unit 7 genetics -...
TRANSCRIPT
Unit 7 Genetics
Lesson 1 – Mendel’s Pea Plants
Vocabulary: Trait: a characteristic an organism can pass on to its offspring
through DNA Inherited: traits that were passed on from parents to offspring
regardless of the environment
DNA: carrier of the genetic information
Gene: a segment of DNA that codes for a specific trait
Notes:
Gregor Mendel Noticed that pea plants had certain identifiable and measurable
characteristics or traits. Mendel observed that some characteristics such as flower color, seed
shape and seed color were inherited or passed on from parents to the offspring.
Mendel’s work led him to the understanding that traits, such a plant height, are carried in DNA.
Let’s Practice!
Matching
Characteristic an organism can pass on to its offspring through DNA.
Segment of DNA that codes for a specific trait.
Traits that were passed on from parents to offspring regardless of environment.
Carrier of genetic information
Inherited
DNA
GENE
Trait
Unit 7 Genetics
Lesson 2- Genes and Alleles
Vocabulary: ________________: tightly wound DNA
_________________: two different forms of a single gene
o ___________________: alleles that determines what the organism will look like (Upper case letter)
o ____________________: the allele that is not expressed in the organism unless both alleles are recessive (lower case letter)
Notes:
DNA Found in all living cells. Controls all functions inside the cell. It stores all the genetic information for an entire living organism.
Gene A segment of DNA that codes for a trait
Let’s Practice!
Unit 7 Genetics
True or False.
1. Alleles are the same form of a single cell. _______
2. Dominant Alleles determines what the organism will look like._____
3. DNA is found in all living cells. ___________
4. Chromosomes are tightly wound DNA. __________
5. DNA stores all genetic information for part of a living organism. ______
Lesson 3 – Inheritance
Unit 7 Genetics
Vocabulary: _____________________: passing on of traits from parent to offspring
Notes:
Inherited Traits A sperm cell will join with an egg cell and become fertilized and begin
to develop. Sex cells have the same number of chromosomes as other body cells
because one sex cell from each of two parents combines from a new organism.
o ___________: male sex cello __________: female sex cell
Every cell (other than sex cells) carries 23 pairs or 46 total of homologous chromosomes.
o Sperm carries 23 and an egg carries 23. When they join, the new offspring will have 46.
Homozygous vs Heterozygous Homozygous: both alleles in a pair of genes are the same
o Prefix homo means “the same”o AA = homozygous dominanto aa = homozygous recessive
Heterozygous: both alleles from a pair of genes are differento Prefix hetero means “different”o Aa= heterozygous
Genotype and Phenotype Genotype: actual Gene makeup Phenotype: the Physical appearance
Lesson 3 – Inheritance (con’t)
Unit 7 Genetics
Male and Female? In mammals, the two sex chromosomes are called X and Y. Females
have two X chromosomes (XX) and males have one X and one Y. (XY) The sperm only carries a single X or Y, so it is the father who determines the sex of a baby.
Let’s Practice!
Fill in the blank.Genotype | Heterozygous| Inheritance |Homozygous | Egg |Phenotype
1. ________________ is the passing on of traits from parent to offspring.
2. ___________________ means both alleles in a pair of genes are the same.
3. The female sex cell is called an ________.
4. _____________________ means both alleles from a pair of genes are different.
5. _____________________ is the actual gene make up and______________ is the physical appearance.
Lesson 4 – Punnett Squares
Vocabulary
Unit 7 Genetics
_____________________: a grid used to predict the results of genetic crosses
Notes:
Punnett Squares Reginald Punnett created a __________, which is a grid used to predict
the results of genetic crosses. This tool is called _________________________ Example: Showing cross between two black rabbits. Both
heterozygous for fur color (Bb). (Black is the dominant phenotype-B, white is the recessive phenotype- b)
Genotype vs Phenotype Genotype is the combination of alleles for a trait (BB, Bb, bb) Phenotype is the visible trait that an offspring exhibits (black or
white fur)
Let’s Practice!
Unit 7 Genetics
Black or Blue? Fill in the Punnet Square.
GO TO NEXT PAGE TO CHECK YOUR ANSWER!
ANSWER: There is a 50% chance the baby chick will be blue and a 50% chance it will be black.
Unit 7 Genetics
Lesson 7 – Similarities Among Organisms
Vocabulary
Unit 7 Genetics
_______________: group of organisms that closely resemble one another and are able to interbreed and produce fertile offspring
______________: differences that exist between individuals of the same species
o can be genotypic or phenotypic tall/short, dimples/no dimples
Notes: ________________ and _____________ are responsible for different traits in
a species.
Chromosomes
Each species carries a certain number and a certain kind of chromosomes.
Humans carry 46 chromosomes. Due to chromosomes, we would never confuse a human with a
different species of animal
Lesson 8 – Chromosomes
Vocabulary _______: (deoxyribonucleic acid)the code carrying material in our
body
Unit 7 Genetics
_________________________: shape of DNA
______________________: a single long molecule of DNA wound around special proteins
Notes:
Let’s Practice!Label the parts with the terms below. Use above as a guide
Cell | Chromosome |Gene |Nucleus
Lesson 9 and 10 – Meiosis
Vocabulary __________: male sex cells
DNA
Unit 7 Genetics
________: female sex cells
________________: sex cells (egg and sperm) (GAME of life)
______________- division of the nucleus of a cell forming two daughter cells, each receiving the same number of chromosomes
______________- a type of cell division resulting with ½ the chromosomes of the parent
Notes:
Meiosis Meiosis produces daughter cells that each have _________ the number
of chromosomes the parent has. A ____________ is the first cell of a new individual when egg and sperm
come together and contains a full set of chromosomes.o 23 from egg + 23 from sperm =46 from egg and sperm
Meiosis vs Mitosis
MITosis take the cell and Makes It Twoo Results in two genetically identical cells
Meiosis has to do with sex cellso Results in four genetically different cells
Lesson 9 and 10 – Meiosis (Con’t)
Mitotic phase: PMAT or People Meet And Talk ___________________- the chromosomes coil and become more compact,
the nuclear membrane breaks down, and a system of fibers called the spindle starts to form
Unit 7 Genetics
________________- the chromosomes arrange in a plane at the middle of the cell
________________- the chromosomes split and move apart _______________-_- the chromosomes reach two sides of a cell and are
incorporated into two new nuclei
Let’s Practice!
Answer the questions below. Use the study guide above to help find the answers.
1. What are sex cells called? _______________2. How many cells does MITosis make? __________3. How many cells does Meiosis make?_________4. What are the four steps in Mitosis?
___________________________________________________________________5. What is the first cell of a new individual when egg and sperm come
together and contains a full set of chromosomes?___________________--
Lesson 12 Mutations
Vocabulary _________________: any change in a gene or DNA (can be helpful,
harmful or have no effect at all)
Unit 7 Genetics
_________________: occurs when a single nucleotide is exchanged for another
_________________ one or more bases are REMOVED or left out of the DNA
_________________: one or more bases are added to the DNA
Notes:
Large-Scale Mutationso Large-Scale Mutations are more seriouso Large sections of chromosomes are changedo Sections of a chromosome may be duplicated
o May result in extra copies of a gene that may amplify the effects of that gene
o Large sections of a chromosome may be deleted, resulting in the loss of entire genes
Let’s Practice
Match the term with the definition.
Lesson 13:Genetic Engineering
Vocabularyo ________________________: process by which organisms with certain traits
survive to reproduce and pass on those traits to their offspring
Unit 7 Genetics
o ____________________________: the process of breeding organisms with the most desirable traits
o ___________________________: the manipulation of DNA to produce molecules or organisms with new properties
o ______________________: a process in which defective genes are replaced with normal genes
Notes:
Genetic Engineering Highly controversial issue today! For it:
o Using less pesticideso Growing more cropso Improving nutritional content of food
Against it:o It is trying to control natureo We don’t know how it could impact us down the road
Let’s Practice!Fill in the blank with words found below.
1. ______________________ is a process in which defective genes are replaced with normal genes.
2. ________________________ is the process of breeding organisms with the most desirable traits.
Unit 7 Genetics
3. ________________________ is process by which organisms with certain traits survive to reproduce and pass on those traits to their offspring.
4. _________________________ is the manipulation of DNA to produce molecules or organisms with new properties.
Word Bank:
Genetic Engineering | Natural Selection| Selective Breeding |Gene Therapy