unit 7- dna - mrs....
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Unit 7- DNA - Mrs. Giarroccogiarroccowandobiology.weebly.com/.../8/2/9/6/82966406/unit_7-_dna_.pdfcopyright cmassengale. DNA Replication • DNA is un zipped and unwound by the enzyme](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022004/5aa622c97f8b9a7c1a8e54f1/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
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DNA standsfordeoxyribose nucleicacid.
DNAcontrolsthekindofcellwhichisformed(i.e.muscle,blood,nerve).
DNAcontrolsthetypeoforganismwhichisproduced(i.e.buttercup,giraffe,herring,
human).
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DNAStructure
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Nucleotide Structure• DNA is made up of nucleotides joined into long strands or chains by covalent bonds.• Nucleic acids are made up of building blocks called nucleotides.
Base
Deoxyribosesugar
Phosphategroup
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DNA is a polymer made up of a chain of nucleotides
Each nucleotide has three parts:• simple sugar (deoxyribose)• phosphate group• Nitrogen base (adenine, guanine, thymine, or cytosine)
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DNA Nucleotide Structure
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AmoleculeofDNAisformedbymillionsofnucleotidesjoinedtogetherinalongchain.
PO4
PO4
PO4
PO4
sugar-phosphatebackbone
+bases
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Nitrogenous Bases
Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Thymine
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Nucleic Acid Structure
Covalent bond between nucleotides
One nucleotide
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Chargaff’s Rule[A] = [T] and [C] = [G]
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Franklin’s X-rays• DNA is a helix.• Likely two strands to the molecule• Nitrogenous bases near the center of the molecule
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The Work of Watson and CrickDNA is a double helix, in which two strands of nucleotide sequences are wound around each other.
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The Double Helix: Antiparallel StrandsThe two strands in a DNA molecule run in opposite directions.
Thesugar-phosphatechainsareontheoutsideandthestrandsareheldtogetherbyhydrogenbondsbetweenthebases.
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The Double Helix: Hydrogen Bonding Hydrogen bonds
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The Double Helix: Base PairingThe two strands of DNA are held together by hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous bases adenine and and between guanine and .
thyminecytosine
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Nucleotide Sequence
• Living organisms are different due to the differences in sequences of bases.– For example, the code ATTGAC would code
for a different protein than TCCAAA
• Because the order of these bases is so important, DNA must carefully replicateitself when the cell divides to ensure an exact copy is passed on to each daughter cell
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• Sphaseduringinterphase ofthecellcycle
• Nucleusofeukaryotes• DNAreplicationtakesplaceintheSphase.
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HowisDNAcopied?
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DNAReplication• BeginsatOriginsofReplication• TwostrandsopenformingReplicationForks(Y-shapedregion)
• Newstrandsgrowattheforks
ReplicationFork
ParentalDNAMolecule
3’
5’
3’
5’copyright cmassengale
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DNAReplication
• Asthe2DNAstrandsopenattheorigin,ReplicationBubblesform
• Prokaryotes(bacteria)haveasingle bubble• EukaryoticchromosomeshaveMANY bubbles
Bubbles Bubbles
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DNAReplication• DNAisunzippedandunwoundbytheenzymehelicase
• TheenzymePolymeraseattachesandreadstheDNA
• DNAnucleotidesfindtheircompliments oneachsideoftheDNAstrand
• Newbaseskeepattachinguntiltwo identicalmoleculesofDNAarecompleted.
• Mitosis wouldthenfollowwhereeachdaughtercellwouldbegivenmatchingcopies oftheoriginalDNA
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DNAReplication• Before newDNAstrandscanform,there
mustbeRNAprimers presenttostarttheadditionofnewnucleotides
• Primase istheenzymethatsynthesizestheRNAPrimer
• DNApolymerasecanthenaddthenewnucleotides
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DNAReplication• DNApolymerasecanonlyaddnucleotidestothe3’ endoftheDNA
• ThiscausestheNEWstrandtobebuiltina5’ to3’ direction
RNAPrimerDNAPolymerase
Nucleotide
5’
5’ 3’
DirectionofReplication
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ProofreadingNewDNA
• DNApolymeraseinitiallymakesabout1in10,000basepairingerrors
• Enzymes proofreadandcorrectthesemistakes
• ThenewerrorrateforDNAthathasbeenproofreadis1in1billionbasepairingerrors
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DNA- CrashCoursehttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JIPw-Bd0WGgStart@0:50-3:42
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ReplicationForkAnimation• http://highered.mheducation.com/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=swf::535::
535::/sites/dl/free/0072437316/120076/micro04.swf::DNA%20Replication%20Fork
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5’-3’
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p835L4HWH68
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SpeedofDNAReplication!
• http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/dna-replication-basic-detail