Unit 7 – Ch. 9 - Memory

STORAGE & RETRIEVAL

VIDEO CLIPS

Today Show How to improve memory- 6 mins

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OL3BOSbCLPM&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&safe=active

60 mins- people with really good memories – each one is 12mins- part 1 different people’s stories, part 2 the science behind these people

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2zTkBgHNsWM

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=en23bCvp-Fw

2014 60 mins

http://www.cbsnews.com/news/when-a-memory-wiz-remembers-your-life/

Warm up – don’t need to write

What is the capacity of working memory?

In your own words, what is encoding, storage and retrieval?

What is the difference between maintenance and elaborate rehearsal?

Who is the “King” of memory?

What is the Serial Position Effect?

Why is chunking needed?

Using what you have learned about memory, list 3 ways you could study better.

Part 2

Sensory MemoryShort Term MemoryLong Term Memory

Storage: Sensory Memory Sensory Memory: refers to the initial recording of

sensory information in the memory system. All information is held here briefly (1/2 to 4 seconds)

Filter system- figures out if the stimuli is important

Sensory Memories include both:1. Iconic Memory: a momentary sensory memory of a visual

stimuli. Memory only lasts for a few tenths of a second.

2. Echoic Memory: a momentary sensory memory for auditory stimuli. Sound memories can usually last up to 3 or 4 seconds.

Sensory memory is very hard to measure since it fades as we try to measure it.

George Sperling’s Experiment to Measure Iconic Memory

Demo 1- Sensory Memory

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NYT

How Does Sensory Memory Get Processed Into Memory?

Sensory memories disappear unless you focus your selective attention on the information.

Attention causes information to be further processed.

Rehearse things and make them relevant and meaningful to yourself

Only way to get info into short term and then eventually into long term memory storage

Storage: Short Term Memory

Peterson Study

Demo 2

1. You want to remember TXL2. Start counting backwards from 100 by 3s3. After 5 seconds write the trigram on your activity sheet

Remember LTS 4. After 20 seconds write the trigram on your activity sheet 5. Why did you forget the trigram as time goes on

If you don’t rehearse info. it goes away

Storage: Short Term Memory

STM- has a limited capacity and durationCouple seconds 7 +/- 2

Remember random digits better than random letters Remember things we hear better than things we see If you use chunking, rehearsal and self reference you will remember

things longer Only through rehearsal and or self reference do short-term

memories become long term memories.

Is Long Term Memory Like an Attic?

Sherlock Holmes: “I consider that a man’s brain is like a little empty attic, and you have to stock it with such furniture as you choose…It is a mistake to think that that little room has elastic walls and can distend to any extent. Depend upon it, there comes a time when for every addition of knowledge you forget something you knew before.”

Is this true?

Storage- Long Term Memory

Average adult has a billion bits of info in their memory

If you don’t properly encode info, it becomes hard to recall

We don’t always encode info correctlyLTM= limitless capacityRajan Mahadeva = Pi experiment

Demo 3

2 1 6 9 6 4 6 1 5 1 9 9 7 2 5 2 4 6 8 0 1 2 9 6 1 6 0 8 9 4

4-6 average10-19 extraordinary20-30 brilliant

So Where Are Memories Stored?

Karl Lashley searched for the brain “engram,” physical “memory trace” in rats after they had run mazes from 1920 to 1955.

Lashley believed: Learning was NOT

localized, all parts of cortex worked together and as a whole.

Neural Basis and Emotional Impact For Memory

Long Term Potentiation (LTP): refers to the long-lasting strengthening of the connection between 2 neurons. Is believed to be the neural basis for learning and memory.

Process occurs naturally when we learn through association…after learning has occurred, neurons involved in process become more efficient at transmitting the signals.

Drugs that block LTP affect learning drastically. Strong emotions make for stronger memories

Stress hormones boost impact on learning.

Hippocampus’s Role in Explicit MemoryHippocampus:

neural center located in limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage….left and right hippocampus have different effects.

Hippocampus’s Role in Explicit Memory

Names, images and eventsDamage to the Left= trouble with verbal info.Damage to Right= visual designs and locations Different parts of the brain house different memories Monkeys with Hippocampus damage had old

memories that remained intact

Cerebellum’s Role in Implicit Memory

Cerebellum: helps facilitate associate learning responses

classical conditioning. Cutting pathway to the

cerebellum makes rabbits unable to learn conditioned responses.

Storage Loss: Amnesia

Amnesia refers to the loss of memory.Depending on the damage or disease

different kinds of memories can be damaged

Amnesiac patients typically have losses in explicit memory.

Explicit Memory (declarative memory): memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare.

My birthday is ………Napoleon is…………

Implicit Memory

Other type of memory storage is known as:

Implicit Memory (Procedural Memory): retention of things without conscious recollection. Is Skill Memory.

WalkingRiding a bikeSoccer

A Diagram For Your Viewing Pleasure Types of

long-termmemories

Explicit(declarative)

With consciousrecall

Implicit(nondeclarative)

Without conscious recall

Facts-generalknowledge(“semanticmemory”)

Personally experienced

events(“episodic memory”)

Skills-motorand cognitive

Dispositions-classical and

operant conditioning

effects

Warm Up

Come up with 1 thing you know about memory. Each student will have to share their fact with the class. You may not repeat facts

Chapter 9 Memory pt. 2: Storage, Retrieval, and Forgetting

Retrieval: Getting Information Out

Recall: a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier.

Ex: Fill in the Blank.

Retrieval: Getting Information OutRecognition: a

measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned.

Easier than recall Ex: Multiple

Choice

Retrieval Cues

Priming: activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations of memory. Missing child

poster…. KidnappedTastes, smells, sights

Retrieval Cues

Context Effects Memory Retrieval: able to retrieve information better when you are in the same context you learned it in.

Deja Vu

Demo 1

Emotional/Mood impact of memory1. State-Dependent Memory: information is most

easily recalled when in same “state” of consciousness it was learned in.

Drunk2. Mood Congruent Memory: tendency to recall

experiences that are consistent with one’s current mood.

Depressed people recall parents as rejecting, mean…..

Teenagers and their relationships with their parents Bad mood…. Look=glare

7 Sins of Memory

1.Absent Mindedness – inattention to details produces encoding failure

2. Transience- unused info. fades

3. Blocking- unable to access stored info….tip of your tongue

4. Misattribution- confusing the source of the info.

7 Sins of Memory

5. Suggestibility- the lingering effects of misinformation

Leading questions

6. Bias- belief- colored recollections

7. Persistence- unwanted memories won’t go away

Blocking Demo 1. Oslo

2. Ankara

3. Nairobi

4. Montevideo

5. Lhasa

6. Canberra

7. Lisbon

8. Bucharest

9. Port- au- Prince

10. Sofia

11. Seoul

12. Baghdad

13. Nicosia

13. Nicosia

14. Manila

15. Managua

16. Helsinki

17. Bogota

18. Ottawa

19. Bangkok

20. Caracas

21. Juneau

22. Santa Fe

23. Pierre

24. Jefferson City

25. Topeka

26. Dover

27. Raleigh

28. Montpellier

29.Olympia

30. Cheyenne

31.Jackson

32. Concord

33. Boise

34. Springfield

35. Harrisburg

36. Salem

37. Helena

38. Hartford

39. Lansing

40. Augusta

Forgetting

Forgetting is a result of either:

1.Encoding Failure

2.Storage Decay OR

3.Retrieval Failure

Forgetting As Encoding Failure

Information never enters the memory system

Attention is selectivewe cannot attend to everything in our

environmentWilliam James said that we would be as bad

off if we remembered everything as we would be if we remembered nothing

Change BlindnessPenny

Encoding Failure: Which Penny is the Real Deal?

Penny

1. Which way does Lincoln Face? To the Left or Right?

2. Is anything written above his head? If yes, what it is?

3. Is anything below his head? If so, what is it?4. Is anything written to the left of his face? If so,

what is it?5. Is anything written to the right of his face? If

so, what is it?

Penny

1. Lincoln faces to the right

2. Above his head it say’s “ In god We Trust”

3. Below his head is nothing

4. To his left it says” liberty”

5. To his right is the year the coin was minted

More Encoding Failures

1. What is the color of the top stripe of the American flag?

Red

2. The bottom Stripe? Red

3. How many red and white stripes does it have? 7 red and 6 white

More Encoding Failures

4. Most wooden pencils are not round. How many sides dot hey typically have?

Six

5. In what hand does the Statue of Liberty hold her torch?

Right

Storage Decay

Over time we just forget things

Retrieval Failure

Forgetting can result from failure to retrieve information from long-term memoryGoogle

Forgetting and Spanish Learned

Retentiondrops,

then levels off

1 3 5 9½ 14½ 25 35½ 49½Time in years after completion of Spanish course

100%

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Percentage oforiginal

vocabularyretained

Forgetting As Interference

Learning some items may disrupt retrieval of other informationProactive(forward acting) Interference

disruptive effect of prior learning on recall of new information

New Phone NumberNew schedule

Forgetting As Interference

Retroactive (backwards acting) Interferencedisruptive effect of new learning on recall of old information

Teacher learning new namesTake a break after learning