invasion seizure takeovertakeover

eloquenteloquent1 able to express your ideas and opinions well especially i1 able to express your ideas and opinions well especially i

n a way that influences people n a way that influences people 雄辩的有说明力的雄辩的有说明力的an eloquent appeal for supportan eloquent appeal for support

2 showing a feeling or meaning without using words2 showing a feeling or meaning without using words cleaclearly expressiverly expressive

The photographs are an eloquent reminder of the horrors of The photographs are an eloquent reminder of the horrors of warwar

an art that is eloquent of Americas cultural diversityan art that is eloquent of Americas cultural diversity

trust totrust to something something place reliance on (luck fate etc)place reliance on (luck fate etc) to hoto ho

pe that what you want to happen will happpe that what you want to happen will happen because there is nothing you can do aen because there is nothing you can do about itbout it

Ill just have to trust to luck that it works out oIll just have to trust to luck that it works out okay kay

I hope I may trust to your discretionI hope I may trust to your discretion

METAPHORMETAPHOR

METAPHORMETAPHOR A comparison which A comparison which imaginatively identifies one thing with imaginatively identifies one thing with another dissimilar thing and transfers or another dissimilar thing and transfers or ascribes to ascribes to the first thing (the tenor or the first thing (the tenor or idea)idea) some of the qualities of some of the qualities of the second the second (the vehicle or image)(the vehicle or image) Unlike a simile or Unlike a simile or analogy metaphor asserts that one thing analogy metaphor asserts that one thing is another thing not just that one is like is another thing not just that one is like another very frequently a metaphor is another very frequently a metaphor is invoked by the to be verbinvoked by the to be verb

notenote

tenortenor The word phrase or subject with whi The word phrase or subject with which the ch the vehiclevehicle of a metaphor is identified a of a metaphor is identified as life ins life in

隐喻所指的词短语或对象如 隐喻所指的词短语或对象如 life life 在 在 Lifes but a walking shadow Lifes but a walking shadow

(Shakespeare)(Shakespeare)

ldquoldquo 生命不过是一个行走的影子rdquo生命不过是一个行走的影子rdquo (( 莎士比亚莎士比亚 ))

10486951048695Some examples from the BibleSome examples from the Bible

Then Jesus declared I am the bread of life --JoThen Jesus declared I am the bread of life --John 635hn 63510486951048695I am the door if anyone enters through me he shall be I am the door if anyone enters through me he shall be saved and shall go in and out and find pasture --JOHN saved and shall go in and out and find pasture --JOHN 10910910486951048695But I will sing of your strength In the morning I will sinBut I will sing of your strength In the morning I will sing of your love For you are my fortress My refuge in tig of your love For you are my fortress My refuge in times of trouble --Psalm 5916mes of trouble --Psalm 591610486951048695The name of the Lord is a strong tower The righteous The name of the Lord is a strong tower The righteous run to it and are safe --Proverbs 1810run to it and are safe --Proverbs 1810

Another common method of constructing a metaphor is tAnother common method of constructing a metaphor is to use the possessive where the image is expressed as o use the possessive where the image is expressed as being a part of the idea usually in the form of the x of ybeing a part of the idea usually in the form of the x of y

10486951048695A writers river of words will dry up unless it is continuoA writers river of words will dry up unless it is continuously replenished by streams of new learningusly replenished by streams of new learning10486951048695The first beam of hope that had ever darted into his miThe first beam of hope that had ever darted into his mind rekindled youth in his cheeks and doubled the lustre ond rekindled youth in his cheeks and doubled the lustre of his eyes --SAMUEL JOHNSONf his eyes --SAMUEL JOHNSON10486951048695The furnace of affliction had softened his heart and puriThe furnace of affliction had softened his heart and purified his soulfied his soul

In fact there is a whole range of different degrees of direct iIn fact there is a whole range of different degrees of direct identification between image and idea dentification between image and idea

There is fully expressedThere is fully expressed10486951048695The eye is the lamp of your body when your eye is soundThe eye is the lamp of your body when your eye is sound

your whole body is full of light but when it is not sound your whole body is full of light but when it is not sound your body is full of darkness --LUKE 1134your body is full of darkness --LUKE 1134

There is impliedThere is implied10486951048695 For thou hast been my help and in the shadow of thy For thou hast been my help and in the shadow of thy

wings i sing for joy --PSALM 637wings i sing for joy --PSALM 637And there is very impliedAnd there is very implied10486951048695For if men do these things when the tree is green what wiFor if men do these things when the tree is green what wi

ll happen when it is dry --LUKE2331ll happen when it is dry --LUKE2331

Like simile and analogy metaphor is a profoundly important Like simile and analogy metaphor is a profoundly important and useful device Aristotle says in his Rhetoric It is and useful device Aristotle says in his Rhetoric It is metaphor above all else that gives clearness charm metaphor above all else that gives clearness charm and distinction to the style and distinction to the style

So metaphor not only explains by making the abstract or So metaphor not only explains by making the abstract or unknown concrete and familiar but it also enlivens by unknown concrete and familiar but it also enlivens by touching the readers imagination Further it affirms one touching the readers imagination Further it affirms one more interconnection in the unity of all things by showing more interconnection in the unity of all things by showing a relationship between things seemingly alien to each a relationship between things seemingly alien to each other And the fact that two very unlike things can be other And the fact that two very unlike things can be equated or referred to in terms of one another comments equated or referred to in terms of one another comments upon them both upon them both

No metaphor is just a metaphor All have significant imNo metaphor is just a metaphor All have significant implications and they must be chosen carefully especially plications and they must be chosen carefully especially in regard to the connotations the vehicle (image) will tranin regard to the connotations the vehicle (image) will transfer to the tenor Consider for example the differences isfer to the tenor Consider for example the differences in meaning conveyed by these statementsn meaning conveyed by these statements

10486951048695That club is spreading like wildfireThat club is spreading like wildfire10486951048695That club is spreading like cancerThat club is spreading like cancer10486951048695That club is really blossoming nowThat club is really blossoming now10486951048695That club in its amebic That club in its amebic （阿米巴的（阿米巴的 变形虫的） 变形虫的） momotions is engulfing the campustions is engulfing the campus

SimileSimile

Simile is a direct expressed comparison Simile is a direct expressed comparison between two things essentially unlike each other between two things essentially unlike each other but resembling each other in at least one way but resembling each other in at least one way In formal prose the simile is a device both of art In formal prose the simile is a device both of art and explanation comparing the unfamiliar thing and explanation comparing the unfamiliar thing (to be explained) to some familiar thing (an (to be explained) to some familiar thing (an object event process etc) known to the reader object event process etc) known to the reader There is no simile in the comparison my car is There is no simile in the comparison my car is like your car because the two objects are not like your car because the two objects are not essentially unlike each other essentially unlike each other When a noun is compared to a noun the simile When a noun is compared to a noun the simile is usually introduced by likeis usually introduced by like

Some examples from the BibleSome examples from the Bible

I see men but they look like trees walking --MaI see men but they look like trees walking --Mark 824rk 824

10486951048695The soul in the body is like a bird in a cageThe soul in the body is like a bird in a cage

10486951048695After such long exposure to the direct sun the After such long exposure to the direct sun the leaves of the houseplant looked like pieces of ovleaves of the houseplant looked like pieces of overcooked baconercooked bacon

But I am But I am like an olive treelike an olive tree Flourishing in the hou Flourishing in the house of God --Psalm 528se of God --Psalm 528

They will come and shout for joy on the heights They will come and shout for joy on the heights of Zion (of Zion ( 锡安山在耶路撒冷犹太民族文化中锡安山在耶路撒冷犹太民族文化中心的象征心的象征 ) They will be ) They will be like a well-watered like a well-watered gardengarden And they will sorrow no more --Jeremi And they will sorrow no more --Jeremiah 3112ah 3112

(in these last two examples especially notice how powerfull(in these last two examples especially notice how powerfully the thing to be described called the tenor is colored by the thing to be described called the tenor is colored by the thing it is compared to called the vehicle)y the thing it is compared to called the vehicle)

DictationDictation

Gold Rush of 1849Gold Rush of 1849

In January 1848 James W Marshall a carpenter In January 1848 James W Marshall a carpenter building a sawmill in partnership with John A Sutter in building a sawmill in partnership with John A Sutter in Californias Sacramento Valley discovered gold Sutter Californias Sacramento Valley discovered gold Sutter made his workers promise to keep the discovery a made his workers promise to keep the discovery a secret However the news leaked out Within a few secret However the news leaked out Within a few months a shrewd merchant hoping to increase his months a shrewd merchant hoping to increase his business set off the gold rush in earnest Samuel business set off the gold rush in earnest Samuel Brannan one of the early Mormon settlers in San Brannan one of the early Mormon settlers in San Francisco owned a store near Sutters fort In early May Francisco owned a store near Sutters fort In early May he returned to San Francisco from a visit to the diggings he returned to San Francisco from a visit to the diggings and spread the word of gold and spread the word of gold

Within a few days boats filled with townspeople were Within a few days boats filled with townspeople were heading up the Sacramento River to look for gold heading up the Sacramento River to look for gold Brannan of course had stocked his store with mining Brannan of course had stocked his store with mining supplies and was doing a thriving business San supplies and was doing a thriving business San Francisco soon was a ghost town as almost everyone Francisco soon was a ghost town as almost everyone was off to the gold siteswas off to the gold sites

During the summer of 1848 the news spread up and During the summer of 1848 the news spread up and down the West Coast across the border to Mexico and down the West Coast across the border to Mexico and even to the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii) Word also even to the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii) Word also reached the Mississippi Valley and the Eastern statesreached the Mississippi Valley and the Eastern states

Newspapers were filled with the accounts of men who clNewspapers were filled with the accounts of men who claimed to have become rich overnight by picking gold out aimed to have become rich overnight by picking gold out of Californias wondrous earth Then in a message to thof Californias wondrous earth Then in a message to the Congress of the United States in December President e Congress of the United States in December President James K Polk confirmed the presence of gold in CalifornJames K Polk confirmed the presence of gold in California That winter people from all walks of life set out for Caia That winter people from all walks of life set out for California Many pawned their possessions to get there Thlifornia Many pawned their possessions to get there The gold seekers also known as Forty-Niners or Argonautse gold seekers also known as Forty-Niners or Argonauts joined the rush from as far off as Europe and Australia joined the rush from as far off as Europe and Australia Many Chinese also flocked to San Francisco to join in thMany Chinese also flocked to San Francisco to join in the gold rushe gold rush

The EndThe End

Thank YouThank You

scheme forscheme forschemes for two new cross-city linesschemes for two new cross-city linesscheme to do somethingscheme to do somethinga new scheme to boost exportsa new scheme to boost exportspilot schemepilot scheme (=something that is done on a small s (=something that is done on a small s

cale in order to see if it is successful enough to bcale in order to see if it is successful enough to be done on a larger scale)e done on a larger scale) 小规模试验性质的小规模试验性质的

The pilot scheme proved to be a great successThe pilot scheme proved to be a great success2 a clever plan especially to do something that is 2 a clever plan especially to do something that is

bad or illegal - used in order to show disapprovalbad or illegal - used in order to show disapprovala get-rich-quick schemea get-rich-quick scheme

stand in the waystand in the way

in the sbrsquos wayin the sbrsquos way

stopping sb from moving or doing sthstopping sb from moving or doing sth

Yoursquoll have to movemdashyoursquore in my way Yoursquoll have to movemdashyoursquore in my way

I left them alone as I felt I was in the wayI left them alone as I felt I was in the way

love is withheld (line 44)love is withheld (line 44)

withholdwithhold

past tense and past participle withheld past tense and past participle withheld

to refuse to give someone somethingto refuse to give someone something

I withheld payment until they had completed I withheld payment until they had completed the work the work

Ian was accused of withholding vital informatIan was accused of withholding vital information from the policeion from the police

Text 2 GoldText 2 Gold

esteemesteem

formalformal to respect and admire someone or s to respect and admire someone or somethingomething

Peden was greatly esteemed by the people Peden was greatly esteemed by the people

He was esteemed as a literary witHe was esteemed as a literary wit

fabricatefabricate

1 to invent a story piece of information etc i1 to invent a story piece of information etc in order to deceive someonen order to deceive someone

The police were accused of fabricating evideThe police were accused of fabricating evidence nce

2 technical to make or produce goods or equ2 technical to make or produce goods or equipmentipment ￚￚ synonym manufacturesynonym manufacture

The discs are expensive to fabricateThe discs are expensive to fabricate

ounceounce

An ounce is a unit of weight used in Britain aAn ounce is a unit of weight used in Britain and the USA There are sixteen ounces in a nd the USA There are sixteen ounces in a pound and one ounce is equal to 2835 grpound and one ounce is equal to 2835 grams ams 盎司英两唡〔常衡＝盎司英两唡〔常衡＝ 116116 磅＝磅＝284284 克略作 克略作 ozoz 〕〕

four ounces of sugarfour ounces of sugar

long to possesshellip(line 12)long to possesshellip(line 12)longlongto want something very much especially when it sto want something very much especially when it s

eems unlikely to happen sooneems unlikely to happen soonlong to do somethinglong to do somethingHe longed to see her againHe longed to see her againlong forlong forShe longed for the chance to speak to him in privatShe longed for the chance to speak to him in privat

eeWe longed for a bed after several days of campingWe longed for a bed after several days of camping

longinglonging

a strong feeling of wanting something or someonea strong feeling of wanting something or someone

She looked back with longing on the good old daysShe looked back with longing on the good old days

longing forlonging for

His heart was filled with longing for CynthiaHis heart was filled with longing for Cynthia

longing tolonging to

She felt a longing to throw herself into his armsShe felt a longing to throw herself into his arms

bring out the bestworst in somebodybring out the bestworst in somebody

to make someone behave in the best or worto make someone behave in the best or worst way that they canst way that they can

Alcohol just brings out the worst in herAlcohol just brings out the worst in her

And Vince was obviously a great coach he And Vince was obviously a great coach he brought out the best in his team and whoebrought out the best in his team and whoever played himver played him

exerciseexercise (a rule) (a rule)

formal to use a power right or quality that yformal to use a power right or quality that you haveou have

There are plans to encourage people to exerThere are plans to encourage people to exercise their right to vote People who can excise their right to vote People who can exercise some control over their surroundingercise some control over their surroundings feel less anxiouss feel less anxious

the running of somethingthe running of something

the process of managing or organizing a busthe process of managing or organizing a business home organization etciness home organization etc

Brian took over the day-to-day running of the Brian took over the day-to-day running of the company while his father was away He prcompany while his father was away He praised the smooth running of the electionaised the smooth running of the election

helliphellipplusplus (room and board) (room and board)and alsoand alsoThere are numerous clubs plus a casinoThere are numerous clubs plus a casinoThe cost is pound45 plus pound5 for deliveryThe cost is pound45 plus pound5 for deliveryThe jacket costs $4995 plus taxThe jacket costs $4995 plus tax

the gold standard the gold standard 金本位金本位technicaltechnical the use of the value of gold as a fixed sta the use of the value of gold as a fixed sta

ndard on which to base the value of moneyndard on which to base the value of money

currencycurrency

1 [uncountable and countable] the system or type of money 1 [uncountable and countable] the system or type of money that a country usesthat a country uses

The bank can supply you with foreign currency The bank can supply you with foreign currency There are moves towards a single currency in Europe There are moves towards a single currency in Europe The local currency is the Swiss francThe local currency is the Swiss franc2 [uncountable] the state of being accepted or used by a lot 2 [uncountable] the state of being accepted or used by a lot

of peopleof peopleMarxism began to gain currency Marxism began to gain currency The idea was common currency in European political lifeThe idea was common currency in European political life

prospectorprospector

someone who looks for gold minerals oil etcsomeone who looks for gold minerals oil etc

infamousinfamous

well known for being bad or evilwell known for being bad or evil

an infamous killer Los Angeles infamous smogan infamous killer Los Angeles infamous smog

infamous forinfamous for

This area is infamous for drugs and prostitutionThis area is infamous for drugs and prostitution

ex-guardsex-guards

ex- former and still livingex- former and still living

an ex-Presidentan ex-PresidentHer dads an ex-policemanHer dads an ex-policemanLydia is still friends with her ex-husbandLydia is still friends with her ex-husbandmy ex-wifemy ex-wife

已故的总统已故的总统

an an occupationoccupation for the working class (line 38) for the working class (line 38)which of the following is a suitable synonymwhich of the following is a suitable synonym

his fathers occupationhis fathers occupation JOB profession (line JOB profession (line of) workof) work her leisure occupationsher leisure occupations PASTIME activity PASTIME activity hobby entertainment recreation amusementhobby entertainment recreation amusement a property suitable for occupation by older a property suitable for occupation by older peoplepeople RESIDENCE residency habitation RESIDENCE residency habitation the Roman occupation of Britainthe Roman occupation of Britain CONQUEST capture invasion seizure CONQUEST capture invasion seizure takeovertakeover

eloquenteloquent1 able to express your ideas and opinions well especially i1 able to express your ideas and opinions well especially i

n a way that influences people n a way that influences people 雄辩的有说明力的雄辩的有说明力的an eloquent appeal for supportan eloquent appeal for support

2 showing a feeling or meaning without using words2 showing a feeling or meaning without using words cleaclearly expressiverly expressive

The photographs are an eloquent reminder of the horrors of The photographs are an eloquent reminder of the horrors of warwar

an art that is eloquent of Americas cultural diversityan art that is eloquent of Americas cultural diversity

trust totrust to something something place reliance on (luck fate etc)place reliance on (luck fate etc) to hoto ho

pe that what you want to happen will happpe that what you want to happen will happen because there is nothing you can do aen because there is nothing you can do about itbout it

Ill just have to trust to luck that it works out oIll just have to trust to luck that it works out okay kay

I hope I may trust to your discretionI hope I may trust to your discretion

METAPHORMETAPHOR

METAPHORMETAPHOR A comparison which A comparison which imaginatively identifies one thing with imaginatively identifies one thing with another dissimilar thing and transfers or another dissimilar thing and transfers or ascribes to ascribes to the first thing (the tenor or the first thing (the tenor or idea)idea) some of the qualities of some of the qualities of the second the second (the vehicle or image)(the vehicle or image) Unlike a simile or Unlike a simile or analogy metaphor asserts that one thing analogy metaphor asserts that one thing is another thing not just that one is like is another thing not just that one is like another very frequently a metaphor is another very frequently a metaphor is invoked by the to be verbinvoked by the to be verb

notenote

tenortenor The word phrase or subject with whi The word phrase or subject with which the ch the vehiclevehicle of a metaphor is identified a of a metaphor is identified as life ins life in

隐喻所指的词短语或对象如 隐喻所指的词短语或对象如 life life 在 在 Lifes but a walking shadow Lifes but a walking shadow

(Shakespeare)(Shakespeare)

ldquoldquo 生命不过是一个行走的影子rdquo生命不过是一个行走的影子rdquo (( 莎士比亚莎士比亚 ))

10486951048695Some examples from the BibleSome examples from the Bible

Then Jesus declared I am the bread of life --JoThen Jesus declared I am the bread of life --John 635hn 63510486951048695I am the door if anyone enters through me he shall be I am the door if anyone enters through me he shall be saved and shall go in and out and find pasture --JOHN saved and shall go in and out and find pasture --JOHN 10910910486951048695But I will sing of your strength In the morning I will sinBut I will sing of your strength In the morning I will sing of your love For you are my fortress My refuge in tig of your love For you are my fortress My refuge in times of trouble --Psalm 5916mes of trouble --Psalm 591610486951048695The name of the Lord is a strong tower The righteous The name of the Lord is a strong tower The righteous run to it and are safe --Proverbs 1810run to it and are safe --Proverbs 1810

Another common method of constructing a metaphor is tAnother common method of constructing a metaphor is to use the possessive where the image is expressed as o use the possessive where the image is expressed as being a part of the idea usually in the form of the x of ybeing a part of the idea usually in the form of the x of y

10486951048695A writers river of words will dry up unless it is continuoA writers river of words will dry up unless it is continuously replenished by streams of new learningusly replenished by streams of new learning10486951048695The first beam of hope that had ever darted into his miThe first beam of hope that had ever darted into his mind rekindled youth in his cheeks and doubled the lustre ond rekindled youth in his cheeks and doubled the lustre of his eyes --SAMUEL JOHNSONf his eyes --SAMUEL JOHNSON10486951048695The furnace of affliction had softened his heart and puriThe furnace of affliction had softened his heart and purified his soulfied his soul

In fact there is a whole range of different degrees of direct iIn fact there is a whole range of different degrees of direct identification between image and idea dentification between image and idea

There is fully expressedThere is fully expressed10486951048695The eye is the lamp of your body when your eye is soundThe eye is the lamp of your body when your eye is sound

your whole body is full of light but when it is not sound your whole body is full of light but when it is not sound your body is full of darkness --LUKE 1134your body is full of darkness --LUKE 1134

There is impliedThere is implied10486951048695 For thou hast been my help and in the shadow of thy For thou hast been my help and in the shadow of thy

wings i sing for joy --PSALM 637wings i sing for joy --PSALM 637And there is very impliedAnd there is very implied10486951048695For if men do these things when the tree is green what wiFor if men do these things when the tree is green what wi

ll happen when it is dry --LUKE2331ll happen when it is dry --LUKE2331

Like simile and analogy metaphor is a profoundly important Like simile and analogy metaphor is a profoundly important and useful device Aristotle says in his Rhetoric It is and useful device Aristotle says in his Rhetoric It is metaphor above all else that gives clearness charm metaphor above all else that gives clearness charm and distinction to the style and distinction to the style

So metaphor not only explains by making the abstract or So metaphor not only explains by making the abstract or unknown concrete and familiar but it also enlivens by unknown concrete and familiar but it also enlivens by touching the readers imagination Further it affirms one touching the readers imagination Further it affirms one more interconnection in the unity of all things by showing more interconnection in the unity of all things by showing a relationship between things seemingly alien to each a relationship between things seemingly alien to each other And the fact that two very unlike things can be other And the fact that two very unlike things can be equated or referred to in terms of one another comments equated or referred to in terms of one another comments upon them both upon them both

No metaphor is just a metaphor All have significant imNo metaphor is just a metaphor All have significant implications and they must be chosen carefully especially plications and they must be chosen carefully especially in regard to the connotations the vehicle (image) will tranin regard to the connotations the vehicle (image) will transfer to the tenor Consider for example the differences isfer to the tenor Consider for example the differences in meaning conveyed by these statementsn meaning conveyed by these statements

10486951048695That club is spreading like wildfireThat club is spreading like wildfire10486951048695That club is spreading like cancerThat club is spreading like cancer10486951048695That club is really blossoming nowThat club is really blossoming now10486951048695That club in its amebic That club in its amebic （阿米巴的（阿米巴的 变形虫的） 变形虫的） momotions is engulfing the campustions is engulfing the campus

SimileSimile

Simile is a direct expressed comparison Simile is a direct expressed comparison between two things essentially unlike each other between two things essentially unlike each other but resembling each other in at least one way but resembling each other in at least one way In formal prose the simile is a device both of art In formal prose the simile is a device both of art and explanation comparing the unfamiliar thing and explanation comparing the unfamiliar thing (to be explained) to some familiar thing (an (to be explained) to some familiar thing (an object event process etc) known to the reader object event process etc) known to the reader There is no simile in the comparison my car is There is no simile in the comparison my car is like your car because the two objects are not like your car because the two objects are not essentially unlike each other essentially unlike each other When a noun is compared to a noun the simile When a noun is compared to a noun the simile is usually introduced by likeis usually introduced by like

Some examples from the BibleSome examples from the Bible

I see men but they look like trees walking --MaI see men but they look like trees walking --Mark 824rk 824

10486951048695The soul in the body is like a bird in a cageThe soul in the body is like a bird in a cage

10486951048695After such long exposure to the direct sun the After such long exposure to the direct sun the leaves of the houseplant looked like pieces of ovleaves of the houseplant looked like pieces of overcooked baconercooked bacon

But I am But I am like an olive treelike an olive tree Flourishing in the hou Flourishing in the house of God --Psalm 528se of God --Psalm 528

They will come and shout for joy on the heights They will come and shout for joy on the heights of Zion (of Zion ( 锡安山在耶路撒冷犹太民族文化中锡安山在耶路撒冷犹太民族文化中心的象征心的象征 ) They will be ) They will be like a well-watered like a well-watered gardengarden And they will sorrow no more --Jeremi And they will sorrow no more --Jeremiah 3112ah 3112

(in these last two examples especially notice how powerfull(in these last two examples especially notice how powerfully the thing to be described called the tenor is colored by the thing to be described called the tenor is colored by the thing it is compared to called the vehicle)y the thing it is compared to called the vehicle)

DictationDictation

Gold Rush of 1849Gold Rush of 1849

In January 1848 James W Marshall a carpenter In January 1848 James W Marshall a carpenter building a sawmill in partnership with John A Sutter in building a sawmill in partnership with John A Sutter in Californias Sacramento Valley discovered gold Sutter Californias Sacramento Valley discovered gold Sutter made his workers promise to keep the discovery a made his workers promise to keep the discovery a secret However the news leaked out Within a few secret However the news leaked out Within a few months a shrewd merchant hoping to increase his months a shrewd merchant hoping to increase his business set off the gold rush in earnest Samuel business set off the gold rush in earnest Samuel Brannan one of the early Mormon settlers in San Brannan one of the early Mormon settlers in San Francisco owned a store near Sutters fort In early May Francisco owned a store near Sutters fort In early May he returned to San Francisco from a visit to the diggings he returned to San Francisco from a visit to the diggings and spread the word of gold and spread the word of gold

Within a few days boats filled with townspeople were Within a few days boats filled with townspeople were heading up the Sacramento River to look for gold heading up the Sacramento River to look for gold Brannan of course had stocked his store with mining Brannan of course had stocked his store with mining supplies and was doing a thriving business San supplies and was doing a thriving business San Francisco soon was a ghost town as almost everyone Francisco soon was a ghost town as almost everyone was off to the gold siteswas off to the gold sites

During the summer of 1848 the news spread up and During the summer of 1848 the news spread up and down the West Coast across the border to Mexico and down the West Coast across the border to Mexico and even to the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii) Word also even to the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii) Word also reached the Mississippi Valley and the Eastern statesreached the Mississippi Valley and the Eastern states

Newspapers were filled with the accounts of men who clNewspapers were filled with the accounts of men who claimed to have become rich overnight by picking gold out aimed to have become rich overnight by picking gold out of Californias wondrous earth Then in a message to thof Californias wondrous earth Then in a message to the Congress of the United States in December President e Congress of the United States in December President James K Polk confirmed the presence of gold in CalifornJames K Polk confirmed the presence of gold in California That winter people from all walks of life set out for Caia That winter people from all walks of life set out for California Many pawned their possessions to get there Thlifornia Many pawned their possessions to get there The gold seekers also known as Forty-Niners or Argonautse gold seekers also known as Forty-Niners or Argonauts joined the rush from as far off as Europe and Australia joined the rush from as far off as Europe and Australia Many Chinese also flocked to San Francisco to join in thMany Chinese also flocked to San Francisco to join in the gold rushe gold rush

The EndThe End

Thank YouThank You

stand in the waystand in the way

in the sbrsquos wayin the sbrsquos way

stopping sb from moving or doing sthstopping sb from moving or doing sth

Yoursquoll have to movemdashyoursquore in my way Yoursquoll have to movemdashyoursquore in my way

I left them alone as I felt I was in the wayI left them alone as I felt I was in the way

love is withheld (line 44)love is withheld (line 44)

withholdwithhold

past tense and past participle withheld past tense and past participle withheld

to refuse to give someone somethingto refuse to give someone something

I withheld payment until they had completed I withheld payment until they had completed the work the work

Ian was accused of withholding vital informatIan was accused of withholding vital information from the policeion from the police

Text 2 GoldText 2 Gold

esteemesteem

formalformal to respect and admire someone or s to respect and admire someone or somethingomething

Peden was greatly esteemed by the people Peden was greatly esteemed by the people

He was esteemed as a literary witHe was esteemed as a literary wit

fabricatefabricate

1 to invent a story piece of information etc i1 to invent a story piece of information etc in order to deceive someonen order to deceive someone

The police were accused of fabricating evideThe police were accused of fabricating evidence nce

2 technical to make or produce goods or equ2 technical to make or produce goods or equipmentipment ￚￚ synonym manufacturesynonym manufacture

The discs are expensive to fabricateThe discs are expensive to fabricate

ounceounce

An ounce is a unit of weight used in Britain aAn ounce is a unit of weight used in Britain and the USA There are sixteen ounces in a nd the USA There are sixteen ounces in a pound and one ounce is equal to 2835 grpound and one ounce is equal to 2835 grams ams 盎司英两唡〔常衡＝盎司英两唡〔常衡＝ 116116 磅＝磅＝284284 克略作 克略作 ozoz 〕〕

four ounces of sugarfour ounces of sugar

long to possesshellip(line 12)long to possesshellip(line 12)longlongto want something very much especially when it sto want something very much especially when it s

eems unlikely to happen sooneems unlikely to happen soonlong to do somethinglong to do somethingHe longed to see her againHe longed to see her againlong forlong forShe longed for the chance to speak to him in privatShe longed for the chance to speak to him in privat

eeWe longed for a bed after several days of campingWe longed for a bed after several days of camping

longinglonging

a strong feeling of wanting something or someonea strong feeling of wanting something or someone

She looked back with longing on the good old daysShe looked back with longing on the good old days

longing forlonging for

His heart was filled with longing for CynthiaHis heart was filled with longing for Cynthia

longing tolonging to

She felt a longing to throw herself into his armsShe felt a longing to throw herself into his arms

bring out the bestworst in somebodybring out the bestworst in somebody

to make someone behave in the best or worto make someone behave in the best or worst way that they canst way that they can

Alcohol just brings out the worst in herAlcohol just brings out the worst in her

And Vince was obviously a great coach he And Vince was obviously a great coach he brought out the best in his team and whoebrought out the best in his team and whoever played himver played him

exerciseexercise (a rule) (a rule)

formal to use a power right or quality that yformal to use a power right or quality that you haveou have

There are plans to encourage people to exerThere are plans to encourage people to exercise their right to vote People who can excise their right to vote People who can exercise some control over their surroundingercise some control over their surroundings feel less anxiouss feel less anxious

the running of somethingthe running of something

the process of managing or organizing a busthe process of managing or organizing a business home organization etciness home organization etc

Brian took over the day-to-day running of the Brian took over the day-to-day running of the company while his father was away He prcompany while his father was away He praised the smooth running of the electionaised the smooth running of the election

helliphellipplusplus (room and board) (room and board)and alsoand alsoThere are numerous clubs plus a casinoThere are numerous clubs plus a casinoThe cost is pound45 plus pound5 for deliveryThe cost is pound45 plus pound5 for deliveryThe jacket costs $4995 plus taxThe jacket costs $4995 plus tax

the gold standard the gold standard 金本位金本位technicaltechnical the use of the value of gold as a fixed sta the use of the value of gold as a fixed sta

ndard on which to base the value of moneyndard on which to base the value of money

currencycurrency

1 [uncountable and countable] the system or type of money 1 [uncountable and countable] the system or type of money that a country usesthat a country uses

The bank can supply you with foreign currency The bank can supply you with foreign currency There are moves towards a single currency in Europe There are moves towards a single currency in Europe The local currency is the Swiss francThe local currency is the Swiss franc2 [uncountable] the state of being accepted or used by a lot 2 [uncountable] the state of being accepted or used by a lot

of peopleof peopleMarxism began to gain currency Marxism began to gain currency The idea was common currency in European political lifeThe idea was common currency in European political life

prospectorprospector

someone who looks for gold minerals oil etcsomeone who looks for gold minerals oil etc

infamousinfamous

well known for being bad or evilwell known for being bad or evil

an infamous killer Los Angeles infamous smogan infamous killer Los Angeles infamous smog

infamous forinfamous for

This area is infamous for drugs and prostitutionThis area is infamous for drugs and prostitution

ex-guardsex-guards

ex- former and still livingex- former and still living

an ex-Presidentan ex-PresidentHer dads an ex-policemanHer dads an ex-policemanLydia is still friends with her ex-husbandLydia is still friends with her ex-husbandmy ex-wifemy ex-wife

已故的总统已故的总统

an an occupationoccupation for the working class (line 38) for the working class (line 38)which of the following is a suitable synonymwhich of the following is a suitable synonym

his fathers occupationhis fathers occupation JOB profession (line JOB profession (line of) workof) work her leisure occupationsher leisure occupations PASTIME activity PASTIME activity hobby entertainment recreation amusementhobby entertainment recreation amusement a property suitable for occupation by older a property suitable for occupation by older peoplepeople RESIDENCE residency habitation RESIDENCE residency habitation the Roman occupation of Britainthe Roman occupation of Britain CONQUEST capture invasion seizure CONQUEST capture invasion seizure takeovertakeover

eloquenteloquent1 able to express your ideas and opinions well especially i1 able to express your ideas and opinions well especially i

n a way that influences people n a way that influences people 雄辩的有说明力的雄辩的有说明力的an eloquent appeal for supportan eloquent appeal for support

2 showing a feeling or meaning without using words2 showing a feeling or meaning without using words cleaclearly expressiverly expressive

The photographs are an eloquent reminder of the horrors of The photographs are an eloquent reminder of the horrors of warwar

an art that is eloquent of Americas cultural diversityan art that is eloquent of Americas cultural diversity

trust totrust to something something place reliance on (luck fate etc)place reliance on (luck fate etc) to hoto ho

pe that what you want to happen will happpe that what you want to happen will happen because there is nothing you can do aen because there is nothing you can do about itbout it

Ill just have to trust to luck that it works out oIll just have to trust to luck that it works out okay kay

I hope I may trust to your discretionI hope I may trust to your discretion

METAPHORMETAPHOR

METAPHORMETAPHOR A comparison which A comparison which imaginatively identifies one thing with imaginatively identifies one thing with another dissimilar thing and transfers or another dissimilar thing and transfers or ascribes to ascribes to the first thing (the tenor or the first thing (the tenor or idea)idea) some of the qualities of some of the qualities of the second the second (the vehicle or image)(the vehicle or image) Unlike a simile or Unlike a simile or analogy metaphor asserts that one thing analogy metaphor asserts that one thing is another thing not just that one is like is another thing not just that one is like another very frequently a metaphor is another very frequently a metaphor is invoked by the to be verbinvoked by the to be verb

notenote

tenortenor The word phrase or subject with whi The word phrase or subject with which the ch the vehiclevehicle of a metaphor is identified a of a metaphor is identified as life ins life in

隐喻所指的词短语或对象如 隐喻所指的词短语或对象如 life life 在 在 Lifes but a walking shadow Lifes but a walking shadow

(Shakespeare)(Shakespeare)

ldquoldquo 生命不过是一个行走的影子rdquo生命不过是一个行走的影子rdquo (( 莎士比亚莎士比亚 ))

10486951048695Some examples from the BibleSome examples from the Bible

Then Jesus declared I am the bread of life --JoThen Jesus declared I am the bread of life --John 635hn 63510486951048695I am the door if anyone enters through me he shall be I am the door if anyone enters through me he shall be saved and shall go in and out and find pasture --JOHN saved and shall go in and out and find pasture --JOHN 10910910486951048695But I will sing of your strength In the morning I will sinBut I will sing of your strength In the morning I will sing of your love For you are my fortress My refuge in tig of your love For you are my fortress My refuge in times of trouble --Psalm 5916mes of trouble --Psalm 591610486951048695The name of the Lord is a strong tower The righteous The name of the Lord is a strong tower The righteous run to it and are safe --Proverbs 1810run to it and are safe --Proverbs 1810

Another common method of constructing a metaphor is tAnother common method of constructing a metaphor is to use the possessive where the image is expressed as o use the possessive where the image is expressed as being a part of the idea usually in the form of the x of ybeing a part of the idea usually in the form of the x of y

10486951048695A writers river of words will dry up unless it is continuoA writers river of words will dry up unless it is continuously replenished by streams of new learningusly replenished by streams of new learning10486951048695The first beam of hope that had ever darted into his miThe first beam of hope that had ever darted into his mind rekindled youth in his cheeks and doubled the lustre ond rekindled youth in his cheeks and doubled the lustre of his eyes --SAMUEL JOHNSONf his eyes --SAMUEL JOHNSON10486951048695The furnace of affliction had softened his heart and puriThe furnace of affliction had softened his heart and purified his soulfied his soul

In fact there is a whole range of different degrees of direct iIn fact there is a whole range of different degrees of direct identification between image and idea dentification between image and idea

There is fully expressedThere is fully expressed10486951048695The eye is the lamp of your body when your eye is soundThe eye is the lamp of your body when your eye is sound

your whole body is full of light but when it is not sound your whole body is full of light but when it is not sound your body is full of darkness --LUKE 1134your body is full of darkness --LUKE 1134

There is impliedThere is implied10486951048695 For thou hast been my help and in the shadow of thy For thou hast been my help and in the shadow of thy

wings i sing for joy --PSALM 637wings i sing for joy --PSALM 637And there is very impliedAnd there is very implied10486951048695For if men do these things when the tree is green what wiFor if men do these things when the tree is green what wi

ll happen when it is dry --LUKE2331ll happen when it is dry --LUKE2331

Like simile and analogy metaphor is a profoundly important Like simile and analogy metaphor is a profoundly important and useful device Aristotle says in his Rhetoric It is and useful device Aristotle says in his Rhetoric It is metaphor above all else that gives clearness charm metaphor above all else that gives clearness charm and distinction to the style and distinction to the style

So metaphor not only explains by making the abstract or So metaphor not only explains by making the abstract or unknown concrete and familiar but it also enlivens by unknown concrete and familiar but it also enlivens by touching the readers imagination Further it affirms one touching the readers imagination Further it affirms one more interconnection in the unity of all things by showing more interconnection in the unity of all things by showing a relationship between things seemingly alien to each a relationship between things seemingly alien to each other And the fact that two very unlike things can be other And the fact that two very unlike things can be equated or referred to in terms of one another comments equated or referred to in terms of one another comments upon them both upon them both

No metaphor is just a metaphor All have significant imNo metaphor is just a metaphor All have significant implications and they must be chosen carefully especially plications and they must be chosen carefully especially in regard to the connotations the vehicle (image) will tranin regard to the connotations the vehicle (image) will transfer to the tenor Consider for example the differences isfer to the tenor Consider for example the differences in meaning conveyed by these statementsn meaning conveyed by these statements

10486951048695That club is spreading like wildfireThat club is spreading like wildfire10486951048695That club is spreading like cancerThat club is spreading like cancer10486951048695That club is really blossoming nowThat club is really blossoming now10486951048695That club in its amebic That club in its amebic （阿米巴的（阿米巴的 变形虫的） 变形虫的） momotions is engulfing the campustions is engulfing the campus

SimileSimile

Simile is a direct expressed comparison Simile is a direct expressed comparison between two things essentially unlike each other between two things essentially unlike each other but resembling each other in at least one way but resembling each other in at least one way In formal prose the simile is a device both of art In formal prose the simile is a device both of art and explanation comparing the unfamiliar thing and explanation comparing the unfamiliar thing (to be explained) to some familiar thing (an (to be explained) to some familiar thing (an object event process etc) known to the reader object event process etc) known to the reader There is no simile in the comparison my car is There is no simile in the comparison my car is like your car because the two objects are not like your car because the two objects are not essentially unlike each other essentially unlike each other When a noun is compared to a noun the simile When a noun is compared to a noun the simile is usually introduced by likeis usually introduced by like

Some examples from the BibleSome examples from the Bible

I see men but they look like trees walking --MaI see men but they look like trees walking --Mark 824rk 824

10486951048695The soul in the body is like a bird in a cageThe soul in the body is like a bird in a cage

10486951048695After such long exposure to the direct sun the After such long exposure to the direct sun the leaves of the houseplant looked like pieces of ovleaves of the houseplant looked like pieces of overcooked baconercooked bacon

But I am But I am like an olive treelike an olive tree Flourishing in the hou Flourishing in the house of God --Psalm 528se of God --Psalm 528

They will come and shout for joy on the heights They will come and shout for joy on the heights of Zion (of Zion ( 锡安山在耶路撒冷犹太民族文化中锡安山在耶路撒冷犹太民族文化中心的象征心的象征 ) They will be ) They will be like a well-watered like a well-watered gardengarden And they will sorrow no more --Jeremi And they will sorrow no more --Jeremiah 3112ah 3112

(in these last two examples especially notice how powerfull(in these last two examples especially notice how powerfully the thing to be described called the tenor is colored by the thing to be described called the tenor is colored by the thing it is compared to called the vehicle)y the thing it is compared to called the vehicle)

DictationDictation

Gold Rush of 1849Gold Rush of 1849

In January 1848 James W Marshall a carpenter In January 1848 James W Marshall a carpenter building a sawmill in partnership with John A Sutter in building a sawmill in partnership with John A Sutter in Californias Sacramento Valley discovered gold Sutter Californias Sacramento Valley discovered gold Sutter made his workers promise to keep the discovery a made his workers promise to keep the discovery a secret However the news leaked out Within a few secret However the news leaked out Within a few months a shrewd merchant hoping to increase his months a shrewd merchant hoping to increase his business set off the gold rush in earnest Samuel business set off the gold rush in earnest Samuel Brannan one of the early Mormon settlers in San Brannan one of the early Mormon settlers in San Francisco owned a store near Sutters fort In early May Francisco owned a store near Sutters fort In early May he returned to San Francisco from a visit to the diggings he returned to San Francisco from a visit to the diggings and spread the word of gold and spread the word of gold

Within a few days boats filled with townspeople were Within a few days boats filled with townspeople were heading up the Sacramento River to look for gold heading up the Sacramento River to look for gold Brannan of course had stocked his store with mining Brannan of course had stocked his store with mining supplies and was doing a thriving business San supplies and was doing a thriving business San Francisco soon was a ghost town as almost everyone Francisco soon was a ghost town as almost everyone was off to the gold siteswas off to the gold sites

During the summer of 1848 the news spread up and During the summer of 1848 the news spread up and down the West Coast across the border to Mexico and down the West Coast across the border to Mexico and even to the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii) Word also even to the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii) Word also reached the Mississippi Valley and the Eastern statesreached the Mississippi Valley and the Eastern states

Newspapers were filled with the accounts of men who clNewspapers were filled with the accounts of men who claimed to have become rich overnight by picking gold out aimed to have become rich overnight by picking gold out of Californias wondrous earth Then in a message to thof Californias wondrous earth Then in a message to the Congress of the United States in December President e Congress of the United States in December President James K Polk confirmed the presence of gold in CalifornJames K Polk confirmed the presence of gold in California That winter people from all walks of life set out for Caia That winter people from all walks of life set out for California Many pawned their possessions to get there Thlifornia Many pawned their possessions to get there The gold seekers also known as Forty-Niners or Argonautse gold seekers also known as Forty-Niners or Argonauts joined the rush from as far off as Europe and Australia joined the rush from as far off as Europe and Australia Many Chinese also flocked to San Francisco to join in thMany Chinese also flocked to San Francisco to join in the gold rushe gold rush

The EndThe End

Thank YouThank You

love is withheld (line 44)love is withheld (line 44)

withholdwithhold

past tense and past participle withheld past tense and past participle withheld

to refuse to give someone somethingto refuse to give someone something

I withheld payment until they had completed I withheld payment until they had completed the work the work

Ian was accused of withholding vital informatIan was accused of withholding vital information from the policeion from the police

Text 2 GoldText 2 Gold

esteemesteem

formalformal to respect and admire someone or s to respect and admire someone or somethingomething

Peden was greatly esteemed by the people Peden was greatly esteemed by the people

He was esteemed as a literary witHe was esteemed as a literary wit

fabricatefabricate

1 to invent a story piece of information etc i1 to invent a story piece of information etc in order to deceive someonen order to deceive someone

The police were accused of fabricating evideThe police were accused of fabricating evidence nce

2 technical to make or produce goods or equ2 technical to make or produce goods or equipmentipment ￚￚ synonym manufacturesynonym manufacture

The discs are expensive to fabricateThe discs are expensive to fabricate

ounceounce

An ounce is a unit of weight used in Britain aAn ounce is a unit of weight used in Britain and the USA There are sixteen ounces in a nd the USA There are sixteen ounces in a pound and one ounce is equal to 2835 grpound and one ounce is equal to 2835 grams ams 盎司英两唡〔常衡＝盎司英两唡〔常衡＝ 116116 磅＝磅＝284284 克略作 克略作 ozoz 〕〕

four ounces of sugarfour ounces of sugar

long to possesshellip(line 12)long to possesshellip(line 12)longlongto want something very much especially when it sto want something very much especially when it s

eems unlikely to happen sooneems unlikely to happen soonlong to do somethinglong to do somethingHe longed to see her againHe longed to see her againlong forlong forShe longed for the chance to speak to him in privatShe longed for the chance to speak to him in privat

eeWe longed for a bed after several days of campingWe longed for a bed after several days of camping

longinglonging

a strong feeling of wanting something or someonea strong feeling of wanting something or someone

She looked back with longing on the good old daysShe looked back with longing on the good old days

longing forlonging for

His heart was filled with longing for CynthiaHis heart was filled with longing for Cynthia

longing tolonging to

She felt a longing to throw herself into his armsShe felt a longing to throw herself into his arms

bring out the bestworst in somebodybring out the bestworst in somebody

to make someone behave in the best or worto make someone behave in the best or worst way that they canst way that they can

Alcohol just brings out the worst in herAlcohol just brings out the worst in her

And Vince was obviously a great coach he And Vince was obviously a great coach he brought out the best in his team and whoebrought out the best in his team and whoever played himver played him

exerciseexercise (a rule) (a rule)

formal to use a power right or quality that yformal to use a power right or quality that you haveou have

There are plans to encourage people to exerThere are plans to encourage people to exercise their right to vote People who can excise their right to vote People who can exercise some control over their surroundingercise some control over their surroundings feel less anxiouss feel less anxious

the running of somethingthe running of something

the process of managing or organizing a busthe process of managing or organizing a business home organization etciness home organization etc

Brian took over the day-to-day running of the Brian took over the day-to-day running of the company while his father was away He prcompany while his father was away He praised the smooth running of the electionaised the smooth running of the election

helliphellipplusplus (room and board) (room and board)and alsoand alsoThere are numerous clubs plus a casinoThere are numerous clubs plus a casinoThe cost is pound45 plus pound5 for deliveryThe cost is pound45 plus pound5 for deliveryThe jacket costs $4995 plus taxThe jacket costs $4995 plus tax

the gold standard the gold standard 金本位金本位technicaltechnical the use of the value of gold as a fixed sta the use of the value of gold as a fixed sta

ndard on which to base the value of moneyndard on which to base the value of money

currencycurrency

1 [uncountable and countable] the system or type of money 1 [uncountable and countable] the system or type of money that a country usesthat a country uses

The bank can supply you with foreign currency The bank can supply you with foreign currency There are moves towards a single currency in Europe There are moves towards a single currency in Europe The local currency is the Swiss francThe local currency is the Swiss franc2 [uncountable] the state of being accepted or used by a lot 2 [uncountable] the state of being accepted or used by a lot

of peopleof peopleMarxism began to gain currency Marxism began to gain currency The idea was common currency in European political lifeThe idea was common currency in European political life

prospectorprospector

someone who looks for gold minerals oil etcsomeone who looks for gold minerals oil etc

infamousinfamous

well known for being bad or evilwell known for being bad or evil

an infamous killer Los Angeles infamous smogan infamous killer Los Angeles infamous smog

infamous forinfamous for

This area is infamous for drugs and prostitutionThis area is infamous for drugs and prostitution

ex-guardsex-guards

ex- former and still livingex- former and still living

an ex-Presidentan ex-PresidentHer dads an ex-policemanHer dads an ex-policemanLydia is still friends with her ex-husbandLydia is still friends with her ex-husbandmy ex-wifemy ex-wife

已故的总统已故的总统

an an occupationoccupation for the working class (line 38) for the working class (line 38)which of the following is a suitable synonymwhich of the following is a suitable synonym

his fathers occupationhis fathers occupation JOB profession (line JOB profession (line of) workof) work her leisure occupationsher leisure occupations PASTIME activity PASTIME activity hobby entertainment recreation amusementhobby entertainment recreation amusement a property suitable for occupation by older a property suitable for occupation by older peoplepeople RESIDENCE residency habitation RESIDENCE residency habitation the Roman occupation of Britainthe Roman occupation of Britain CONQUEST capture invasion seizure CONQUEST capture invasion seizure takeovertakeover

eloquenteloquent1 able to express your ideas and opinions well especially i1 able to express your ideas and opinions well especially i

n a way that influences people n a way that influences people 雄辩的有说明力的雄辩的有说明力的an eloquent appeal for supportan eloquent appeal for support

2 showing a feeling or meaning without using words2 showing a feeling or meaning without using words cleaclearly expressiverly expressive

The photographs are an eloquent reminder of the horrors of The photographs are an eloquent reminder of the horrors of warwar

an art that is eloquent of Americas cultural diversityan art that is eloquent of Americas cultural diversity

trust totrust to something something place reliance on (luck fate etc)place reliance on (luck fate etc) to hoto ho

pe that what you want to happen will happpe that what you want to happen will happen because there is nothing you can do aen because there is nothing you can do about itbout it

Ill just have to trust to luck that it works out oIll just have to trust to luck that it works out okay kay

I hope I may trust to your discretionI hope I may trust to your discretion

METAPHORMETAPHOR

METAPHORMETAPHOR A comparison which A comparison which imaginatively identifies one thing with imaginatively identifies one thing with another dissimilar thing and transfers or another dissimilar thing and transfers or ascribes to ascribes to the first thing (the tenor or the first thing (the tenor or idea)idea) some of the qualities of some of the qualities of the second the second (the vehicle or image)(the vehicle or image) Unlike a simile or Unlike a simile or analogy metaphor asserts that one thing analogy metaphor asserts that one thing is another thing not just that one is like is another thing not just that one is like another very frequently a metaphor is another very frequently a metaphor is invoked by the to be verbinvoked by the to be verb

notenote

tenortenor The word phrase or subject with whi The word phrase or subject with which the ch the vehiclevehicle of a metaphor is identified a of a metaphor is identified as life ins life in

隐喻所指的词短语或对象如 隐喻所指的词短语或对象如 life life 在 在 Lifes but a walking shadow Lifes but a walking shadow

(Shakespeare)(Shakespeare)

ldquoldquo 生命不过是一个行走的影子rdquo生命不过是一个行走的影子rdquo (( 莎士比亚莎士比亚 ))

10486951048695Some examples from the BibleSome examples from the Bible

Then Jesus declared I am the bread of life --JoThen Jesus declared I am the bread of life --John 635hn 63510486951048695I am the door if anyone enters through me he shall be I am the door if anyone enters through me he shall be saved and shall go in and out and find pasture --JOHN saved and shall go in and out and find pasture --JOHN 10910910486951048695But I will sing of your strength In the morning I will sinBut I will sing of your strength In the morning I will sing of your love For you are my fortress My refuge in tig of your love For you are my fortress My refuge in times of trouble --Psalm 5916mes of trouble --Psalm 591610486951048695The name of the Lord is a strong tower The righteous The name of the Lord is a strong tower The righteous run to it and are safe --Proverbs 1810run to it and are safe --Proverbs 1810

Another common method of constructing a metaphor is tAnother common method of constructing a metaphor is to use the possessive where the image is expressed as o use the possessive where the image is expressed as being a part of the idea usually in the form of the x of ybeing a part of the idea usually in the form of the x of y

10486951048695A writers river of words will dry up unless it is continuoA writers river of words will dry up unless it is continuously replenished by streams of new learningusly replenished by streams of new learning10486951048695The first beam of hope that had ever darted into his miThe first beam of hope that had ever darted into his mind rekindled youth in his cheeks and doubled the lustre ond rekindled youth in his cheeks and doubled the lustre of his eyes --SAMUEL JOHNSONf his eyes --SAMUEL JOHNSON10486951048695The furnace of affliction had softened his heart and puriThe furnace of affliction had softened his heart and purified his soulfied his soul

In fact there is a whole range of different degrees of direct iIn fact there is a whole range of different degrees of direct identification between image and idea dentification between image and idea

There is fully expressedThere is fully expressed10486951048695The eye is the lamp of your body when your eye is soundThe eye is the lamp of your body when your eye is sound

your whole body is full of light but when it is not sound your whole body is full of light but when it is not sound your body is full of darkness --LUKE 1134your body is full of darkness --LUKE 1134

There is impliedThere is implied10486951048695 For thou hast been my help and in the shadow of thy For thou hast been my help and in the shadow of thy

wings i sing for joy --PSALM 637wings i sing for joy --PSALM 637And there is very impliedAnd there is very implied10486951048695For if men do these things when the tree is green what wiFor if men do these things when the tree is green what wi

ll happen when it is dry --LUKE2331ll happen when it is dry --LUKE2331

Like simile and analogy metaphor is a profoundly important Like simile and analogy metaphor is a profoundly important and useful device Aristotle says in his Rhetoric It is and useful device Aristotle says in his Rhetoric It is metaphor above all else that gives clearness charm metaphor above all else that gives clearness charm and distinction to the style and distinction to the style

So metaphor not only explains by making the abstract or So metaphor not only explains by making the abstract or unknown concrete and familiar but it also enlivens by unknown concrete and familiar but it also enlivens by touching the readers imagination Further it affirms one touching the readers imagination Further it affirms one more interconnection in the unity of all things by showing more interconnection in the unity of all things by showing a relationship between things seemingly alien to each a relationship between things seemingly alien to each other And the fact that two very unlike things can be other And the fact that two very unlike things can be equated or referred to in terms of one another comments equated or referred to in terms of one another comments upon them both upon them both

No metaphor is just a metaphor All have significant imNo metaphor is just a metaphor All have significant implications and they must be chosen carefully especially plications and they must be chosen carefully especially in regard to the connotations the vehicle (image) will tranin regard to the connotations the vehicle (image) will transfer to the tenor Consider for example the differences isfer to the tenor Consider for example the differences in meaning conveyed by these statementsn meaning conveyed by these statements

10486951048695That club is spreading like wildfireThat club is spreading like wildfire10486951048695That club is spreading like cancerThat club is spreading like cancer10486951048695That club is really blossoming nowThat club is really blossoming now10486951048695That club in its amebic That club in its amebic （阿米巴的（阿米巴的 变形虫的） 变形虫的） momotions is engulfing the campustions is engulfing the campus

SimileSimile

Simile is a direct expressed comparison Simile is a direct expressed comparison between two things essentially unlike each other between two things essentially unlike each other but resembling each other in at least one way but resembling each other in at least one way In formal prose the simile is a device both of art In formal prose the simile is a device both of art and explanation comparing the unfamiliar thing and explanation comparing the unfamiliar thing (to be explained) to some familiar thing (an (to be explained) to some familiar thing (an object event process etc) known to the reader object event process etc) known to the reader There is no simile in the comparison my car is There is no simile in the comparison my car is like your car because the two objects are not like your car because the two objects are not essentially unlike each other essentially unlike each other When a noun is compared to a noun the simile When a noun is compared to a noun the simile is usually introduced by likeis usually introduced by like

Some examples from the BibleSome examples from the Bible

I see men but they look like trees walking --MaI see men but they look like trees walking --Mark 824rk 824

10486951048695The soul in the body is like a bird in a cageThe soul in the body is like a bird in a cage

10486951048695After such long exposure to the direct sun the After such long exposure to the direct sun the leaves of the houseplant looked like pieces of ovleaves of the houseplant looked like pieces of overcooked baconercooked bacon

But I am But I am like an olive treelike an olive tree Flourishing in the hou Flourishing in the house of God --Psalm 528se of God --Psalm 528

They will come and shout for joy on the heights They will come and shout for joy on the heights of Zion (of Zion ( 锡安山在耶路撒冷犹太民族文化中锡安山在耶路撒冷犹太民族文化中心的象征心的象征 ) They will be ) They will be like a well-watered like a well-watered gardengarden And they will sorrow no more --Jeremi And they will sorrow no more --Jeremiah 3112ah 3112

(in these last two examples especially notice how powerfull(in these last two examples especially notice how powerfully the thing to be described called the tenor is colored by the thing to be described called the tenor is colored by the thing it is compared to called the vehicle)y the thing it is compared to called the vehicle)

DictationDictation

Gold Rush of 1849Gold Rush of 1849

In January 1848 James W Marshall a carpenter In January 1848 James W Marshall a carpenter building a sawmill in partnership with John A Sutter in building a sawmill in partnership with John A Sutter in Californias Sacramento Valley discovered gold Sutter Californias Sacramento Valley discovered gold Sutter made his workers promise to keep the discovery a made his workers promise to keep the discovery a secret However the news leaked out Within a few secret However the news leaked out Within a few months a shrewd merchant hoping to increase his months a shrewd merchant hoping to increase his business set off the gold rush in earnest Samuel business set off the gold rush in earnest Samuel Brannan one of the early Mormon settlers in San Brannan one of the early Mormon settlers in San Francisco owned a store near Sutters fort In early May Francisco owned a store near Sutters fort In early May he returned to San Francisco from a visit to the diggings he returned to San Francisco from a visit to the diggings and spread the word of gold and spread the word of gold

Within a few days boats filled with townspeople were Within a few days boats filled with townspeople were heading up the Sacramento River to look for gold heading up the Sacramento River to look for gold Brannan of course had stocked his store with mining Brannan of course had stocked his store with mining supplies and was doing a thriving business San supplies and was doing a thriving business San Francisco soon was a ghost town as almost everyone Francisco soon was a ghost town as almost everyone was off to the gold siteswas off to the gold sites

During the summer of 1848 the news spread up and During the summer of 1848 the news spread up and down the West Coast across the border to Mexico and down the West Coast across the border to Mexico and even to the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii) Word also even to the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii) Word also reached the Mississippi Valley and the Eastern statesreached the Mississippi Valley and the Eastern states

Newspapers were filled with the accounts of men who clNewspapers were filled with the accounts of men who claimed to have become rich overnight by picking gold out aimed to have become rich overnight by picking gold out of Californias wondrous earth Then in a message to thof Californias wondrous earth Then in a message to the Congress of the United States in December President e Congress of the United States in December President James K Polk confirmed the presence of gold in CalifornJames K Polk confirmed the presence of gold in California That winter people from all walks of life set out for Caia That winter people from all walks of life set out for California Many pawned their possessions to get there Thlifornia Many pawned their possessions to get there The gold seekers also known as Forty-Niners or Argonautse gold seekers also known as Forty-Niners or Argonauts joined the rush from as far off as Europe and Australia joined the rush from as far off as Europe and Australia Many Chinese also flocked to San Francisco to join in thMany Chinese also flocked to San Francisco to join in the gold rushe gold rush

The EndThe End

Thank YouThank You

Text 2 GoldText 2 Gold

esteemesteem

formalformal to respect and admire someone or s to respect and admire someone or somethingomething

Peden was greatly esteemed by the people Peden was greatly esteemed by the people

He was esteemed as a literary witHe was esteemed as a literary wit

fabricatefabricate

1 to invent a story piece of information etc i1 to invent a story piece of information etc in order to deceive someonen order to deceive someone

The police were accused of fabricating evideThe police were accused of fabricating evidence nce

2 technical to make or produce goods or equ2 technical to make or produce goods or equipmentipment ￚￚ synonym manufacturesynonym manufacture

The discs are expensive to fabricateThe discs are expensive to fabricate

ounceounce

An ounce is a unit of weight used in Britain aAn ounce is a unit of weight used in Britain and the USA There are sixteen ounces in a nd the USA There are sixteen ounces in a pound and one ounce is equal to 2835 grpound and one ounce is equal to 2835 grams ams 盎司英两唡〔常衡＝盎司英两唡〔常衡＝ 116116 磅＝磅＝284284 克略作 克略作 ozoz 〕〕

four ounces of sugarfour ounces of sugar

long to possesshellip(line 12)long to possesshellip(line 12)longlongto want something very much especially when it sto want something very much especially when it s

eems unlikely to happen sooneems unlikely to happen soonlong to do somethinglong to do somethingHe longed to see her againHe longed to see her againlong forlong forShe longed for the chance to speak to him in privatShe longed for the chance to speak to him in privat

eeWe longed for a bed after several days of campingWe longed for a bed after several days of camping

longinglonging

a strong feeling of wanting something or someonea strong feeling of wanting something or someone

She looked back with longing on the good old daysShe looked back with longing on the good old days

longing forlonging for

His heart was filled with longing for CynthiaHis heart was filled with longing for Cynthia

longing tolonging to

She felt a longing to throw herself into his armsShe felt a longing to throw herself into his arms

bring out the bestworst in somebodybring out the bestworst in somebody

to make someone behave in the best or worto make someone behave in the best or worst way that they canst way that they can

Alcohol just brings out the worst in herAlcohol just brings out the worst in her

And Vince was obviously a great coach he And Vince was obviously a great coach he brought out the best in his team and whoebrought out the best in his team and whoever played himver played him

exerciseexercise (a rule) (a rule)

formal to use a power right or quality that yformal to use a power right or quality that you haveou have

There are plans to encourage people to exerThere are plans to encourage people to exercise their right to vote People who can excise their right to vote People who can exercise some control over their surroundingercise some control over their surroundings feel less anxiouss feel less anxious

the running of somethingthe running of something

the process of managing or organizing a busthe process of managing or organizing a business home organization etciness home organization etc

Brian took over the day-to-day running of the Brian took over the day-to-day running of the company while his father was away He prcompany while his father was away He praised the smooth running of the electionaised the smooth running of the election

helliphellipplusplus (room and board) (room and board)and alsoand alsoThere are numerous clubs plus a casinoThere are numerous clubs plus a casinoThe cost is pound45 plus pound5 for deliveryThe cost is pound45 plus pound5 for deliveryThe jacket costs $4995 plus taxThe jacket costs $4995 plus tax

the gold standard the gold standard 金本位金本位technicaltechnical the use of the value of gold as a fixed sta the use of the value of gold as a fixed sta

ndard on which to base the value of moneyndard on which to base the value of money

currencycurrency

1 [uncountable and countable] the system or type of money 1 [uncountable and countable] the system or type of money that a country usesthat a country uses

The bank can supply you with foreign currency The bank can supply you with foreign currency There are moves towards a single currency in Europe There are moves towards a single currency in Europe The local currency is the Swiss francThe local currency is the Swiss franc2 [uncountable] the state of being accepted or used by a lot 2 [uncountable] the state of being accepted or used by a lot

of peopleof peopleMarxism began to gain currency Marxism began to gain currency The idea was common currency in European political lifeThe idea was common currency in European political life

prospectorprospector

someone who looks for gold minerals oil etcsomeone who looks for gold minerals oil etc

infamousinfamous

well known for being bad or evilwell known for being bad or evil

an infamous killer Los Angeles infamous smogan infamous killer Los Angeles infamous smog

infamous forinfamous for

This area is infamous for drugs and prostitutionThis area is infamous for drugs and prostitution

ex-guardsex-guards

ex- former and still livingex- former and still living

an ex-Presidentan ex-PresidentHer dads an ex-policemanHer dads an ex-policemanLydia is still friends with her ex-husbandLydia is still friends with her ex-husbandmy ex-wifemy ex-wife

已故的总统已故的总统

an an occupationoccupation for the working class (line 38) for the working class (line 38)which of the following is a suitable synonymwhich of the following is a suitable synonym

his fathers occupationhis fathers occupation JOB profession (line JOB profession (line of) workof) work her leisure occupationsher leisure occupations PASTIME activity PASTIME activity hobby entertainment recreation amusementhobby entertainment recreation amusement a property suitable for occupation by older a property suitable for occupation by older peoplepeople RESIDENCE residency habitation RESIDENCE residency habitation the Roman occupation of Britainthe Roman occupation of Britain CONQUEST capture invasion seizure CONQUEST capture invasion seizure takeovertakeover

eloquenteloquent1 able to express your ideas and opinions well especially i1 able to express your ideas and opinions well especially i

n a way that influences people n a way that influences people 雄辩的有说明力的雄辩的有说明力的an eloquent appeal for supportan eloquent appeal for support

2 showing a feeling or meaning without using words2 showing a feeling or meaning without using words cleaclearly expressiverly expressive

The photographs are an eloquent reminder of the horrors of The photographs are an eloquent reminder of the horrors of warwar

an art that is eloquent of Americas cultural diversityan art that is eloquent of Americas cultural diversity

trust totrust to something something place reliance on (luck fate etc)place reliance on (luck fate etc) to hoto ho

pe that what you want to happen will happpe that what you want to happen will happen because there is nothing you can do aen because there is nothing you can do about itbout it

Ill just have to trust to luck that it works out oIll just have to trust to luck that it works out okay kay

I hope I may trust to your discretionI hope I may trust to your discretion

METAPHORMETAPHOR

METAPHORMETAPHOR A comparison which A comparison which imaginatively identifies one thing with imaginatively identifies one thing with another dissimilar thing and transfers or another dissimilar thing and transfers or ascribes to ascribes to the first thing (the tenor or the first thing (the tenor or idea)idea) some of the qualities of some of the qualities of the second the second (the vehicle or image)(the vehicle or image) Unlike a simile or Unlike a simile or analogy metaphor asserts that one thing analogy metaphor asserts that one thing is another thing not just that one is like is another thing not just that one is like another very frequently a metaphor is another very frequently a metaphor is invoked by the to be verbinvoked by the to be verb

notenote

tenortenor The word phrase or subject with whi The word phrase or subject with which the ch the vehiclevehicle of a metaphor is identified a of a metaphor is identified as life ins life in

隐喻所指的词短语或对象如 隐喻所指的词短语或对象如 life life 在 在 Lifes but a walking shadow Lifes but a walking shadow

(Shakespeare)(Shakespeare)

ldquoldquo 生命不过是一个行走的影子rdquo生命不过是一个行走的影子rdquo (( 莎士比亚莎士比亚 ))

10486951048695Some examples from the BibleSome examples from the Bible

Then Jesus declared I am the bread of life --JoThen Jesus declared I am the bread of life --John 635hn 63510486951048695I am the door if anyone enters through me he shall be I am the door if anyone enters through me he shall be saved and shall go in and out and find pasture --JOHN saved and shall go in and out and find pasture --JOHN 10910910486951048695But I will sing of your strength In the morning I will sinBut I will sing of your strength In the morning I will sing of your love For you are my fortress My refuge in tig of your love For you are my fortress My refuge in times of trouble --Psalm 5916mes of trouble --Psalm 591610486951048695The name of the Lord is a strong tower The righteous The name of the Lord is a strong tower The righteous run to it and are safe --Proverbs 1810run to it and are safe --Proverbs 1810

Another common method of constructing a metaphor is tAnother common method of constructing a metaphor is to use the possessive where the image is expressed as o use the possessive where the image is expressed as being a part of the idea usually in the form of the x of ybeing a part of the idea usually in the form of the x of y

10486951048695A writers river of words will dry up unless it is continuoA writers river of words will dry up unless it is continuously replenished by streams of new learningusly replenished by streams of new learning10486951048695The first beam of hope that had ever darted into his miThe first beam of hope that had ever darted into his mind rekindled youth in his cheeks and doubled the lustre ond rekindled youth in his cheeks and doubled the lustre of his eyes --SAMUEL JOHNSONf his eyes --SAMUEL JOHNSON10486951048695The furnace of affliction had softened his heart and puriThe furnace of affliction had softened his heart and purified his soulfied his soul

In fact there is a whole range of different degrees of direct iIn fact there is a whole range of different degrees of direct identification between image and idea dentification between image and idea

There is fully expressedThere is fully expressed10486951048695The eye is the lamp of your body when your eye is soundThe eye is the lamp of your body when your eye is sound

your whole body is full of light but when it is not sound your whole body is full of light but when it is not sound your body is full of darkness --LUKE 1134your body is full of darkness --LUKE 1134

There is impliedThere is implied10486951048695 For thou hast been my help and in the shadow of thy For thou hast been my help and in the shadow of thy

wings i sing for joy --PSALM 637wings i sing for joy --PSALM 637And there is very impliedAnd there is very implied10486951048695For if men do these things when the tree is green what wiFor if men do these things when the tree is green what wi

ll happen when it is dry --LUKE2331ll happen when it is dry --LUKE2331

Like simile and analogy metaphor is a profoundly important Like simile and analogy metaphor is a profoundly important and useful device Aristotle says in his Rhetoric It is and useful device Aristotle says in his Rhetoric It is metaphor above all else that gives clearness charm metaphor above all else that gives clearness charm and distinction to the style and distinction to the style

So metaphor not only explains by making the abstract or So metaphor not only explains by making the abstract or unknown concrete and familiar but it also enlivens by unknown concrete and familiar but it also enlivens by touching the readers imagination Further it affirms one touching the readers imagination Further it affirms one more interconnection in the unity of all things by showing more interconnection in the unity of all things by showing a relationship between things seemingly alien to each a relationship between things seemingly alien to each other And the fact that two very unlike things can be other And the fact that two very unlike things can be equated or referred to in terms of one another comments equated or referred to in terms of one another comments upon them both upon them both

No metaphor is just a metaphor All have significant imNo metaphor is just a metaphor All have significant implications and they must be chosen carefully especially plications and they must be chosen carefully especially in regard to the connotations the vehicle (image) will tranin regard to the connotations the vehicle (image) will transfer to the tenor Consider for example the differences isfer to the tenor Consider for example the differences in meaning conveyed by these statementsn meaning conveyed by these statements

10486951048695That club is spreading like wildfireThat club is spreading like wildfire10486951048695That club is spreading like cancerThat club is spreading like cancer10486951048695That club is really blossoming nowThat club is really blossoming now10486951048695That club in its amebic That club in its amebic （阿米巴的（阿米巴的 变形虫的） 变形虫的） momotions is engulfing the campustions is engulfing the campus

SimileSimile

Simile is a direct expressed comparison Simile is a direct expressed comparison between two things essentially unlike each other between two things essentially unlike each other but resembling each other in at least one way but resembling each other in at least one way In formal prose the simile is a device both of art In formal prose the simile is a device both of art and explanation comparing the unfamiliar thing and explanation comparing the unfamiliar thing (to be explained) to some familiar thing (an (to be explained) to some familiar thing (an object event process etc) known to the reader object event process etc) known to the reader There is no simile in the comparison my car is There is no simile in the comparison my car is like your car because the two objects are not like your car because the two objects are not essentially unlike each other essentially unlike each other When a noun is compared to a noun the simile When a noun is compared to a noun the simile is usually introduced by likeis usually introduced by like

Some examples from the BibleSome examples from the Bible

I see men but they look like trees walking --MaI see men but they look like trees walking --Mark 824rk 824

10486951048695The soul in the body is like a bird in a cageThe soul in the body is like a bird in a cage

10486951048695After such long exposure to the direct sun the After such long exposure to the direct sun the leaves of the houseplant looked like pieces of ovleaves of the houseplant looked like pieces of overcooked baconercooked bacon

But I am But I am like an olive treelike an olive tree Flourishing in the hou Flourishing in the house of God --Psalm 528se of God --Psalm 528

They will come and shout for joy on the heights They will come and shout for joy on the heights of Zion (of Zion ( 锡安山在耶路撒冷犹太民族文化中锡安山在耶路撒冷犹太民族文化中心的象征心的象征 ) They will be ) They will be like a well-watered like a well-watered gardengarden And they will sorrow no more --Jeremi And they will sorrow no more --Jeremiah 3112ah 3112

(in these last two examples especially notice how powerfull(in these last two examples especially notice how powerfully the thing to be described called the tenor is colored by the thing to be described called the tenor is colored by the thing it is compared to called the vehicle)y the thing it is compared to called the vehicle)

DictationDictation

Gold Rush of 1849Gold Rush of 1849

In January 1848 James W Marshall a carpenter In January 1848 James W Marshall a carpenter building a sawmill in partnership with John A Sutter in building a sawmill in partnership with John A Sutter in Californias Sacramento Valley discovered gold Sutter Californias Sacramento Valley discovered gold Sutter made his workers promise to keep the discovery a made his workers promise to keep the discovery a secret However the news leaked out Within a few secret However the news leaked out Within a few months a shrewd merchant hoping to increase his months a shrewd merchant hoping to increase his business set off the gold rush in earnest Samuel business set off the gold rush in earnest Samuel Brannan one of the early Mormon settlers in San Brannan one of the early Mormon settlers in San Francisco owned a store near Sutters fort In early May Francisco owned a store near Sutters fort In early May he returned to San Francisco from a visit to the diggings he returned to San Francisco from a visit to the diggings and spread the word of gold and spread the word of gold

Within a few days boats filled with townspeople were Within a few days boats filled with townspeople were heading up the Sacramento River to look for gold heading up the Sacramento River to look for gold Brannan of course had stocked his store with mining Brannan of course had stocked his store with mining supplies and was doing a thriving business San supplies and was doing a thriving business San Francisco soon was a ghost town as almost everyone Francisco soon was a ghost town as almost everyone was off to the gold siteswas off to the gold sites

During the summer of 1848 the news spread up and During the summer of 1848 the news spread up and down the West Coast across the border to Mexico and down the West Coast across the border to Mexico and even to the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii) Word also even to the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii) Word also reached the Mississippi Valley and the Eastern statesreached the Mississippi Valley and the Eastern states

Newspapers were filled with the accounts of men who clNewspapers were filled with the accounts of men who claimed to have become rich overnight by picking gold out aimed to have become rich overnight by picking gold out of Californias wondrous earth Then in a message to thof Californias wondrous earth Then in a message to the Congress of the United States in December President e Congress of the United States in December President James K Polk confirmed the presence of gold in CalifornJames K Polk confirmed the presence of gold in California That winter people from all walks of life set out for Caia That winter people from all walks of life set out for California Many pawned their possessions to get there Thlifornia Many pawned their possessions to get there The gold seekers also known as Forty-Niners or Argonautse gold seekers also known as Forty-Niners or Argonauts joined the rush from as far off as Europe and Australia joined the rush from as far off as Europe and Australia Many Chinese also flocked to San Francisco to join in thMany Chinese also flocked to San Francisco to join in the gold rushe gold rush

The EndThe End

Thank YouThank You

fabricatefabricate

1 to invent a story piece of information etc i1 to invent a story piece of information etc in order to deceive someonen order to deceive someone

The police were accused of fabricating evideThe police were accused of fabricating evidence nce

2 technical to make or produce goods or equ2 technical to make or produce goods or equipmentipment ￚￚ synonym manufacturesynonym manufacture

The discs are expensive to fabricateThe discs are expensive to fabricate

ounceounce

An ounce is a unit of weight used in Britain aAn ounce is a unit of weight used in Britain and the USA There are sixteen ounces in a nd the USA There are sixteen ounces in a pound and one ounce is equal to 2835 grpound and one ounce is equal to 2835 grams ams 盎司英两唡〔常衡＝盎司英两唡〔常衡＝ 116116 磅＝磅＝284284 克略作 克略作 ozoz 〕〕

four ounces of sugarfour ounces of sugar

long to possesshellip(line 12)long to possesshellip(line 12)longlongto want something very much especially when it sto want something very much especially when it s

eems unlikely to happen sooneems unlikely to happen soonlong to do somethinglong to do somethingHe longed to see her againHe longed to see her againlong forlong forShe longed for the chance to speak to him in privatShe longed for the chance to speak to him in privat

eeWe longed for a bed after several days of campingWe longed for a bed after several days of camping

longinglonging

a strong feeling of wanting something or someonea strong feeling of wanting something or someone

She looked back with longing on the good old daysShe looked back with longing on the good old days

longing forlonging for

His heart was filled with longing for CynthiaHis heart was filled with longing for Cynthia

longing tolonging to

She felt a longing to throw herself into his armsShe felt a longing to throw herself into his arms

bring out the bestworst in somebodybring out the bestworst in somebody

to make someone behave in the best or worto make someone behave in the best or worst way that they canst way that they can

Alcohol just brings out the worst in herAlcohol just brings out the worst in her

And Vince was obviously a great coach he And Vince was obviously a great coach he brought out the best in his team and whoebrought out the best in his team and whoever played himver played him

exerciseexercise (a rule) (a rule)

formal to use a power right or quality that yformal to use a power right or quality that you haveou have

There are plans to encourage people to exerThere are plans to encourage people to exercise their right to vote People who can excise their right to vote People who can exercise some control over their surroundingercise some control over their surroundings feel less anxiouss feel less anxious

the running of somethingthe running of something

the process of managing or organizing a busthe process of managing or organizing a business home organization etciness home organization etc

Brian took over the day-to-day running of the Brian took over the day-to-day running of the company while his father was away He prcompany while his father was away He praised the smooth running of the electionaised the smooth running of the election

helliphellipplusplus (room and board) (room and board)and alsoand alsoThere are numerous clubs plus a casinoThere are numerous clubs plus a casinoThe cost is pound45 plus pound5 for deliveryThe cost is pound45 plus pound5 for deliveryThe jacket costs $4995 plus taxThe jacket costs $4995 plus tax

the gold standard the gold standard 金本位金本位technicaltechnical the use of the value of gold as a fixed sta the use of the value of gold as a fixed sta

ndard on which to base the value of moneyndard on which to base the value of money

currencycurrency

1 [uncountable and countable] the system or type of money 1 [uncountable and countable] the system or type of money that a country usesthat a country uses

The bank can supply you with foreign currency The bank can supply you with foreign currency There are moves towards a single currency in Europe There are moves towards a single currency in Europe The local currency is the Swiss francThe local currency is the Swiss franc2 [uncountable] the state of being accepted or used by a lot 2 [uncountable] the state of being accepted or used by a lot

of peopleof peopleMarxism began to gain currency Marxism began to gain currency The idea was common currency in European political lifeThe idea was common currency in European political life

prospectorprospector

someone who looks for gold minerals oil etcsomeone who looks for gold minerals oil etc

infamousinfamous

well known for being bad or evilwell known for being bad or evil

an infamous killer Los Angeles infamous smogan infamous killer Los Angeles infamous smog

infamous forinfamous for

This area is infamous for drugs and prostitutionThis area is infamous for drugs and prostitution

ex-guardsex-guards

ex- former and still livingex- former and still living

an ex-Presidentan ex-PresidentHer dads an ex-policemanHer dads an ex-policemanLydia is still friends with her ex-husbandLydia is still friends with her ex-husbandmy ex-wifemy ex-wife

已故的总统已故的总统

an an occupationoccupation for the working class (line 38) for the working class (line 38)which of the following is a suitable synonymwhich of the following is a suitable synonym

his fathers occupationhis fathers occupation JOB profession (line JOB profession (line of) workof) work her leisure occupationsher leisure occupations PASTIME activity PASTIME activity hobby entertainment recreation amusementhobby entertainment recreation amusement a property suitable for occupation by older a property suitable for occupation by older peoplepeople RESIDENCE residency habitation RESIDENCE residency habitation the Roman occupation of Britainthe Roman occupation of Britain CONQUEST capture invasion seizure CONQUEST capture invasion seizure takeovertakeover

eloquenteloquent1 able to express your ideas and opinions well especially i1 able to express your ideas and opinions well especially i

n a way that influences people n a way that influences people 雄辩的有说明力的雄辩的有说明力的an eloquent appeal for supportan eloquent appeal for support

2 showing a feeling or meaning without using words2 showing a feeling or meaning without using words cleaclearly expressiverly expressive

The photographs are an eloquent reminder of the horrors of The photographs are an eloquent reminder of the horrors of warwar

an art that is eloquent of Americas cultural diversityan art that is eloquent of Americas cultural diversity

trust totrust to something something place reliance on (luck fate etc)place reliance on (luck fate etc) to hoto ho

pe that what you want to happen will happpe that what you want to happen will happen because there is nothing you can do aen because there is nothing you can do about itbout it

Ill just have to trust to luck that it works out oIll just have to trust to luck that it works out okay kay

I hope I may trust to your discretionI hope I may trust to your discretion

METAPHORMETAPHOR

METAPHORMETAPHOR A comparison which A comparison which imaginatively identifies one thing with imaginatively identifies one thing with another dissimilar thing and transfers or another dissimilar thing and transfers or ascribes to ascribes to the first thing (the tenor or the first thing (the tenor or idea)idea) some of the qualities of some of the qualities of the second the second (the vehicle or image)(the vehicle or image) Unlike a simile or Unlike a simile or analogy metaphor asserts that one thing analogy metaphor asserts that one thing is another thing not just that one is like is another thing not just that one is like another very frequently a metaphor is another very frequently a metaphor is invoked by the to be verbinvoked by the to be verb

notenote

tenortenor The word phrase or subject with whi The word phrase or subject with which the ch the vehiclevehicle of a metaphor is identified a of a metaphor is identified as life ins life in

隐喻所指的词短语或对象如 隐喻所指的词短语或对象如 life life 在 在 Lifes but a walking shadow Lifes but a walking shadow

(Shakespeare)(Shakespeare)

ldquoldquo 生命不过是一个行走的影子rdquo生命不过是一个行走的影子rdquo (( 莎士比亚莎士比亚 ))

10486951048695Some examples from the BibleSome examples from the Bible

Then Jesus declared I am the bread of life --JoThen Jesus declared I am the bread of life --John 635hn 63510486951048695I am the door if anyone enters through me he shall be I am the door if anyone enters through me he shall be saved and shall go in and out and find pasture --JOHN saved and shall go in and out and find pasture --JOHN 10910910486951048695But I will sing of your strength In the morning I will sinBut I will sing of your strength In the morning I will sing of your love For you are my fortress My refuge in tig of your love For you are my fortress My refuge in times of trouble --Psalm 5916mes of trouble --Psalm 591610486951048695The name of the Lord is a strong tower The righteous The name of the Lord is a strong tower The righteous run to it and are safe --Proverbs 1810run to it and are safe --Proverbs 1810

Another common method of constructing a metaphor is tAnother common method of constructing a metaphor is to use the possessive where the image is expressed as o use the possessive where the image is expressed as being a part of the idea usually in the form of the x of ybeing a part of the idea usually in the form of the x of y

10486951048695A writers river of words will dry up unless it is continuoA writers river of words will dry up unless it is continuously replenished by streams of new learningusly replenished by streams of new learning10486951048695The first beam of hope that had ever darted into his miThe first beam of hope that had ever darted into his mind rekindled youth in his cheeks and doubled the lustre ond rekindled youth in his cheeks and doubled the lustre of his eyes --SAMUEL JOHNSONf his eyes --SAMUEL JOHNSON10486951048695The furnace of affliction had softened his heart and puriThe furnace of affliction had softened his heart and purified his soulfied his soul

In fact there is a whole range of different degrees of direct iIn fact there is a whole range of different degrees of direct identification between image and idea dentification between image and idea

There is fully expressedThere is fully expressed10486951048695The eye is the lamp of your body when your eye is soundThe eye is the lamp of your body when your eye is sound

your whole body is full of light but when it is not sound your whole body is full of light but when it is not sound your body is full of darkness --LUKE 1134your body is full of darkness --LUKE 1134

There is impliedThere is implied10486951048695 For thou hast been my help and in the shadow of thy For thou hast been my help and in the shadow of thy

wings i sing for joy --PSALM 637wings i sing for joy --PSALM 637And there is very impliedAnd there is very implied10486951048695For if men do these things when the tree is green what wiFor if men do these things when the tree is green what wi

ll happen when it is dry --LUKE2331ll happen when it is dry --LUKE2331

Like simile and analogy metaphor is a profoundly important Like simile and analogy metaphor is a profoundly important and useful device Aristotle says in his Rhetoric It is and useful device Aristotle says in his Rhetoric It is metaphor above all else that gives clearness charm metaphor above all else that gives clearness charm and distinction to the style and distinction to the style

So metaphor not only explains by making the abstract or So metaphor not only explains by making the abstract or unknown concrete and familiar but it also enlivens by unknown concrete and familiar but it also enlivens by touching the readers imagination Further it affirms one touching the readers imagination Further it affirms one more interconnection in the unity of all things by showing more interconnection in the unity of all things by showing a relationship between things seemingly alien to each a relationship between things seemingly alien to each other And the fact that two very unlike things can be other And the fact that two very unlike things can be equated or referred to in terms of one another comments equated or referred to in terms of one another comments upon them both upon them both

No metaphor is just a metaphor All have significant imNo metaphor is just a metaphor All have significant implications and they must be chosen carefully especially plications and they must be chosen carefully especially in regard to the connotations the vehicle (image) will tranin regard to the connotations the vehicle (image) will transfer to the tenor Consider for example the differences isfer to the tenor Consider for example the differences in meaning conveyed by these statementsn meaning conveyed by these statements

10486951048695That club is spreading like wildfireThat club is spreading like wildfire10486951048695That club is spreading like cancerThat club is spreading like cancer10486951048695That club is really blossoming nowThat club is really blossoming now10486951048695That club in its amebic That club in its amebic （阿米巴的（阿米巴的 变形虫的） 变形虫的） momotions is engulfing the campustions is engulfing the campus

SimileSimile

Simile is a direct expressed comparison Simile is a direct expressed comparison between two things essentially unlike each other between two things essentially unlike each other but resembling each other in at least one way but resembling each other in at least one way In formal prose the simile is a device both of art In formal prose the simile is a device both of art and explanation comparing the unfamiliar thing and explanation comparing the unfamiliar thing (to be explained) to some familiar thing (an (to be explained) to some familiar thing (an object event process etc) known to the reader object event process etc) known to the reader There is no simile in the comparison my car is There is no simile in the comparison my car is like your car because the two objects are not like your car because the two objects are not essentially unlike each other essentially unlike each other When a noun is compared to a noun the simile When a noun is compared to a noun the simile is usually introduced by likeis usually introduced by like

Some examples from the BibleSome examples from the Bible

I see men but they look like trees walking --MaI see men but they look like trees walking --Mark 824rk 824

10486951048695The soul in the body is like a bird in a cageThe soul in the body is like a bird in a cage

10486951048695After such long exposure to the direct sun the After such long exposure to the direct sun the leaves of the houseplant looked like pieces of ovleaves of the houseplant looked like pieces of overcooked baconercooked bacon

But I am But I am like an olive treelike an olive tree Flourishing in the hou Flourishing in the house of God --Psalm 528se of God --Psalm 528

They will come and shout for joy on the heights They will come and shout for joy on the heights of Zion (of Zion ( 锡安山在耶路撒冷犹太民族文化中锡安山在耶路撒冷犹太民族文化中心的象征心的象征 ) They will be ) They will be like a well-watered like a well-watered gardengarden And they will sorrow no more --Jeremi And they will sorrow no more --Jeremiah 3112ah 3112

(in these last two examples especially notice how powerfull(in these last two examples especially notice how powerfully the thing to be described called the tenor is colored by the thing to be described called the tenor is colored by the thing it is compared to called the vehicle)y the thing it is compared to called the vehicle)

DictationDictation

Gold Rush of 1849Gold Rush of 1849

In January 1848 James W Marshall a carpenter In January 1848 James W Marshall a carpenter building a sawmill in partnership with John A Sutter in building a sawmill in partnership with John A Sutter in Californias Sacramento Valley discovered gold Sutter Californias Sacramento Valley discovered gold Sutter made his workers promise to keep the discovery a made his workers promise to keep the discovery a secret However the news leaked out Within a few secret However the news leaked out Within a few months a shrewd merchant hoping to increase his months a shrewd merchant hoping to increase his business set off the gold rush in earnest Samuel business set off the gold rush in earnest Samuel Brannan one of the early Mormon settlers in San Brannan one of the early Mormon settlers in San Francisco owned a store near Sutters fort In early May Francisco owned a store near Sutters fort In early May he returned to San Francisco from a visit to the diggings he returned to San Francisco from a visit to the diggings and spread the word of gold and spread the word of gold

Within a few days boats filled with townspeople were Within a few days boats filled with townspeople were heading up the Sacramento River to look for gold heading up the Sacramento River to look for gold Brannan of course had stocked his store with mining Brannan of course had stocked his store with mining supplies and was doing a thriving business San supplies and was doing a thriving business San Francisco soon was a ghost town as almost everyone Francisco soon was a ghost town as almost everyone was off to the gold siteswas off to the gold sites

During the summer of 1848 the news spread up and During the summer of 1848 the news spread up and down the West Coast across the border to Mexico and down the West Coast across the border to Mexico and even to the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii) Word also even to the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii) Word also reached the Mississippi Valley and the Eastern statesreached the Mississippi Valley and the Eastern states

Newspapers were filled with the accounts of men who clNewspapers were filled with the accounts of men who claimed to have become rich overnight by picking gold out aimed to have become rich overnight by picking gold out of Californias wondrous earth Then in a message to thof Californias wondrous earth Then in a message to the Congress of the United States in December President e Congress of the United States in December President James K Polk confirmed the presence of gold in CalifornJames K Polk confirmed the presence of gold in California That winter people from all walks of life set out for Caia That winter people from all walks of life set out for California Many pawned their possessions to get there Thlifornia Many pawned their possessions to get there The gold seekers also known as Forty-Niners or Argonautse gold seekers also known as Forty-Niners or Argonauts joined the rush from as far off as Europe and Australia joined the rush from as far off as Europe and Australia Many Chinese also flocked to San Francisco to join in thMany Chinese also flocked to San Francisco to join in the gold rushe gold rush

The EndThe End

Thank YouThank You

ounceounce

An ounce is a unit of weight used in Britain aAn ounce is a unit of weight used in Britain and the USA There are sixteen ounces in a nd the USA There are sixteen ounces in a pound and one ounce is equal to 2835 grpound and one ounce is equal to 2835 grams ams 盎司英两唡〔常衡＝盎司英两唡〔常衡＝ 116116 磅＝磅＝284284 克略作 克略作 ozoz 〕〕

four ounces of sugarfour ounces of sugar

long to possesshellip(line 12)long to possesshellip(line 12)longlongto want something very much especially when it sto want something very much especially when it s

eems unlikely to happen sooneems unlikely to happen soonlong to do somethinglong to do somethingHe longed to see her againHe longed to see her againlong forlong forShe longed for the chance to speak to him in privatShe longed for the chance to speak to him in privat

eeWe longed for a bed after several days of campingWe longed for a bed after several days of camping

longinglonging

a strong feeling of wanting something or someonea strong feeling of wanting something or someone

She looked back with longing on the good old daysShe looked back with longing on the good old days

longing forlonging for

His heart was filled with longing for CynthiaHis heart was filled with longing for Cynthia

longing tolonging to

She felt a longing to throw herself into his armsShe felt a longing to throw herself into his arms

bring out the bestworst in somebodybring out the bestworst in somebody

to make someone behave in the best or worto make someone behave in the best or worst way that they canst way that they can

Alcohol just brings out the worst in herAlcohol just brings out the worst in her

And Vince was obviously a great coach he And Vince was obviously a great coach he brought out the best in his team and whoebrought out the best in his team and whoever played himver played him

exerciseexercise (a rule) (a rule)

formal to use a power right or quality that yformal to use a power right or quality that you haveou have

There are plans to encourage people to exerThere are plans to encourage people to exercise their right to vote People who can excise their right to vote People who can exercise some control over their surroundingercise some control over their surroundings feel less anxiouss feel less anxious

the running of somethingthe running of something

the process of managing or organizing a busthe process of managing or organizing a business home organization etciness home organization etc

Brian took over the day-to-day running of the Brian took over the day-to-day running of the company while his father was away He prcompany while his father was away He praised the smooth running of the electionaised the smooth running of the election

helliphellipplusplus (room and board) (room and board)and alsoand alsoThere are numerous clubs plus a casinoThere are numerous clubs plus a casinoThe cost is pound45 plus pound5 for deliveryThe cost is pound45 plus pound5 for deliveryThe jacket costs $4995 plus taxThe jacket costs $4995 plus tax

the gold standard the gold standard 金本位金本位technicaltechnical the use of the value of gold as a fixed sta the use of the value of gold as a fixed sta

ndard on which to base the value of moneyndard on which to base the value of money

currencycurrency

1 [uncountable and countable] the system or type of money 1 [uncountable and countable] the system or type of money that a country usesthat a country uses

The bank can supply you with foreign currency The bank can supply you with foreign currency There are moves towards a single currency in Europe There are moves towards a single currency in Europe The local currency is the Swiss francThe local currency is the Swiss franc2 [uncountable] the state of being accepted or used by a lot 2 [uncountable] the state of being accepted or used by a lot

of peopleof peopleMarxism began to gain currency Marxism began to gain currency The idea was common currency in European political lifeThe idea was common currency in European political life

prospectorprospector

someone who looks for gold minerals oil etcsomeone who looks for gold minerals oil etc

infamousinfamous

well known for being bad or evilwell known for being bad or evil

an infamous killer Los Angeles infamous smogan infamous killer Los Angeles infamous smog

infamous forinfamous for

This area is infamous for drugs and prostitutionThis area is infamous for drugs and prostitution

ex-guardsex-guards

ex- former and still livingex- former and still living

an ex-Presidentan ex-PresidentHer dads an ex-policemanHer dads an ex-policemanLydia is still friends with her ex-husbandLydia is still friends with her ex-husbandmy ex-wifemy ex-wife

已故的总统已故的总统

an an occupationoccupation for the working class (line 38) for the working class (line 38)which of the following is a suitable synonymwhich of the following is a suitable synonym

his fathers occupationhis fathers occupation JOB profession (line JOB profession (line of) workof) work her leisure occupationsher leisure occupations PASTIME activity PASTIME activity hobby entertainment recreation amusementhobby entertainment recreation amusement a property suitable for occupation by older a property suitable for occupation by older peoplepeople RESIDENCE residency habitation RESIDENCE residency habitation the Roman occupation of Britainthe Roman occupation of Britain CONQUEST capture invasion seizure CONQUEST capture invasion seizure takeovertakeover

eloquenteloquent1 able to express your ideas and opinions well especially i1 able to express your ideas and opinions well especially i

n a way that influences people n a way that influences people 雄辩的有说明力的雄辩的有说明力的an eloquent appeal for supportan eloquent appeal for support

2 showing a feeling or meaning without using words2 showing a feeling or meaning without using words cleaclearly expressiverly expressive

The photographs are an eloquent reminder of the horrors of The photographs are an eloquent reminder of the horrors of warwar

an art that is eloquent of Americas cultural diversityan art that is eloquent of Americas cultural diversity

trust totrust to something something place reliance on (luck fate etc)place reliance on (luck fate etc) to hoto ho

pe that what you want to happen will happpe that what you want to happen will happen because there is nothing you can do aen because there is nothing you can do about itbout it

Ill just have to trust to luck that it works out oIll just have to trust to luck that it works out okay kay

I hope I may trust to your discretionI hope I may trust to your discretion

METAPHORMETAPHOR

METAPHORMETAPHOR A comparison which A comparison which imaginatively identifies one thing with imaginatively identifies one thing with another dissimilar thing and transfers or another dissimilar thing and transfers or ascribes to ascribes to the first thing (the tenor or the first thing (the tenor or idea)idea) some of the qualities of some of the qualities of the second the second (the vehicle or image)(the vehicle or image) Unlike a simile or Unlike a simile or analogy metaphor asserts that one thing analogy metaphor asserts that one thing is another thing not just that one is like is another thing not just that one is like another very frequently a metaphor is another very frequently a metaphor is invoked by the to be verbinvoked by the to be verb

notenote

tenortenor The word phrase or subject with whi The word phrase or subject with which the ch the vehiclevehicle of a metaphor is identified a of a metaphor is identified as life ins life in

隐喻所指的词短语或对象如 隐喻所指的词短语或对象如 life life 在 在 Lifes but a walking shadow Lifes but a walking shadow

(Shakespeare)(Shakespeare)

ldquoldquo 生命不过是一个行走的影子rdquo生命不过是一个行走的影子rdquo (( 莎士比亚莎士比亚 ))

10486951048695Some examples from the BibleSome examples from the Bible

Then Jesus declared I am the bread of life --JoThen Jesus declared I am the bread of life --John 635hn 63510486951048695I am the door if anyone enters through me he shall be I am the door if anyone enters through me he shall be saved and shall go in and out and find pasture --JOHN saved and shall go in and out and find pasture --JOHN 10910910486951048695But I will sing of your strength In the morning I will sinBut I will sing of your strength In the morning I will sing of your love For you are my fortress My refuge in tig of your love For you are my fortress My refuge in times of trouble --Psalm 5916mes of trouble --Psalm 591610486951048695The name of the Lord is a strong tower The righteous The name of the Lord is a strong tower The righteous run to it and are safe --Proverbs 1810run to it and are safe --Proverbs 1810

Another common method of constructing a metaphor is tAnother common method of constructing a metaphor is to use the possessive where the image is expressed as o use the possessive where the image is expressed as being a part of the idea usually in the form of the x of ybeing a part of the idea usually in the form of the x of y

10486951048695A writers river of words will dry up unless it is continuoA writers river of words will dry up unless it is continuously replenished by streams of new learningusly replenished by streams of new learning10486951048695The first beam of hope that had ever darted into his miThe first beam of hope that had ever darted into his mind rekindled youth in his cheeks and doubled the lustre ond rekindled youth in his cheeks and doubled the lustre of his eyes --SAMUEL JOHNSONf his eyes --SAMUEL JOHNSON10486951048695The furnace of affliction had softened his heart and puriThe furnace of affliction had softened his heart and purified his soulfied his soul

In fact there is a whole range of different degrees of direct iIn fact there is a whole range of different degrees of direct identification between image and idea dentification between image and idea

There is fully expressedThere is fully expressed10486951048695The eye is the lamp of your body when your eye is soundThe eye is the lamp of your body when your eye is sound

your whole body is full of light but when it is not sound your whole body is full of light but when it is not sound your body is full of darkness --LUKE 1134your body is full of darkness --LUKE 1134

There is impliedThere is implied10486951048695 For thou hast been my help and in the shadow of thy For thou hast been my help and in the shadow of thy

wings i sing for joy --PSALM 637wings i sing for joy --PSALM 637And there is very impliedAnd there is very implied10486951048695For if men do these things when the tree is green what wiFor if men do these things when the tree is green what wi

ll happen when it is dry --LUKE2331ll happen when it is dry --LUKE2331

Like simile and analogy metaphor is a profoundly important Like simile and analogy metaphor is a profoundly important and useful device Aristotle says in his Rhetoric It is and useful device Aristotle says in his Rhetoric It is metaphor above all else that gives clearness charm metaphor above all else that gives clearness charm and distinction to the style and distinction to the style

So metaphor not only explains by making the abstract or So metaphor not only explains by making the abstract or unknown concrete and familiar but it also enlivens by unknown concrete and familiar but it also enlivens by touching the readers imagination Further it affirms one touching the readers imagination Further it affirms one more interconnection in the unity of all things by showing more interconnection in the unity of all things by showing a relationship between things seemingly alien to each a relationship between things seemingly alien to each other And the fact that two very unlike things can be other And the fact that two very unlike things can be equated or referred to in terms of one another comments equated or referred to in terms of one another comments upon them both upon them both

No metaphor is just a metaphor All have significant imNo metaphor is just a metaphor All have significant implications and they must be chosen carefully especially plications and they must be chosen carefully especially in regard to the connotations the vehicle (image) will tranin regard to the connotations the vehicle (image) will transfer to the tenor Consider for example the differences isfer to the tenor Consider for example the differences in meaning conveyed by these statementsn meaning conveyed by these statements

10486951048695That club is spreading like wildfireThat club is spreading like wildfire10486951048695That club is spreading like cancerThat club is spreading like cancer10486951048695That club is really blossoming nowThat club is really blossoming now10486951048695That club in its amebic That club in its amebic （阿米巴的（阿米巴的 变形虫的） 变形虫的） momotions is engulfing the campustions is engulfing the campus

SimileSimile

Simile is a direct expressed comparison Simile is a direct expressed comparison between two things essentially unlike each other between two things essentially unlike each other but resembling each other in at least one way but resembling each other in at least one way In formal prose the simile is a device both of art In formal prose the simile is a device both of art and explanation comparing the unfamiliar thing and explanation comparing the unfamiliar thing (to be explained) to some familiar thing (an (to be explained) to some familiar thing (an object event process etc) known to the reader object event process etc) known to the reader There is no simile in the comparison my car is There is no simile in the comparison my car is like your car because the two objects are not like your car because the two objects are not essentially unlike each other essentially unlike each other When a noun is compared to a noun the simile When a noun is compared to a noun the simile is usually introduced by likeis usually introduced by like

Some examples from the BibleSome examples from the Bible

I see men but they look like trees walking --MaI see men but they look like trees walking --Mark 824rk 824

10486951048695The soul in the body is like a bird in a cageThe soul in the body is like a bird in a cage

10486951048695After such long exposure to the direct sun the After such long exposure to the direct sun the leaves of the houseplant looked like pieces of ovleaves of the houseplant looked like pieces of overcooked baconercooked bacon

But I am But I am like an olive treelike an olive tree Flourishing in the hou Flourishing in the house of God --Psalm 528se of God --Psalm 528

They will come and shout for joy on the heights They will come and shout for joy on the heights of Zion (of Zion ( 锡安山在耶路撒冷犹太民族文化中锡安山在耶路撒冷犹太民族文化中心的象征心的象征 ) They will be ) They will be like a well-watered like a well-watered gardengarden And they will sorrow no more --Jeremi And they will sorrow no more --Jeremiah 3112ah 3112

(in these last two examples especially notice how powerfull(in these last two examples especially notice how powerfully the thing to be described called the tenor is colored by the thing to be described called the tenor is colored by the thing it is compared to called the vehicle)y the thing it is compared to called the vehicle)

DictationDictation

Gold Rush of 1849Gold Rush of 1849

In January 1848 James W Marshall a carpenter In January 1848 James W Marshall a carpenter building a sawmill in partnership with John A Sutter in building a sawmill in partnership with John A Sutter in Californias Sacramento Valley discovered gold Sutter Californias Sacramento Valley discovered gold Sutter made his workers promise to keep the discovery a made his workers promise to keep the discovery a secret However the news leaked out Within a few secret However the news leaked out Within a few months a shrewd merchant hoping to increase his months a shrewd merchant hoping to increase his business set off the gold rush in earnest Samuel business set off the gold rush in earnest Samuel Brannan one of the early Mormon settlers in San Brannan one of the early Mormon settlers in San Francisco owned a store near Sutters fort In early May Francisco owned a store near Sutters fort In early May he returned to San Francisco from a visit to the diggings he returned to San Francisco from a visit to the diggings and spread the word of gold and spread the word of gold

Within a few days boats filled with townspeople were Within a few days boats filled with townspeople were heading up the Sacramento River to look for gold heading up the Sacramento River to look for gold Brannan of course had stocked his store with mining Brannan of course had stocked his store with mining supplies and was doing a thriving business San supplies and was doing a thriving business San Francisco soon was a ghost town as almost everyone Francisco soon was a ghost town as almost everyone was off to the gold siteswas off to the gold sites

During the summer of 1848 the news spread up and During the summer of 1848 the news spread up and down the West Coast across the border to Mexico and down the West Coast across the border to Mexico and even to the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii) Word also even to the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii) Word also reached the Mississippi Valley and the Eastern statesreached the Mississippi Valley and the Eastern states

Newspapers were filled with the accounts of men who clNewspapers were filled with the accounts of men who claimed to have become rich overnight by picking gold out aimed to have become rich overnight by picking gold out of Californias wondrous earth Then in a message to thof Californias wondrous earth Then in a message to the Congress of the United States in December President e Congress of the United States in December President James K Polk confirmed the presence of gold in CalifornJames K Polk confirmed the presence of gold in California That winter people from all walks of life set out for Caia That winter people from all walks of life set out for California Many pawned their possessions to get there Thlifornia Many pawned their possessions to get there The gold seekers also known as Forty-Niners or Argonautse gold seekers also known as Forty-Niners or Argonauts joined the rush from as far off as Europe and Australia joined the rush from as far off as Europe and Australia Many Chinese also flocked to San Francisco to join in thMany Chinese also flocked to San Francisco to join in the gold rushe gold rush

The EndThe End

Thank YouThank You

long to possesshellip(line 12)long to possesshellip(line 12)longlongto want something very much especially when it sto want something very much especially when it s

eems unlikely to happen sooneems unlikely to happen soonlong to do somethinglong to do somethingHe longed to see her againHe longed to see her againlong forlong forShe longed for the chance to speak to him in privatShe longed for the chance to speak to him in privat

eeWe longed for a bed after several days of campingWe longed for a bed after several days of camping

longinglonging

a strong feeling of wanting something or someonea strong feeling of wanting something or someone

She looked back with longing on the good old daysShe looked back with longing on the good old days

longing forlonging for

His heart was filled with longing for CynthiaHis heart was filled with longing for Cynthia

longing tolonging to

She felt a longing to throw herself into his armsShe felt a longing to throw herself into his arms

bring out the bestworst in somebodybring out the bestworst in somebody

to make someone behave in the best or worto make someone behave in the best or worst way that they canst way that they can

Alcohol just brings out the worst in herAlcohol just brings out the worst in her

And Vince was obviously a great coach he And Vince was obviously a great coach he brought out the best in his team and whoebrought out the best in his team and whoever played himver played him

exerciseexercise (a rule) (a rule)

formal to use a power right or quality that yformal to use a power right or quality that you haveou have

There are plans to encourage people to exerThere are plans to encourage people to exercise their right to vote People who can excise their right to vote People who can exercise some control over their surroundingercise some control over their surroundings feel less anxiouss feel less anxious

the running of somethingthe running of something

the process of managing or organizing a busthe process of managing or organizing a business home organization etciness home organization etc

Brian took over the day-to-day running of the Brian took over the day-to-day running of the company while his father was away He prcompany while his father was away He praised the smooth running of the electionaised the smooth running of the election

helliphellipplusplus (room and board) (room and board)and alsoand alsoThere are numerous clubs plus a casinoThere are numerous clubs plus a casinoThe cost is pound45 plus pound5 for deliveryThe cost is pound45 plus pound5 for deliveryThe jacket costs $4995 plus taxThe jacket costs $4995 plus tax

the gold standard the gold standard 金本位金本位technicaltechnical the use of the value of gold as a fixed sta the use of the value of gold as a fixed sta

ndard on which to base the value of moneyndard on which to base the value of money

currencycurrency

1 [uncountable and countable] the system or type of money 1 [uncountable and countable] the system or type of money that a country usesthat a country uses

The bank can supply you with foreign currency The bank can supply you with foreign currency There are moves towards a single currency in Europe There are moves towards a single currency in Europe The local currency is the Swiss francThe local currency is the Swiss franc2 [uncountable] the state of being accepted or used by a lot 2 [uncountable] the state of being accepted or used by a lot

of peopleof peopleMarxism began to gain currency Marxism began to gain currency The idea was common currency in European political lifeThe idea was common currency in European political life

prospectorprospector

someone who looks for gold minerals oil etcsomeone who looks for gold minerals oil etc

infamousinfamous

well known for being bad or evilwell known for being bad or evil

an infamous killer Los Angeles infamous smogan infamous killer Los Angeles infamous smog

infamous forinfamous for

This area is infamous for drugs and prostitutionThis area is infamous for drugs and prostitution

ex-guardsex-guards

ex- former and still livingex- former and still living

an ex-Presidentan ex-PresidentHer dads an ex-policemanHer dads an ex-policemanLydia is still friends with her ex-husbandLydia is still friends with her ex-husbandmy ex-wifemy ex-wife

已故的总统已故的总统

an an occupationoccupation for the working class (line 38) for the working class (line 38)which of the following is a suitable synonymwhich of the following is a suitable synonym

his fathers occupationhis fathers occupation JOB profession (line JOB profession (line of) workof) work her leisure occupationsher leisure occupations PASTIME activity PASTIME activity hobby entertainment recreation amusementhobby entertainment recreation amusement a property suitable for occupation by older a property suitable for occupation by older peoplepeople RESIDENCE residency habitation RESIDENCE residency habitation the Roman occupation of Britainthe Roman occupation of Britain CONQUEST capture invasion seizure CONQUEST capture invasion seizure takeovertakeover

eloquenteloquent1 able to express your ideas and opinions well especially i1 able to express your ideas and opinions well especially i

n a way that influences people n a way that influences people 雄辩的有说明力的雄辩的有说明力的an eloquent appeal for supportan eloquent appeal for support

2 showing a feeling or meaning without using words2 showing a feeling or meaning without using words cleaclearly expressiverly expressive

The photographs are an eloquent reminder of the horrors of The photographs are an eloquent reminder of the horrors of warwar

an art that is eloquent of Americas cultural diversityan art that is eloquent of Americas cultural diversity

trust totrust to something something place reliance on (luck fate etc)place reliance on (luck fate etc) to hoto ho

pe that what you want to happen will happpe that what you want to happen will happen because there is nothing you can do aen because there is nothing you can do about itbout it

Ill just have to trust to luck that it works out oIll just have to trust to luck that it works out okay kay

I hope I may trust to your discretionI hope I may trust to your discretion

METAPHORMETAPHOR

METAPHORMETAPHOR A comparison which A comparison which imaginatively identifies one thing with imaginatively identifies one thing with another dissimilar thing and transfers or another dissimilar thing and transfers or ascribes to ascribes to the first thing (the tenor or the first thing (the tenor or idea)idea) some of the qualities of some of the qualities of the second the second (the vehicle or image)(the vehicle or image) Unlike a simile or Unlike a simile or analogy metaphor asserts that one thing analogy metaphor asserts that one thing is another thing not just that one is like is another thing not just that one is like another very frequently a metaphor is another very frequently a metaphor is invoked by the to be verbinvoked by the to be verb

notenote

tenortenor The word phrase or subject with whi The word phrase or subject with which the ch the vehiclevehicle of a metaphor is identified a of a metaphor is identified as life ins life in

隐喻所指的词短语或对象如 隐喻所指的词短语或对象如 life life 在 在 Lifes but a walking shadow Lifes but a walking shadow

(Shakespeare)(Shakespeare)

ldquoldquo 生命不过是一个行走的影子rdquo生命不过是一个行走的影子rdquo (( 莎士比亚莎士比亚 ))

10486951048695Some examples from the BibleSome examples from the Bible

Then Jesus declared I am the bread of life --JoThen Jesus declared I am the bread of life --John 635hn 63510486951048695I am the door if anyone enters through me he shall be I am the door if anyone enters through me he shall be saved and shall go in and out and find pasture --JOHN saved and shall go in and out and find pasture --JOHN 10910910486951048695But I will sing of your strength In the morning I will sinBut I will sing of your strength In the morning I will sing of your love For you are my fortress My refuge in tig of your love For you are my fortress My refuge in times of trouble --Psalm 5916mes of trouble --Psalm 591610486951048695The name of the Lord is a strong tower The righteous The name of the Lord is a strong tower The righteous run to it and are safe --Proverbs 1810run to it and are safe --Proverbs 1810

Another common method of constructing a metaphor is tAnother common method of constructing a metaphor is to use the possessive where the image is expressed as o use the possessive where the image is expressed as being a part of the idea usually in the form of the x of ybeing a part of the idea usually in the form of the x of y

10486951048695A writers river of words will dry up unless it is continuoA writers river of words will dry up unless it is continuously replenished by streams of new learningusly replenished by streams of new learning10486951048695The first beam of hope that had ever darted into his miThe first beam of hope that had ever darted into his mind rekindled youth in his cheeks and doubled the lustre ond rekindled youth in his cheeks and doubled the lustre of his eyes --SAMUEL JOHNSONf his eyes --SAMUEL JOHNSON10486951048695The furnace of affliction had softened his heart and puriThe furnace of affliction had softened his heart and purified his soulfied his soul

In fact there is a whole range of different degrees of direct iIn fact there is a whole range of different degrees of direct identification between image and idea dentification between image and idea

There is fully expressedThere is fully expressed10486951048695The eye is the lamp of your body when your eye is soundThe eye is the lamp of your body when your eye is sound

your whole body is full of light but when it is not sound your whole body is full of light but when it is not sound your body is full of darkness --LUKE 1134your body is full of darkness --LUKE 1134

There is impliedThere is implied10486951048695 For thou hast been my help and in the shadow of thy For thou hast been my help and in the shadow of thy

wings i sing for joy --PSALM 637wings i sing for joy --PSALM 637And there is very impliedAnd there is very implied10486951048695For if men do these things when the tree is green what wiFor if men do these things when the tree is green what wi

ll happen when it is dry --LUKE2331ll happen when it is dry --LUKE2331

Like simile and analogy metaphor is a profoundly important Like simile and analogy metaphor is a profoundly important and useful device Aristotle says in his Rhetoric It is and useful device Aristotle says in his Rhetoric It is metaphor above all else that gives clearness charm metaphor above all else that gives clearness charm and distinction to the style and distinction to the style

So metaphor not only explains by making the abstract or So metaphor not only explains by making the abstract or unknown concrete and familiar but it also enlivens by unknown concrete and familiar but it also enlivens by touching the readers imagination Further it affirms one touching the readers imagination Further it affirms one more interconnection in the unity of all things by showing more interconnection in the unity of all things by showing a relationship between things seemingly alien to each a relationship between things seemingly alien to each other And the fact that two very unlike things can be other And the fact that two very unlike things can be equated or referred to in terms of one another comments equated or referred to in terms of one another comments upon them both upon them both

No metaphor is just a metaphor All have significant imNo metaphor is just a metaphor All have significant implications and they must be chosen carefully especially plications and they must be chosen carefully especially in regard to the connotations the vehicle (image) will tranin regard to the connotations the vehicle (image) will transfer to the tenor Consider for example the differences isfer to the tenor Consider for example the differences in meaning conveyed by these statementsn meaning conveyed by these statements

10486951048695That club is spreading like wildfireThat club is spreading like wildfire10486951048695That club is spreading like cancerThat club is spreading like cancer10486951048695That club is really blossoming nowThat club is really blossoming now10486951048695That club in its amebic That club in its amebic （阿米巴的（阿米巴的 变形虫的） 变形虫的） momotions is engulfing the campustions is engulfing the campus

SimileSimile

Simile is a direct expressed comparison Simile is a direct expressed comparison between two things essentially unlike each other between two things essentially unlike each other but resembling each other in at least one way but resembling each other in at least one way In formal prose the simile is a device both of art In formal prose the simile is a device both of art and explanation comparing the unfamiliar thing and explanation comparing the unfamiliar thing (to be explained) to some familiar thing (an (to be explained) to some familiar thing (an object event process etc) known to the reader object event process etc) known to the reader There is no simile in the comparison my car is There is no simile in the comparison my car is like your car because the two objects are not like your car because the two objects are not essentially unlike each other essentially unlike each other When a noun is compared to a noun the simile When a noun is compared to a noun the simile is usually introduced by likeis usually introduced by like

Some examples from the BibleSome examples from the Bible

I see men but they look like trees walking --MaI see men but they look like trees walking --Mark 824rk 824

10486951048695The soul in the body is like a bird in a cageThe soul in the body is like a bird in a cage

10486951048695After such long exposure to the direct sun the After such long exposure to the direct sun the leaves of the houseplant looked like pieces of ovleaves of the houseplant looked like pieces of overcooked baconercooked bacon

But I am But I am like an olive treelike an olive tree Flourishing in the hou Flourishing in the house of God --Psalm 528se of God --Psalm 528

They will come and shout for joy on the heights They will come and shout for joy on the heights of Zion (of Zion ( 锡安山在耶路撒冷犹太民族文化中锡安山在耶路撒冷犹太民族文化中心的象征心的象征 ) They will be ) They will be like a well-watered like a well-watered gardengarden And they will sorrow no more --Jeremi And they will sorrow no more --Jeremiah 3112ah 3112

(in these last two examples especially notice how powerfull(in these last two examples especially notice how powerfully the thing to be described called the tenor is colored by the thing to be described called the tenor is colored by the thing it is compared to called the vehicle)y the thing it is compared to called the vehicle)

DictationDictation

Gold Rush of 1849Gold Rush of 1849

In January 1848 James W Marshall a carpenter In January 1848 James W Marshall a carpenter building a sawmill in partnership with John A Sutter in building a sawmill in partnership with John A Sutter in Californias Sacramento Valley discovered gold Sutter Californias Sacramento Valley discovered gold Sutter made his workers promise to keep the discovery a made his workers promise to keep the discovery a secret However the news leaked out Within a few secret However the news leaked out Within a few months a shrewd merchant hoping to increase his months a shrewd merchant hoping to increase his business set off the gold rush in earnest Samuel business set off the gold rush in earnest Samuel Brannan one of the early Mormon settlers in San Brannan one of the early Mormon settlers in San Francisco owned a store near Sutters fort In early May Francisco owned a store near Sutters fort In early May he returned to San Francisco from a visit to the diggings he returned to San Francisco from a visit to the diggings and spread the word of gold and spread the word of gold

Within a few days boats filled with townspeople were Within a few days boats filled with townspeople were heading up the Sacramento River to look for gold heading up the Sacramento River to look for gold Brannan of course had stocked his store with mining Brannan of course had stocked his store with mining supplies and was doing a thriving business San supplies and was doing a thriving business San Francisco soon was a ghost town as almost everyone Francisco soon was a ghost town as almost everyone was off to the gold siteswas off to the gold sites

During the summer of 1848 the news spread up and During the summer of 1848 the news spread up and down the West Coast across the border to Mexico and down the West Coast across the border to Mexico and even to the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii) Word also even to the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii) Word also reached the Mississippi Valley and the Eastern statesreached the Mississippi Valley and the Eastern states

Newspapers were filled with the accounts of men who clNewspapers were filled with the accounts of men who claimed to have become rich overnight by picking gold out aimed to have become rich overnight by picking gold out of Californias wondrous earth Then in a message to thof Californias wondrous earth Then in a message to the Congress of the United States in December President e Congress of the United States in December President James K Polk confirmed the presence of gold in CalifornJames K Polk confirmed the presence of gold in California That winter people from all walks of life set out for Caia That winter people from all walks of life set out for California Many pawned their possessions to get there Thlifornia Many pawned their possessions to get there The gold seekers also known as Forty-Niners or Argonautse gold seekers also known as Forty-Niners or Argonauts joined the rush from as far off as Europe and Australia joined the rush from as far off as Europe and Australia Many Chinese also flocked to San Francisco to join in thMany Chinese also flocked to San Francisco to join in the gold rushe gold rush

The EndThe End

Thank YouThank You

longinglonging

a strong feeling of wanting something or someonea strong feeling of wanting something or someone

She looked back with longing on the good old daysShe looked back with longing on the good old days

longing forlonging for

His heart was filled with longing for CynthiaHis heart was filled with longing for Cynthia

longing tolonging to

She felt a longing to throw herself into his armsShe felt a longing to throw herself into his arms

bring out the bestworst in somebodybring out the bestworst in somebody

to make someone behave in the best or worto make someone behave in the best or worst way that they canst way that they can

Alcohol just brings out the worst in herAlcohol just brings out the worst in her

And Vince was obviously a great coach he And Vince was obviously a great coach he brought out the best in his team and whoebrought out the best in his team and whoever played himver played him

exerciseexercise (a rule) (a rule)

formal to use a power right or quality that yformal to use a power right or quality that you haveou have

There are plans to encourage people to exerThere are plans to encourage people to exercise their right to vote People who can excise their right to vote People who can exercise some control over their surroundingercise some control over their surroundings feel less anxiouss feel less anxious

the running of somethingthe running of something

the process of managing or organizing a busthe process of managing or organizing a business home organization etciness home organization etc

Brian took over the day-to-day running of the Brian took over the day-to-day running of the company while his father was away He prcompany while his father was away He praised the smooth running of the electionaised the smooth running of the election

helliphellipplusplus (room and board) (room and board)and alsoand alsoThere are numerous clubs plus a casinoThere are numerous clubs plus a casinoThe cost is pound45 plus pound5 for deliveryThe cost is pound45 plus pound5 for deliveryThe jacket costs $4995 plus taxThe jacket costs $4995 plus tax

the gold standard the gold standard 金本位金本位technicaltechnical the use of the value of gold as a fixed sta the use of the value of gold as a fixed sta

ndard on which to base the value of moneyndard on which to base the value of money

currencycurrency

1 [uncountable and countable] the system or type of money 1 [uncountable and countable] the system or type of money that a country usesthat a country uses

The bank can supply you with foreign currency The bank can supply you with foreign currency There are moves towards a single currency in Europe There are moves towards a single currency in Europe The local currency is the Swiss francThe local currency is the Swiss franc2 [uncountable] the state of being accepted or used by a lot 2 [uncountable] the state of being accepted or used by a lot

of peopleof peopleMarxism began to gain currency Marxism began to gain currency The idea was common currency in European political lifeThe idea was common currency in European political life

prospectorprospector

someone who looks for gold minerals oil etcsomeone who looks for gold minerals oil etc

infamousinfamous

well known for being bad or evilwell known for being bad or evil

an infamous killer Los Angeles infamous smogan infamous killer Los Angeles infamous smog

infamous forinfamous for

This area is infamous for drugs and prostitutionThis area is infamous for drugs and prostitution

ex-guardsex-guards

ex- former and still livingex- former and still living

an ex-Presidentan ex-PresidentHer dads an ex-policemanHer dads an ex-policemanLydia is still friends with her ex-husbandLydia is still friends with her ex-husbandmy ex-wifemy ex-wife

已故的总统已故的总统

an an occupationoccupation for the working class (line 38) for the working class (line 38)which of the following is a suitable synonymwhich of the following is a suitable synonym

his fathers occupationhis fathers occupation JOB profession (line JOB profession (line of) workof) work her leisure occupationsher leisure occupations PASTIME activity PASTIME activity hobby entertainment recreation amusementhobby entertainment recreation amusement a property suitable for occupation by older a property suitable for occupation by older peoplepeople RESIDENCE residency habitation RESIDENCE residency habitation the Roman occupation of Britainthe Roman occupation of Britain CONQUEST capture invasion seizure CONQUEST capture invasion seizure takeovertakeover

eloquenteloquent1 able to express your ideas and opinions well especially i1 able to express your ideas and opinions well especially i

n a way that influences people n a way that influences people 雄辩的有说明力的雄辩的有说明力的an eloquent appeal for supportan eloquent appeal for support

2 showing a feeling or meaning without using words2 showing a feeling or meaning without using words cleaclearly expressiverly expressive

The photographs are an eloquent reminder of the horrors of The photographs are an eloquent reminder of the horrors of warwar

an art that is eloquent of Americas cultural diversityan art that is eloquent of Americas cultural diversity

trust totrust to something something place reliance on (luck fate etc)place reliance on (luck fate etc) to hoto ho

pe that what you want to happen will happpe that what you want to happen will happen because there is nothing you can do aen because there is nothing you can do about itbout it

Ill just have to trust to luck that it works out oIll just have to trust to luck that it works out okay kay

I hope I may trust to your discretionI hope I may trust to your discretion

METAPHORMETAPHOR

METAPHORMETAPHOR A comparison which A comparison which imaginatively identifies one thing with imaginatively identifies one thing with another dissimilar thing and transfers or another dissimilar thing and transfers or ascribes to ascribes to the first thing (the tenor or the first thing (the tenor or idea)idea) some of the qualities of some of the qualities of the second the second (the vehicle or image)(the vehicle or image) Unlike a simile or Unlike a simile or analogy metaphor asserts that one thing analogy metaphor asserts that one thing is another thing not just that one is like is another thing not just that one is like another very frequently a metaphor is another very frequently a metaphor is invoked by the to be verbinvoked by the to be verb

notenote

tenortenor The word phrase or subject with whi The word phrase or subject with which the ch the vehiclevehicle of a metaphor is identified a of a metaphor is identified as life ins life in

隐喻所指的词短语或对象如 隐喻所指的词短语或对象如 life life 在 在 Lifes but a walking shadow Lifes but a walking shadow

(Shakespeare)(Shakespeare)

ldquoldquo 生命不过是一个行走的影子rdquo生命不过是一个行走的影子rdquo (( 莎士比亚莎士比亚 ))

10486951048695Some examples from the BibleSome examples from the Bible

Then Jesus declared I am the bread of life --JoThen Jesus declared I am the bread of life --John 635hn 63510486951048695I am the door if anyone enters through me he shall be I am the door if anyone enters through me he shall be saved and shall go in and out and find pasture --JOHN saved and shall go in and out and find pasture --JOHN 10910910486951048695But I will sing of your strength In the morning I will sinBut I will sing of your strength In the morning I will sing of your love For you are my fortress My refuge in tig of your love For you are my fortress My refuge in times of trouble --Psalm 5916mes of trouble --Psalm 591610486951048695The name of the Lord is a strong tower The righteous The name of the Lord is a strong tower The righteous run to it and are safe --Proverbs 1810run to it and are safe --Proverbs 1810

Another common method of constructing a metaphor is tAnother common method of constructing a metaphor is to use the possessive where the image is expressed as o use the possessive where the image is expressed as being a part of the idea usually in the form of the x of ybeing a part of the idea usually in the form of the x of y

10486951048695A writers river of words will dry up unless it is continuoA writers river of words will dry up unless it is continuously replenished by streams of new learningusly replenished by streams of new learning10486951048695The first beam of hope that had ever darted into his miThe first beam of hope that had ever darted into his mind rekindled youth in his cheeks and doubled the lustre ond rekindled youth in his cheeks and doubled the lustre of his eyes --SAMUEL JOHNSONf his eyes --SAMUEL JOHNSON10486951048695The furnace of affliction had softened his heart and puriThe furnace of affliction had softened his heart and purified his soulfied his soul

In fact there is a whole range of different degrees of direct iIn fact there is a whole range of different degrees of direct identification between image and idea dentification between image and idea

There is fully expressedThere is fully expressed10486951048695The eye is the lamp of your body when your eye is soundThe eye is the lamp of your body when your eye is sound

your whole body is full of light but when it is not sound your whole body is full of light but when it is not sound your body is full of darkness --LUKE 1134your body is full of darkness --LUKE 1134

There is impliedThere is implied10486951048695 For thou hast been my help and in the shadow of thy For thou hast been my help and in the shadow of thy

wings i sing for joy --PSALM 637wings i sing for joy --PSALM 637And there is very impliedAnd there is very implied10486951048695For if men do these things when the tree is green what wiFor if men do these things when the tree is green what wi

ll happen when it is dry --LUKE2331ll happen when it is dry --LUKE2331

Like simile and analogy metaphor is a profoundly important Like simile and analogy metaphor is a profoundly important and useful device Aristotle says in his Rhetoric It is and useful device Aristotle says in his Rhetoric It is metaphor above all else that gives clearness charm metaphor above all else that gives clearness charm and distinction to the style and distinction to the style

So metaphor not only explains by making the abstract or So metaphor not only explains by making the abstract or unknown concrete and familiar but it also enlivens by unknown concrete and familiar but it also enlivens by touching the readers imagination Further it affirms one touching the readers imagination Further it affirms one more interconnection in the unity of all things by showing more interconnection in the unity of all things by showing a relationship between things seemingly alien to each a relationship between things seemingly alien to each other And the fact that two very unlike things can be other And the fact that two very unlike things can be equated or referred to in terms of one another comments equated or referred to in terms of one another comments upon them both upon them both

No metaphor is just a metaphor All have significant imNo metaphor is just a metaphor All have significant implications and they must be chosen carefully especially plications and they must be chosen carefully especially in regard to the connotations the vehicle (image) will tranin regard to the connotations the vehicle (image) will transfer to the tenor Consider for example the differences isfer to the tenor Consider for example the differences in meaning conveyed by these statementsn meaning conveyed by these statements

10486951048695That club is spreading like wildfireThat club is spreading like wildfire10486951048695That club is spreading like cancerThat club is spreading like cancer10486951048695That club is really blossoming nowThat club is really blossoming now10486951048695That club in its amebic That club in its amebic （阿米巴的（阿米巴的 变形虫的） 变形虫的） momotions is engulfing the campustions is engulfing the campus

SimileSimile

Simile is a direct expressed comparison Simile is a direct expressed comparison between two things essentially unlike each other between two things essentially unlike each other but resembling each other in at least one way but resembling each other in at least one way In formal prose the simile is a device both of art In formal prose the simile is a device both of art and explanation comparing the unfamiliar thing and explanation comparing the unfamiliar thing (to be explained) to some familiar thing (an (to be explained) to some familiar thing (an object event process etc) known to the reader object event process etc) known to the reader There is no simile in the comparison my car is There is no simile in the comparison my car is like your car because the two objects are not like your car because the two objects are not essentially unlike each other essentially unlike each other When a noun is compared to a noun the simile When a noun is compared to a noun the simile is usually introduced by likeis usually introduced by like

Some examples from the BibleSome examples from the Bible

I see men but they look like trees walking --MaI see men but they look like trees walking --Mark 824rk 824

10486951048695The soul in the body is like a bird in a cageThe soul in the body is like a bird in a cage

10486951048695After such long exposure to the direct sun the After such long exposure to the direct sun the leaves of the houseplant looked like pieces of ovleaves of the houseplant looked like pieces of overcooked baconercooked bacon

But I am But I am like an olive treelike an olive tree Flourishing in the hou Flourishing in the house of God --Psalm 528se of God --Psalm 528

They will come and shout for joy on the heights They will come and shout for joy on the heights of Zion (of Zion ( 锡安山在耶路撒冷犹太民族文化中锡安山在耶路撒冷犹太民族文化中心的象征心的象征 ) They will be ) They will be like a well-watered like a well-watered gardengarden And they will sorrow no more --Jeremi And they will sorrow no more --Jeremiah 3112ah 3112

(in these last two examples especially notice how powerfull(in these last two examples especially notice how powerfully the thing to be described called the tenor is colored by the thing to be described called the tenor is colored by the thing it is compared to called the vehicle)y the thing it is compared to called the vehicle)

DictationDictation

Gold Rush of 1849Gold Rush of 1849

In January 1848 James W Marshall a carpenter In January 1848 James W Marshall a carpenter building a sawmill in partnership with John A Sutter in building a sawmill in partnership with John A Sutter in Californias Sacramento Valley discovered gold Sutter Californias Sacramento Valley discovered gold Sutter made his workers promise to keep the discovery a made his workers promise to keep the discovery a secret However the news leaked out Within a few secret However the news leaked out Within a few months a shrewd merchant hoping to increase his months a shrewd merchant hoping to increase his business set off the gold rush in earnest Samuel business set off the gold rush in earnest Samuel Brannan one of the early Mormon settlers in San Brannan one of the early Mormon settlers in San Francisco owned a store near Sutters fort In early May Francisco owned a store near Sutters fort In early May he returned to San Francisco from a visit to the diggings he returned to San Francisco from a visit to the diggings and spread the word of gold and spread the word of gold

Within a few days boats filled with townspeople were Within a few days boats filled with townspeople were heading up the Sacramento River to look for gold heading up the Sacramento River to look for gold Brannan of course had stocked his store with mining Brannan of course had stocked his store with mining supplies and was doing a thriving business San supplies and was doing a thriving business San Francisco soon was a ghost town as almost everyone Francisco soon was a ghost town as almost everyone was off to the gold siteswas off to the gold sites

During the summer of 1848 the news spread up and During the summer of 1848 the news spread up and down the West Coast across the border to Mexico and down the West Coast across the border to Mexico and even to the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii) Word also even to the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii) Word also reached the Mississippi Valley and the Eastern statesreached the Mississippi Valley and the Eastern states

Newspapers were filled with the accounts of men who clNewspapers were filled with the accounts of men who claimed to have become rich overnight by picking gold out aimed to have become rich overnight by picking gold out of Californias wondrous earth Then in a message to thof Californias wondrous earth Then in a message to the Congress of the United States in December President e Congress of the United States in December President James K Polk confirmed the presence of gold in CalifornJames K Polk confirmed the presence of gold in California That winter people from all walks of life set out for Caia That winter people from all walks of life set out for California Many pawned their possessions to get there Thlifornia Many pawned their possessions to get there The gold seekers also known as Forty-Niners or Argonautse gold seekers also known as Forty-Niners or Argonauts joined the rush from as far off as Europe and Australia joined the rush from as far off as Europe and Australia Many Chinese also flocked to San Francisco to join in thMany Chinese also flocked to San Francisco to join in the gold rushe gold rush

The EndThe End

Thank YouThank You

bring out the bestworst in somebodybring out the bestworst in somebody

to make someone behave in the best or worto make someone behave in the best or worst way that they canst way that they can

Alcohol just brings out the worst in herAlcohol just brings out the worst in her

And Vince was obviously a great coach he And Vince was obviously a great coach he brought out the best in his team and whoebrought out the best in his team and whoever played himver played him

exerciseexercise (a rule) (a rule)

formal to use a power right or quality that yformal to use a power right or quality that you haveou have

There are plans to encourage people to exerThere are plans to encourage people to exercise their right to vote People who can excise their right to vote People who can exercise some control over their surroundingercise some control over their surroundings feel less anxiouss feel less anxious

the running of somethingthe running of something

the process of managing or organizing a busthe process of managing or organizing a business home organization etciness home organization etc

Brian took over the day-to-day running of the Brian took over the day-to-day running of the company while his father was away He prcompany while his father was away He praised the smooth running of the electionaised the smooth running of the election

helliphellipplusplus (room and board) (room and board)and alsoand alsoThere are numerous clubs plus a casinoThere are numerous clubs plus a casinoThe cost is pound45 plus pound5 for deliveryThe cost is pound45 plus pound5 for deliveryThe jacket costs $4995 plus taxThe jacket costs $4995 plus tax

the gold standard the gold standard 金本位金本位technicaltechnical the use of the value of gold as a fixed sta the use of the value of gold as a fixed sta

ndard on which to base the value of moneyndard on which to base the value of money

currencycurrency

1 [uncountable and countable] the system or type of money 1 [uncountable and countable] the system or type of money that a country usesthat a country uses

The bank can supply you with foreign currency The bank can supply you with foreign currency There are moves towards a single currency in Europe There are moves towards a single currency in Europe The local currency is the Swiss francThe local currency is the Swiss franc2 [uncountable] the state of being accepted or used by a lot 2 [uncountable] the state of being accepted or used by a lot

of peopleof peopleMarxism began to gain currency Marxism began to gain currency The idea was common currency in European political lifeThe idea was common currency in European political life

prospectorprospector

someone who looks for gold minerals oil etcsomeone who looks for gold minerals oil etc

infamousinfamous

well known for being bad or evilwell known for being bad or evil

an infamous killer Los Angeles infamous smogan infamous killer Los Angeles infamous smog

infamous forinfamous for

This area is infamous for drugs and prostitutionThis area is infamous for drugs and prostitution

ex-guardsex-guards

ex- former and still livingex- former and still living

an ex-Presidentan ex-PresidentHer dads an ex-policemanHer dads an ex-policemanLydia is still friends with her ex-husbandLydia is still friends with her ex-husbandmy ex-wifemy ex-wife

已故的总统已故的总统

an an occupationoccupation for the working class (line 38) for the working class (line 38)which of the following is a suitable synonymwhich of the following is a suitable synonym

his fathers occupationhis fathers occupation JOB profession (line JOB profession (line of) workof) work her leisure occupationsher leisure occupations PASTIME activity PASTIME activity hobby entertainment recreation amusementhobby entertainment recreation amusement a property suitable for occupation by older a property suitable for occupation by older peoplepeople RESIDENCE residency habitation RESIDENCE residency habitation the Roman occupation of Britainthe Roman occupation of Britain CONQUEST capture invasion seizure CONQUEST capture invasion seizure takeovertakeover

eloquenteloquent1 able to express your ideas and opinions well especially i1 able to express your ideas and opinions well especially i

n a way that influences people n a way that influences people 雄辩的有说明力的雄辩的有说明力的an eloquent appeal for supportan eloquent appeal for support

2 showing a feeling or meaning without using words2 showing a feeling or meaning without using words cleaclearly expressiverly expressive

The photographs are an eloquent reminder of the horrors of The photographs are an eloquent reminder of the horrors of warwar

an art that is eloquent of Americas cultural diversityan art that is eloquent of Americas cultural diversity

trust totrust to something something place reliance on (luck fate etc)place reliance on (luck fate etc) to hoto ho

pe that what you want to happen will happpe that what you want to happen will happen because there is nothing you can do aen because there is nothing you can do about itbout it

Ill just have to trust to luck that it works out oIll just have to trust to luck that it works out okay kay

I hope I may trust to your discretionI hope I may trust to your discretion

METAPHORMETAPHOR

METAPHORMETAPHOR A comparison which A comparison which imaginatively identifies one thing with imaginatively identifies one thing with another dissimilar thing and transfers or another dissimilar thing and transfers or ascribes to ascribes to the first thing (the tenor or the first thing (the tenor or idea)idea) some of the qualities of some of the qualities of the second the second (the vehicle or image)(the vehicle or image) Unlike a simile or Unlike a simile or analogy metaphor asserts that one thing analogy metaphor asserts that one thing is another thing not just that one is like is another thing not just that one is like another very frequently a metaphor is another very frequently a metaphor is invoked by the to be verbinvoked by the to be verb

notenote

tenortenor The word phrase or subject with whi The word phrase or subject with which the ch the vehiclevehicle of a metaphor is identified a of a metaphor is identified as life ins life in

隐喻所指的词短语或对象如 隐喻所指的词短语或对象如 life life 在 在 Lifes but a walking shadow Lifes but a walking shadow

(Shakespeare)(Shakespeare)

ldquoldquo 生命不过是一个行走的影子rdquo生命不过是一个行走的影子rdquo (( 莎士比亚莎士比亚 ))

10486951048695Some examples from the BibleSome examples from the Bible

Then Jesus declared I am the bread of life --JoThen Jesus declared I am the bread of life --John 635hn 63510486951048695I am the door if anyone enters through me he shall be I am the door if anyone enters through me he shall be saved and shall go in and out and find pasture --JOHN saved and shall go in and out and find pasture --JOHN 10910910486951048695But I will sing of your strength In the morning I will sinBut I will sing of your strength In the morning I will sing of your love For you are my fortress My refuge in tig of your love For you are my fortress My refuge in times of trouble --Psalm 5916mes of trouble --Psalm 591610486951048695The name of the Lord is a strong tower The righteous The name of the Lord is a strong tower The righteous run to it and are safe --Proverbs 1810run to it and are safe --Proverbs 1810

Another common method of constructing a metaphor is tAnother common method of constructing a metaphor is to use the possessive where the image is expressed as o use the possessive where the image is expressed as being a part of the idea usually in the form of the x of ybeing a part of the idea usually in the form of the x of y

10486951048695A writers river of words will dry up unless it is continuoA writers river of words will dry up unless it is continuously replenished by streams of new learningusly replenished by streams of new learning10486951048695The first beam of hope that had ever darted into his miThe first beam of hope that had ever darted into his mind rekindled youth in his cheeks and doubled the lustre ond rekindled youth in his cheeks and doubled the lustre of his eyes --SAMUEL JOHNSONf his eyes --SAMUEL JOHNSON10486951048695The furnace of affliction had softened his heart and puriThe furnace of affliction had softened his heart and purified his soulfied his soul

In fact there is a whole range of different degrees of direct iIn fact there is a whole range of different degrees of direct identification between image and idea dentification between image and idea

There is fully expressedThere is fully expressed10486951048695The eye is the lamp of your body when your eye is soundThe eye is the lamp of your body when your eye is sound

your whole body is full of light but when it is not sound your whole body is full of light but when it is not sound your body is full of darkness --LUKE 1134your body is full of darkness --LUKE 1134

There is impliedThere is implied10486951048695 For thou hast been my help and in the shadow of thy For thou hast been my help and in the shadow of thy

wings i sing for joy --PSALM 637wings i sing for joy --PSALM 637And there is very impliedAnd there is very implied10486951048695For if men do these things when the tree is green what wiFor if men do these things when the tree is green what wi

ll happen when it is dry --LUKE2331ll happen when it is dry --LUKE2331

Like simile and analogy metaphor is a profoundly important Like simile and analogy metaphor is a profoundly important and useful device Aristotle says in his Rhetoric It is and useful device Aristotle says in his Rhetoric It is metaphor above all else that gives clearness charm metaphor above all else that gives clearness charm and distinction to the style and distinction to the style

So metaphor not only explains by making the abstract or So metaphor not only explains by making the abstract or unknown concrete and familiar but it also enlivens by unknown concrete and familiar but it also enlivens by touching the readers imagination Further it affirms one touching the readers imagination Further it affirms one more interconnection in the unity of all things by showing more interconnection in the unity of all things by showing a relationship between things seemingly alien to each a relationship between things seemingly alien to each other And the fact that two very unlike things can be other And the fact that two very unlike things can be equated or referred to in terms of one another comments equated or referred to in terms of one another comments upon them both upon them both

No metaphor is just a metaphor All have significant imNo metaphor is just a metaphor All have significant implications and they must be chosen carefully especially plications and they must be chosen carefully especially in regard to the connotations the vehicle (image) will tranin regard to the connotations the vehicle (image) will transfer to the tenor Consider for example the differences isfer to the tenor Consider for example the differences in meaning conveyed by these statementsn meaning conveyed by these statements

10486951048695That club is spreading like wildfireThat club is spreading like wildfire10486951048695That club is spreading like cancerThat club is spreading like cancer10486951048695That club is really blossoming nowThat club is really blossoming now10486951048695That club in its amebic That club in its amebic （阿米巴的（阿米巴的 变形虫的） 变形虫的） momotions is engulfing the campustions is engulfing the campus

SimileSimile

Simile is a direct expressed comparison Simile is a direct expressed comparison between two things essentially unlike each other between two things essentially unlike each other but resembling each other in at least one way but resembling each other in at least one way In formal prose the simile is a device both of art In formal prose the simile is a device both of art and explanation comparing the unfamiliar thing and explanation comparing the unfamiliar thing (to be explained) to some familiar thing (an (to be explained) to some familiar thing (an object event process etc) known to the reader object event process etc) known to the reader There is no simile in the comparison my car is There is no simile in the comparison my car is like your car because the two objects are not like your car because the two objects are not essentially unlike each other essentially unlike each other When a noun is compared to a noun the simile When a noun is compared to a noun the simile is usually introduced by likeis usually introduced by like

Some examples from the BibleSome examples from the Bible

I see men but they look like trees walking --MaI see men but they look like trees walking --Mark 824rk 824

10486951048695The soul in the body is like a bird in a cageThe soul in the body is like a bird in a cage

10486951048695After such long exposure to the direct sun the After such long exposure to the direct sun the leaves of the houseplant looked like pieces of ovleaves of the houseplant looked like pieces of overcooked baconercooked bacon

But I am But I am like an olive treelike an olive tree Flourishing in the hou Flourishing in the house of God --Psalm 528se of God --Psalm 528

They will come and shout for joy on the heights They will come and shout for joy on the heights of Zion (of Zion ( 锡安山在耶路撒冷犹太民族文化中锡安山在耶路撒冷犹太民族文化中心的象征心的象征 ) They will be ) They will be like a well-watered like a well-watered gardengarden And they will sorrow no more --Jeremi And they will sorrow no more --Jeremiah 3112ah 3112

(in these last two examples especially notice how powerfull(in these last two examples especially notice how powerfully the thing to be described called the tenor is colored by the thing to be described called the tenor is colored by the thing it is compared to called the vehicle)y the thing it is compared to called the vehicle)

DictationDictation

Gold Rush of 1849Gold Rush of 1849

In January 1848 James W Marshall a carpenter In January 1848 James W Marshall a carpenter building a sawmill in partnership with John A Sutter in building a sawmill in partnership with John A Sutter in Californias Sacramento Valley discovered gold Sutter Californias Sacramento Valley discovered gold Sutter made his workers promise to keep the discovery a made his workers promise to keep the discovery a secret However the news leaked out Within a few secret However the news leaked out Within a few months a shrewd merchant hoping to increase his months a shrewd merchant hoping to increase his business set off the gold rush in earnest Samuel business set off the gold rush in earnest Samuel Brannan one of the early Mormon settlers in San Brannan one of the early Mormon settlers in San Francisco owned a store near Sutters fort In early May Francisco owned a store near Sutters fort In early May he returned to San Francisco from a visit to the diggings he returned to San Francisco from a visit to the diggings and spread the word of gold and spread the word of gold

Within a few days boats filled with townspeople were Within a few days boats filled with townspeople were heading up the Sacramento River to look for gold heading up the Sacramento River to look for gold Brannan of course had stocked his store with mining Brannan of course had stocked his store with mining supplies and was doing a thriving business San supplies and was doing a thriving business San Francisco soon was a ghost town as almost everyone Francisco soon was a ghost town as almost everyone was off to the gold siteswas off to the gold sites

During the summer of 1848 the news spread up and During the summer of 1848 the news spread up and down the West Coast across the border to Mexico and down the West Coast across the border to Mexico and even to the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii) Word also even to the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii) Word also reached the Mississippi Valley and the Eastern statesreached the Mississippi Valley and the Eastern states

Newspapers were filled with the accounts of men who clNewspapers were filled with the accounts of men who claimed to have become rich overnight by picking gold out aimed to have become rich overnight by picking gold out of Californias wondrous earth Then in a message to thof Californias wondrous earth Then in a message to the Congress of the United States in December President e Congress of the United States in December President James K Polk confirmed the presence of gold in CalifornJames K Polk confirmed the presence of gold in California That winter people from all walks of life set out for Caia That winter people from all walks of life set out for California Many pawned their possessions to get there Thlifornia Many pawned their possessions to get there The gold seekers also known as Forty-Niners or Argonautse gold seekers also known as Forty-Niners or Argonauts joined the rush from as far off as Europe and Australia joined the rush from as far off as Europe and Australia Many Chinese also flocked to San Francisco to join in thMany Chinese also flocked to San Francisco to join in the gold rushe gold rush

The EndThe End

Thank YouThank You

exerciseexercise (a rule) (a rule)

formal to use a power right or quality that yformal to use a power right or quality that you haveou have

There are plans to encourage people to exerThere are plans to encourage people to exercise their right to vote People who can excise their right to vote People who can exercise some control over their surroundingercise some control over their surroundings feel less anxiouss feel less anxious

the running of somethingthe running of something

the process of managing or organizing a busthe process of managing or organizing a business home organization etciness home organization etc

Brian took over the day-to-day running of the Brian took over the day-to-day running of the company while his father was away He prcompany while his father was away He praised the smooth running of the electionaised the smooth running of the election

helliphellipplusplus (room and board) (room and board)and alsoand alsoThere are numerous clubs plus a casinoThere are numerous clubs plus a casinoThe cost is pound45 plus pound5 for deliveryThe cost is pound45 plus pound5 for deliveryThe jacket costs $4995 plus taxThe jacket costs $4995 plus tax

the gold standard the gold standard 金本位金本位technicaltechnical the use of the value of gold as a fixed sta the use of the value of gold as a fixed sta

ndard on which to base the value of moneyndard on which to base the value of money

currencycurrency

1 [uncountable and countable] the system or type of money 1 [uncountable and countable] the system or type of money that a country usesthat a country uses

The bank can supply you with foreign currency The bank can supply you with foreign currency There are moves towards a single currency in Europe There are moves towards a single currency in Europe The local currency is the Swiss francThe local currency is the Swiss franc2 [uncountable] the state of being accepted or used by a lot 2 [uncountable] the state of being accepted or used by a lot

of peopleof peopleMarxism began to gain currency Marxism began to gain currency The idea was common currency in European political lifeThe idea was common currency in European political life

prospectorprospector

someone who looks for gold minerals oil etcsomeone who looks for gold minerals oil etc

infamousinfamous

well known for being bad or evilwell known for being bad or evil

an infamous killer Los Angeles infamous smogan infamous killer Los Angeles infamous smog

infamous forinfamous for

This area is infamous for drugs and prostitutionThis area is infamous for drugs and prostitution

ex-guardsex-guards

ex- former and still livingex- former and still living

an ex-Presidentan ex-PresidentHer dads an ex-policemanHer dads an ex-policemanLydia is still friends with her ex-husbandLydia is still friends with her ex-husbandmy ex-wifemy ex-wife

已故的总统已故的总统

an an occupationoccupation for the working class (line 38) for the working class (line 38)which of the following is a suitable synonymwhich of the following is a suitable synonym

his fathers occupationhis fathers occupation JOB profession (line JOB profession (line of) workof) work her leisure occupationsher leisure occupations PASTIME activity PASTIME activity hobby entertainment recreation amusementhobby entertainment recreation amusement a property suitable for occupation by older a property suitable for occupation by older peoplepeople RESIDENCE residency habitation RESIDENCE residency habitation the Roman occupation of Britainthe Roman occupation of Britain CONQUEST capture invasion seizure CONQUEST capture invasion seizure takeovertakeover

eloquenteloquent1 able to express your ideas and opinions well especially i1 able to express your ideas and opinions well especially i

n a way that influences people n a way that influences people 雄辩的有说明力的雄辩的有说明力的an eloquent appeal for supportan eloquent appeal for support

2 showing a feeling or meaning without using words2 showing a feeling or meaning without using words cleaclearly expressiverly expressive

The photographs are an eloquent reminder of the horrors of The photographs are an eloquent reminder of the horrors of warwar

an art that is eloquent of Americas cultural diversityan art that is eloquent of Americas cultural diversity

trust totrust to something something place reliance on (luck fate etc)place reliance on (luck fate etc) to hoto ho

pe that what you want to happen will happpe that what you want to happen will happen because there is nothing you can do aen because there is nothing you can do about itbout it

Ill just have to trust to luck that it works out oIll just have to trust to luck that it works out okay kay

I hope I may trust to your discretionI hope I may trust to your discretion

METAPHORMETAPHOR

METAPHORMETAPHOR A comparison which A comparison which imaginatively identifies one thing with imaginatively identifies one thing with another dissimilar thing and transfers or another dissimilar thing and transfers or ascribes to ascribes to the first thing (the tenor or the first thing (the tenor or idea)idea) some of the qualities of some of the qualities of the second the second (the vehicle or image)(the vehicle or image) Unlike a simile or Unlike a simile or analogy metaphor asserts that one thing analogy metaphor asserts that one thing is another thing not just that one is like is another thing not just that one is like another very frequently a metaphor is another very frequently a metaphor is invoked by the to be verbinvoked by the to be verb

notenote

tenortenor The word phrase or subject with whi The word phrase or subject with which the ch the vehiclevehicle of a metaphor is identified a of a metaphor is identified as life ins life in

隐喻所指的词短语或对象如 隐喻所指的词短语或对象如 life life 在 在 Lifes but a walking shadow Lifes but a walking shadow

(Shakespeare)(Shakespeare)

ldquoldquo 生命不过是一个行走的影子rdquo生命不过是一个行走的影子rdquo (( 莎士比亚莎士比亚 ))

10486951048695Some examples from the BibleSome examples from the Bible

Then Jesus declared I am the bread of life --JoThen Jesus declared I am the bread of life --John 635hn 63510486951048695I am the door if anyone enters through me he shall be I am the door if anyone enters through me he shall be saved and shall go in and out and find pasture --JOHN saved and shall go in and out and find pasture --JOHN 10910910486951048695But I will sing of your strength In the morning I will sinBut I will sing of your strength In the morning I will sing of your love For you are my fortress My refuge in tig of your love For you are my fortress My refuge in times of trouble --Psalm 5916mes of trouble --Psalm 591610486951048695The name of the Lord is a strong tower The righteous The name of the Lord is a strong tower The righteous run to it and are safe --Proverbs 1810run to it and are safe --Proverbs 1810

Another common method of constructing a metaphor is tAnother common method of constructing a metaphor is to use the possessive where the image is expressed as o use the possessive where the image is expressed as being a part of the idea usually in the form of the x of ybeing a part of the idea usually in the form of the x of y

10486951048695A writers river of words will dry up unless it is continuoA writers river of words will dry up unless it is continuously replenished by streams of new learningusly replenished by streams of new learning10486951048695The first beam of hope that had ever darted into his miThe first beam of hope that had ever darted into his mind rekindled youth in his cheeks and doubled the lustre ond rekindled youth in his cheeks and doubled the lustre of his eyes --SAMUEL JOHNSONf his eyes --SAMUEL JOHNSON10486951048695The furnace of affliction had softened his heart and puriThe furnace of affliction had softened his heart and purified his soulfied his soul

In fact there is a whole range of different degrees of direct iIn fact there is a whole range of different degrees of direct identification between image and idea dentification between image and idea

There is fully expressedThere is fully expressed10486951048695The eye is the lamp of your body when your eye is soundThe eye is the lamp of your body when your eye is sound

your whole body is full of light but when it is not sound your whole body is full of light but when it is not sound your body is full of darkness --LUKE 1134your body is full of darkness --LUKE 1134

There is impliedThere is implied10486951048695 For thou hast been my help and in the shadow of thy For thou hast been my help and in the shadow of thy

wings i sing for joy --PSALM 637wings i sing for joy --PSALM 637And there is very impliedAnd there is very implied10486951048695For if men do these things when the tree is green what wiFor if men do these things when the tree is green what wi

ll happen when it is dry --LUKE2331ll happen when it is dry --LUKE2331

Like simile and analogy metaphor is a profoundly important Like simile and analogy metaphor is a profoundly important and useful device Aristotle says in his Rhetoric It is and useful device Aristotle says in his Rhetoric It is metaphor above all else that gives clearness charm metaphor above all else that gives clearness charm and distinction to the style and distinction to the style

So metaphor not only explains by making the abstract or So metaphor not only explains by making the abstract or unknown concrete and familiar but it also enlivens by unknown concrete and familiar but it also enlivens by touching the readers imagination Further it affirms one touching the readers imagination Further it affirms one more interconnection in the unity of all things by showing more interconnection in the unity of all things by showing a relationship between things seemingly alien to each a relationship between things seemingly alien to each other And the fact that two very unlike things can be other And the fact that two very unlike things can be equated or referred to in terms of one another comments equated or referred to in terms of one another comments upon them both upon them both

No metaphor is just a metaphor All have significant imNo metaphor is just a metaphor All have significant implications and they must be chosen carefully especially plications and they must be chosen carefully especially in regard to the connotations the vehicle (image) will tranin regard to the connotations the vehicle (image) will transfer to the tenor Consider for example the differences isfer to the tenor Consider for example the differences in meaning conveyed by these statementsn meaning conveyed by these statements

10486951048695That club is spreading like wildfireThat club is spreading like wildfire10486951048695That club is spreading like cancerThat club is spreading like cancer10486951048695That club is really blossoming nowThat club is really blossoming now10486951048695That club in its amebic That club in its amebic （阿米巴的（阿米巴的 变形虫的） 变形虫的） momotions is engulfing the campustions is engulfing the campus

SimileSimile

Simile is a direct expressed comparison Simile is a direct expressed comparison between two things essentially unlike each other between two things essentially unlike each other but resembling each other in at least one way but resembling each other in at least one way In formal prose the simile is a device both of art In formal prose the simile is a device both of art and explanation comparing the unfamiliar thing and explanation comparing the unfamiliar thing (to be explained) to some familiar thing (an (to be explained) to some familiar thing (an object event process etc) known to the reader object event process etc) known to the reader There is no simile in the comparison my car is There is no simile in the comparison my car is like your car because the two objects are not like your car because the two objects are not essentially unlike each other essentially unlike each other When a noun is compared to a noun the simile When a noun is compared to a noun the simile is usually introduced by likeis usually introduced by like

Some examples from the BibleSome examples from the Bible

I see men but they look like trees walking --MaI see men but they look like trees walking --Mark 824rk 824

10486951048695The soul in the body is like a bird in a cageThe soul in the body is like a bird in a cage

10486951048695After such long exposure to the direct sun the After such long exposure to the direct sun the leaves of the houseplant looked like pieces of ovleaves of the houseplant looked like pieces of overcooked baconercooked bacon

But I am But I am like an olive treelike an olive tree Flourishing in the hou Flourishing in the house of God --Psalm 528se of God --Psalm 528

They will come and shout for joy on the heights They will come and shout for joy on the heights of Zion (of Zion ( 锡安山在耶路撒冷犹太民族文化中锡安山在耶路撒冷犹太民族文化中心的象征心的象征 ) They will be ) They will be like a well-watered like a well-watered gardengarden And they will sorrow no more --Jeremi And they will sorrow no more --Jeremiah 3112ah 3112

(in these last two examples especially notice how powerfull(in these last two examples especially notice how powerfully the thing to be described called the tenor is colored by the thing to be described called the tenor is colored by the thing it is compared to called the vehicle)y the thing it is compared to called the vehicle)

DictationDictation

Gold Rush of 1849Gold Rush of 1849

In January 1848 James W Marshall a carpenter In January 1848 James W Marshall a carpenter building a sawmill in partnership with John A Sutter in building a sawmill in partnership with John A Sutter in Californias Sacramento Valley discovered gold Sutter Californias Sacramento Valley discovered gold Sutter made his workers promise to keep the discovery a made his workers promise to keep the discovery a secret However the news leaked out Within a few secret However the news leaked out Within a few months a shrewd merchant hoping to increase his months a shrewd merchant hoping to increase his business set off the gold rush in earnest Samuel business set off the gold rush in earnest Samuel Brannan one of the early Mormon settlers in San Brannan one of the early Mormon settlers in San Francisco owned a store near Sutters fort In early May Francisco owned a store near Sutters fort In early May he returned to San Francisco from a visit to the diggings he returned to San Francisco from a visit to the diggings and spread the word of gold and spread the word of gold

Within a few days boats filled with townspeople were Within a few days boats filled with townspeople were heading up the Sacramento River to look for gold heading up the Sacramento River to look for gold Brannan of course had stocked his store with mining Brannan of course had stocked his store with mining supplies and was doing a thriving business San supplies and was doing a thriving business San Francisco soon was a ghost town as almost everyone Francisco soon was a ghost town as almost everyone was off to the gold siteswas off to the gold sites

During the summer of 1848 the news spread up and During the summer of 1848 the news spread up and down the West Coast across the border to Mexico and down the West Coast across the border to Mexico and even to the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii) Word also even to the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii) Word also reached the Mississippi Valley and the Eastern statesreached the Mississippi Valley and the Eastern states

Newspapers were filled with the accounts of men who clNewspapers were filled with the accounts of men who claimed to have become rich overnight by picking gold out aimed to have become rich overnight by picking gold out of Californias wondrous earth Then in a message to thof Californias wondrous earth Then in a message to the Congress of the United States in December President e Congress of the United States in December President James K Polk confirmed the presence of gold in CalifornJames K Polk confirmed the presence of gold in California That winter people from all walks of life set out for Caia That winter people from all walks of life set out for California Many pawned their possessions to get there Thlifornia Many pawned their possessions to get there The gold seekers also known as Forty-Niners or Argonautse gold seekers also known as Forty-Niners or Argonauts joined the rush from as far off as Europe and Australia joined the rush from as far off as Europe and Australia Many Chinese also flocked to San Francisco to join in thMany Chinese also flocked to San Francisco to join in the gold rushe gold rush

The EndThe End

Thank YouThank You

the running of somethingthe running of something

the process of managing or organizing a busthe process of managing or organizing a business home organization etciness home organization etc

Brian took over the day-to-day running of the Brian took over the day-to-day running of the company while his father was away He prcompany while his father was away He praised the smooth running of the electionaised the smooth running of the election

helliphellipplusplus (room and board) (room and board)and alsoand alsoThere are numerous clubs plus a casinoThere are numerous clubs plus a casinoThe cost is pound45 plus pound5 for deliveryThe cost is pound45 plus pound5 for deliveryThe jacket costs $4995 plus taxThe jacket costs $4995 plus tax

the gold standard the gold standard 金本位金本位technicaltechnical the use of the value of gold as a fixed sta the use of the value of gold as a fixed sta

ndard on which to base the value of moneyndard on which to base the value of money

currencycurrency

1 [uncountable and countable] the system or type of money 1 [uncountable and countable] the system or type of money that a country usesthat a country uses

The bank can supply you with foreign currency The bank can supply you with foreign currency There are moves towards a single currency in Europe There are moves towards a single currency in Europe The local currency is the Swiss francThe local currency is the Swiss franc2 [uncountable] the state of being accepted or used by a lot 2 [uncountable] the state of being accepted or used by a lot

of peopleof peopleMarxism began to gain currency Marxism began to gain currency The idea was common currency in European political lifeThe idea was common currency in European political life

prospectorprospector

someone who looks for gold minerals oil etcsomeone who looks for gold minerals oil etc

infamousinfamous

well known for being bad or evilwell known for being bad or evil

an infamous killer Los Angeles infamous smogan infamous killer Los Angeles infamous smog

infamous forinfamous for

This area is infamous for drugs and prostitutionThis area is infamous for drugs and prostitution

ex-guardsex-guards

ex- former and still livingex- former and still living

an ex-Presidentan ex-PresidentHer dads an ex-policemanHer dads an ex-policemanLydia is still friends with her ex-husbandLydia is still friends with her ex-husbandmy ex-wifemy ex-wife

已故的总统已故的总统

an an occupationoccupation for the working class (line 38) for the working class (line 38)which of the following is a suitable synonymwhich of the following is a suitable synonym

his fathers occupationhis fathers occupation JOB profession (line JOB profession (line of) workof) work her leisure occupationsher leisure occupations PASTIME activity PASTIME activity hobby entertainment recreation amusementhobby entertainment recreation amusement a property suitable for occupation by older a property suitable for occupation by older peoplepeople RESIDENCE residency habitation RESIDENCE residency habitation the Roman occupation of Britainthe Roman occupation of Britain CONQUEST capture invasion seizure CONQUEST capture invasion seizure takeovertakeover

eloquenteloquent1 able to express your ideas and opinions well especially i1 able to express your ideas and opinions well especially i

n a way that influences people n a way that influences people 雄辩的有说明力的雄辩的有说明力的an eloquent appeal for supportan eloquent appeal for support

2 showing a feeling or meaning without using words2 showing a feeling or meaning without using words cleaclearly expressiverly expressive

The photographs are an eloquent reminder of the horrors of The photographs are an eloquent reminder of the horrors of warwar

an art that is eloquent of Americas cultural diversityan art that is eloquent of Americas cultural diversity

trust totrust to something something place reliance on (luck fate etc)place reliance on (luck fate etc) to hoto ho

pe that what you want to happen will happpe that what you want to happen will happen because there is nothing you can do aen because there is nothing you can do about itbout it

Ill just have to trust to luck that it works out oIll just have to trust to luck that it works out okay kay

I hope I may trust to your discretionI hope I may trust to your discretion

METAPHORMETAPHOR

METAPHORMETAPHOR A comparison which A comparison which imaginatively identifies one thing with imaginatively identifies one thing with another dissimilar thing and transfers or another dissimilar thing and transfers or ascribes to ascribes to the first thing (the tenor or the first thing (the tenor or idea)idea) some of the qualities of some of the qualities of the second the second (the vehicle or image)(the vehicle or image) Unlike a simile or Unlike a simile or analogy metaphor asserts that one thing analogy metaphor asserts that one thing is another thing not just that one is like is another thing not just that one is like another very frequently a metaphor is another very frequently a metaphor is invoked by the to be verbinvoked by the to be verb

notenote

tenortenor The word phrase or subject with whi The word phrase or subject with which the ch the vehiclevehicle of a metaphor is identified a of a metaphor is identified as life ins life in

隐喻所指的词短语或对象如 隐喻所指的词短语或对象如 life life 在 在 Lifes but a walking shadow Lifes but a walking shadow

(Shakespeare)(Shakespeare)

ldquoldquo 生命不过是一个行走的影子rdquo生命不过是一个行走的影子rdquo (( 莎士比亚莎士比亚 ))

10486951048695Some examples from the BibleSome examples from the Bible

Then Jesus declared I am the bread of life --JoThen Jesus declared I am the bread of life --John 635hn 63510486951048695I am the door if anyone enters through me he shall be I am the door if anyone enters through me he shall be saved and shall go in and out and find pasture --JOHN saved and shall go in and out and find pasture --JOHN 10910910486951048695But I will sing of your strength In the morning I will sinBut I will sing of your strength In the morning I will sing of your love For you are my fortress My refuge in tig of your love For you are my fortress My refuge in times of trouble --Psalm 5916mes of trouble --Psalm 591610486951048695The name of the Lord is a strong tower The righteous The name of the Lord is a strong tower The righteous run to it and are safe --Proverbs 1810run to it and are safe --Proverbs 1810

Another common method of constructing a metaphor is tAnother common method of constructing a metaphor is to use the possessive where the image is expressed as o use the possessive where the image is expressed as being a part of the idea usually in the form of the x of ybeing a part of the idea usually in the form of the x of y

10486951048695A writers river of words will dry up unless it is continuoA writers river of words will dry up unless it is continuously replenished by streams of new learningusly replenished by streams of new learning10486951048695The first beam of hope that had ever darted into his miThe first beam of hope that had ever darted into his mind rekindled youth in his cheeks and doubled the lustre ond rekindled youth in his cheeks and doubled the lustre of his eyes --SAMUEL JOHNSONf his eyes --SAMUEL JOHNSON10486951048695The furnace of affliction had softened his heart and puriThe furnace of affliction had softened his heart and purified his soulfied his soul

In fact there is a whole range of different degrees of direct iIn fact there is a whole range of different degrees of direct identification between image and idea dentification between image and idea

There is fully expressedThere is fully expressed10486951048695The eye is the lamp of your body when your eye is soundThe eye is the lamp of your body when your eye is sound

your whole body is full of light but when it is not sound your whole body is full of light but when it is not sound your body is full of darkness --LUKE 1134your body is full of darkness --LUKE 1134

There is impliedThere is implied10486951048695 For thou hast been my help and in the shadow of thy For thou hast been my help and in the shadow of thy

wings i sing for joy --PSALM 637wings i sing for joy --PSALM 637And there is very impliedAnd there is very implied10486951048695For if men do these things when the tree is green what wiFor if men do these things when the tree is green what wi

ll happen when it is dry --LUKE2331ll happen when it is dry --LUKE2331

Like simile and analogy metaphor is a profoundly important Like simile and analogy metaphor is a profoundly important and useful device Aristotle says in his Rhetoric It is and useful device Aristotle says in his Rhetoric It is metaphor above all else that gives clearness charm metaphor above all else that gives clearness charm and distinction to the style and distinction to the style

So metaphor not only explains by making the abstract or So metaphor not only explains by making the abstract or unknown concrete and familiar but it also enlivens by unknown concrete and familiar but it also enlivens by touching the readers imagination Further it affirms one touching the readers imagination Further it affirms one more interconnection in the unity of all things by showing more interconnection in the unity of all things by showing a relationship between things seemingly alien to each a relationship between things seemingly alien to each other And the fact that two very unlike things can be other And the fact that two very unlike things can be equated or referred to in terms of one another comments equated or referred to in terms of one another comments upon them both upon them both

No metaphor is just a metaphor All have significant imNo metaphor is just a metaphor All have significant implications and they must be chosen carefully especially plications and they must be chosen carefully especially in regard to the connotations the vehicle (image) will tranin regard to the connotations the vehicle (image) will transfer to the tenor Consider for example the differences isfer to the tenor Consider for example the differences in meaning conveyed by these statementsn meaning conveyed by these statements

10486951048695That club is spreading like wildfireThat club is spreading like wildfire10486951048695That club is spreading like cancerThat club is spreading like cancer10486951048695That club is really blossoming nowThat club is really blossoming now10486951048695That club in its amebic That club in its amebic （阿米巴的（阿米巴的 变形虫的） 变形虫的） momotions is engulfing the campustions is engulfing the campus

SimileSimile

Simile is a direct expressed comparison Simile is a direct expressed comparison between two things essentially unlike each other between two things essentially unlike each other but resembling each other in at least one way but resembling each other in at least one way In formal prose the simile is a device both of art In formal prose the simile is a device both of art and explanation comparing the unfamiliar thing and explanation comparing the unfamiliar thing (to be explained) to some familiar thing (an (to be explained) to some familiar thing (an object event process etc) known to the reader object event process etc) known to the reader There is no simile in the comparison my car is There is no simile in the comparison my car is like your car because the two objects are not like your car because the two objects are not essentially unlike each other essentially unlike each other When a noun is compared to a noun the simile When a noun is compared to a noun the simile is usually introduced by likeis usually introduced by like

Some examples from the BibleSome examples from the Bible

I see men but they look like trees walking --MaI see men but they look like trees walking --Mark 824rk 824

10486951048695The soul in the body is like a bird in a cageThe soul in the body is like a bird in a cage

10486951048695After such long exposure to the direct sun the After such long exposure to the direct sun the leaves of the houseplant looked like pieces of ovleaves of the houseplant looked like pieces of overcooked baconercooked bacon

But I am But I am like an olive treelike an olive tree Flourishing in the hou Flourishing in the house of God --Psalm 528se of God --Psalm 528

They will come and shout for joy on the heights They will come and shout for joy on the heights of Zion (of Zion ( 锡安山在耶路撒冷犹太民族文化中锡安山在耶路撒冷犹太民族文化中心的象征心的象征 ) They will be ) They will be like a well-watered like a well-watered gardengarden And they will sorrow no more --Jeremi And they will sorrow no more --Jeremiah 3112ah 3112

(in these last two examples especially notice how powerfull(in these last two examples especially notice how powerfully the thing to be described called the tenor is colored by the thing to be described called the tenor is colored by the thing it is compared to called the vehicle)y the thing it is compared to called the vehicle)

DictationDictation

Gold Rush of 1849Gold Rush of 1849

In January 1848 James W Marshall a carpenter In January 1848 James W Marshall a carpenter building a sawmill in partnership with John A Sutter in building a sawmill in partnership with John A Sutter in Californias Sacramento Valley discovered gold Sutter Californias Sacramento Valley discovered gold Sutter made his workers promise to keep the discovery a made his workers promise to keep the discovery a secret However the news leaked out Within a few secret However the news leaked out Within a few months a shrewd merchant hoping to increase his months a shrewd merchant hoping to increase his business set off the gold rush in earnest Samuel business set off the gold rush in earnest Samuel Brannan one of the early Mormon settlers in San Brannan one of the early Mormon settlers in San Francisco owned a store near Sutters fort In early May Francisco owned a store near Sutters fort In early May he returned to San Francisco from a visit to the diggings he returned to San Francisco from a visit to the diggings and spread the word of gold and spread the word of gold

Within a few days boats filled with townspeople were Within a few days boats filled with townspeople were heading up the Sacramento River to look for gold heading up the Sacramento River to look for gold Brannan of course had stocked his store with mining Brannan of course had stocked his store with mining supplies and was doing a thriving business San supplies and was doing a thriving business San Francisco soon was a ghost town as almost everyone Francisco soon was a ghost town as almost everyone was off to the gold siteswas off to the gold sites

During the summer of 1848 the news spread up and During the summer of 1848 the news spread up and down the West Coast across the border to Mexico and down the West Coast across the border to Mexico and even to the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii) Word also even to the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii) Word also reached the Mississippi Valley and the Eastern statesreached the Mississippi Valley and the Eastern states

Newspapers were filled with the accounts of men who clNewspapers were filled with the accounts of men who claimed to have become rich overnight by picking gold out aimed to have become rich overnight by picking gold out of Californias wondrous earth Then in a message to thof Californias wondrous earth Then in a message to the Congress of the United States in December President e Congress of the United States in December President James K Polk confirmed the presence of gold in CalifornJames K Polk confirmed the presence of gold in California That winter people from all walks of life set out for Caia That winter people from all walks of life set out for California Many pawned their possessions to get there Thlifornia Many pawned their possessions to get there The gold seekers also known as Forty-Niners or Argonautse gold seekers also known as Forty-Niners or Argonauts joined the rush from as far off as Europe and Australia joined the rush from as far off as Europe and Australia Many Chinese also flocked to San Francisco to join in thMany Chinese also flocked to San Francisco to join in the gold rushe gold rush

The EndThe End

Thank YouThank You

helliphellipplusplus (room and board) (room and board)and alsoand alsoThere are numerous clubs plus a casinoThere are numerous clubs plus a casinoThe cost is pound45 plus pound5 for deliveryThe cost is pound45 plus pound5 for deliveryThe jacket costs $4995 plus taxThe jacket costs $4995 plus tax

the gold standard the gold standard 金本位金本位technicaltechnical the use of the value of gold as a fixed sta the use of the value of gold as a fixed sta

ndard on which to base the value of moneyndard on which to base the value of money

currencycurrency

1 [uncountable and countable] the system or type of money 1 [uncountable and countable] the system or type of money that a country usesthat a country uses

The bank can supply you with foreign currency The bank can supply you with foreign currency There are moves towards a single currency in Europe There are moves towards a single currency in Europe The local currency is the Swiss francThe local currency is the Swiss franc2 [uncountable] the state of being accepted or used by a lot 2 [uncountable] the state of being accepted or used by a lot

of peopleof peopleMarxism began to gain currency Marxism began to gain currency The idea was common currency in European political lifeThe idea was common currency in European political life

prospectorprospector

someone who looks for gold minerals oil etcsomeone who looks for gold minerals oil etc

infamousinfamous

well known for being bad or evilwell known for being bad or evil

an infamous killer Los Angeles infamous smogan infamous killer Los Angeles infamous smog

infamous forinfamous for

This area is infamous for drugs and prostitutionThis area is infamous for drugs and prostitution

ex-guardsex-guards

ex- former and still livingex- former and still living

an ex-Presidentan ex-PresidentHer dads an ex-policemanHer dads an ex-policemanLydia is still friends with her ex-husbandLydia is still friends with her ex-husbandmy ex-wifemy ex-wife

已故的总统已故的总统

an an occupationoccupation for the working class (line 38) for the working class (line 38)which of the following is a suitable synonymwhich of the following is a suitable synonym

his fathers occupationhis fathers occupation JOB profession (line JOB profession (line of) workof) work her leisure occupationsher leisure occupations PASTIME activity PASTIME activity hobby entertainment recreation amusementhobby entertainment recreation amusement a property suitable for occupation by older a property suitable for occupation by older peoplepeople RESIDENCE residency habitation RESIDENCE residency habitation the Roman occupation of Britainthe Roman occupation of Britain CONQUEST capture invasion seizure CONQUEST capture invasion seizure takeovertakeover

eloquenteloquent1 able to express your ideas and opinions well especially i1 able to express your ideas and opinions well especially i

n a way that influences people n a way that influences people 雄辩的有说明力的雄辩的有说明力的an eloquent appeal for supportan eloquent appeal for support

2 showing a feeling or meaning without using words2 showing a feeling or meaning without using words cleaclearly expressiverly expressive

The photographs are an eloquent reminder of the horrors of The photographs are an eloquent reminder of the horrors of warwar

an art that is eloquent of Americas cultural diversityan art that is eloquent of Americas cultural diversity

trust totrust to something something place reliance on (luck fate etc)place reliance on (luck fate etc) to hoto ho

pe that what you want to happen will happpe that what you want to happen will happen because there is nothing you can do aen because there is nothing you can do about itbout it

Ill just have to trust to luck that it works out oIll just have to trust to luck that it works out okay kay

I hope I may trust to your discretionI hope I may trust to your discretion

METAPHORMETAPHOR

METAPHORMETAPHOR A comparison which A comparison which imaginatively identifies one thing with imaginatively identifies one thing with another dissimilar thing and transfers or another dissimilar thing and transfers or ascribes to ascribes to the first thing (the tenor or the first thing (the tenor or idea)idea) some of the qualities of some of the qualities of the second the second (the vehicle or image)(the vehicle or image) Unlike a simile or Unlike a simile or analogy metaphor asserts that one thing analogy metaphor asserts that one thing is another thing not just that one is like is another thing not just that one is like another very frequently a metaphor is another very frequently a metaphor is invoked by the to be verbinvoked by the to be verb

notenote

tenortenor The word phrase or subject with whi The word phrase or subject with which the ch the vehiclevehicle of a metaphor is identified a of a metaphor is identified as life ins life in

隐喻所指的词短语或对象如 隐喻所指的词短语或对象如 life life 在 在 Lifes but a walking shadow Lifes but a walking shadow

(Shakespeare)(Shakespeare)

ldquoldquo 生命不过是一个行走的影子rdquo生命不过是一个行走的影子rdquo (( 莎士比亚莎士比亚 ))

10486951048695Some examples from the BibleSome examples from the Bible

Then Jesus declared I am the bread of life --JoThen Jesus declared I am the bread of life --John 635hn 63510486951048695I am the door if anyone enters through me he shall be I am the door if anyone enters through me he shall be saved and shall go in and out and find pasture --JOHN saved and shall go in and out and find pasture --JOHN 10910910486951048695But I will sing of your strength In the morning I will sinBut I will sing of your strength In the morning I will sing of your love For you are my fortress My refuge in tig of your love For you are my fortress My refuge in times of trouble --Psalm 5916mes of trouble --Psalm 591610486951048695The name of the Lord is a strong tower The righteous The name of the Lord is a strong tower The righteous run to it and are safe --Proverbs 1810run to it and are safe --Proverbs 1810

Another common method of constructing a metaphor is tAnother common method of constructing a metaphor is to use the possessive where the image is expressed as o use the possessive where the image is expressed as being a part of the idea usually in the form of the x of ybeing a part of the idea usually in the form of the x of y

10486951048695A writers river of words will dry up unless it is continuoA writers river of words will dry up unless it is continuously replenished by streams of new learningusly replenished by streams of new learning10486951048695The first beam of hope that had ever darted into his miThe first beam of hope that had ever darted into his mind rekindled youth in his cheeks and doubled the lustre ond rekindled youth in his cheeks and doubled the lustre of his eyes --SAMUEL JOHNSONf his eyes --SAMUEL JOHNSON10486951048695The furnace of affliction had softened his heart and puriThe furnace of affliction had softened his heart and purified his soulfied his soul

In fact there is a whole range of different degrees of direct iIn fact there is a whole range of different degrees of direct identification between image and idea dentification between image and idea

There is fully expressedThere is fully expressed10486951048695The eye is the lamp of your body when your eye is soundThe eye is the lamp of your body when your eye is sound

your whole body is full of light but when it is not sound your whole body is full of light but when it is not sound your body is full of darkness --LUKE 1134your body is full of darkness --LUKE 1134

There is impliedThere is implied10486951048695 For thou hast been my help and in the shadow of thy For thou hast been my help and in the shadow of thy

wings i sing for joy --PSALM 637wings i sing for joy --PSALM 637And there is very impliedAnd there is very implied10486951048695For if men do these things when the tree is green what wiFor if men do these things when the tree is green what wi

ll happen when it is dry --LUKE2331ll happen when it is dry --LUKE2331

Like simile and analogy metaphor is a profoundly important Like simile and analogy metaphor is a profoundly important and useful device Aristotle says in his Rhetoric It is and useful device Aristotle says in his Rhetoric It is metaphor above all else that gives clearness charm metaphor above all else that gives clearness charm and distinction to the style and distinction to the style

So metaphor not only explains by making the abstract or So metaphor not only explains by making the abstract or unknown concrete and familiar but it also enlivens by unknown concrete and familiar but it also enlivens by touching the readers imagination Further it affirms one touching the readers imagination Further it affirms one more interconnection in the unity of all things by showing more interconnection in the unity of all things by showing a relationship between things seemingly alien to each a relationship between things seemingly alien to each other And the fact that two very unlike things can be other And the fact that two very unlike things can be equated or referred to in terms of one another comments equated or referred to in terms of one another comments upon them both upon them both

No metaphor is just a metaphor All have significant imNo metaphor is just a metaphor All have significant implications and they must be chosen carefully especially plications and they must be chosen carefully especially in regard to the connotations the vehicle (image) will tranin regard to the connotations the vehicle (image) will transfer to the tenor Consider for example the differences isfer to the tenor Consider for example the differences in meaning conveyed by these statementsn meaning conveyed by these statements

10486951048695That club is spreading like wildfireThat club is spreading like wildfire10486951048695That club is spreading like cancerThat club is spreading like cancer10486951048695That club is really blossoming nowThat club is really blossoming now10486951048695That club in its amebic That club in its amebic （阿米巴的（阿米巴的 变形虫的） 变形虫的） momotions is engulfing the campustions is engulfing the campus

SimileSimile

Simile is a direct expressed comparison Simile is a direct expressed comparison between two things essentially unlike each other between two things essentially unlike each other but resembling each other in at least one way but resembling each other in at least one way In formal prose the simile is a device both of art In formal prose the simile is a device both of art and explanation comparing the unfamiliar thing and explanation comparing the unfamiliar thing (to be explained) to some familiar thing (an (to be explained) to some familiar thing (an object event process etc) known to the reader object event process etc) known to the reader There is no simile in the comparison my car is There is no simile in the comparison my car is like your car because the two objects are not like your car because the two objects are not essentially unlike each other essentially unlike each other When a noun is compared to a noun the simile When a noun is compared to a noun the simile is usually introduced by likeis usually introduced by like

Some examples from the BibleSome examples from the Bible

I see men but they look like trees walking --MaI see men but they look like trees walking --Mark 824rk 824

10486951048695The soul in the body is like a bird in a cageThe soul in the body is like a bird in a cage

10486951048695After such long exposure to the direct sun the After such long exposure to the direct sun the leaves of the houseplant looked like pieces of ovleaves of the houseplant looked like pieces of overcooked baconercooked bacon

But I am But I am like an olive treelike an olive tree Flourishing in the hou Flourishing in the house of God --Psalm 528se of God --Psalm 528

They will come and shout for joy on the heights They will come and shout for joy on the heights of Zion (of Zion ( 锡安山在耶路撒冷犹太民族文化中锡安山在耶路撒冷犹太民族文化中心的象征心的象征 ) They will be ) They will be like a well-watered like a well-watered gardengarden And they will sorrow no more --Jeremi And they will sorrow no more --Jeremiah 3112ah 3112

(in these last two examples especially notice how powerfull(in these last two examples especially notice how powerfully the thing to be described called the tenor is colored by the thing to be described called the tenor is colored by the thing it is compared to called the vehicle)y the thing it is compared to called the vehicle)

DictationDictation

Gold Rush of 1849Gold Rush of 1849

In January 1848 James W Marshall a carpenter In January 1848 James W Marshall a carpenter building a sawmill in partnership with John A Sutter in building a sawmill in partnership with John A Sutter in Californias Sacramento Valley discovered gold Sutter Californias Sacramento Valley discovered gold Sutter made his workers promise to keep the discovery a made his workers promise to keep the discovery a secret However the news leaked out Within a few secret However the news leaked out Within a few months a shrewd merchant hoping to increase his months a shrewd merchant hoping to increase his business set off the gold rush in earnest Samuel business set off the gold rush in earnest Samuel Brannan one of the early Mormon settlers in San Brannan one of the early Mormon settlers in San Francisco owned a store near Sutters fort In early May Francisco owned a store near Sutters fort In early May he returned to San Francisco from a visit to the diggings he returned to San Francisco from a visit to the diggings and spread the word of gold and spread the word of gold

Within a few days boats filled with townspeople were Within a few days boats filled with townspeople were heading up the Sacramento River to look for gold heading up the Sacramento River to look for gold Brannan of course had stocked his store with mining Brannan of course had stocked his store with mining supplies and was doing a thriving business San supplies and was doing a thriving business San Francisco soon was a ghost town as almost everyone Francisco soon was a ghost town as almost everyone was off to the gold siteswas off to the gold sites

During the summer of 1848 the news spread up and During the summer of 1848 the news spread up and down the West Coast across the border to Mexico and down the West Coast across the border to Mexico and even to the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii) Word also even to the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii) Word also reached the Mississippi Valley and the Eastern statesreached the Mississippi Valley and the Eastern states

Newspapers were filled with the accounts of men who clNewspapers were filled with the accounts of men who claimed to have become rich overnight by picking gold out aimed to have become rich overnight by picking gold out of Californias wondrous earth Then in a message to thof Californias wondrous earth Then in a message to the Congress of the United States in December President e Congress of the United States in December President James K Polk confirmed the presence of gold in CalifornJames K Polk confirmed the presence of gold in California That winter people from all walks of life set out for Caia That winter people from all walks of life set out for California Many pawned their possessions to get there Thlifornia Many pawned their possessions to get there The gold seekers also known as Forty-Niners or Argonautse gold seekers also known as Forty-Niners or Argonauts joined the rush from as far off as Europe and Australia joined the rush from as far off as Europe and Australia Many Chinese also flocked to San Francisco to join in thMany Chinese also flocked to San Francisco to join in the gold rushe gold rush

The EndThe End

Thank YouThank You

currencycurrency

1 [uncountable and countable] the system or type of money 1 [uncountable and countable] the system or type of money that a country usesthat a country uses

The bank can supply you with foreign currency The bank can supply you with foreign currency There are moves towards a single currency in Europe There are moves towards a single currency in Europe The local currency is the Swiss francThe local currency is the Swiss franc2 [uncountable] the state of being accepted or used by a lot 2 [uncountable] the state of being accepted or used by a lot

of peopleof peopleMarxism began to gain currency Marxism began to gain currency The idea was common currency in European political lifeThe idea was common currency in European political life

prospectorprospector

someone who looks for gold minerals oil etcsomeone who looks for gold minerals oil etc

infamousinfamous

well known for being bad or evilwell known for being bad or evil

an infamous killer Los Angeles infamous smogan infamous killer Los Angeles infamous smog

infamous forinfamous for

This area is infamous for drugs and prostitutionThis area is infamous for drugs and prostitution

ex-guardsex-guards

ex- former and still livingex- former and still living

an ex-Presidentan ex-PresidentHer dads an ex-policemanHer dads an ex-policemanLydia is still friends with her ex-husbandLydia is still friends with her ex-husbandmy ex-wifemy ex-wife

已故的总统已故的总统

an an occupationoccupation for the working class (line 38) for the working class (line 38)which of the following is a suitable synonymwhich of the following is a suitable synonym

his fathers occupationhis fathers occupation JOB profession (line JOB profession (line of) workof) work her leisure occupationsher leisure occupations PASTIME activity PASTIME activity hobby entertainment recreation amusementhobby entertainment recreation amusement a property suitable for occupation by older a property suitable for occupation by older peoplepeople RESIDENCE residency habitation RESIDENCE residency habitation the Roman occupation of Britainthe Roman occupation of Britain CONQUEST capture invasion seizure CONQUEST capture invasion seizure takeovertakeover

eloquenteloquent1 able to express your ideas and opinions well especially i1 able to express your ideas and opinions well especially i

n a way that influences people n a way that influences people 雄辩的有说明力的雄辩的有说明力的an eloquent appeal for supportan eloquent appeal for support

2 showing a feeling or meaning without using words2 showing a feeling or meaning without using words cleaclearly expressiverly expressive

The photographs are an eloquent reminder of the horrors of The photographs are an eloquent reminder of the horrors of warwar

an art that is eloquent of Americas cultural diversityan art that is eloquent of Americas cultural diversity

trust totrust to something something place reliance on (luck fate etc)place reliance on (luck fate etc) to hoto ho

pe that what you want to happen will happpe that what you want to happen will happen because there is nothing you can do aen because there is nothing you can do about itbout it

Ill just have to trust to luck that it works out oIll just have to trust to luck that it works out okay kay

I hope I may trust to your discretionI hope I may trust to your discretion

METAPHORMETAPHOR

METAPHORMETAPHOR A comparison which A comparison which imaginatively identifies one thing with imaginatively identifies one thing with another dissimilar thing and transfers or another dissimilar thing and transfers or ascribes to ascribes to the first thing (the tenor or the first thing (the tenor or idea)idea) some of the qualities of some of the qualities of the second the second (the vehicle or image)(the vehicle or image) Unlike a simile or Unlike a simile or analogy metaphor asserts that one thing analogy metaphor asserts that one thing is another thing not just that one is like is another thing not just that one is like another very frequently a metaphor is another very frequently a metaphor is invoked by the to be verbinvoked by the to be verb

notenote

tenortenor The word phrase or subject with whi The word phrase or subject with which the ch the vehiclevehicle of a metaphor is identified a of a metaphor is identified as life ins life in

隐喻所指的词短语或对象如 隐喻所指的词短语或对象如 life life 在 在 Lifes but a walking shadow Lifes but a walking shadow

(Shakespeare)(Shakespeare)

ldquoldquo 生命不过是一个行走的影子rdquo生命不过是一个行走的影子rdquo (( 莎士比亚莎士比亚 ))

10486951048695Some examples from the BibleSome examples from the Bible

Then Jesus declared I am the bread of life --JoThen Jesus declared I am the bread of life --John 635hn 63510486951048695I am the door if anyone enters through me he shall be I am the door if anyone enters through me he shall be saved and shall go in and out and find pasture --JOHN saved and shall go in and out and find pasture --JOHN 10910910486951048695But I will sing of your strength In the morning I will sinBut I will sing of your strength In the morning I will sing of your love For you are my fortress My refuge in tig of your love For you are my fortress My refuge in times of trouble --Psalm 5916mes of trouble --Psalm 591610486951048695The name of the Lord is a strong tower The righteous The name of the Lord is a strong tower The righteous run to it and are safe --Proverbs 1810run to it and are safe --Proverbs 1810

Another common method of constructing a metaphor is tAnother common method of constructing a metaphor is to use the possessive where the image is expressed as o use the possessive where the image is expressed as being a part of the idea usually in the form of the x of ybeing a part of the idea usually in the form of the x of y

10486951048695A writers river of words will dry up unless it is continuoA writers river of words will dry up unless it is continuously replenished by streams of new learningusly replenished by streams of new learning10486951048695The first beam of hope that had ever darted into his miThe first beam of hope that had ever darted into his mind rekindled youth in his cheeks and doubled the lustre ond rekindled youth in his cheeks and doubled the lustre of his eyes --SAMUEL JOHNSONf his eyes --SAMUEL JOHNSON10486951048695The furnace of affliction had softened his heart and puriThe furnace of affliction had softened his heart and purified his soulfied his soul

In fact there is a whole range of different degrees of direct iIn fact there is a whole range of different degrees of direct identification between image and idea dentification between image and idea

There is fully expressedThere is fully expressed10486951048695The eye is the lamp of your body when your eye is soundThe eye is the lamp of your body when your eye is sound

your whole body is full of light but when it is not sound your whole body is full of light but when it is not sound your body is full of darkness --LUKE 1134your body is full of darkness --LUKE 1134

There is impliedThere is implied10486951048695 For thou hast been my help and in the shadow of thy For thou hast been my help and in the shadow of thy

wings i sing for joy --PSALM 637wings i sing for joy --PSALM 637And there is very impliedAnd there is very implied10486951048695For if men do these things when the tree is green what wiFor if men do these things when the tree is green what wi

ll happen when it is dry --LUKE2331ll happen when it is dry --LUKE2331

Like simile and analogy metaphor is a profoundly important Like simile and analogy metaphor is a profoundly important and useful device Aristotle says in his Rhetoric It is and useful device Aristotle says in his Rhetoric It is metaphor above all else that gives clearness charm metaphor above all else that gives clearness charm and distinction to the style and distinction to the style

So metaphor not only explains by making the abstract or So metaphor not only explains by making the abstract or unknown concrete and familiar but it also enlivens by unknown concrete and familiar but it also enlivens by touching the readers imagination Further it affirms one touching the readers imagination Further it affirms one more interconnection in the unity of all things by showing more interconnection in the unity of all things by showing a relationship between things seemingly alien to each a relationship between things seemingly alien to each other And the fact that two very unlike things can be other And the fact that two very unlike things can be equated or referred to in terms of one another comments equated or referred to in terms of one another comments upon them both upon them both

No metaphor is just a metaphor All have significant imNo metaphor is just a metaphor All have significant implications and they must be chosen carefully especially plications and they must be chosen carefully especially in regard to the connotations the vehicle (image) will tranin regard to the connotations the vehicle (image) will transfer to the tenor Consider for example the differences isfer to the tenor Consider for example the differences in meaning conveyed by these statementsn meaning conveyed by these statements

10486951048695That club is spreading like wildfireThat club is spreading like wildfire10486951048695That club is spreading like cancerThat club is spreading like cancer10486951048695That club is really blossoming nowThat club is really blossoming now10486951048695That club in its amebic That club in its amebic （阿米巴的（阿米巴的 变形虫的） 变形虫的） momotions is engulfing the campustions is engulfing the campus

SimileSimile

Simile is a direct expressed comparison Simile is a direct expressed comparison between two things essentially unlike each other between two things essentially unlike each other but resembling each other in at least one way but resembling each other in at least one way In formal prose the simile is a device both of art In formal prose the simile is a device both of art and explanation comparing the unfamiliar thing and explanation comparing the unfamiliar thing (to be explained) to some familiar thing (an (to be explained) to some familiar thing (an object event process etc) known to the reader object event process etc) known to the reader There is no simile in the comparison my car is There is no simile in the comparison my car is like your car because the two objects are not like your car because the two objects are not essentially unlike each other essentially unlike each other When a noun is compared to a noun the simile When a noun is compared to a noun the simile is usually introduced by likeis usually introduced by like

Some examples from the BibleSome examples from the Bible

I see men but they look like trees walking --MaI see men but they look like trees walking --Mark 824rk 824

10486951048695The soul in the body is like a bird in a cageThe soul in the body is like a bird in a cage

10486951048695After such long exposure to the direct sun the After such long exposure to the direct sun the leaves of the houseplant looked like pieces of ovleaves of the houseplant looked like pieces of overcooked baconercooked bacon

But I am But I am like an olive treelike an olive tree Flourishing in the hou Flourishing in the house of God --Psalm 528se of God --Psalm 528

They will come and shout for joy on the heights They will come and shout for joy on the heights of Zion (of Zion ( 锡安山在耶路撒冷犹太民族文化中锡安山在耶路撒冷犹太民族文化中心的象征心的象征 ) They will be ) They will be like a well-watered like a well-watered gardengarden And they will sorrow no more --Jeremi And they will sorrow no more --Jeremiah 3112ah 3112

(in these last two examples especially notice how powerfull(in these last two examples especially notice how powerfully the thing to be described called the tenor is colored by the thing to be described called the tenor is colored by the thing it is compared to called the vehicle)y the thing it is compared to called the vehicle)

DictationDictation

Gold Rush of 1849Gold Rush of 1849

In January 1848 James W Marshall a carpenter In January 1848 James W Marshall a carpenter building a sawmill in partnership with John A Sutter in building a sawmill in partnership with John A Sutter in Californias Sacramento Valley discovered gold Sutter Californias Sacramento Valley discovered gold Sutter made his workers promise to keep the discovery a made his workers promise to keep the discovery a secret However the news leaked out Within a few secret However the news leaked out Within a few months a shrewd merchant hoping to increase his months a shrewd merchant hoping to increase his business set off the gold rush in earnest Samuel business set off the gold rush in earnest Samuel Brannan one of the early Mormon settlers in San Brannan one of the early Mormon settlers in San Francisco owned a store near Sutters fort In early May Francisco owned a store near Sutters fort In early May he returned to San Francisco from a visit to the diggings he returned to San Francisco from a visit to the diggings and spread the word of gold and spread the word of gold

Within a few days boats filled with townspeople were Within a few days boats filled with townspeople were heading up the Sacramento River to look for gold heading up the Sacramento River to look for gold Brannan of course had stocked his store with mining Brannan of course had stocked his store with mining supplies and was doing a thriving business San supplies and was doing a thriving business San Francisco soon was a ghost town as almost everyone Francisco soon was a ghost town as almost everyone was off to the gold siteswas off to the gold sites

During the summer of 1848 the news spread up and During the summer of 1848 the news spread up and down the West Coast across the border to Mexico and down the West Coast across the border to Mexico and even to the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii) Word also even to the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii) Word also reached the Mississippi Valley and the Eastern statesreached the Mississippi Valley and the Eastern states

Newspapers were filled with the accounts of men who clNewspapers were filled with the accounts of men who claimed to have become rich overnight by picking gold out aimed to have become rich overnight by picking gold out of Californias wondrous earth Then in a message to thof Californias wondrous earth Then in a message to the Congress of the United States in December President e Congress of the United States in December President James K Polk confirmed the presence of gold in CalifornJames K Polk confirmed the presence of gold in California That winter people from all walks of life set out for Caia That winter people from all walks of life set out for California Many pawned their possessions to get there Thlifornia Many pawned their possessions to get there The gold seekers also known as Forty-Niners or Argonautse gold seekers also known as Forty-Niners or Argonauts joined the rush from as far off as Europe and Australia joined the rush from as far off as Europe and Australia Many Chinese also flocked to San Francisco to join in thMany Chinese also flocked to San Francisco to join in the gold rushe gold rush

The EndThe End

Thank YouThank You

prospectorprospector

someone who looks for gold minerals oil etcsomeone who looks for gold minerals oil etc

infamousinfamous

well known for being bad or evilwell known for being bad or evil

an infamous killer Los Angeles infamous smogan infamous killer Los Angeles infamous smog

infamous forinfamous for

This area is infamous for drugs and prostitutionThis area is infamous for drugs and prostitution

ex-guardsex-guards

ex- former and still livingex- former and still living

an ex-Presidentan ex-PresidentHer dads an ex-policemanHer dads an ex-policemanLydia is still friends with her ex-husbandLydia is still friends with her ex-husbandmy ex-wifemy ex-wife

已故的总统已故的总统

an an occupationoccupation for the working class (line 38) for the working class (line 38)which of the following is a suitable synonymwhich of the following is a suitable synonym

his fathers occupationhis fathers occupation JOB profession (line JOB profession (line of) workof) work her leisure occupationsher leisure occupations PASTIME activity PASTIME activity hobby entertainment recreation amusementhobby entertainment recreation amusement a property suitable for occupation by older a property suitable for occupation by older peoplepeople RESIDENCE residency habitation RESIDENCE residency habitation the Roman occupation of Britainthe Roman occupation of Britain CONQUEST capture invasion seizure CONQUEST capture invasion seizure takeovertakeover

eloquenteloquent1 able to express your ideas and opinions well especially i1 able to express your ideas and opinions well especially i

n a way that influences people n a way that influences people 雄辩的有说明力的雄辩的有说明力的an eloquent appeal for supportan eloquent appeal for support

2 showing a feeling or meaning without using words2 showing a feeling or meaning without using words cleaclearly expressiverly expressive

The photographs are an eloquent reminder of the horrors of The photographs are an eloquent reminder of the horrors of warwar

an art that is eloquent of Americas cultural diversityan art that is eloquent of Americas cultural diversity

trust totrust to something something place reliance on (luck fate etc)place reliance on (luck fate etc) to hoto ho

pe that what you want to happen will happpe that what you want to happen will happen because there is nothing you can do aen because there is nothing you can do about itbout it

Ill just have to trust to luck that it works out oIll just have to trust to luck that it works out okay kay

I hope I may trust to your discretionI hope I may trust to your discretion

METAPHORMETAPHOR

METAPHORMETAPHOR A comparison which A comparison which imaginatively identifies one thing with imaginatively identifies one thing with another dissimilar thing and transfers or another dissimilar thing and transfers or ascribes to ascribes to the first thing (the tenor or the first thing (the tenor or idea)idea) some of the qualities of some of the qualities of the second the second (the vehicle or image)(the vehicle or image) Unlike a simile or Unlike a simile or analogy metaphor asserts that one thing analogy metaphor asserts that one thing is another thing not just that one is like is another thing not just that one is like another very frequently a metaphor is another very frequently a metaphor is invoked by the to be verbinvoked by the to be verb

notenote

tenortenor The word phrase or subject with whi The word phrase or subject with which the ch the vehiclevehicle of a metaphor is identified a of a metaphor is identified as life ins life in

隐喻所指的词短语或对象如 隐喻所指的词短语或对象如 life life 在 在 Lifes but a walking shadow Lifes but a walking shadow

(Shakespeare)(Shakespeare)

ldquoldquo 生命不过是一个行走的影子rdquo生命不过是一个行走的影子rdquo (( 莎士比亚莎士比亚 ))

10486951048695Some examples from the BibleSome examples from the Bible

Then Jesus declared I am the bread of life --JoThen Jesus declared I am the bread of life --John 635hn 63510486951048695I am the door if anyone enters through me he shall be I am the door if anyone enters through me he shall be saved and shall go in and out and find pasture --JOHN saved and shall go in and out and find pasture --JOHN 10910910486951048695But I will sing of your strength In the morning I will sinBut I will sing of your strength In the morning I will sing of your love For you are my fortress My refuge in tig of your love For you are my fortress My refuge in times of trouble --Psalm 5916mes of trouble --Psalm 591610486951048695The name of the Lord is a strong tower The righteous The name of the Lord is a strong tower The righteous run to it and are safe --Proverbs 1810run to it and are safe --Proverbs 1810

Another common method of constructing a metaphor is tAnother common method of constructing a metaphor is to use the possessive where the image is expressed as o use the possessive where the image is expressed as being a part of the idea usually in the form of the x of ybeing a part of the idea usually in the form of the x of y

10486951048695A writers river of words will dry up unless it is continuoA writers river of words will dry up unless it is continuously replenished by streams of new learningusly replenished by streams of new learning10486951048695The first beam of hope that had ever darted into his miThe first beam of hope that had ever darted into his mind rekindled youth in his cheeks and doubled the lustre ond rekindled youth in his cheeks and doubled the lustre of his eyes --SAMUEL JOHNSONf his eyes --SAMUEL JOHNSON10486951048695The furnace of affliction had softened his heart and puriThe furnace of affliction had softened his heart and purified his soulfied his soul

In fact there is a whole range of different degrees of direct iIn fact there is a whole range of different degrees of direct identification between image and idea dentification between image and idea

There is fully expressedThere is fully expressed10486951048695The eye is the lamp of your body when your eye is soundThe eye is the lamp of your body when your eye is sound

your whole body is full of light but when it is not sound your whole body is full of light but when it is not sound your body is full of darkness --LUKE 1134your body is full of darkness --LUKE 1134

There is impliedThere is implied10486951048695 For thou hast been my help and in the shadow of thy For thou hast been my help and in the shadow of thy

wings i sing for joy --PSALM 637wings i sing for joy --PSALM 637And there is very impliedAnd there is very implied10486951048695For if men do these things when the tree is green what wiFor if men do these things when the tree is green what wi

ll happen when it is dry --LUKE2331ll happen when it is dry --LUKE2331

Like simile and analogy metaphor is a profoundly important Like simile and analogy metaphor is a profoundly important and useful device Aristotle says in his Rhetoric It is and useful device Aristotle says in his Rhetoric It is metaphor above all else that gives clearness charm metaphor above all else that gives clearness charm and distinction to the style and distinction to the style

So metaphor not only explains by making the abstract or So metaphor not only explains by making the abstract or unknown concrete and familiar but it also enlivens by unknown concrete and familiar but it also enlivens by touching the readers imagination Further it affirms one touching the readers imagination Further it affirms one more interconnection in the unity of all things by showing more interconnection in the unity of all things by showing a relationship between things seemingly alien to each a relationship between things seemingly alien to each other And the fact that two very unlike things can be other And the fact that two very unlike things can be equated or referred to in terms of one another comments equated or referred to in terms of one another comments upon them both upon them both

No metaphor is just a metaphor All have significant imNo metaphor is just a metaphor All have significant implications and they must be chosen carefully especially plications and they must be chosen carefully especially in regard to the connotations the vehicle (image) will tranin regard to the connotations the vehicle (image) will transfer to the tenor Consider for example the differences isfer to the tenor Consider for example the differences in meaning conveyed by these statementsn meaning conveyed by these statements

10486951048695That club is spreading like wildfireThat club is spreading like wildfire10486951048695That club is spreading like cancerThat club is spreading like cancer10486951048695That club is really blossoming nowThat club is really blossoming now10486951048695That club in its amebic That club in its amebic （阿米巴的（阿米巴的 变形虫的） 变形虫的） momotions is engulfing the campustions is engulfing the campus

SimileSimile

Simile is a direct expressed comparison Simile is a direct expressed comparison between two things essentially unlike each other between two things essentially unlike each other but resembling each other in at least one way but resembling each other in at least one way In formal prose the simile is a device both of art In formal prose the simile is a device both of art and explanation comparing the unfamiliar thing and explanation comparing the unfamiliar thing (to be explained) to some familiar thing (an (to be explained) to some familiar thing (an object event process etc) known to the reader object event process etc) known to the reader There is no simile in the comparison my car is There is no simile in the comparison my car is like your car because the two objects are not like your car because the two objects are not essentially unlike each other essentially unlike each other When a noun is compared to a noun the simile When a noun is compared to a noun the simile is usually introduced by likeis usually introduced by like

Some examples from the BibleSome examples from the Bible

I see men but they look like trees walking --MaI see men but they look like trees walking --Mark 824rk 824

10486951048695The soul in the body is like a bird in a cageThe soul in the body is like a bird in a cage

10486951048695After such long exposure to the direct sun the After such long exposure to the direct sun the leaves of the houseplant looked like pieces of ovleaves of the houseplant looked like pieces of overcooked baconercooked bacon

But I am But I am like an olive treelike an olive tree Flourishing in the hou Flourishing in the house of God --Psalm 528se of God --Psalm 528

They will come and shout for joy on the heights They will come and shout for joy on the heights of Zion (of Zion ( 锡安山在耶路撒冷犹太民族文化中锡安山在耶路撒冷犹太民族文化中心的象征心的象征 ) They will be ) They will be like a well-watered like a well-watered gardengarden And they will sorrow no more --Jeremi And they will sorrow no more --Jeremiah 3112ah 3112

(in these last two examples especially notice how powerfull(in these last two examples especially notice how powerfully the thing to be described called the tenor is colored by the thing to be described called the tenor is colored by the thing it is compared to called the vehicle)y the thing it is compared to called the vehicle)

DictationDictation

Gold Rush of 1849Gold Rush of 1849

In January 1848 James W Marshall a carpenter In January 1848 James W Marshall a carpenter building a sawmill in partnership with John A Sutter in building a sawmill in partnership with John A Sutter in Californias Sacramento Valley discovered gold Sutter Californias Sacramento Valley discovered gold Sutter made his workers promise to keep the discovery a made his workers promise to keep the discovery a secret However the news leaked out Within a few secret However the news leaked out Within a few months a shrewd merchant hoping to increase his months a shrewd merchant hoping to increase his business set off the gold rush in earnest Samuel business set off the gold rush in earnest Samuel Brannan one of the early Mormon settlers in San Brannan one of the early Mormon settlers in San Francisco owned a store near Sutters fort In early May Francisco owned a store near Sutters fort In early May he returned to San Francisco from a visit to the diggings he returned to San Francisco from a visit to the diggings and spread the word of gold and spread the word of gold

Within a few days boats filled with townspeople were Within a few days boats filled with townspeople were heading up the Sacramento River to look for gold heading up the Sacramento River to look for gold Brannan of course had stocked his store with mining Brannan of course had stocked his store with mining supplies and was doing a thriving business San supplies and was doing a thriving business San Francisco soon was a ghost town as almost everyone Francisco soon was a ghost town as almost everyone was off to the gold siteswas off to the gold sites

During the summer of 1848 the news spread up and During the summer of 1848 the news spread up and down the West Coast across the border to Mexico and down the West Coast across the border to Mexico and even to the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii) Word also even to the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii) Word also reached the Mississippi Valley and the Eastern statesreached the Mississippi Valley and the Eastern states

Newspapers were filled with the accounts of men who clNewspapers were filled with the accounts of men who claimed to have become rich overnight by picking gold out aimed to have become rich overnight by picking gold out of Californias wondrous earth Then in a message to thof Californias wondrous earth Then in a message to the Congress of the United States in December President e Congress of the United States in December President James K Polk confirmed the presence of gold in CalifornJames K Polk confirmed the presence of gold in California That winter people from all walks of life set out for Caia That winter people from all walks of life set out for California Many pawned their possessions to get there Thlifornia Many pawned their possessions to get there The gold seekers also known as Forty-Niners or Argonautse gold seekers also known as Forty-Niners or Argonauts joined the rush from as far off as Europe and Australia joined the rush from as far off as Europe and Australia Many Chinese also flocked to San Francisco to join in thMany Chinese also flocked to San Francisco to join in the gold rushe gold rush

The EndThe End

Thank YouThank You

ex-guardsex-guards

ex- former and still livingex- former and still living

an ex-Presidentan ex-PresidentHer dads an ex-policemanHer dads an ex-policemanLydia is still friends with her ex-husbandLydia is still friends with her ex-husbandmy ex-wifemy ex-wife

已故的总统已故的总统

an an occupationoccupation for the working class (line 38) for the working class (line 38)which of the following is a suitable synonymwhich of the following is a suitable synonym

his fathers occupationhis fathers occupation JOB profession (line JOB profession (line of) workof) work her leisure occupationsher leisure occupations PASTIME activity PASTIME activity hobby entertainment recreation amusementhobby entertainment recreation amusement a property suitable for occupation by older a property suitable for occupation by older peoplepeople RESIDENCE residency habitation RESIDENCE residency habitation the Roman occupation of Britainthe Roman occupation of Britain CONQUEST capture invasion seizure CONQUEST capture invasion seizure takeovertakeover

eloquenteloquent1 able to express your ideas and opinions well especially i1 able to express your ideas and opinions well especially i

n a way that influences people n a way that influences people 雄辩的有说明力的雄辩的有说明力的an eloquent appeal for supportan eloquent appeal for support

2 showing a feeling or meaning without using words2 showing a feeling or meaning without using words cleaclearly expressiverly expressive

The photographs are an eloquent reminder of the horrors of The photographs are an eloquent reminder of the horrors of warwar

an art that is eloquent of Americas cultural diversityan art that is eloquent of Americas cultural diversity

trust totrust to something something place reliance on (luck fate etc)place reliance on (luck fate etc) to hoto ho

pe that what you want to happen will happpe that what you want to happen will happen because there is nothing you can do aen because there is nothing you can do about itbout it

Ill just have to trust to luck that it works out oIll just have to trust to luck that it works out okay kay

I hope I may trust to your discretionI hope I may trust to your discretion

METAPHORMETAPHOR

METAPHORMETAPHOR A comparison which A comparison which imaginatively identifies one thing with imaginatively identifies one thing with another dissimilar thing and transfers or another dissimilar thing and transfers or ascribes to ascribes to the first thing (the tenor or the first thing (the tenor or idea)idea) some of the qualities of some of the qualities of the second the second (the vehicle or image)(the vehicle or image) Unlike a simile or Unlike a simile or analogy metaphor asserts that one thing analogy metaphor asserts that one thing is another thing not just that one is like is another thing not just that one is like another very frequently a metaphor is another very frequently a metaphor is invoked by the to be verbinvoked by the to be verb

notenote

tenortenor The word phrase or subject with whi The word phrase or subject with which the ch the vehiclevehicle of a metaphor is identified a of a metaphor is identified as life ins life in

隐喻所指的词短语或对象如 隐喻所指的词短语或对象如 life life 在 在 Lifes but a walking shadow Lifes but a walking shadow

(Shakespeare)(Shakespeare)

ldquoldquo 生命不过是一个行走的影子rdquo生命不过是一个行走的影子rdquo (( 莎士比亚莎士比亚 ))

10486951048695Some examples from the BibleSome examples from the Bible

Then Jesus declared I am the bread of life --JoThen Jesus declared I am the bread of life --John 635hn 63510486951048695I am the door if anyone enters through me he shall be I am the door if anyone enters through me he shall be saved and shall go in and out and find pasture --JOHN saved and shall go in and out and find pasture --JOHN 10910910486951048695But I will sing of your strength In the morning I will sinBut I will sing of your strength In the morning I will sing of your love For you are my fortress My refuge in tig of your love For you are my fortress My refuge in times of trouble --Psalm 5916mes of trouble --Psalm 591610486951048695The name of the Lord is a strong tower The righteous The name of the Lord is a strong tower The righteous run to it and are safe --Proverbs 1810run to it and are safe --Proverbs 1810

Another common method of constructing a metaphor is tAnother common method of constructing a metaphor is to use the possessive where the image is expressed as o use the possessive where the image is expressed as being a part of the idea usually in the form of the x of ybeing a part of the idea usually in the form of the x of y

10486951048695A writers river of words will dry up unless it is continuoA writers river of words will dry up unless it is continuously replenished by streams of new learningusly replenished by streams of new learning10486951048695The first beam of hope that had ever darted into his miThe first beam of hope that had ever darted into his mind rekindled youth in his cheeks and doubled the lustre ond rekindled youth in his cheeks and doubled the lustre of his eyes --SAMUEL JOHNSONf his eyes --SAMUEL JOHNSON10486951048695The furnace of affliction had softened his heart and puriThe furnace of affliction had softened his heart and purified his soulfied his soul

In fact there is a whole range of different degrees of direct iIn fact there is a whole range of different degrees of direct identification between image and idea dentification between image and idea

There is fully expressedThere is fully expressed10486951048695The eye is the lamp of your body when your eye is soundThe eye is the lamp of your body when your eye is sound

your whole body is full of light but when it is not sound your whole body is full of light but when it is not sound your body is full of darkness --LUKE 1134your body is full of darkness --LUKE 1134

There is impliedThere is implied10486951048695 For thou hast been my help and in the shadow of thy For thou hast been my help and in the shadow of thy

wings i sing for joy --PSALM 637wings i sing for joy --PSALM 637And there is very impliedAnd there is very implied10486951048695For if men do these things when the tree is green what wiFor if men do these things when the tree is green what wi

ll happen when it is dry --LUKE2331ll happen when it is dry --LUKE2331

Like simile and analogy metaphor is a profoundly important Like simile and analogy metaphor is a profoundly important and useful device Aristotle says in his Rhetoric It is and useful device Aristotle says in his Rhetoric It is metaphor above all else that gives clearness charm metaphor above all else that gives clearness charm and distinction to the style and distinction to the style

So metaphor not only explains by making the abstract or So metaphor not only explains by making the abstract or unknown concrete and familiar but it also enlivens by unknown concrete and familiar but it also enlivens by touching the readers imagination Further it affirms one touching the readers imagination Further it affirms one more interconnection in the unity of all things by showing more interconnection in the unity of all things by showing a relationship between things seemingly alien to each a relationship between things seemingly alien to each other And the fact that two very unlike things can be other And the fact that two very unlike things can be equated or referred to in terms of one another comments equated or referred to in terms of one another comments upon them both upon them both

No metaphor is just a metaphor All have significant imNo metaphor is just a metaphor All have significant implications and they must be chosen carefully especially plications and they must be chosen carefully especially in regard to the connotations the vehicle (image) will tranin regard to the connotations the vehicle (image) will transfer to the tenor Consider for example the differences isfer to the tenor Consider for example the differences in meaning conveyed by these statementsn meaning conveyed by these statements

10486951048695That club is spreading like wildfireThat club is spreading like wildfire10486951048695That club is spreading like cancerThat club is spreading like cancer10486951048695That club is really blossoming nowThat club is really blossoming now10486951048695That club in its amebic That club in its amebic （阿米巴的（阿米巴的 变形虫的） 变形虫的） momotions is engulfing the campustions is engulfing the campus

SimileSimile

Simile is a direct expressed comparison Simile is a direct expressed comparison between two things essentially unlike each other between two things essentially unlike each other but resembling each other in at least one way but resembling each other in at least one way In formal prose the simile is a device both of art In formal prose the simile is a device both of art and explanation comparing the unfamiliar thing and explanation comparing the unfamiliar thing (to be explained) to some familiar thing (an (to be explained) to some familiar thing (an object event process etc) known to the reader object event process etc) known to the reader There is no simile in the comparison my car is There is no simile in the comparison my car is like your car because the two objects are not like your car because the two objects are not essentially unlike each other essentially unlike each other When a noun is compared to a noun the simile When a noun is compared to a noun the simile is usually introduced by likeis usually introduced by like

Some examples from the BibleSome examples from the Bible

I see men but they look like trees walking --MaI see men but they look like trees walking --Mark 824rk 824

10486951048695The soul in the body is like a bird in a cageThe soul in the body is like a bird in a cage

10486951048695After such long exposure to the direct sun the After such long exposure to the direct sun the leaves of the houseplant looked like pieces of ovleaves of the houseplant looked like pieces of overcooked baconercooked bacon

But I am But I am like an olive treelike an olive tree Flourishing in the hou Flourishing in the house of God --Psalm 528se of God --Psalm 528

They will come and shout for joy on the heights They will come and shout for joy on the heights of Zion (of Zion ( 锡安山在耶路撒冷犹太民族文化中锡安山在耶路撒冷犹太民族文化中心的象征心的象征 ) They will be ) They will be like a well-watered like a well-watered gardengarden And they will sorrow no more --Jeremi And they will sorrow no more --Jeremiah 3112ah 3112

(in these last two examples especially notice how powerfull(in these last two examples especially notice how powerfully the thing to be described called the tenor is colored by the thing to be described called the tenor is colored by the thing it is compared to called the vehicle)y the thing it is compared to called the vehicle)

DictationDictation

Gold Rush of 1849Gold Rush of 1849

In January 1848 James W Marshall a carpenter In January 1848 James W Marshall a carpenter building a sawmill in partnership with John A Sutter in building a sawmill in partnership with John A Sutter in Californias Sacramento Valley discovered gold Sutter Californias Sacramento Valley discovered gold Sutter made his workers promise to keep the discovery a made his workers promise to keep the discovery a secret However the news leaked out Within a few secret However the news leaked out Within a few months a shrewd merchant hoping to increase his months a shrewd merchant hoping to increase his business set off the gold rush in earnest Samuel business set off the gold rush in earnest Samuel Brannan one of the early Mormon settlers in San Brannan one of the early Mormon settlers in San Francisco owned a store near Sutters fort In early May Francisco owned a store near Sutters fort In early May he returned to San Francisco from a visit to the diggings he returned to San Francisco from a visit to the diggings and spread the word of gold and spread the word of gold

Within a few days boats filled with townspeople were Within a few days boats filled with townspeople were heading up the Sacramento River to look for gold heading up the Sacramento River to look for gold Brannan of course had stocked his store with mining Brannan of course had stocked his store with mining supplies and was doing a thriving business San supplies and was doing a thriving business San Francisco soon was a ghost town as almost everyone Francisco soon was a ghost town as almost everyone was off to the gold siteswas off to the gold sites

During the summer of 1848 the news spread up and During the summer of 1848 the news spread up and down the West Coast across the border to Mexico and down the West Coast across the border to Mexico and even to the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii) Word also even to the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii) Word also reached the Mississippi Valley and the Eastern statesreached the Mississippi Valley and the Eastern states

Newspapers were filled with the accounts of men who clNewspapers were filled with the accounts of men who claimed to have become rich overnight by picking gold out aimed to have become rich overnight by picking gold out of Californias wondrous earth Then in a message to thof Californias wondrous earth Then in a message to the Congress of the United States in December President e Congress of the United States in December President James K Polk confirmed the presence of gold in CalifornJames K Polk confirmed the presence of gold in California That winter people from all walks of life set out for Caia That winter people from all walks of life set out for California Many pawned their possessions to get there Thlifornia Many pawned their possessions to get there The gold seekers also known as Forty-Niners or Argonautse gold seekers also known as Forty-Niners or Argonauts joined the rush from as far off as Europe and Australia joined the rush from as far off as Europe and Australia Many Chinese also flocked to San Francisco to join in thMany Chinese also flocked to San Francisco to join in the gold rushe gold rush

The EndThe End

Thank YouThank You

an an occupationoccupation for the working class (line 38) for the working class (line 38)which of the following is a suitable synonymwhich of the following is a suitable synonym

his fathers occupationhis fathers occupation JOB profession (line JOB profession (line of) workof) work her leisure occupationsher leisure occupations PASTIME activity PASTIME activity hobby entertainment recreation amusementhobby entertainment recreation amusement a property suitable for occupation by older a property suitable for occupation by older peoplepeople RESIDENCE residency habitation RESIDENCE residency habitation the Roman occupation of Britainthe Roman occupation of Britain CONQUEST capture invasion seizure CONQUEST capture invasion seizure takeovertakeover

eloquenteloquent1 able to express your ideas and opinions well especially i1 able to express your ideas and opinions well especially i

n a way that influences people n a way that influences people 雄辩的有说明力的雄辩的有说明力的an eloquent appeal for supportan eloquent appeal for support

2 showing a feeling or meaning without using words2 showing a feeling or meaning without using words cleaclearly expressiverly expressive

The photographs are an eloquent reminder of the horrors of The photographs are an eloquent reminder of the horrors of warwar

an art that is eloquent of Americas cultural diversityan art that is eloquent of Americas cultural diversity

trust totrust to something something place reliance on (luck fate etc)place reliance on (luck fate etc) to hoto ho

pe that what you want to happen will happpe that what you want to happen will happen because there is nothing you can do aen because there is nothing you can do about itbout it

Ill just have to trust to luck that it works out oIll just have to trust to luck that it works out okay kay

I hope I may trust to your discretionI hope I may trust to your discretion

METAPHORMETAPHOR

METAPHORMETAPHOR A comparison which A comparison which imaginatively identifies one thing with imaginatively identifies one thing with another dissimilar thing and transfers or another dissimilar thing and transfers or ascribes to ascribes to the first thing (the tenor or the first thing (the tenor or idea)idea) some of the qualities of some of the qualities of the second the second (the vehicle or image)(the vehicle or image) Unlike a simile or Unlike a simile or analogy metaphor asserts that one thing analogy metaphor asserts that one thing is another thing not just that one is like is another thing not just that one is like another very frequently a metaphor is another very frequently a metaphor is invoked by the to be verbinvoked by the to be verb

notenote

tenortenor The word phrase or subject with whi The word phrase or subject with which the ch the vehiclevehicle of a metaphor is identified a of a metaphor is identified as life ins life in

隐喻所指的词短语或对象如 隐喻所指的词短语或对象如 life life 在 在 Lifes but a walking shadow Lifes but a walking shadow

(Shakespeare)(Shakespeare)

ldquoldquo 生命不过是一个行走的影子rdquo生命不过是一个行走的影子rdquo (( 莎士比亚莎士比亚 ))

10486951048695Some examples from the BibleSome examples from the Bible

Then Jesus declared I am the bread of life --JoThen Jesus declared I am the bread of life --John 635hn 63510486951048695I am the door if anyone enters through me he shall be I am the door if anyone enters through me he shall be saved and shall go in and out and find pasture --JOHN saved and shall go in and out and find pasture --JOHN 10910910486951048695But I will sing of your strength In the morning I will sinBut I will sing of your strength In the morning I will sing of your love For you are my fortress My refuge in tig of your love For you are my fortress My refuge in times of trouble --Psalm 5916mes of trouble --Psalm 591610486951048695The name of the Lord is a strong tower The righteous The name of the Lord is a strong tower The righteous run to it and are safe --Proverbs 1810run to it and are safe --Proverbs 1810

Another common method of constructing a metaphor is tAnother common method of constructing a metaphor is to use the possessive where the image is expressed as o use the possessive where the image is expressed as being a part of the idea usually in the form of the x of ybeing a part of the idea usually in the form of the x of y

10486951048695A writers river of words will dry up unless it is continuoA writers river of words will dry up unless it is continuously replenished by streams of new learningusly replenished by streams of new learning10486951048695The first beam of hope that had ever darted into his miThe first beam of hope that had ever darted into his mind rekindled youth in his cheeks and doubled the lustre ond rekindled youth in his cheeks and doubled the lustre of his eyes --SAMUEL JOHNSONf his eyes --SAMUEL JOHNSON10486951048695The furnace of affliction had softened his heart and puriThe furnace of affliction had softened his heart and purified his soulfied his soul

In fact there is a whole range of different degrees of direct iIn fact there is a whole range of different degrees of direct identification between image and idea dentification between image and idea

There is fully expressedThere is fully expressed10486951048695The eye is the lamp of your body when your eye is soundThe eye is the lamp of your body when your eye is sound

your whole body is full of light but when it is not sound your whole body is full of light but when it is not sound your body is full of darkness --LUKE 1134your body is full of darkness --LUKE 1134

There is impliedThere is implied10486951048695 For thou hast been my help and in the shadow of thy For thou hast been my help and in the shadow of thy

wings i sing for joy --PSALM 637wings i sing for joy --PSALM 637And there is very impliedAnd there is very implied10486951048695For if men do these things when the tree is green what wiFor if men do these things when the tree is green what wi

ll happen when it is dry --LUKE2331ll happen when it is dry --LUKE2331

Like simile and analogy metaphor is a profoundly important Like simile and analogy metaphor is a profoundly important and useful device Aristotle says in his Rhetoric It is and useful device Aristotle says in his Rhetoric It is metaphor above all else that gives clearness charm metaphor above all else that gives clearness charm and distinction to the style and distinction to the style

So metaphor not only explains by making the abstract or So metaphor not only explains by making the abstract or unknown concrete and familiar but it also enlivens by unknown concrete and familiar but it also enlivens by touching the readers imagination Further it affirms one touching the readers imagination Further it affirms one more interconnection in the unity of all things by showing more interconnection in the unity of all things by showing a relationship between things seemingly alien to each a relationship between things seemingly alien to each other And the fact that two very unlike things can be other And the fact that two very unlike things can be equated or referred to in terms of one another comments equated or referred to in terms of one another comments upon them both upon them both

No metaphor is just a metaphor All have significant imNo metaphor is just a metaphor All have significant implications and they must be chosen carefully especially plications and they must be chosen carefully especially in regard to the connotations the vehicle (image) will tranin regard to the connotations the vehicle (image) will transfer to the tenor Consider for example the differences isfer to the tenor Consider for example the differences in meaning conveyed by these statementsn meaning conveyed by these statements

10486951048695That club is spreading like wildfireThat club is spreading like wildfire10486951048695That club is spreading like cancerThat club is spreading like cancer10486951048695That club is really blossoming nowThat club is really blossoming now10486951048695That club in its amebic That club in its amebic （阿米巴的（阿米巴的 变形虫的） 变形虫的） momotions is engulfing the campustions is engulfing the campus

SimileSimile

Simile is a direct expressed comparison Simile is a direct expressed comparison between two things essentially unlike each other between two things essentially unlike each other but resembling each other in at least one way but resembling each other in at least one way In formal prose the simile is a device both of art In formal prose the simile is a device both of art and explanation comparing the unfamiliar thing and explanation comparing the unfamiliar thing (to be explained) to some familiar thing (an (to be explained) to some familiar thing (an object event process etc) known to the reader object event process etc) known to the reader There is no simile in the comparison my car is There is no simile in the comparison my car is like your car because the two objects are not like your car because the two objects are not essentially unlike each other essentially unlike each other When a noun is compared to a noun the simile When a noun is compared to a noun the simile is usually introduced by likeis usually introduced by like

Some examples from the BibleSome examples from the Bible

I see men but they look like trees walking --MaI see men but they look like trees walking --Mark 824rk 824

10486951048695The soul in the body is like a bird in a cageThe soul in the body is like a bird in a cage

10486951048695After such long exposure to the direct sun the After such long exposure to the direct sun the leaves of the houseplant looked like pieces of ovleaves of the houseplant looked like pieces of overcooked baconercooked bacon

But I am But I am like an olive treelike an olive tree Flourishing in the hou Flourishing in the house of God --Psalm 528se of God --Psalm 528

They will come and shout for joy on the heights They will come and shout for joy on the heights of Zion (of Zion ( 锡安山在耶路撒冷犹太民族文化中锡安山在耶路撒冷犹太民族文化中心的象征心的象征 ) They will be ) They will be like a well-watered like a well-watered gardengarden And they will sorrow no more --Jeremi And they will sorrow no more --Jeremiah 3112ah 3112

(in these last two examples especially notice how powerfull(in these last two examples especially notice how powerfully the thing to be described called the tenor is colored by the thing to be described called the tenor is colored by the thing it is compared to called the vehicle)y the thing it is compared to called the vehicle)

DictationDictation

Gold Rush of 1849Gold Rush of 1849

In January 1848 James W Marshall a carpenter In January 1848 James W Marshall a carpenter building a sawmill in partnership with John A Sutter in building a sawmill in partnership with John A Sutter in Californias Sacramento Valley discovered gold Sutter Californias Sacramento Valley discovered gold Sutter made his workers promise to keep the discovery a made his workers promise to keep the discovery a secret However the news leaked out Within a few secret However the news leaked out Within a few months a shrewd merchant hoping to increase his months a shrewd merchant hoping to increase his business set off the gold rush in earnest Samuel business set off the gold rush in earnest Samuel Brannan one of the early Mormon settlers in San Brannan one of the early Mormon settlers in San Francisco owned a store near Sutters fort In early May Francisco owned a store near Sutters fort In early May he returned to San Francisco from a visit to the diggings he returned to San Francisco from a visit to the diggings and spread the word of gold and spread the word of gold

Within a few days boats filled with townspeople were Within a few days boats filled with townspeople were heading up the Sacramento River to look for gold heading up the Sacramento River to look for gold Brannan of course had stocked his store with mining Brannan of course had stocked his store with mining supplies and was doing a thriving business San supplies and was doing a thriving business San Francisco soon was a ghost town as almost everyone Francisco soon was a ghost town as almost everyone was off to the gold siteswas off to the gold sites

During the summer of 1848 the news spread up and During the summer of 1848 the news spread up and down the West Coast across the border to Mexico and down the West Coast across the border to Mexico and even to the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii) Word also even to the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii) Word also reached the Mississippi Valley and the Eastern statesreached the Mississippi Valley and the Eastern states

Newspapers were filled with the accounts of men who clNewspapers were filled with the accounts of men who claimed to have become rich overnight by picking gold out aimed to have become rich overnight by picking gold out of Californias wondrous earth Then in a message to thof Californias wondrous earth Then in a message to the Congress of the United States in December President e Congress of the United States in December President James K Polk confirmed the presence of gold in CalifornJames K Polk confirmed the presence of gold in California That winter people from all walks of life set out for Caia That winter people from all walks of life set out for California Many pawned their possessions to get there Thlifornia Many pawned their possessions to get there The gold seekers also known as Forty-Niners or Argonautse gold seekers also known as Forty-Niners or Argonauts joined the rush from as far off as Europe and Australia joined the rush from as far off as Europe and Australia Many Chinese also flocked to San Francisco to join in thMany Chinese also flocked to San Francisco to join in the gold rushe gold rush

The EndThe End

Thank YouThank You

eloquenteloquent1 able to express your ideas and opinions well especially i1 able to express your ideas and opinions well especially i

n a way that influences people n a way that influences people 雄辩的有说明力的雄辩的有说明力的an eloquent appeal for supportan eloquent appeal for support

2 showing a feeling or meaning without using words2 showing a feeling or meaning without using words cleaclearly expressiverly expressive

The photographs are an eloquent reminder of the horrors of The photographs are an eloquent reminder of the horrors of warwar

an art that is eloquent of Americas cultural diversityan art that is eloquent of Americas cultural diversity

trust totrust to something something place reliance on (luck fate etc)place reliance on (luck fate etc) to hoto ho

pe that what you want to happen will happpe that what you want to happen will happen because there is nothing you can do aen because there is nothing you can do about itbout it

Ill just have to trust to luck that it works out oIll just have to trust to luck that it works out okay kay

I hope I may trust to your discretionI hope I may trust to your discretion

METAPHORMETAPHOR

METAPHORMETAPHOR A comparison which A comparison which imaginatively identifies one thing with imaginatively identifies one thing with another dissimilar thing and transfers or another dissimilar thing and transfers or ascribes to ascribes to the first thing (the tenor or the first thing (the tenor or idea)idea) some of the qualities of some of the qualities of the second the second (the vehicle or image)(the vehicle or image) Unlike a simile or Unlike a simile or analogy metaphor asserts that one thing analogy metaphor asserts that one thing is another thing not just that one is like is another thing not just that one is like another very frequently a metaphor is another very frequently a metaphor is invoked by the to be verbinvoked by the to be verb

notenote

tenortenor The word phrase or subject with whi The word phrase or subject with which the ch the vehiclevehicle of a metaphor is identified a of a metaphor is identified as life ins life in

隐喻所指的词短语或对象如 隐喻所指的词短语或对象如 life life 在 在 Lifes but a walking shadow Lifes but a walking shadow

(Shakespeare)(Shakespeare)

ldquoldquo 生命不过是一个行走的影子rdquo生命不过是一个行走的影子rdquo (( 莎士比亚莎士比亚 ))

10486951048695Some examples from the BibleSome examples from the Bible

Then Jesus declared I am the bread of life --JoThen Jesus declared I am the bread of life --John 635hn 63510486951048695I am the door if anyone enters through me he shall be I am the door if anyone enters through me he shall be saved and shall go in and out and find pasture --JOHN saved and shall go in and out and find pasture --JOHN 10910910486951048695But I will sing of your strength In the morning I will sinBut I will sing of your strength In the morning I will sing of your love For you are my fortress My refuge in tig of your love For you are my fortress My refuge in times of trouble --Psalm 5916mes of trouble --Psalm 591610486951048695The name of the Lord is a strong tower The righteous The name of the Lord is a strong tower The righteous run to it and are safe --Proverbs 1810run to it and are safe --Proverbs 1810

Another common method of constructing a metaphor is tAnother common method of constructing a metaphor is to use the possessive where the image is expressed as o use the possessive where the image is expressed as being a part of the idea usually in the form of the x of ybeing a part of the idea usually in the form of the x of y

10486951048695A writers river of words will dry up unless it is continuoA writers river of words will dry up unless it is continuously replenished by streams of new learningusly replenished by streams of new learning10486951048695The first beam of hope that had ever darted into his miThe first beam of hope that had ever darted into his mind rekindled youth in his cheeks and doubled the lustre ond rekindled youth in his cheeks and doubled the lustre of his eyes --SAMUEL JOHNSONf his eyes --SAMUEL JOHNSON10486951048695The furnace of affliction had softened his heart and puriThe furnace of affliction had softened his heart and purified his soulfied his soul

In fact there is a whole range of different degrees of direct iIn fact there is a whole range of different degrees of direct identification between image and idea dentification between image and idea

There is fully expressedThere is fully expressed10486951048695The eye is the lamp of your body when your eye is soundThe eye is the lamp of your body when your eye is sound

your whole body is full of light but when it is not sound your whole body is full of light but when it is not sound your body is full of darkness --LUKE 1134your body is full of darkness --LUKE 1134

There is impliedThere is implied10486951048695 For thou hast been my help and in the shadow of thy For thou hast been my help and in the shadow of thy

wings i sing for joy --PSALM 637wings i sing for joy --PSALM 637And there is very impliedAnd there is very implied10486951048695For if men do these things when the tree is green what wiFor if men do these things when the tree is green what wi

ll happen when it is dry --LUKE2331ll happen when it is dry --LUKE2331

Like simile and analogy metaphor is a profoundly important Like simile and analogy metaphor is a profoundly important and useful device Aristotle says in his Rhetoric It is and useful device Aristotle says in his Rhetoric It is metaphor above all else that gives clearness charm metaphor above all else that gives clearness charm and distinction to the style and distinction to the style

So metaphor not only explains by making the abstract or So metaphor not only explains by making the abstract or unknown concrete and familiar but it also enlivens by unknown concrete and familiar but it also enlivens by touching the readers imagination Further it affirms one touching the readers imagination Further it affirms one more interconnection in the unity of all things by showing more interconnection in the unity of all things by showing a relationship between things seemingly alien to each a relationship between things seemingly alien to each other And the fact that two very unlike things can be other And the fact that two very unlike things can be equated or referred to in terms of one another comments equated or referred to in terms of one another comments upon them both upon them both

No metaphor is just a metaphor All have significant imNo metaphor is just a metaphor All have significant implications and they must be chosen carefully especially plications and they must be chosen carefully especially in regard to the connotations the vehicle (image) will tranin regard to the connotations the vehicle (image) will transfer to the tenor Consider for example the differences isfer to the tenor Consider for example the differences in meaning conveyed by these statementsn meaning conveyed by these statements

10486951048695That club is spreading like wildfireThat club is spreading like wildfire10486951048695That club is spreading like cancerThat club is spreading like cancer10486951048695That club is really blossoming nowThat club is really blossoming now10486951048695That club in its amebic That club in its amebic （阿米巴的（阿米巴的 变形虫的） 变形虫的） momotions is engulfing the campustions is engulfing the campus

SimileSimile

Simile is a direct expressed comparison Simile is a direct expressed comparison between two things essentially unlike each other between two things essentially unlike each other but resembling each other in at least one way but resembling each other in at least one way In formal prose the simile is a device both of art In formal prose the simile is a device both of art and explanation comparing the unfamiliar thing and explanation comparing the unfamiliar thing (to be explained) to some familiar thing (an (to be explained) to some familiar thing (an object event process etc) known to the reader object event process etc) known to the reader There is no simile in the comparison my car is There is no simile in the comparison my car is like your car because the two objects are not like your car because the two objects are not essentially unlike each other essentially unlike each other When a noun is compared to a noun the simile When a noun is compared to a noun the simile is usually introduced by likeis usually introduced by like

Some examples from the BibleSome examples from the Bible

I see men but they look like trees walking --MaI see men but they look like trees walking --Mark 824rk 824

10486951048695The soul in the body is like a bird in a cageThe soul in the body is like a bird in a cage

10486951048695After such long exposure to the direct sun the After such long exposure to the direct sun the leaves of the houseplant looked like pieces of ovleaves of the houseplant looked like pieces of overcooked baconercooked bacon

But I am But I am like an olive treelike an olive tree Flourishing in the hou Flourishing in the house of God --Psalm 528se of God --Psalm 528

They will come and shout for joy on the heights They will come and shout for joy on the heights of Zion (of Zion ( 锡安山在耶路撒冷犹太民族文化中锡安山在耶路撒冷犹太民族文化中心的象征心的象征 ) They will be ) They will be like a well-watered like a well-watered gardengarden And they will sorrow no more --Jeremi And they will sorrow no more --Jeremiah 3112ah 3112

(in these last two examples especially notice how powerfull(in these last two examples especially notice how powerfully the thing to be described called the tenor is colored by the thing to be described called the tenor is colored by the thing it is compared to called the vehicle)y the thing it is compared to called the vehicle)

DictationDictation

Gold Rush of 1849Gold Rush of 1849

In January 1848 James W Marshall a carpenter In January 1848 James W Marshall a carpenter building a sawmill in partnership with John A Sutter in building a sawmill in partnership with John A Sutter in Californias Sacramento Valley discovered gold Sutter Californias Sacramento Valley discovered gold Sutter made his workers promise to keep the discovery a made his workers promise to keep the discovery a secret However the news leaked out Within a few secret However the news leaked out Within a few months a shrewd merchant hoping to increase his months a shrewd merchant hoping to increase his business set off the gold rush in earnest Samuel business set off the gold rush in earnest Samuel Brannan one of the early Mormon settlers in San Brannan one of the early Mormon settlers in San Francisco owned a store near Sutters fort In early May Francisco owned a store near Sutters fort In early May he returned to San Francisco from a visit to the diggings he returned to San Francisco from a visit to the diggings and spread the word of gold and spread the word of gold

Within a few days boats filled with townspeople were Within a few days boats filled with townspeople were heading up the Sacramento River to look for gold heading up the Sacramento River to look for gold Brannan of course had stocked his store with mining Brannan of course had stocked his store with mining supplies and was doing a thriving business San supplies and was doing a thriving business San Francisco soon was a ghost town as almost everyone Francisco soon was a ghost town as almost everyone was off to the gold siteswas off to the gold sites

During the summer of 1848 the news spread up and During the summer of 1848 the news spread up and down the West Coast across the border to Mexico and down the West Coast across the border to Mexico and even to the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii) Word also even to the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii) Word also reached the Mississippi Valley and the Eastern statesreached the Mississippi Valley and the Eastern states

Newspapers were filled with the accounts of men who clNewspapers were filled with the accounts of men who claimed to have become rich overnight by picking gold out aimed to have become rich overnight by picking gold out of Californias wondrous earth Then in a message to thof Californias wondrous earth Then in a message to the Congress of the United States in December President e Congress of the United States in December President James K Polk confirmed the presence of gold in CalifornJames K Polk confirmed the presence of gold in California That winter people from all walks of life set out for Caia That winter people from all walks of life set out for California Many pawned their possessions to get there Thlifornia Many pawned their possessions to get there The gold seekers also known as Forty-Niners or Argonautse gold seekers also known as Forty-Niners or Argonauts joined the rush from as far off as Europe and Australia joined the rush from as far off as Europe and Australia Many Chinese also flocked to San Francisco to join in thMany Chinese also flocked to San Francisco to join in the gold rushe gold rush

The EndThe End

Thank YouThank You

trust totrust to something something place reliance on (luck fate etc)place reliance on (luck fate etc) to hoto ho

pe that what you want to happen will happpe that what you want to happen will happen because there is nothing you can do aen because there is nothing you can do about itbout it

Ill just have to trust to luck that it works out oIll just have to trust to luck that it works out okay kay

I hope I may trust to your discretionI hope I may trust to your discretion

METAPHORMETAPHOR

METAPHORMETAPHOR A comparison which A comparison which imaginatively identifies one thing with imaginatively identifies one thing with another dissimilar thing and transfers or another dissimilar thing and transfers or ascribes to ascribes to the first thing (the tenor or the first thing (the tenor or idea)idea) some of the qualities of some of the qualities of the second the second (the vehicle or image)(the vehicle or image) Unlike a simile or Unlike a simile or analogy metaphor asserts that one thing analogy metaphor asserts that one thing is another thing not just that one is like is another thing not just that one is like another very frequently a metaphor is another very frequently a metaphor is invoked by the to be verbinvoked by the to be verb

notenote

tenortenor The word phrase or subject with whi The word phrase or subject with which the ch the vehiclevehicle of a metaphor is identified a of a metaphor is identified as life ins life in

隐喻所指的词短语或对象如 隐喻所指的词短语或对象如 life life 在 在 Lifes but a walking shadow Lifes but a walking shadow

(Shakespeare)(Shakespeare)

ldquoldquo 生命不过是一个行走的影子rdquo生命不过是一个行走的影子rdquo (( 莎士比亚莎士比亚 ))

10486951048695Some examples from the BibleSome examples from the Bible

Then Jesus declared I am the bread of life --JoThen Jesus declared I am the bread of life --John 635hn 63510486951048695I am the door if anyone enters through me he shall be I am the door if anyone enters through me he shall be saved and shall go in and out and find pasture --JOHN saved and shall go in and out and find pasture --JOHN 10910910486951048695But I will sing of your strength In the morning I will sinBut I will sing of your strength In the morning I will sing of your love For you are my fortress My refuge in tig of your love For you are my fortress My refuge in times of trouble --Psalm 5916mes of trouble --Psalm 591610486951048695The name of the Lord is a strong tower The righteous The name of the Lord is a strong tower The righteous run to it and are safe --Proverbs 1810run to it and are safe --Proverbs 1810

Another common method of constructing a metaphor is tAnother common method of constructing a metaphor is to use the possessive where the image is expressed as o use the possessive where the image is expressed as being a part of the idea usually in the form of the x of ybeing a part of the idea usually in the form of the x of y

10486951048695A writers river of words will dry up unless it is continuoA writers river of words will dry up unless it is continuously replenished by streams of new learningusly replenished by streams of new learning10486951048695The first beam of hope that had ever darted into his miThe first beam of hope that had ever darted into his mind rekindled youth in his cheeks and doubled the lustre ond rekindled youth in his cheeks and doubled the lustre of his eyes --SAMUEL JOHNSONf his eyes --SAMUEL JOHNSON10486951048695The furnace of affliction had softened his heart and puriThe furnace of affliction had softened his heart and purified his soulfied his soul

In fact there is a whole range of different degrees of direct iIn fact there is a whole range of different degrees of direct identification between image and idea dentification between image and idea

There is fully expressedThere is fully expressed10486951048695The eye is the lamp of your body when your eye is soundThe eye is the lamp of your body when your eye is sound

your whole body is full of light but when it is not sound your whole body is full of light but when it is not sound your body is full of darkness --LUKE 1134your body is full of darkness --LUKE 1134

There is impliedThere is implied10486951048695 For thou hast been my help and in the shadow of thy For thou hast been my help and in the shadow of thy

wings i sing for joy --PSALM 637wings i sing for joy --PSALM 637And there is very impliedAnd there is very implied10486951048695For if men do these things when the tree is green what wiFor if men do these things when the tree is green what wi

ll happen when it is dry --LUKE2331ll happen when it is dry --LUKE2331

Like simile and analogy metaphor is a profoundly important Like simile and analogy metaphor is a profoundly important and useful device Aristotle says in his Rhetoric It is and useful device Aristotle says in his Rhetoric It is metaphor above all else that gives clearness charm metaphor above all else that gives clearness charm and distinction to the style and distinction to the style

So metaphor not only explains by making the abstract or So metaphor not only explains by making the abstract or unknown concrete and familiar but it also enlivens by unknown concrete and familiar but it also enlivens by touching the readers imagination Further it affirms one touching the readers imagination Further it affirms one more interconnection in the unity of all things by showing more interconnection in the unity of all things by showing a relationship between things seemingly alien to each a relationship between things seemingly alien to each other And the fact that two very unlike things can be other And the fact that two very unlike things can be equated or referred to in terms of one another comments equated or referred to in terms of one another comments upon them both upon them both

No metaphor is just a metaphor All have significant imNo metaphor is just a metaphor All have significant implications and they must be chosen carefully especially plications and they must be chosen carefully especially in regard to the connotations the vehicle (image) will tranin regard to the connotations the vehicle (image) will transfer to the tenor Consider for example the differences isfer to the tenor Consider for example the differences in meaning conveyed by these statementsn meaning conveyed by these statements

10486951048695That club is spreading like wildfireThat club is spreading like wildfire10486951048695That club is spreading like cancerThat club is spreading like cancer10486951048695That club is really blossoming nowThat club is really blossoming now10486951048695That club in its amebic That club in its amebic （阿米巴的（阿米巴的 变形虫的） 变形虫的） momotions is engulfing the campustions is engulfing the campus

SimileSimile

Simile is a direct expressed comparison Simile is a direct expressed comparison between two things essentially unlike each other between two things essentially unlike each other but resembling each other in at least one way but resembling each other in at least one way In formal prose the simile is a device both of art In formal prose the simile is a device both of art and explanation comparing the unfamiliar thing and explanation comparing the unfamiliar thing (to be explained) to some familiar thing (an (to be explained) to some familiar thing (an object event process etc) known to the reader object event process etc) known to the reader There is no simile in the comparison my car is There is no simile in the comparison my car is like your car because the two objects are not like your car because the two objects are not essentially unlike each other essentially unlike each other When a noun is compared to a noun the simile When a noun is compared to a noun the simile is usually introduced by likeis usually introduced by like

Some examples from the BibleSome examples from the Bible

I see men but they look like trees walking --MaI see men but they look like trees walking --Mark 824rk 824

10486951048695The soul in the body is like a bird in a cageThe soul in the body is like a bird in a cage

10486951048695After such long exposure to the direct sun the After such long exposure to the direct sun the leaves of the houseplant looked like pieces of ovleaves of the houseplant looked like pieces of overcooked baconercooked bacon

But I am But I am like an olive treelike an olive tree Flourishing in the hou Flourishing in the house of God --Psalm 528se of God --Psalm 528

They will come and shout for joy on the heights They will come and shout for joy on the heights of Zion (of Zion ( 锡安山在耶路撒冷犹太民族文化中锡安山在耶路撒冷犹太民族文化中心的象征心的象征 ) They will be ) They will be like a well-watered like a well-watered gardengarden And they will sorrow no more --Jeremi And they will sorrow no more --Jeremiah 3112ah 3112

(in these last two examples especially notice how powerfull(in these last two examples especially notice how powerfully the thing to be described called the tenor is colored by the thing to be described called the tenor is colored by the thing it is compared to called the vehicle)y the thing it is compared to called the vehicle)

DictationDictation

Gold Rush of 1849Gold Rush of 1849

In January 1848 James W Marshall a carpenter In January 1848 James W Marshall a carpenter building a sawmill in partnership with John A Sutter in building a sawmill in partnership with John A Sutter in Californias Sacramento Valley discovered gold Sutter Californias Sacramento Valley discovered gold Sutter made his workers promise to keep the discovery a made his workers promise to keep the discovery a secret However the news leaked out Within a few secret However the news leaked out Within a few months a shrewd merchant hoping to increase his months a shrewd merchant hoping to increase his business set off the gold rush in earnest Samuel business set off the gold rush in earnest Samuel Brannan one of the early Mormon settlers in San Brannan one of the early Mormon settlers in San Francisco owned a store near Sutters fort In early May Francisco owned a store near Sutters fort In early May he returned to San Francisco from a visit to the diggings he returned to San Francisco from a visit to the diggings and spread the word of gold and spread the word of gold

Within a few days boats filled with townspeople were Within a few days boats filled with townspeople were heading up the Sacramento River to look for gold heading up the Sacramento River to look for gold Brannan of course had stocked his store with mining Brannan of course had stocked his store with mining supplies and was doing a thriving business San supplies and was doing a thriving business San Francisco soon was a ghost town as almost everyone Francisco soon was a ghost town as almost everyone was off to the gold siteswas off to the gold sites

During the summer of 1848 the news spread up and During the summer of 1848 the news spread up and down the West Coast across the border to Mexico and down the West Coast across the border to Mexico and even to the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii) Word also even to the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii) Word also reached the Mississippi Valley and the Eastern statesreached the Mississippi Valley and the Eastern states

Newspapers were filled with the accounts of men who clNewspapers were filled with the accounts of men who claimed to have become rich overnight by picking gold out aimed to have become rich overnight by picking gold out of Californias wondrous earth Then in a message to thof Californias wondrous earth Then in a message to the Congress of the United States in December President e Congress of the United States in December President James K Polk confirmed the presence of gold in CalifornJames K Polk confirmed the presence of gold in California That winter people from all walks of life set out for Caia That winter people from all walks of life set out for California Many pawned their possessions to get there Thlifornia Many pawned their possessions to get there The gold seekers also known as Forty-Niners or Argonautse gold seekers also known as Forty-Niners or Argonauts joined the rush from as far off as Europe and Australia joined the rush from as far off as Europe and Australia Many Chinese also flocked to San Francisco to join in thMany Chinese also flocked to San Francisco to join in the gold rushe gold rush

The EndThe End

Thank YouThank You

METAPHORMETAPHOR

METAPHORMETAPHOR A comparison which A comparison which imaginatively identifies one thing with imaginatively identifies one thing with another dissimilar thing and transfers or another dissimilar thing and transfers or ascribes to ascribes to the first thing (the tenor or the first thing (the tenor or idea)idea) some of the qualities of some of the qualities of the second the second (the vehicle or image)(the vehicle or image) Unlike a simile or Unlike a simile or analogy metaphor asserts that one thing analogy metaphor asserts that one thing is another thing not just that one is like is another thing not just that one is like another very frequently a metaphor is another very frequently a metaphor is invoked by the to be verbinvoked by the to be verb

notenote

tenortenor The word phrase or subject with whi The word phrase or subject with which the ch the vehiclevehicle of a metaphor is identified a of a metaphor is identified as life ins life in

隐喻所指的词短语或对象如 隐喻所指的词短语或对象如 life life 在 在 Lifes but a walking shadow Lifes but a walking shadow

(Shakespeare)(Shakespeare)

ldquoldquo 生命不过是一个行走的影子rdquo生命不过是一个行走的影子rdquo (( 莎士比亚莎士比亚 ))

10486951048695Some examples from the BibleSome examples from the Bible

Then Jesus declared I am the bread of life --JoThen Jesus declared I am the bread of life --John 635hn 63510486951048695I am the door if anyone enters through me he shall be I am the door if anyone enters through me he shall be saved and shall go in and out and find pasture --JOHN saved and shall go in and out and find pasture --JOHN 10910910486951048695But I will sing of your strength In the morning I will sinBut I will sing of your strength In the morning I will sing of your love For you are my fortress My refuge in tig of your love For you are my fortress My refuge in times of trouble --Psalm 5916mes of trouble --Psalm 591610486951048695The name of the Lord is a strong tower The righteous The name of the Lord is a strong tower The righteous run to it and are safe --Proverbs 1810run to it and are safe --Proverbs 1810

Another common method of constructing a metaphor is tAnother common method of constructing a metaphor is to use the possessive where the image is expressed as o use the possessive where the image is expressed as being a part of the idea usually in the form of the x of ybeing a part of the idea usually in the form of the x of y

10486951048695A writers river of words will dry up unless it is continuoA writers river of words will dry up unless it is continuously replenished by streams of new learningusly replenished by streams of new learning10486951048695The first beam of hope that had ever darted into his miThe first beam of hope that had ever darted into his mind rekindled youth in his cheeks and doubled the lustre ond rekindled youth in his cheeks and doubled the lustre of his eyes --SAMUEL JOHNSONf his eyes --SAMUEL JOHNSON10486951048695The furnace of affliction had softened his heart and puriThe furnace of affliction had softened his heart and purified his soulfied his soul

In fact there is a whole range of different degrees of direct iIn fact there is a whole range of different degrees of direct identification between image and idea dentification between image and idea

There is fully expressedThere is fully expressed10486951048695The eye is the lamp of your body when your eye is soundThe eye is the lamp of your body when your eye is sound

your whole body is full of light but when it is not sound your whole body is full of light but when it is not sound your body is full of darkness --LUKE 1134your body is full of darkness --LUKE 1134

There is impliedThere is implied10486951048695 For thou hast been my help and in the shadow of thy For thou hast been my help and in the shadow of thy

wings i sing for joy --PSALM 637wings i sing for joy --PSALM 637And there is very impliedAnd there is very implied10486951048695For if men do these things when the tree is green what wiFor if men do these things when the tree is green what wi

ll happen when it is dry --LUKE2331ll happen when it is dry --LUKE2331

Like simile and analogy metaphor is a profoundly important Like simile and analogy metaphor is a profoundly important and useful device Aristotle says in his Rhetoric It is and useful device Aristotle says in his Rhetoric It is metaphor above all else that gives clearness charm metaphor above all else that gives clearness charm and distinction to the style and distinction to the style

So metaphor not only explains by making the abstract or So metaphor not only explains by making the abstract or unknown concrete and familiar but it also enlivens by unknown concrete and familiar but it also enlivens by touching the readers imagination Further it affirms one touching the readers imagination Further it affirms one more interconnection in the unity of all things by showing more interconnection in the unity of all things by showing a relationship between things seemingly alien to each a relationship between things seemingly alien to each other And the fact that two very unlike things can be other And the fact that two very unlike things can be equated or referred to in terms of one another comments equated or referred to in terms of one another comments upon them both upon them both

No metaphor is just a metaphor All have significant imNo metaphor is just a metaphor All have significant implications and they must be chosen carefully especially plications and they must be chosen carefully especially in regard to the connotations the vehicle (image) will tranin regard to the connotations the vehicle (image) will transfer to the tenor Consider for example the differences isfer to the tenor Consider for example the differences in meaning conveyed by these statementsn meaning conveyed by these statements

10486951048695That club is spreading like wildfireThat club is spreading like wildfire10486951048695That club is spreading like cancerThat club is spreading like cancer10486951048695That club is really blossoming nowThat club is really blossoming now10486951048695That club in its amebic That club in its amebic （阿米巴的（阿米巴的 变形虫的） 变形虫的） momotions is engulfing the campustions is engulfing the campus

SimileSimile

Simile is a direct expressed comparison Simile is a direct expressed comparison between two things essentially unlike each other between two things essentially unlike each other but resembling each other in at least one way but resembling each other in at least one way In formal prose the simile is a device both of art In formal prose the simile is a device both of art and explanation comparing the unfamiliar thing and explanation comparing the unfamiliar thing (to be explained) to some familiar thing (an (to be explained) to some familiar thing (an object event process etc) known to the reader object event process etc) known to the reader There is no simile in the comparison my car is There is no simile in the comparison my car is like your car because the two objects are not like your car because the two objects are not essentially unlike each other essentially unlike each other When a noun is compared to a noun the simile When a noun is compared to a noun the simile is usually introduced by likeis usually introduced by like

Some examples from the BibleSome examples from the Bible

I see men but they look like trees walking --MaI see men but they look like trees walking --Mark 824rk 824

10486951048695The soul in the body is like a bird in a cageThe soul in the body is like a bird in a cage

10486951048695After such long exposure to the direct sun the After such long exposure to the direct sun the leaves of the houseplant looked like pieces of ovleaves of the houseplant looked like pieces of overcooked baconercooked bacon

But I am But I am like an olive treelike an olive tree Flourishing in the hou Flourishing in the house of God --Psalm 528se of God --Psalm 528

They will come and shout for joy on the heights They will come and shout for joy on the heights of Zion (of Zion ( 锡安山在耶路撒冷犹太民族文化中锡安山在耶路撒冷犹太民族文化中心的象征心的象征 ) They will be ) They will be like a well-watered like a well-watered gardengarden And they will sorrow no more --Jeremi And they will sorrow no more --Jeremiah 3112ah 3112

(in these last two examples especially notice how powerfull(in these last two examples especially notice how powerfully the thing to be described called the tenor is colored by the thing to be described called the tenor is colored by the thing it is compared to called the vehicle)y the thing it is compared to called the vehicle)

DictationDictation

Gold Rush of 1849Gold Rush of 1849

In January 1848 James W Marshall a carpenter In January 1848 James W Marshall a carpenter building a sawmill in partnership with John A Sutter in building a sawmill in partnership with John A Sutter in Californias Sacramento Valley discovered gold Sutter Californias Sacramento Valley discovered gold Sutter made his workers promise to keep the discovery a made his workers promise to keep the discovery a secret However the news leaked out Within a few secret However the news leaked out Within a few months a shrewd merchant hoping to increase his months a shrewd merchant hoping to increase his business set off the gold rush in earnest Samuel business set off the gold rush in earnest Samuel Brannan one of the early Mormon settlers in San Brannan one of the early Mormon settlers in San Francisco owned a store near Sutters fort In early May Francisco owned a store near Sutters fort In early May he returned to San Francisco from a visit to the diggings he returned to San Francisco from a visit to the diggings and spread the word of gold and spread the word of gold

Within a few days boats filled with townspeople were Within a few days boats filled with townspeople were heading up the Sacramento River to look for gold heading up the Sacramento River to look for gold Brannan of course had stocked his store with mining Brannan of course had stocked his store with mining supplies and was doing a thriving business San supplies and was doing a thriving business San Francisco soon was a ghost town as almost everyone Francisco soon was a ghost town as almost everyone was off to the gold siteswas off to the gold sites

During the summer of 1848 the news spread up and During the summer of 1848 the news spread up and down the West Coast across the border to Mexico and down the West Coast across the border to Mexico and even to the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii) Word also even to the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii) Word also reached the Mississippi Valley and the Eastern statesreached the Mississippi Valley and the Eastern states

Newspapers were filled with the accounts of men who clNewspapers were filled with the accounts of men who claimed to have become rich overnight by picking gold out aimed to have become rich overnight by picking gold out of Californias wondrous earth Then in a message to thof Californias wondrous earth Then in a message to the Congress of the United States in December President e Congress of the United States in December President James K Polk confirmed the presence of gold in CalifornJames K Polk confirmed the presence of gold in California That winter people from all walks of life set out for Caia That winter people from all walks of life set out for California Many pawned their possessions to get there Thlifornia Many pawned their possessions to get there The gold seekers also known as Forty-Niners or Argonautse gold seekers also known as Forty-Niners or Argonauts joined the rush from as far off as Europe and Australia joined the rush from as far off as Europe and Australia Many Chinese also flocked to San Francisco to join in thMany Chinese also flocked to San Francisco to join in the gold rushe gold rush

The EndThe End

Thank YouThank You

notenote

tenortenor The word phrase or subject with whi The word phrase or subject with which the ch the vehiclevehicle of a metaphor is identified a of a metaphor is identified as life ins life in

隐喻所指的词短语或对象如 隐喻所指的词短语或对象如 life life 在 在 Lifes but a walking shadow Lifes but a walking shadow

(Shakespeare)(Shakespeare)

ldquoldquo 生命不过是一个行走的影子rdquo生命不过是一个行走的影子rdquo (( 莎士比亚莎士比亚 ))

10486951048695Some examples from the BibleSome examples from the Bible

Then Jesus declared I am the bread of life --JoThen Jesus declared I am the bread of life --John 635hn 63510486951048695I am the door if anyone enters through me he shall be I am the door if anyone enters through me he shall be saved and shall go in and out and find pasture --JOHN saved and shall go in and out and find pasture --JOHN 10910910486951048695But I will sing of your strength In the morning I will sinBut I will sing of your strength In the morning I will sing of your love For you are my fortress My refuge in tig of your love For you are my fortress My refuge in times of trouble --Psalm 5916mes of trouble --Psalm 591610486951048695The name of the Lord is a strong tower The righteous The name of the Lord is a strong tower The righteous run to it and are safe --Proverbs 1810run to it and are safe --Proverbs 1810

Another common method of constructing a metaphor is tAnother common method of constructing a metaphor is to use the possessive where the image is expressed as o use the possessive where the image is expressed as being a part of the idea usually in the form of the x of ybeing a part of the idea usually in the form of the x of y

10486951048695A writers river of words will dry up unless it is continuoA writers river of words will dry up unless it is continuously replenished by streams of new learningusly replenished by streams of new learning10486951048695The first beam of hope that had ever darted into his miThe first beam of hope that had ever darted into his mind rekindled youth in his cheeks and doubled the lustre ond rekindled youth in his cheeks and doubled the lustre of his eyes --SAMUEL JOHNSONf his eyes --SAMUEL JOHNSON10486951048695The furnace of affliction had softened his heart and puriThe furnace of affliction had softened his heart and purified his soulfied his soul

In fact there is a whole range of different degrees of direct iIn fact there is a whole range of different degrees of direct identification between image and idea dentification between image and idea

There is fully expressedThere is fully expressed10486951048695The eye is the lamp of your body when your eye is soundThe eye is the lamp of your body when your eye is sound

your whole body is full of light but when it is not sound your whole body is full of light but when it is not sound your body is full of darkness --LUKE 1134your body is full of darkness --LUKE 1134

There is impliedThere is implied10486951048695 For thou hast been my help and in the shadow of thy For thou hast been my help and in the shadow of thy

wings i sing for joy --PSALM 637wings i sing for joy --PSALM 637And there is very impliedAnd there is very implied10486951048695For if men do these things when the tree is green what wiFor if men do these things when the tree is green what wi

ll happen when it is dry --LUKE2331ll happen when it is dry --LUKE2331

Like simile and analogy metaphor is a profoundly important Like simile and analogy metaphor is a profoundly important and useful device Aristotle says in his Rhetoric It is and useful device Aristotle says in his Rhetoric It is metaphor above all else that gives clearness charm metaphor above all else that gives clearness charm and distinction to the style and distinction to the style

So metaphor not only explains by making the abstract or So metaphor not only explains by making the abstract or unknown concrete and familiar but it also enlivens by unknown concrete and familiar but it also enlivens by touching the readers imagination Further it affirms one touching the readers imagination Further it affirms one more interconnection in the unity of all things by showing more interconnection in the unity of all things by showing a relationship between things seemingly alien to each a relationship between things seemingly alien to each other And the fact that two very unlike things can be other And the fact that two very unlike things can be equated or referred to in terms of one another comments equated or referred to in terms of one another comments upon them both upon them both

No metaphor is just a metaphor All have significant imNo metaphor is just a metaphor All have significant implications and they must be chosen carefully especially plications and they must be chosen carefully especially in regard to the connotations the vehicle (image) will tranin regard to the connotations the vehicle (image) will transfer to the tenor Consider for example the differences isfer to the tenor Consider for example the differences in meaning conveyed by these statementsn meaning conveyed by these statements

10486951048695That club is spreading like wildfireThat club is spreading like wildfire10486951048695That club is spreading like cancerThat club is spreading like cancer10486951048695That club is really blossoming nowThat club is really blossoming now10486951048695That club in its amebic That club in its amebic （阿米巴的（阿米巴的 变形虫的） 变形虫的） momotions is engulfing the campustions is engulfing the campus

SimileSimile

Simile is a direct expressed comparison Simile is a direct expressed comparison between two things essentially unlike each other between two things essentially unlike each other but resembling each other in at least one way but resembling each other in at least one way In formal prose the simile is a device both of art In formal prose the simile is a device both of art and explanation comparing the unfamiliar thing and explanation comparing the unfamiliar thing (to be explained) to some familiar thing (an (to be explained) to some familiar thing (an object event process etc) known to the reader object event process etc) known to the reader There is no simile in the comparison my car is There is no simile in the comparison my car is like your car because the two objects are not like your car because the two objects are not essentially unlike each other essentially unlike each other When a noun is compared to a noun the simile When a noun is compared to a noun the simile is usually introduced by likeis usually introduced by like

Some examples from the BibleSome examples from the Bible

I see men but they look like trees walking --MaI see men but they look like trees walking --Mark 824rk 824

10486951048695The soul in the body is like a bird in a cageThe soul in the body is like a bird in a cage

10486951048695After such long exposure to the direct sun the After such long exposure to the direct sun the leaves of the houseplant looked like pieces of ovleaves of the houseplant looked like pieces of overcooked baconercooked bacon

But I am But I am like an olive treelike an olive tree Flourishing in the hou Flourishing in the house of God --Psalm 528se of God --Psalm 528

They will come and shout for joy on the heights They will come and shout for joy on the heights of Zion (of Zion ( 锡安山在耶路撒冷犹太民族文化中锡安山在耶路撒冷犹太民族文化中心的象征心的象征 ) They will be ) They will be like a well-watered like a well-watered gardengarden And they will sorrow no more --Jeremi And they will sorrow no more --Jeremiah 3112ah 3112

(in these last two examples especially notice how powerfull(in these last two examples especially notice how powerfully the thing to be described called the tenor is colored by the thing to be described called the tenor is colored by the thing it is compared to called the vehicle)y the thing it is compared to called the vehicle)

DictationDictation

Gold Rush of 1849Gold Rush of 1849

In January 1848 James W Marshall a carpenter In January 1848 James W Marshall a carpenter building a sawmill in partnership with John A Sutter in building a sawmill in partnership with John A Sutter in Californias Sacramento Valley discovered gold Sutter Californias Sacramento Valley discovered gold Sutter made his workers promise to keep the discovery a made his workers promise to keep the discovery a secret However the news leaked out Within a few secret However the news leaked out Within a few months a shrewd merchant hoping to increase his months a shrewd merchant hoping to increase his business set off the gold rush in earnest Samuel business set off the gold rush in earnest Samuel Brannan one of the early Mormon settlers in San Brannan one of the early Mormon settlers in San Francisco owned a store near Sutters fort In early May Francisco owned a store near Sutters fort In early May he returned to San Francisco from a visit to the diggings he returned to San Francisco from a visit to the diggings and spread the word of gold and spread the word of gold

Within a few days boats filled with townspeople were Within a few days boats filled with townspeople were heading up the Sacramento River to look for gold heading up the Sacramento River to look for gold Brannan of course had stocked his store with mining Brannan of course had stocked his store with mining supplies and was doing a thriving business San supplies and was doing a thriving business San Francisco soon was a ghost town as almost everyone Francisco soon was a ghost town as almost everyone was off to the gold siteswas off to the gold sites

During the summer of 1848 the news spread up and During the summer of 1848 the news spread up and down the West Coast across the border to Mexico and down the West Coast across the border to Mexico and even to the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii) Word also even to the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii) Word also reached the Mississippi Valley and the Eastern statesreached the Mississippi Valley and the Eastern states

Newspapers were filled with the accounts of men who clNewspapers were filled with the accounts of men who claimed to have become rich overnight by picking gold out aimed to have become rich overnight by picking gold out of Californias wondrous earth Then in a message to thof Californias wondrous earth Then in a message to the Congress of the United States in December President e Congress of the United States in December President James K Polk confirmed the presence of gold in CalifornJames K Polk confirmed the presence of gold in California That winter people from all walks of life set out for Caia That winter people from all walks of life set out for California Many pawned their possessions to get there Thlifornia Many pawned their possessions to get there The gold seekers also known as Forty-Niners or Argonautse gold seekers also known as Forty-Niners or Argonauts joined the rush from as far off as Europe and Australia joined the rush from as far off as Europe and Australia Many Chinese also flocked to San Francisco to join in thMany Chinese also flocked to San Francisco to join in the gold rushe gold rush

The EndThe End

Thank YouThank You

10486951048695Some examples from the BibleSome examples from the Bible

Then Jesus declared I am the bread of life --JoThen Jesus declared I am the bread of life --John 635hn 63510486951048695I am the door if anyone enters through me he shall be I am the door if anyone enters through me he shall be saved and shall go in and out and find pasture --JOHN saved and shall go in and out and find pasture --JOHN 10910910486951048695But I will sing of your strength In the morning I will sinBut I will sing of your strength In the morning I will sing of your love For you are my fortress My refuge in tig of your love For you are my fortress My refuge in times of trouble --Psalm 5916mes of trouble --Psalm 591610486951048695The name of the Lord is a strong tower The righteous The name of the Lord is a strong tower The righteous run to it and are safe --Proverbs 1810run to it and are safe --Proverbs 1810

Another common method of constructing a metaphor is tAnother common method of constructing a metaphor is to use the possessive where the image is expressed as o use the possessive where the image is expressed as being a part of the idea usually in the form of the x of ybeing a part of the idea usually in the form of the x of y

10486951048695A writers river of words will dry up unless it is continuoA writers river of words will dry up unless it is continuously replenished by streams of new learningusly replenished by streams of new learning10486951048695The first beam of hope that had ever darted into his miThe first beam of hope that had ever darted into his mind rekindled youth in his cheeks and doubled the lustre ond rekindled youth in his cheeks and doubled the lustre of his eyes --SAMUEL JOHNSONf his eyes --SAMUEL JOHNSON10486951048695The furnace of affliction had softened his heart and puriThe furnace of affliction had softened his heart and purified his soulfied his soul

In fact there is a whole range of different degrees of direct iIn fact there is a whole range of different degrees of direct identification between image and idea dentification between image and idea

There is fully expressedThere is fully expressed10486951048695The eye is the lamp of your body when your eye is soundThe eye is the lamp of your body when your eye is sound

your whole body is full of light but when it is not sound your whole body is full of light but when it is not sound your body is full of darkness --LUKE 1134your body is full of darkness --LUKE 1134

There is impliedThere is implied10486951048695 For thou hast been my help and in the shadow of thy For thou hast been my help and in the shadow of thy

wings i sing for joy --PSALM 637wings i sing for joy --PSALM 637And there is very impliedAnd there is very implied10486951048695For if men do these things when the tree is green what wiFor if men do these things when the tree is green what wi

ll happen when it is dry --LUKE2331ll happen when it is dry --LUKE2331

Like simile and analogy metaphor is a profoundly important Like simile and analogy metaphor is a profoundly important and useful device Aristotle says in his Rhetoric It is and useful device Aristotle says in his Rhetoric It is metaphor above all else that gives clearness charm metaphor above all else that gives clearness charm and distinction to the style and distinction to the style

So metaphor not only explains by making the abstract or So metaphor not only explains by making the abstract or unknown concrete and familiar but it also enlivens by unknown concrete and familiar but it also enlivens by touching the readers imagination Further it affirms one touching the readers imagination Further it affirms one more interconnection in the unity of all things by showing more interconnection in the unity of all things by showing a relationship between things seemingly alien to each a relationship between things seemingly alien to each other And the fact that two very unlike things can be other And the fact that two very unlike things can be equated or referred to in terms of one another comments equated or referred to in terms of one another comments upon them both upon them both

No metaphor is just a metaphor All have significant imNo metaphor is just a metaphor All have significant implications and they must be chosen carefully especially plications and they must be chosen carefully especially in regard to the connotations the vehicle (image) will tranin regard to the connotations the vehicle (image) will transfer to the tenor Consider for example the differences isfer to the tenor Consider for example the differences in meaning conveyed by these statementsn meaning conveyed by these statements

10486951048695That club is spreading like wildfireThat club is spreading like wildfire10486951048695That club is spreading like cancerThat club is spreading like cancer10486951048695That club is really blossoming nowThat club is really blossoming now10486951048695That club in its amebic That club in its amebic （阿米巴的（阿米巴的 变形虫的） 变形虫的） momotions is engulfing the campustions is engulfing the campus

SimileSimile

Simile is a direct expressed comparison Simile is a direct expressed comparison between two things essentially unlike each other between two things essentially unlike each other but resembling each other in at least one way but resembling each other in at least one way In formal prose the simile is a device both of art In formal prose the simile is a device both of art and explanation comparing the unfamiliar thing and explanation comparing the unfamiliar thing (to be explained) to some familiar thing (an (to be explained) to some familiar thing (an object event process etc) known to the reader object event process etc) known to the reader There is no simile in the comparison my car is There is no simile in the comparison my car is like your car because the two objects are not like your car because the two objects are not essentially unlike each other essentially unlike each other When a noun is compared to a noun the simile When a noun is compared to a noun the simile is usually introduced by likeis usually introduced by like

Some examples from the BibleSome examples from the Bible

I see men but they look like trees walking --MaI see men but they look like trees walking --Mark 824rk 824

10486951048695The soul in the body is like a bird in a cageThe soul in the body is like a bird in a cage

10486951048695After such long exposure to the direct sun the After such long exposure to the direct sun the leaves of the houseplant looked like pieces of ovleaves of the houseplant looked like pieces of overcooked baconercooked bacon

But I am But I am like an olive treelike an olive tree Flourishing in the hou Flourishing in the house of God --Psalm 528se of God --Psalm 528

They will come and shout for joy on the heights They will come and shout for joy on the heights of Zion (of Zion ( 锡安山在耶路撒冷犹太民族文化中锡安山在耶路撒冷犹太民族文化中心的象征心的象征 ) They will be ) They will be like a well-watered like a well-watered gardengarden And they will sorrow no more --Jeremi And they will sorrow no more --Jeremiah 3112ah 3112

(in these last two examples especially notice how powerfull(in these last two examples especially notice how powerfully the thing to be described called the tenor is colored by the thing to be described called the tenor is colored by the thing it is compared to called the vehicle)y the thing it is compared to called the vehicle)

DictationDictation

Gold Rush of 1849Gold Rush of 1849

In January 1848 James W Marshall a carpenter In January 1848 James W Marshall a carpenter building a sawmill in partnership with John A Sutter in building a sawmill in partnership with John A Sutter in Californias Sacramento Valley discovered gold Sutter Californias Sacramento Valley discovered gold Sutter made his workers promise to keep the discovery a made his workers promise to keep the discovery a secret However the news leaked out Within a few secret However the news leaked out Within a few months a shrewd merchant hoping to increase his months a shrewd merchant hoping to increase his business set off the gold rush in earnest Samuel business set off the gold rush in earnest Samuel Brannan one of the early Mormon settlers in San Brannan one of the early Mormon settlers in San Francisco owned a store near Sutters fort In early May Francisco owned a store near Sutters fort In early May he returned to San Francisco from a visit to the diggings he returned to San Francisco from a visit to the diggings and spread the word of gold and spread the word of gold

Within a few days boats filled with townspeople were Within a few days boats filled with townspeople were heading up the Sacramento River to look for gold heading up the Sacramento River to look for gold Brannan of course had stocked his store with mining Brannan of course had stocked his store with mining supplies and was doing a thriving business San supplies and was doing a thriving business San Francisco soon was a ghost town as almost everyone Francisco soon was a ghost town as almost everyone was off to the gold siteswas off to the gold sites

During the summer of 1848 the news spread up and During the summer of 1848 the news spread up and down the West Coast across the border to Mexico and down the West Coast across the border to Mexico and even to the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii) Word also even to the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii) Word also reached the Mississippi Valley and the Eastern statesreached the Mississippi Valley and the Eastern states

Newspapers were filled with the accounts of men who clNewspapers were filled with the accounts of men who claimed to have become rich overnight by picking gold out aimed to have become rich overnight by picking gold out of Californias wondrous earth Then in a message to thof Californias wondrous earth Then in a message to the Congress of the United States in December President e Congress of the United States in December President James K Polk confirmed the presence of gold in CalifornJames K Polk confirmed the presence of gold in California That winter people from all walks of life set out for Caia That winter people from all walks of life set out for California Many pawned their possessions to get there Thlifornia Many pawned their possessions to get there The gold seekers also known as Forty-Niners or Argonautse gold seekers also known as Forty-Niners or Argonauts joined the rush from as far off as Europe and Australia joined the rush from as far off as Europe and Australia Many Chinese also flocked to San Francisco to join in thMany Chinese also flocked to San Francisco to join in the gold rushe gold rush

The EndThe End

Thank YouThank You

Another common method of constructing a metaphor is tAnother common method of constructing a metaphor is to use the possessive where the image is expressed as o use the possessive where the image is expressed as being a part of the idea usually in the form of the x of ybeing a part of the idea usually in the form of the x of y

10486951048695A writers river of words will dry up unless it is continuoA writers river of words will dry up unless it is continuously replenished by streams of new learningusly replenished by streams of new learning10486951048695The first beam of hope that had ever darted into his miThe first beam of hope that had ever darted into his mind rekindled youth in his cheeks and doubled the lustre ond rekindled youth in his cheeks and doubled the lustre of his eyes --SAMUEL JOHNSONf his eyes --SAMUEL JOHNSON10486951048695The furnace of affliction had softened his heart and puriThe furnace of affliction had softened his heart and purified his soulfied his soul

In fact there is a whole range of different degrees of direct iIn fact there is a whole range of different degrees of direct identification between image and idea dentification between image and idea

There is fully expressedThere is fully expressed10486951048695The eye is the lamp of your body when your eye is soundThe eye is the lamp of your body when your eye is sound

your whole body is full of light but when it is not sound your whole body is full of light but when it is not sound your body is full of darkness --LUKE 1134your body is full of darkness --LUKE 1134

There is impliedThere is implied10486951048695 For thou hast been my help and in the shadow of thy For thou hast been my help and in the shadow of thy

wings i sing for joy --PSALM 637wings i sing for joy --PSALM 637And there is very impliedAnd there is very implied10486951048695For if men do these things when the tree is green what wiFor if men do these things when the tree is green what wi

ll happen when it is dry --LUKE2331ll happen when it is dry --LUKE2331

Like simile and analogy metaphor is a profoundly important Like simile and analogy metaphor is a profoundly important and useful device Aristotle says in his Rhetoric It is and useful device Aristotle says in his Rhetoric It is metaphor above all else that gives clearness charm metaphor above all else that gives clearness charm and distinction to the style and distinction to the style

So metaphor not only explains by making the abstract or So metaphor not only explains by making the abstract or unknown concrete and familiar but it also enlivens by unknown concrete and familiar but it also enlivens by touching the readers imagination Further it affirms one touching the readers imagination Further it affirms one more interconnection in the unity of all things by showing more interconnection in the unity of all things by showing a relationship between things seemingly alien to each a relationship between things seemingly alien to each other And the fact that two very unlike things can be other And the fact that two very unlike things can be equated or referred to in terms of one another comments equated or referred to in terms of one another comments upon them both upon them both

No metaphor is just a metaphor All have significant imNo metaphor is just a metaphor All have significant implications and they must be chosen carefully especially plications and they must be chosen carefully especially in regard to the connotations the vehicle (image) will tranin regard to the connotations the vehicle (image) will transfer to the tenor Consider for example the differences isfer to the tenor Consider for example the differences in meaning conveyed by these statementsn meaning conveyed by these statements

10486951048695That club is spreading like wildfireThat club is spreading like wildfire10486951048695That club is spreading like cancerThat club is spreading like cancer10486951048695That club is really blossoming nowThat club is really blossoming now10486951048695That club in its amebic That club in its amebic （阿米巴的（阿米巴的 变形虫的） 变形虫的） momotions is engulfing the campustions is engulfing the campus

SimileSimile

Simile is a direct expressed comparison Simile is a direct expressed comparison between two things essentially unlike each other between two things essentially unlike each other but resembling each other in at least one way but resembling each other in at least one way In formal prose the simile is a device both of art In formal prose the simile is a device both of art and explanation comparing the unfamiliar thing and explanation comparing the unfamiliar thing (to be explained) to some familiar thing (an (to be explained) to some familiar thing (an object event process etc) known to the reader object event process etc) known to the reader There is no simile in the comparison my car is There is no simile in the comparison my car is like your car because the two objects are not like your car because the two objects are not essentially unlike each other essentially unlike each other When a noun is compared to a noun the simile When a noun is compared to a noun the simile is usually introduced by likeis usually introduced by like

Some examples from the BibleSome examples from the Bible

I see men but they look like trees walking --MaI see men but they look like trees walking --Mark 824rk 824

10486951048695The soul in the body is like a bird in a cageThe soul in the body is like a bird in a cage

10486951048695After such long exposure to the direct sun the After such long exposure to the direct sun the leaves of the houseplant looked like pieces of ovleaves of the houseplant looked like pieces of overcooked baconercooked bacon

But I am But I am like an olive treelike an olive tree Flourishing in the hou Flourishing in the house of God --Psalm 528se of God --Psalm 528

They will come and shout for joy on the heights They will come and shout for joy on the heights of Zion (of Zion ( 锡安山在耶路撒冷犹太民族文化中锡安山在耶路撒冷犹太民族文化中心的象征心的象征 ) They will be ) They will be like a well-watered like a well-watered gardengarden And they will sorrow no more --Jeremi And they will sorrow no more --Jeremiah 3112ah 3112

(in these last two examples especially notice how powerfull(in these last two examples especially notice how powerfully the thing to be described called the tenor is colored by the thing to be described called the tenor is colored by the thing it is compared to called the vehicle)y the thing it is compared to called the vehicle)

DictationDictation

Gold Rush of 1849Gold Rush of 1849

In January 1848 James W Marshall a carpenter In January 1848 James W Marshall a carpenter building a sawmill in partnership with John A Sutter in building a sawmill in partnership with John A Sutter in Californias Sacramento Valley discovered gold Sutter Californias Sacramento Valley discovered gold Sutter made his workers promise to keep the discovery a made his workers promise to keep the discovery a secret However the news leaked out Within a few secret However the news leaked out Within a few months a shrewd merchant hoping to increase his months a shrewd merchant hoping to increase his business set off the gold rush in earnest Samuel business set off the gold rush in earnest Samuel Brannan one of the early Mormon settlers in San Brannan one of the early Mormon settlers in San Francisco owned a store near Sutters fort In early May Francisco owned a store near Sutters fort In early May he returned to San Francisco from a visit to the diggings he returned to San Francisco from a visit to the diggings and spread the word of gold and spread the word of gold

Within a few days boats filled with townspeople were Within a few days boats filled with townspeople were heading up the Sacramento River to look for gold heading up the Sacramento River to look for gold Brannan of course had stocked his store with mining Brannan of course had stocked his store with mining supplies and was doing a thriving business San supplies and was doing a thriving business San Francisco soon was a ghost town as almost everyone Francisco soon was a ghost town as almost everyone was off to the gold siteswas off to the gold sites

During the summer of 1848 the news spread up and During the summer of 1848 the news spread up and down the West Coast across the border to Mexico and down the West Coast across the border to Mexico and even to the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii) Word also even to the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii) Word also reached the Mississippi Valley and the Eastern statesreached the Mississippi Valley and the Eastern states

Newspapers were filled with the accounts of men who clNewspapers were filled with the accounts of men who claimed to have become rich overnight by picking gold out aimed to have become rich overnight by picking gold out of Californias wondrous earth Then in a message to thof Californias wondrous earth Then in a message to the Congress of the United States in December President e Congress of the United States in December President James K Polk confirmed the presence of gold in CalifornJames K Polk confirmed the presence of gold in California That winter people from all walks of life set out for Caia That winter people from all walks of life set out for California Many pawned their possessions to get there Thlifornia Many pawned their possessions to get there The gold seekers also known as Forty-Niners or Argonautse gold seekers also known as Forty-Niners or Argonauts joined the rush from as far off as Europe and Australia joined the rush from as far off as Europe and Australia Many Chinese also flocked to San Francisco to join in thMany Chinese also flocked to San Francisco to join in the gold rushe gold rush

The EndThe End

Thank YouThank You

In fact there is a whole range of different degrees of direct iIn fact there is a whole range of different degrees of direct identification between image and idea dentification between image and idea

There is fully expressedThere is fully expressed10486951048695The eye is the lamp of your body when your eye is soundThe eye is the lamp of your body when your eye is sound

your whole body is full of light but when it is not sound your whole body is full of light but when it is not sound your body is full of darkness --LUKE 1134your body is full of darkness --LUKE 1134

There is impliedThere is implied10486951048695 For thou hast been my help and in the shadow of thy For thou hast been my help and in the shadow of thy

wings i sing for joy --PSALM 637wings i sing for joy --PSALM 637And there is very impliedAnd there is very implied10486951048695For if men do these things when the tree is green what wiFor if men do these things when the tree is green what wi

ll happen when it is dry --LUKE2331ll happen when it is dry --LUKE2331

Like simile and analogy metaphor is a profoundly important Like simile and analogy metaphor is a profoundly important and useful device Aristotle says in his Rhetoric It is and useful device Aristotle says in his Rhetoric It is metaphor above all else that gives clearness charm metaphor above all else that gives clearness charm and distinction to the style and distinction to the style

So metaphor not only explains by making the abstract or So metaphor not only explains by making the abstract or unknown concrete and familiar but it also enlivens by unknown concrete and familiar but it also enlivens by touching the readers imagination Further it affirms one touching the readers imagination Further it affirms one more interconnection in the unity of all things by showing more interconnection in the unity of all things by showing a relationship between things seemingly alien to each a relationship between things seemingly alien to each other And the fact that two very unlike things can be other And the fact that two very unlike things can be equated or referred to in terms of one another comments equated or referred to in terms of one another comments upon them both upon them both

No metaphor is just a metaphor All have significant imNo metaphor is just a metaphor All have significant implications and they must be chosen carefully especially plications and they must be chosen carefully especially in regard to the connotations the vehicle (image) will tranin regard to the connotations the vehicle (image) will transfer to the tenor Consider for example the differences isfer to the tenor Consider for example the differences in meaning conveyed by these statementsn meaning conveyed by these statements

10486951048695That club is spreading like wildfireThat club is spreading like wildfire10486951048695That club is spreading like cancerThat club is spreading like cancer10486951048695That club is really blossoming nowThat club is really blossoming now10486951048695That club in its amebic That club in its amebic （阿米巴的（阿米巴的 变形虫的） 变形虫的） momotions is engulfing the campustions is engulfing the campus

SimileSimile

Simile is a direct expressed comparison Simile is a direct expressed comparison between two things essentially unlike each other between two things essentially unlike each other but resembling each other in at least one way but resembling each other in at least one way In formal prose the simile is a device both of art In formal prose the simile is a device both of art and explanation comparing the unfamiliar thing and explanation comparing the unfamiliar thing (to be explained) to some familiar thing (an (to be explained) to some familiar thing (an object event process etc) known to the reader object event process etc) known to the reader There is no simile in the comparison my car is There is no simile in the comparison my car is like your car because the two objects are not like your car because the two objects are not essentially unlike each other essentially unlike each other When a noun is compared to a noun the simile When a noun is compared to a noun the simile is usually introduced by likeis usually introduced by like

Some examples from the BibleSome examples from the Bible

I see men but they look like trees walking --MaI see men but they look like trees walking --Mark 824rk 824

10486951048695The soul in the body is like a bird in a cageThe soul in the body is like a bird in a cage

10486951048695After such long exposure to the direct sun the After such long exposure to the direct sun the leaves of the houseplant looked like pieces of ovleaves of the houseplant looked like pieces of overcooked baconercooked bacon

But I am But I am like an olive treelike an olive tree Flourishing in the hou Flourishing in the house of God --Psalm 528se of God --Psalm 528

They will come and shout for joy on the heights They will come and shout for joy on the heights of Zion (of Zion ( 锡安山在耶路撒冷犹太民族文化中锡安山在耶路撒冷犹太民族文化中心的象征心的象征 ) They will be ) They will be like a well-watered like a well-watered gardengarden And they will sorrow no more --Jeremi And they will sorrow no more --Jeremiah 3112ah 3112

(in these last two examples especially notice how powerfull(in these last two examples especially notice how powerfully the thing to be described called the tenor is colored by the thing to be described called the tenor is colored by the thing it is compared to called the vehicle)y the thing it is compared to called the vehicle)

DictationDictation

Gold Rush of 1849Gold Rush of 1849

In January 1848 James W Marshall a carpenter In January 1848 James W Marshall a carpenter building a sawmill in partnership with John A Sutter in building a sawmill in partnership with John A Sutter in Californias Sacramento Valley discovered gold Sutter Californias Sacramento Valley discovered gold Sutter made his workers promise to keep the discovery a made his workers promise to keep the discovery a secret However the news leaked out Within a few secret However the news leaked out Within a few months a shrewd merchant hoping to increase his months a shrewd merchant hoping to increase his business set off the gold rush in earnest Samuel business set off the gold rush in earnest Samuel Brannan one of the early Mormon settlers in San Brannan one of the early Mormon settlers in San Francisco owned a store near Sutters fort In early May Francisco owned a store near Sutters fort In early May he returned to San Francisco from a visit to the diggings he returned to San Francisco from a visit to the diggings and spread the word of gold and spread the word of gold

Within a few days boats filled with townspeople were Within a few days boats filled with townspeople were heading up the Sacramento River to look for gold heading up the Sacramento River to look for gold Brannan of course had stocked his store with mining Brannan of course had stocked his store with mining supplies and was doing a thriving business San supplies and was doing a thriving business San Francisco soon was a ghost town as almost everyone Francisco soon was a ghost town as almost everyone was off to the gold siteswas off to the gold sites

During the summer of 1848 the news spread up and During the summer of 1848 the news spread up and down the West Coast across the border to Mexico and down the West Coast across the border to Mexico and even to the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii) Word also even to the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii) Word also reached the Mississippi Valley and the Eastern statesreached the Mississippi Valley and the Eastern states

Newspapers were filled with the accounts of men who clNewspapers were filled with the accounts of men who claimed to have become rich overnight by picking gold out aimed to have become rich overnight by picking gold out of Californias wondrous earth Then in a message to thof Californias wondrous earth Then in a message to the Congress of the United States in December President e Congress of the United States in December President James K Polk confirmed the presence of gold in CalifornJames K Polk confirmed the presence of gold in California That winter people from all walks of life set out for Caia That winter people from all walks of life set out for California Many pawned their possessions to get there Thlifornia Many pawned their possessions to get there The gold seekers also known as Forty-Niners or Argonautse gold seekers also known as Forty-Niners or Argonauts joined the rush from as far off as Europe and Australia joined the rush from as far off as Europe and Australia Many Chinese also flocked to San Francisco to join in thMany Chinese also flocked to San Francisco to join in the gold rushe gold rush

The EndThe End

Thank YouThank You

Like simile and analogy metaphor is a profoundly important Like simile and analogy metaphor is a profoundly important and useful device Aristotle says in his Rhetoric It is and useful device Aristotle says in his Rhetoric It is metaphor above all else that gives clearness charm metaphor above all else that gives clearness charm and distinction to the style and distinction to the style

So metaphor not only explains by making the abstract or So metaphor not only explains by making the abstract or unknown concrete and familiar but it also enlivens by unknown concrete and familiar but it also enlivens by touching the readers imagination Further it affirms one touching the readers imagination Further it affirms one more interconnection in the unity of all things by showing more interconnection in the unity of all things by showing a relationship between things seemingly alien to each a relationship between things seemingly alien to each other And the fact that two very unlike things can be other And the fact that two very unlike things can be equated or referred to in terms of one another comments equated or referred to in terms of one another comments upon them both upon them both

No metaphor is just a metaphor All have significant imNo metaphor is just a metaphor All have significant implications and they must be chosen carefully especially plications and they must be chosen carefully especially in regard to the connotations the vehicle (image) will tranin regard to the connotations the vehicle (image) will transfer to the tenor Consider for example the differences isfer to the tenor Consider for example the differences in meaning conveyed by these statementsn meaning conveyed by these statements

10486951048695That club is spreading like wildfireThat club is spreading like wildfire10486951048695That club is spreading like cancerThat club is spreading like cancer10486951048695That club is really blossoming nowThat club is really blossoming now10486951048695That club in its amebic That club in its amebic （阿米巴的（阿米巴的 变形虫的） 变形虫的） momotions is engulfing the campustions is engulfing the campus

SimileSimile

Simile is a direct expressed comparison Simile is a direct expressed comparison between two things essentially unlike each other between two things essentially unlike each other but resembling each other in at least one way but resembling each other in at least one way In formal prose the simile is a device both of art In formal prose the simile is a device both of art and explanation comparing the unfamiliar thing and explanation comparing the unfamiliar thing (to be explained) to some familiar thing (an (to be explained) to some familiar thing (an object event process etc) known to the reader object event process etc) known to the reader There is no simile in the comparison my car is There is no simile in the comparison my car is like your car because the two objects are not like your car because the two objects are not essentially unlike each other essentially unlike each other When a noun is compared to a noun the simile When a noun is compared to a noun the simile is usually introduced by likeis usually introduced by like

Some examples from the BibleSome examples from the Bible

I see men but they look like trees walking --MaI see men but they look like trees walking --Mark 824rk 824

10486951048695The soul in the body is like a bird in a cageThe soul in the body is like a bird in a cage

10486951048695After such long exposure to the direct sun the After such long exposure to the direct sun the leaves of the houseplant looked like pieces of ovleaves of the houseplant looked like pieces of overcooked baconercooked bacon

But I am But I am like an olive treelike an olive tree Flourishing in the hou Flourishing in the house of God --Psalm 528se of God --Psalm 528

They will come and shout for joy on the heights They will come and shout for joy on the heights of Zion (of Zion ( 锡安山在耶路撒冷犹太民族文化中锡安山在耶路撒冷犹太民族文化中心的象征心的象征 ) They will be ) They will be like a well-watered like a well-watered gardengarden And they will sorrow no more --Jeremi And they will sorrow no more --Jeremiah 3112ah 3112

(in these last two examples especially notice how powerfull(in these last two examples especially notice how powerfully the thing to be described called the tenor is colored by the thing to be described called the tenor is colored by the thing it is compared to called the vehicle)y the thing it is compared to called the vehicle)

DictationDictation

Gold Rush of 1849Gold Rush of 1849

In January 1848 James W Marshall a carpenter In January 1848 James W Marshall a carpenter building a sawmill in partnership with John A Sutter in building a sawmill in partnership with John A Sutter in Californias Sacramento Valley discovered gold Sutter Californias Sacramento Valley discovered gold Sutter made his workers promise to keep the discovery a made his workers promise to keep the discovery a secret However the news leaked out Within a few secret However the news leaked out Within a few months a shrewd merchant hoping to increase his months a shrewd merchant hoping to increase his business set off the gold rush in earnest Samuel business set off the gold rush in earnest Samuel Brannan one of the early Mormon settlers in San Brannan one of the early Mormon settlers in San Francisco owned a store near Sutters fort In early May Francisco owned a store near Sutters fort In early May he returned to San Francisco from a visit to the diggings he returned to San Francisco from a visit to the diggings and spread the word of gold and spread the word of gold

Within a few days boats filled with townspeople were Within a few days boats filled with townspeople were heading up the Sacramento River to look for gold heading up the Sacramento River to look for gold Brannan of course had stocked his store with mining Brannan of course had stocked his store with mining supplies and was doing a thriving business San supplies and was doing a thriving business San Francisco soon was a ghost town as almost everyone Francisco soon was a ghost town as almost everyone was off to the gold siteswas off to the gold sites

During the summer of 1848 the news spread up and During the summer of 1848 the news spread up and down the West Coast across the border to Mexico and down the West Coast across the border to Mexico and even to the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii) Word also even to the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii) Word also reached the Mississippi Valley and the Eastern statesreached the Mississippi Valley and the Eastern states

Newspapers were filled with the accounts of men who clNewspapers were filled with the accounts of men who claimed to have become rich overnight by picking gold out aimed to have become rich overnight by picking gold out of Californias wondrous earth Then in a message to thof Californias wondrous earth Then in a message to the Congress of the United States in December President e Congress of the United States in December President James K Polk confirmed the presence of gold in CalifornJames K Polk confirmed the presence of gold in California That winter people from all walks of life set out for Caia That winter people from all walks of life set out for California Many pawned their possessions to get there Thlifornia Many pawned their possessions to get there The gold seekers also known as Forty-Niners or Argonautse gold seekers also known as Forty-Niners or Argonauts joined the rush from as far off as Europe and Australia joined the rush from as far off as Europe and Australia Many Chinese also flocked to San Francisco to join in thMany Chinese also flocked to San Francisco to join in the gold rushe gold rush

The EndThe End

Thank YouThank You

No metaphor is just a metaphor All have significant imNo metaphor is just a metaphor All have significant implications and they must be chosen carefully especially plications and they must be chosen carefully especially in regard to the connotations the vehicle (image) will tranin regard to the connotations the vehicle (image) will transfer to the tenor Consider for example the differences isfer to the tenor Consider for example the differences in meaning conveyed by these statementsn meaning conveyed by these statements

10486951048695That club is spreading like wildfireThat club is spreading like wildfire10486951048695That club is spreading like cancerThat club is spreading like cancer10486951048695That club is really blossoming nowThat club is really blossoming now10486951048695That club in its amebic That club in its amebic （阿米巴的（阿米巴的 变形虫的） 变形虫的） momotions is engulfing the campustions is engulfing the campus

SimileSimile

Simile is a direct expressed comparison Simile is a direct expressed comparison between two things essentially unlike each other between two things essentially unlike each other but resembling each other in at least one way but resembling each other in at least one way In formal prose the simile is a device both of art In formal prose the simile is a device both of art and explanation comparing the unfamiliar thing and explanation comparing the unfamiliar thing (to be explained) to some familiar thing (an (to be explained) to some familiar thing (an object event process etc) known to the reader object event process etc) known to the reader There is no simile in the comparison my car is There is no simile in the comparison my car is like your car because the two objects are not like your car because the two objects are not essentially unlike each other essentially unlike each other When a noun is compared to a noun the simile When a noun is compared to a noun the simile is usually introduced by likeis usually introduced by like

Some examples from the BibleSome examples from the Bible

I see men but they look like trees walking --MaI see men but they look like trees walking --Mark 824rk 824

10486951048695The soul in the body is like a bird in a cageThe soul in the body is like a bird in a cage

10486951048695After such long exposure to the direct sun the After such long exposure to the direct sun the leaves of the houseplant looked like pieces of ovleaves of the houseplant looked like pieces of overcooked baconercooked bacon

But I am But I am like an olive treelike an olive tree Flourishing in the hou Flourishing in the house of God --Psalm 528se of God --Psalm 528

They will come and shout for joy on the heights They will come and shout for joy on the heights of Zion (of Zion ( 锡安山在耶路撒冷犹太民族文化中锡安山在耶路撒冷犹太民族文化中心的象征心的象征 ) They will be ) They will be like a well-watered like a well-watered gardengarden And they will sorrow no more --Jeremi And they will sorrow no more --Jeremiah 3112ah 3112

(in these last two examples especially notice how powerfull(in these last two examples especially notice how powerfully the thing to be described called the tenor is colored by the thing to be described called the tenor is colored by the thing it is compared to called the vehicle)y the thing it is compared to called the vehicle)

DictationDictation

Gold Rush of 1849Gold Rush of 1849

In January 1848 James W Marshall a carpenter In January 1848 James W Marshall a carpenter building a sawmill in partnership with John A Sutter in building a sawmill in partnership with John A Sutter in Californias Sacramento Valley discovered gold Sutter Californias Sacramento Valley discovered gold Sutter made his workers promise to keep the discovery a made his workers promise to keep the discovery a secret However the news leaked out Within a few secret However the news leaked out Within a few months a shrewd merchant hoping to increase his months a shrewd merchant hoping to increase his business set off the gold rush in earnest Samuel business set off the gold rush in earnest Samuel Brannan one of the early Mormon settlers in San Brannan one of the early Mormon settlers in San Francisco owned a store near Sutters fort In early May Francisco owned a store near Sutters fort In early May he returned to San Francisco from a visit to the diggings he returned to San Francisco from a visit to the diggings and spread the word of gold and spread the word of gold

Within a few days boats filled with townspeople were Within a few days boats filled with townspeople were heading up the Sacramento River to look for gold heading up the Sacramento River to look for gold Brannan of course had stocked his store with mining Brannan of course had stocked his store with mining supplies and was doing a thriving business San supplies and was doing a thriving business San Francisco soon was a ghost town as almost everyone Francisco soon was a ghost town as almost everyone was off to the gold siteswas off to the gold sites

During the summer of 1848 the news spread up and During the summer of 1848 the news spread up and down the West Coast across the border to Mexico and down the West Coast across the border to Mexico and even to the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii) Word also even to the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii) Word also reached the Mississippi Valley and the Eastern statesreached the Mississippi Valley and the Eastern states

Newspapers were filled with the accounts of men who clNewspapers were filled with the accounts of men who claimed to have become rich overnight by picking gold out aimed to have become rich overnight by picking gold out of Californias wondrous earth Then in a message to thof Californias wondrous earth Then in a message to the Congress of the United States in December President e Congress of the United States in December President James K Polk confirmed the presence of gold in CalifornJames K Polk confirmed the presence of gold in California That winter people from all walks of life set out for Caia That winter people from all walks of life set out for California Many pawned their possessions to get there Thlifornia Many pawned their possessions to get there The gold seekers also known as Forty-Niners or Argonautse gold seekers also known as Forty-Niners or Argonauts joined the rush from as far off as Europe and Australia joined the rush from as far off as Europe and Australia Many Chinese also flocked to San Francisco to join in thMany Chinese also flocked to San Francisco to join in the gold rushe gold rush

The EndThe End

Thank YouThank You

SimileSimile

Simile is a direct expressed comparison Simile is a direct expressed comparison between two things essentially unlike each other between two things essentially unlike each other but resembling each other in at least one way but resembling each other in at least one way In formal prose the simile is a device both of art In formal prose the simile is a device both of art and explanation comparing the unfamiliar thing and explanation comparing the unfamiliar thing (to be explained) to some familiar thing (an (to be explained) to some familiar thing (an object event process etc) known to the reader object event process etc) known to the reader There is no simile in the comparison my car is There is no simile in the comparison my car is like your car because the two objects are not like your car because the two objects are not essentially unlike each other essentially unlike each other When a noun is compared to a noun the simile When a noun is compared to a noun the simile is usually introduced by likeis usually introduced by like

Some examples from the BibleSome examples from the Bible

I see men but they look like trees walking --MaI see men but they look like trees walking --Mark 824rk 824

10486951048695The soul in the body is like a bird in a cageThe soul in the body is like a bird in a cage

10486951048695After such long exposure to the direct sun the After such long exposure to the direct sun the leaves of the houseplant looked like pieces of ovleaves of the houseplant looked like pieces of overcooked baconercooked bacon

But I am But I am like an olive treelike an olive tree Flourishing in the hou Flourishing in the house of God --Psalm 528se of God --Psalm 528

They will come and shout for joy on the heights They will come and shout for joy on the heights of Zion (of Zion ( 锡安山在耶路撒冷犹太民族文化中锡安山在耶路撒冷犹太民族文化中心的象征心的象征 ) They will be ) They will be like a well-watered like a well-watered gardengarden And they will sorrow no more --Jeremi And they will sorrow no more --Jeremiah 3112ah 3112

(in these last two examples especially notice how powerfull(in these last two examples especially notice how powerfully the thing to be described called the tenor is colored by the thing to be described called the tenor is colored by the thing it is compared to called the vehicle)y the thing it is compared to called the vehicle)

DictationDictation

Gold Rush of 1849Gold Rush of 1849

In January 1848 James W Marshall a carpenter In January 1848 James W Marshall a carpenter building a sawmill in partnership with John A Sutter in building a sawmill in partnership with John A Sutter in Californias Sacramento Valley discovered gold Sutter Californias Sacramento Valley discovered gold Sutter made his workers promise to keep the discovery a made his workers promise to keep the discovery a secret However the news leaked out Within a few secret However the news leaked out Within a few months a shrewd merchant hoping to increase his months a shrewd merchant hoping to increase his business set off the gold rush in earnest Samuel business set off the gold rush in earnest Samuel Brannan one of the early Mormon settlers in San Brannan one of the early Mormon settlers in San Francisco owned a store near Sutters fort In early May Francisco owned a store near Sutters fort In early May he returned to San Francisco from a visit to the diggings he returned to San Francisco from a visit to the diggings and spread the word of gold and spread the word of gold

Within a few days boats filled with townspeople were Within a few days boats filled with townspeople were heading up the Sacramento River to look for gold heading up the Sacramento River to look for gold Brannan of course had stocked his store with mining Brannan of course had stocked his store with mining supplies and was doing a thriving business San supplies and was doing a thriving business San Francisco soon was a ghost town as almost everyone Francisco soon was a ghost town as almost everyone was off to the gold siteswas off to the gold sites

During the summer of 1848 the news spread up and During the summer of 1848 the news spread up and down the West Coast across the border to Mexico and down the West Coast across the border to Mexico and even to the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii) Word also even to the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii) Word also reached the Mississippi Valley and the Eastern statesreached the Mississippi Valley and the Eastern states

Newspapers were filled with the accounts of men who clNewspapers were filled with the accounts of men who claimed to have become rich overnight by picking gold out aimed to have become rich overnight by picking gold out of Californias wondrous earth Then in a message to thof Californias wondrous earth Then in a message to the Congress of the United States in December President e Congress of the United States in December President James K Polk confirmed the presence of gold in CalifornJames K Polk confirmed the presence of gold in California That winter people from all walks of life set out for Caia That winter people from all walks of life set out for California Many pawned their possessions to get there Thlifornia Many pawned their possessions to get there The gold seekers also known as Forty-Niners or Argonautse gold seekers also known as Forty-Niners or Argonauts joined the rush from as far off as Europe and Australia joined the rush from as far off as Europe and Australia Many Chinese also flocked to San Francisco to join in thMany Chinese also flocked to San Francisco to join in the gold rushe gold rush

The EndThe End

Thank YouThank You

Some examples from the BibleSome examples from the Bible

I see men but they look like trees walking --MaI see men but they look like trees walking --Mark 824rk 824

10486951048695The soul in the body is like a bird in a cageThe soul in the body is like a bird in a cage

10486951048695After such long exposure to the direct sun the After such long exposure to the direct sun the leaves of the houseplant looked like pieces of ovleaves of the houseplant looked like pieces of overcooked baconercooked bacon

But I am But I am like an olive treelike an olive tree Flourishing in the hou Flourishing in the house of God --Psalm 528se of God --Psalm 528

They will come and shout for joy on the heights They will come and shout for joy on the heights of Zion (of Zion ( 锡安山在耶路撒冷犹太民族文化中锡安山在耶路撒冷犹太民族文化中心的象征心的象征 ) They will be ) They will be like a well-watered like a well-watered gardengarden And they will sorrow no more --Jeremi And they will sorrow no more --Jeremiah 3112ah 3112

(in these last two examples especially notice how powerfull(in these last two examples especially notice how powerfully the thing to be described called the tenor is colored by the thing to be described called the tenor is colored by the thing it is compared to called the vehicle)y the thing it is compared to called the vehicle)

DictationDictation

Gold Rush of 1849Gold Rush of 1849

In January 1848 James W Marshall a carpenter In January 1848 James W Marshall a carpenter building a sawmill in partnership with John A Sutter in building a sawmill in partnership with John A Sutter in Californias Sacramento Valley discovered gold Sutter Californias Sacramento Valley discovered gold Sutter made his workers promise to keep the discovery a made his workers promise to keep the discovery a secret However the news leaked out Within a few secret However the news leaked out Within a few months a shrewd merchant hoping to increase his months a shrewd merchant hoping to increase his business set off the gold rush in earnest Samuel business set off the gold rush in earnest Samuel Brannan one of the early Mormon settlers in San Brannan one of the early Mormon settlers in San Francisco owned a store near Sutters fort In early May Francisco owned a store near Sutters fort In early May he returned to San Francisco from a visit to the diggings he returned to San Francisco from a visit to the diggings and spread the word of gold and spread the word of gold

Within a few days boats filled with townspeople were Within a few days boats filled with townspeople were heading up the Sacramento River to look for gold heading up the Sacramento River to look for gold Brannan of course had stocked his store with mining Brannan of course had stocked his store with mining supplies and was doing a thriving business San supplies and was doing a thriving business San Francisco soon was a ghost town as almost everyone Francisco soon was a ghost town as almost everyone was off to the gold siteswas off to the gold sites

During the summer of 1848 the news spread up and During the summer of 1848 the news spread up and down the West Coast across the border to Mexico and down the West Coast across the border to Mexico and even to the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii) Word also even to the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii) Word also reached the Mississippi Valley and the Eastern statesreached the Mississippi Valley and the Eastern states

Newspapers were filled with the accounts of men who clNewspapers were filled with the accounts of men who claimed to have become rich overnight by picking gold out aimed to have become rich overnight by picking gold out of Californias wondrous earth Then in a message to thof Californias wondrous earth Then in a message to the Congress of the United States in December President e Congress of the United States in December President James K Polk confirmed the presence of gold in CalifornJames K Polk confirmed the presence of gold in California That winter people from all walks of life set out for Caia That winter people from all walks of life set out for California Many pawned their possessions to get there Thlifornia Many pawned their possessions to get there The gold seekers also known as Forty-Niners or Argonautse gold seekers also known as Forty-Niners or Argonauts joined the rush from as far off as Europe and Australia joined the rush from as far off as Europe and Australia Many Chinese also flocked to San Francisco to join in thMany Chinese also flocked to San Francisco to join in the gold rushe gold rush

The EndThe End

Thank YouThank You

But I am But I am like an olive treelike an olive tree Flourishing in the hou Flourishing in the house of God --Psalm 528se of God --Psalm 528

They will come and shout for joy on the heights They will come and shout for joy on the heights of Zion (of Zion ( 锡安山在耶路撒冷犹太民族文化中锡安山在耶路撒冷犹太民族文化中心的象征心的象征 ) They will be ) They will be like a well-watered like a well-watered gardengarden And they will sorrow no more --Jeremi And they will sorrow no more --Jeremiah 3112ah 3112

(in these last two examples especially notice how powerfull(in these last two examples especially notice how powerfully the thing to be described called the tenor is colored by the thing to be described called the tenor is colored by the thing it is compared to called the vehicle)y the thing it is compared to called the vehicle)

DictationDictation

Gold Rush of 1849Gold Rush of 1849

In January 1848 James W Marshall a carpenter In January 1848 James W Marshall a carpenter building a sawmill in partnership with John A Sutter in building a sawmill in partnership with John A Sutter in Californias Sacramento Valley discovered gold Sutter Californias Sacramento Valley discovered gold Sutter made his workers promise to keep the discovery a made his workers promise to keep the discovery a secret However the news leaked out Within a few secret However the news leaked out Within a few months a shrewd merchant hoping to increase his months a shrewd merchant hoping to increase his business set off the gold rush in earnest Samuel business set off the gold rush in earnest Samuel Brannan one of the early Mormon settlers in San Brannan one of the early Mormon settlers in San Francisco owned a store near Sutters fort In early May Francisco owned a store near Sutters fort In early May he returned to San Francisco from a visit to the diggings he returned to San Francisco from a visit to the diggings and spread the word of gold and spread the word of gold

Within a few days boats filled with townspeople were Within a few days boats filled with townspeople were heading up the Sacramento River to look for gold heading up the Sacramento River to look for gold Brannan of course had stocked his store with mining Brannan of course had stocked his store with mining supplies and was doing a thriving business San supplies and was doing a thriving business San Francisco soon was a ghost town as almost everyone Francisco soon was a ghost town as almost everyone was off to the gold siteswas off to the gold sites

During the summer of 1848 the news spread up and During the summer of 1848 the news spread up and down the West Coast across the border to Mexico and down the West Coast across the border to Mexico and even to the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii) Word also even to the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii) Word also reached the Mississippi Valley and the Eastern statesreached the Mississippi Valley and the Eastern states

Newspapers were filled with the accounts of men who clNewspapers were filled with the accounts of men who claimed to have become rich overnight by picking gold out aimed to have become rich overnight by picking gold out of Californias wondrous earth Then in a message to thof Californias wondrous earth Then in a message to the Congress of the United States in December President e Congress of the United States in December President James K Polk confirmed the presence of gold in CalifornJames K Polk confirmed the presence of gold in California That winter people from all walks of life set out for Caia That winter people from all walks of life set out for California Many pawned their possessions to get there Thlifornia Many pawned their possessions to get there The gold seekers also known as Forty-Niners or Argonautse gold seekers also known as Forty-Niners or Argonauts joined the rush from as far off as Europe and Australia joined the rush from as far off as Europe and Australia Many Chinese also flocked to San Francisco to join in thMany Chinese also flocked to San Francisco to join in the gold rushe gold rush

The EndThe End

Thank YouThank You

DictationDictation

Gold Rush of 1849Gold Rush of 1849

In January 1848 James W Marshall a carpenter In January 1848 James W Marshall a carpenter building a sawmill in partnership with John A Sutter in building a sawmill in partnership with John A Sutter in Californias Sacramento Valley discovered gold Sutter Californias Sacramento Valley discovered gold Sutter made his workers promise to keep the discovery a made his workers promise to keep the discovery a secret However the news leaked out Within a few secret However the news leaked out Within a few months a shrewd merchant hoping to increase his months a shrewd merchant hoping to increase his business set off the gold rush in earnest Samuel business set off the gold rush in earnest Samuel Brannan one of the early Mormon settlers in San Brannan one of the early Mormon settlers in San Francisco owned a store near Sutters fort In early May Francisco owned a store near Sutters fort In early May he returned to San Francisco from a visit to the diggings he returned to San Francisco from a visit to the diggings and spread the word of gold and spread the word of gold

Within a few days boats filled with townspeople were Within a few days boats filled with townspeople were heading up the Sacramento River to look for gold heading up the Sacramento River to look for gold Brannan of course had stocked his store with mining Brannan of course had stocked his store with mining supplies and was doing a thriving business San supplies and was doing a thriving business San Francisco soon was a ghost town as almost everyone Francisco soon was a ghost town as almost everyone was off to the gold siteswas off to the gold sites

During the summer of 1848 the news spread up and During the summer of 1848 the news spread up and down the West Coast across the border to Mexico and down the West Coast across the border to Mexico and even to the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii) Word also even to the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii) Word also reached the Mississippi Valley and the Eastern statesreached the Mississippi Valley and the Eastern states

Newspapers were filled with the accounts of men who clNewspapers were filled with the accounts of men who claimed to have become rich overnight by picking gold out aimed to have become rich overnight by picking gold out of Californias wondrous earth Then in a message to thof Californias wondrous earth Then in a message to the Congress of the United States in December President e Congress of the United States in December President James K Polk confirmed the presence of gold in CalifornJames K Polk confirmed the presence of gold in California That winter people from all walks of life set out for Caia That winter people from all walks of life set out for California Many pawned their possessions to get there Thlifornia Many pawned their possessions to get there The gold seekers also known as Forty-Niners or Argonautse gold seekers also known as Forty-Niners or Argonauts joined the rush from as far off as Europe and Australia joined the rush from as far off as Europe and Australia Many Chinese also flocked to San Francisco to join in thMany Chinese also flocked to San Francisco to join in the gold rushe gold rush

The EndThe End

Thank YouThank You

Within a few days boats filled with townspeople were Within a few days boats filled with townspeople were heading up the Sacramento River to look for gold heading up the Sacramento River to look for gold Brannan of course had stocked his store with mining Brannan of course had stocked his store with mining supplies and was doing a thriving business San supplies and was doing a thriving business San Francisco soon was a ghost town as almost everyone Francisco soon was a ghost town as almost everyone was off to the gold siteswas off to the gold sites

During the summer of 1848 the news spread up and During the summer of 1848 the news spread up and down the West Coast across the border to Mexico and down the West Coast across the border to Mexico and even to the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii) Word also even to the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii) Word also reached the Mississippi Valley and the Eastern statesreached the Mississippi Valley and the Eastern states

Newspapers were filled with the accounts of men who clNewspapers were filled with the accounts of men who claimed to have become rich overnight by picking gold out aimed to have become rich overnight by picking gold out of Californias wondrous earth Then in a message to thof Californias wondrous earth Then in a message to the Congress of the United States in December President e Congress of the United States in December President James K Polk confirmed the presence of gold in CalifornJames K Polk confirmed the presence of gold in California That winter people from all walks of life set out for Caia That winter people from all walks of life set out for California Many pawned their possessions to get there Thlifornia Many pawned their possessions to get there The gold seekers also known as Forty-Niners or Argonautse gold seekers also known as Forty-Niners or Argonauts joined the rush from as far off as Europe and Australia joined the rush from as far off as Europe and Australia Many Chinese also flocked to San Francisco to join in thMany Chinese also flocked to San Francisco to join in the gold rushe gold rush

The EndThe End

Thank YouThank You

Newspapers were filled with the accounts of men who clNewspapers were filled with the accounts of men who claimed to have become rich overnight by picking gold out aimed to have become rich overnight by picking gold out of Californias wondrous earth Then in a message to thof Californias wondrous earth Then in a message to the Congress of the United States in December President e Congress of the United States in December President James K Polk confirmed the presence of gold in CalifornJames K Polk confirmed the presence of gold in California That winter people from all walks of life set out for Caia That winter people from all walks of life set out for California Many pawned their possessions to get there Thlifornia Many pawned their possessions to get there The gold seekers also known as Forty-Niners or Argonautse gold seekers also known as Forty-Niners or Argonauts joined the rush from as far off as Europe and Australia joined the rush from as far off as Europe and Australia Many Chinese also flocked to San Francisco to join in thMany Chinese also flocked to San Francisco to join in the gold rushe gold rush

The EndThe End

Thank YouThank You

The EndThe End

Thank YouThank You