unit 7 introduction to economics
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UNIT 7 INTRODUCTION TO ECONOMICS. Scarcity. Warm-Up. List all of the things this school would have it was perfect in your mind. Think in terms of facilities and resources:. Why isn’t our school like this?. Resources are scarce meaning we don’t have everything we want to have in our school. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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UNIT 7INTRODUCTION TO ECONOMICS
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SCARCITY
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Warm-Up List all of the things this school would
have it was perfect in your mind. Think in terms of facilities and resources:
Why isn’t our school like this?
Resources are scarce meaning we don’t have everything we want to have in our school
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What is Economics? Economics is the study of
how we make decisions in a world where resources are limited.
It is sometimes called the science of decision making.
How do you choose what to buy when you only have a limited amount of money?
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What is the Fundamental Economic Problem?
The fundamental economic problem is SCARCITY— we have unlimited wants and limited resources!
Because of scarcity, we must make choices among alternatives.
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What is the Impact of Scarcity? Why are diamonds expensive and water so cheap?
Scarce resource=high price Abundant (not scarce) resource=low
price
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Producers and Consumers Producers: make goods and services
Motivated by profit ($$$) Consumers: purchase and use
goods/services to satisfy their wants and needs Make decisions based on what needs and
wants they want to satisfy with their limited “scarce” resources.
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Goods & ServicesProducers make goods and services to be
consumed by the public Goods: tangible products such as cars, CDs
and clothes Services: intangible things like telephone
service, Internet or medical/legal services.
Answer: When you watch TV there is a good and a service involved, what are they?
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Needs vs. Wants Needs are things we
need for survival, such as food, clothing, and shelter.
Wants are things we would like to have.
Both needs and wants must be prioritized. What do you need the most? what do you want the most?
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Immediate vs. Delayed Gratification
If you choose to only consider the short term benefit of your purchase you are making a choice based on immediate gratification.
If you consider a longer term benefit of a purchase you are making a choice based on delayed gratification.
QUESTION: If you buy a Hummer because you like it the most right now is this immediate or delayed gratification?
If you buy a Honda accord because you know it will save you money on gas in the long run it is immediate or delayed gratification?
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Productivity and Efficiency Producers want to maximize their
productivity and efficiency in order to make a larger profit! So, you want to get the MOST out of every
worker and resource you can. We know a business is efficient when the cost
of producing a resource is not more than the price. Example: It cost me $1 to make each burger
and I can sell it for $2! What is my profit on each burger?
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4 FACTORS OF PRODUCTION (Resources)
ALL FOUR FACTORS MUST BE PRESENT TO PRODUCE ANY GOOD/SERVICE!
1. Land2. Labor3. Capital4. Entrepreneurship
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Land Adds natural resources necessary for
production these are renewable and nonrenewable resources Renewable Resources: trees, oxygen, water Non-Renewable Resources: gold, oil, coal,
gas
ANSWER: What is the difference between a renewable and nonrenewable resource?
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Labor (workers) Labor is the nation’s workforce or human
resources. Sometimes it is called human capital.
It includes the physical and mental talents of the people who help produce goods and services.
Factors such as population growth, education, training and war affect the quantity and quality of labor.
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Capital Capital, or capital goods, includes the
tools, machinery, and buildings used to make other products.
Financial Capital is the money that goes into a new business
Consumer goods satisfy wants directly; capital goods do so indirectly by aiding production of consumer goods.
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Entrepreneurs Entrepreneurs are individuals who start new businesses, introduce new products, create jobs and improve management techniques.
They are innovative and willing to take risks.
Brains of the economy: Entrepreneurs drive the economy because they use factors of production to produce new products & create jobs.
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Opportunity Cost the cost of any
activity measured in terms of the value of the next best alternative forgone (that is not chosen)
Ex. By going to school your opportunity cost is giving up sleep
Why is opportunity cost “opportunity lost”?
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Incentives A reward offered
to try and persuade people to take certain economic actions
Ex. Buy one get one free
Ex. The toy in a Happy Meal
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Economics Day 2
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MARKET ECONOMYProduction and exchange is regulated by competition between individuals and businesses (firms).
1. People have the right to own private property2. Individuals and firms make decisions based on what is in their best
interest.– Businesses produce goods for profits = Profit Motive
3. Everyone’s needs will be met b/c producers will make the most profit by making what consumers want.-- Producers supply what is demanded by consumers
Nicknames: Laissez-Faire “hands off,” Capitalism, Free Enterprise System, Invisible Hand
Examples: England, Germany, Japan Competition answers the 3 economic questions (what, how, whom)
The government DOES NOT tell people what to produce or buy.
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HOW IS AMERICA LIKE A MARKET ECONOMY?
HOW IS AMERICA NOT LIKE A MARKET ECONOMY?
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Parts of a Market Economy Answer the following questions in your notes: What is the motivator to work in a market
economy? Profit-Without profit there is no point of
participation What regulates a market economy? (not the
government) Competition
What is the main coordinator in a market economy? Price
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Trade Market Economies
based on Trade Benefits both parties
Both parties trade excess material for a want or need
Ex. Buying a car: you trade your excess money for a car You want a car The dealer wants money Everyone wins
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Ownership Without ownership trade is impossible
Why?
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Circular flow model It shows how our economy works It shows how goods and services, money,
and the factors of production are exchanged between households and firms in the economy.
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fig
The two main parts of the Circular Flow model are firms and
households.FYI: Firm is another word for
“business”
FIRM Household
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fig
The circular flow of goods and incomes
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Goods and servicesThe circular flow of goods and incomes
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Goods and services
$Consumer
expenditure
The circular flow of goods and incomes
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Goods and services
$Consumer
expenditure
The circular flow of goods and incomes
Households supply the factors of production (labor, etc)
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fig
Goods and services
$Consumer
expenditure
Income: Wages, salary, rentdividends, etc.
$Households supply the factors of production
(labor, etc)
The circular flow of goods and incomes
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Goods and services
$Consumer
expenditure
Income: Wages, salary, rentdividends, etc.
$Households supply the factors of production
(labor, etc)
The circular flow of goods and incomes
What’s the difference between wages and salary?
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BUSINESS AND
INVESTMENT
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What will happen to a company if they add too many factors of production (land, labor, capital, entrepreneurs)? What is this known as?
EX: Subway, if subway had too many workers they would get in each other’s way and would not be able to produce as many sandwiches as they could if they had fewer workers
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WARM-UP:
If you could start a business would you work on your own or with a partner? Why?
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Sole Proprietorships Business owned and operated by ONE person.
Anyone can start one. PROS: make all the profit & helped out by the
government (Small Business Administration)
CONS: unlimited liability—responsible for all debts. Must raise all initial capital (human, physical and
financial) Limited Life: Business dies when owner does
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Partnerships
A partnership is a business owned by 2 or more people.
PROS: Share the burden of debt and capital. Raise $$ by adding partners No corporate income tax
CONS: each partner has unlimited liability
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Corporations A business formed by filing a charter with the gov’t. Stockholders who buy shares, or stocks, OWN the corporation.
Board of Directors is hired to run the business
PROS: Raise money easily through selling stock to shareholdersLimited liability (only liable for your investment)Unlimited life
CONS:Gov’t regulation and might have to pay corporate taxOwners have little say in management of corporation
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Franchises Businesses when individual people buy the rights to manage or run a large company’s store.
Example: McDonalds is a massive, multi-national company. But the local McDonalds in Scotland Neck is franchised to an individual owner.
PROS: ??
CONS: ??
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Words to Know for BusinessesLIABILITY: What is risked if something
goes wrong in a business.
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Words to Know for BusinessesSTOCK: A partial ownership in a
company.
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Words to Know for BusinessesDIVIDENDS: The money shareholders
get when a company makes a profit.
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Investment-Spend $$ to make More $$
What you can invest in and how you can invest your money
INVESTMENT IS A WAY TO USE RESOURCES THAT COULD BE USED FOR IMMEDIATE BENEFIT FOR A GREATER BENEFIT AT A LATER TIME.
Types of InvestmentHuman Capital
the people—through pay, benefits, education and training to increase productivity!
How would investingin human capital
improve business?
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Investment-Spend $$ to make More $$
What you can invest in and how you can invest your money
Types of Investment Physical Capital
Machinery, Technology, buildings, tools
How would investingin physical capital improve business?
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Investment-Spend $$ to make More $$
What you can invest in and how you can invest your money
Types of Investment Natural resources
Land (renewable & nonrenewable resources)
How would investingin natural resourcesimprove business?
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Investment-Spend $$ to make More $$
What you can invest in and how you can invest your money
Types of Investment Financial Capital- MAKE MY $$$ GROW!!!
Stock
How would investingin financial capital
make someonemore money?
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Investment-Spend $$ to make More $$
What you can invest in and how you can invest your money
Types of Investment Venture Capital
Investment in a NEW business
Why is investing ina new business
RISKY?
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OVERALL:Investment seeks to increase productivity by increasing inputs. EX: I invest in machinery (input) and I get more
cars (output)
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Create a Business!1. Name Business2. State the major good or service you will be producing.3. State the TYPE of Business (corporation, sole
proprietorship, partnership)?4. Identify your fixed costs5. What investments will you make to get started?
• Human Capital (how many workers, what types of jobs, skilled or unskilled workers?)
• Financial Capital• Physical Capital
6. Create Advertisement for product or business card on the back.
I AM COLLECTING THIS FOR A GRADE.
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Exit Ticket DID YOU GET IT??? Use the circular
flow model to answer 1-51. Who provides firms with the factors
of production?2. Who purchases good & services?3. Who creates goods & services?4. What do households get in return
for providing labor to firms?5.What must a firm have in order to
produce any good or service?
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Economics Day 3
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Law of Supply Businesses will produce more products
when they know they can sell them at a higher price. Ex: If you know you can sell your sneakers for
$100 a pair you will want to make more sneakers than if you could only sell them for $10.
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Law of Demand Consumers will demand (want) more of a
good when the price for the good is low. Ex: As a consumer you will want to buy more
sneakers if they cost $10 rather than if they cost $100.
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So what will be the price of the sneakers? $100, $10 or somewhere in between?
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The Supply and Demand Graph Where the 2 lines intersect is the price
the good will be sold at.
Price
Quantity
Supply
Demand
$45
21 3
At $45 a consumer is willing to buy (demands) 2 pairs, and the producer is willing to supply 2 pairs of sneakers.
1. Why wouldn’t a producer sell the sneaker for $100?
2. Why wouldn’t a producer sell the sneaker for $10?
$100
$10
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Equilibrium price: the price where supply and
demand are equalthe highest price a good can be sold at and not have a shortage (not enough) or surplus (too much). The Equilibrium Price prevents producers from
charging too much for a good, because they will never sell it at a high price if there is no demand.Price
Quantity
Supply
Demand
$45
21 3
$100
$10
Equilibrium Price = ????
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Shortage and Surplus What does it mean to have a shortage? What does it mean to have a surplus?
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Shortage vs. Surplus
What happens to the price if we have too much supply and no demand for a good? SURPLUS: Supply is greater than demand =
lower price SALES at stores are usually the result of a surplus.
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Shortage vs. Surplus What happens to the price if we have a lot
of demand but not enough supply of a good? SHORTAGE: Demand is greater than supply =
higher price GAS PRICES go up during gas shortages.
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SUPPLY AND DEMAND PRACTICE
1. Draw a Supply and Demand Graph. Label (supply “S”, demand “D”, equilibrium price “E,” Price axis, and Quantity axis.
Price Units Demanded
Units Supplied
$5 10 60
$4 18 51
$3 28 41
$2 38 29
$1 52 10
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Gum Supply and Demand Graph2. What happens if demand is high and supply is low?
a) When gum costs $1 what quantity is demanded?
b) When gum cost $1 what quantity is supplied?
c) What is the shortage of gum (demanded - supplied) ?
3. What happens is demand is low but supply is high?
d) Gum costs $3 what quantity is demanded?
e) Gum costs $3 what quantity is supplied?
f) What is the surplus of gum (supplied - demanded)?
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Gum Supply and Demand Graph4. Circle on the graph at what price the quantity supplied and demanded are the same (equal)?_____________
What is this point called? _________________________
5. What would happen if the government set the price of gum at $4? 6. What would happen if the government set the price of gum at $2?
7. How does having price set by supply and demand benefit consumers?
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Illustration of Demand Shift
Increase in Demand = curve shifts to the right
Decrease in Demand = curve shifts to the left. Price
QuantityD1 D2
Quantity
Price
D1D2
The less you buy the more you will move to the left!
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Why does demand shift? Demand can increase (move right) and
Decrease (move left) depending on certain conditions in the market.
There are 6 factors affecting demand
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Demand Factors
1. Consumer Disposable income: income left over after necessities are purchased. More $$ to spend on luxuries increases demand for them.
Example: If US Gov’t gave citizens a tax credit ($$$) then people would have more money to spend (more disposable income). Would demand increase or decrease?
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Demand Factors
2. Consumer tastes: popularity of a product
Example: Consumers who used to prefer board games now prefer video games. What happened to demand for board games?__________
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Demand Factors
3. Consumer expectations: what consumers expect to happen in the future
Example: Consumers expect that a new version of the iPod will come out around Christmas. What happened to demand for the OLD iPod?
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Demand Factors 4. Number of consumers: how many
people live in a certain area
Example: A new housing development was built in Enfield. Did the number of consumers in Enfield increase or decrease? So what happened to demand?
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Demand Factors
5. Substitutes: competing products that can be exchanged when the price of one becomes too high. Honda & Toyota
Example: Dell raised the price of its laptops, so consumers started to buy the lower priced Sony laptop. What happened to demand for Dell laptops?
WHAT IS ANOTHER SUBSTITUE GOOD YOU CAN THINK OF?
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6. Complementary goods: Products that are used together.
Example: DVD players have become popular among consumers. What happened to demand for DVDs?
WHAT IS ANOTHER SET OF COMPLEMENTARY GOODS YOU CAN THINK OF?
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Price Elasticity When the price of a good is elastic that
means it can change a lot and easily. If there are no substitutes for a good the price
is not elastic (inelastic).Ex: water, eggs, milk = inelastic BUT sugar = elastic, b/c you could use splenda or
sweet and low.
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Supply Curve
Price
Quantity
As price increases, quantity supplied increases.
Because producers would rather sell goods at a higher price
S1
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Supply Schedule Supply Schedule:
table of how much people are willing to sell at various prices
Ex. Pizza Supply Schedule. How many pizzas are
supplied at $1.00? As the price of pizza
increased what happened to supply?
Price Quantity
$.50
$1.00
$1.50
$2.00
$2.50
1
5
2
7
8
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Law of Supply“The UP UP DOWN DOWN”
As price goes up quantity goes up As price goes down quantity goes down
Producers make more goods/services at higher prices then they do at lower prices.
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Illustration of Supply Shift Increase in Supply
= curve shifts to the right
Decrease in Supply = curve shifts to the left.
Price
Quantity
S1
S2
Quantity
PriceS2
S1
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Why does supply shift?
Supply can increase (move right) and Decrease (move left) depending on certain conditions in the market.
STOP and Think…if it reduces the cost of production (cheaper to produce) then supply of that good went ____.
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Supply Factors 1. Number of suppliers: more suppliers =
more supply
Example: A new shopping plaza opened on 301 in Enfield. Did the # of suppliers increase or decrease? Did supply increase or decrease?
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Supply Factors
2. Government Regulations: tighter government regulation of production makes it more expensive to supply goods decrease in supply
Example: Congress raised the minimum wage to $6.55 an hour from $7.25. What is the impact for fast food restaurants? Did the supply of fast food increase or decrease?
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Supply Factors
3. Taxes: Higher taxes raises business costs (supply decrease), lower taxes reduces them (supply increase)
Example: Congress cut the tax on American corporations to try and boost production in the United States. Did costs for corporations go up or down? Did supply increase or decrease?
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Supply Factors
4. Subsidies: gov’t payment to an individual, business, or group to reduce the cost of production.
Example: Congress gave all corn producers a subsidy for each bushel of corn they produce. Did the cost of corn production go up or down? Did the supply of corn increase or decrease?
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Supply Factors
5. Producer Expectations: If producers think that consumer demand will drop, then they reduce supply. If they think demand will increase then they increase supply.
Example: As the weather gets warmer near the end of the school year clothing stores expect consumers will want to buy summer clothes. Did the supply of winter clothes increase or decrease? Did the supply of SUMMER clothes increase or decrease?
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Exit Ticket:1. Draw the supply and demand graph, with
these parts labeled:supply line, price, quantity, demand line, equilibrium price
2. When does a surplus occur?
3. When does a shortage occur?
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Day 4 Economics
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Competition
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Perfect Competition Examples:
Apple Farmers, Corn Farmers
Number: Many small firms
Amount of price control: HIGH Competition NO Price control, prices set by supply &
demand
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Perfect Competition (cont.) Barriers (how easy is it to get in the
market?): Easy Entry, Easy Exit
Nature of Product (How alike or different the available products are) : Homogenous (goods are the same,
all can be substituted for one another) EX: Red Delicious Apple
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Monopoly: One company provides the product
Examples: Standard Oil of late 1800s
Number: 1 Large Firm
Amount of price control: NO Competition / The monopoly sets the price
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Monopoly
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Oligopoly Examples:
Cell phones, airlines, cereals, soft drinks Number:
A FEW large firms Amount of price control:
SOME Competition / SOME price control b/c the few large firms keep
prices pretty close.
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Oligopoly (cont.)
Barriers: Difficult Entry and Exit
Nature of Product: Differentiated (similar products but
not exactly the same can be substituted) EX: Coke or Pepsi Whopper or Big Mac
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MERGERS Merger: is when two firms join together. Horizontal Merger: 2 firms w/ similar
product lines combine EX: Nike and Reebok combine.
Vertical Merger: 2 firms working at different stages of production of a good combine. EX: Ford buys a tire company
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Economic Indicators Indicators help us tell how well an economy is
doing. They include… Unemployment: people who can work but are
without employment Inflation (CPI): the general increase in prices over
time. Inflation often occurs during expansion because consumers have more $ to spend causing demand to increase.
PPI (producer price index): Used by producers to see how much the goods/services they need for their businesses will cost.
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Productivity/GDP: total of all the final products produced in a country
Stock Market (bull vs bear market): where shares of corporations are bought and sold.
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Employment Unemployment: measures the people
who can work but do not have jobs. Full Employment: when all people who
can work have jobs Underemployment: having a job which
you are overqualified and underpaid for. Ex: PhD. working at McDonalds
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GDP: Gross Domestic Product
Total value of all the final products that are produced within a country in one year.
Final products: a good sold to a user (as opposed to all the ingredients of that product). The car, but not the steel or the rubber that went into making it
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Per Capita GDP GDP divided by a country’s population
In other words: The GDP per person
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Per Capita GDP GDP takes into account the Standard Of Living-measure
of quality of life, higher GDP = higher standard of living.
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The darker the blue, the better Per Capita GDP. How’s the US doing?
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CPI or the Consumer Price Index Measures inflation rates
for the nation’s economy Inflation: the general
rise in price of an item over time.
Is determined by measuring the price of a standard group of goods meant to represent the “market basket” of a typical consumer.
Market Basket might include cost of….•Food and drinks
• Medical care• Housing• transportation
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How much do these cost?In March
Then again
in May.Market Basket might include cost of….•Food and drinks
• Medical care• Housing• transportation
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The Stock Market Where shares of corporations are bought
and sold. Dividends: money earned by your share of a
stock Capital Gains: money earned when you sell
your stock Bull Market: Rising Bear Market: falling
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Bear vs. Bull Market The Chicago Bears just
aren’t that good and often FALL, just like a bear market.
When Michael Jordan was on the Chicago Bulls, he would always rise up to dunk just like the rising market.
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The Business Cycle
Peak
Contraction Trough
Expansion
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Contraction (a.k.a. “Recession”) Economy is DECLINING
Bear market GDP down
Unemployment is RISING
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Trough (a.k.a. “Depression”)
Economy is at its LOWEST GDP at LOWEST
Unemployment is at its HIGHEST EX: the Great Depression 1929-1939
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Stock Market Crash1929, “Black Tuesday”
Run on the banks! NO FDIC
Wall St.
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The Great Depression
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The Great Depression1933: unemployment=25%Today: unemployment = 8.6%
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Expansion Economy is IMPROVING
Bull market Inflation (CPI rises) GDP up
Unemployment is FALLING
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Peak (a.k.a. “Boom”) Economy is at its HIGHEST
GDP is at its HIGHEST Unemployment at its LOWESTEX: the dot com boom in the 1990s
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The Business Cycle
___________
___________
___________ ___________
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FED
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Federal Reserve The Federal Reserve
(FED) is USA’S Central Bank
It Regulates Monetary Policy
Video Write down what a
Central Bank is and its mission
Tools of regulating economy Write down the 3 tools
the FED uses
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Tools of the Central Bank1. Interest Rates/
Monetary Policy: how much you have to pay if you borrow money
Low Interest Rates: Expand EconomyHigh Interest Rates: Slow Economy
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Tools of the Central Bank2. Liquidity- providing
loans to banks to help stabilize financial systemlender of last resort
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Tools of the Central Bank 3. Providing regulation and supervision:
keeps financial system healthy by regulating banking system
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Gold StandardAll paper money is backed by goldUS off the gold standard in 1971
Why? Hint: inflation
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Fiat Money has value because of law not gold
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Fiscal Policy Tools used by the elected government to
stimulate the economy Stimulus- money in the economy to help
stimulate it Spend money to make money
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NC Economics Tobacco Farming Textiles Research- Research Triangle Finance/Banking- Charlotte