unit 7 argument paragraphs
TRANSCRIPT
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Unit 7
Argument paragraphs
Division of Language Skills II
English Department, ULIS, VNU
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Objectives
understand the process to write an argumentativeparagraph
defense an opinion by supporting ideas andexamples
introduce counter-argument and refutation write persuasive argumentative paragraphs
use language patterns to introduce different parts ofan argument paragraph
use noun phrases in an argument paragraph
use quantity expressions to avoid overgeneralizationin an opinion paragraph
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Lead-in
Are for or against
arranged marriage?Support your position.
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Understanding argument
Proposal:
Reason 1
Reason 2
...
Reason against..........................................................
Refutation
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Development of argument
The topic sentence
In the topic sentence, the general subject is the proposal,
and the specific parts are either the reasons for, or therefutation of the main reason against.
Greater life expectancy rates and lower death rates
reason for refutation of main reason against
indicate that women may be biologicallystronger
than men.
proposal
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Development of argument
Kinds of evidence
- Use appropriate evidence to develop the reasons
for and refute reason against
Authority: someone who is
generally recognized asan expert on a particular
subject
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Development of argument
Interpreting facts to support opinion
Opinion
Factual
examples
Interpretation
Animals use language to
communicate with each other
Arctic wolves, for example, communicate
the presence of caribou through their howls
and barks. Other wolves hear the messages
and are able to meet their pack to joint the hunt.
Clearly, if another animal can understand
vocalized messages that tell him or her
the location of food, then that animal
is using language.
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Development of argument
Problem with evidence and logic
- False conclusion: The conclusion is not based on
evidence.- Misplaced causes and effects: Just because ofone thing takes place before another does notmean it causes its; similarly, just because onething follows another does not mean it is an effect
of it.- Bad evidence: Evidence is used that comes froman outdated, incompetent or biased source.
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Development of argument
Counter-argument is the
opposing opinion which
disagrees with the writers opinion
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Development of argument
Three methods to attack and refute a counter-argument
Method 1: Demonstrate that the counter-argument iswrong because it is based on incorrect or
misleading information.Method 2: Show that the counter-argument is weak
because it is based on insufficient information orignores significant information.
Method 3: Agree that the counter-argument is valid,but show that the writers points of support are
more compelling.
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language features
Language patternsa. Possible pattern to introduce an opinion/proposal in the topic
sentence:
E.g. I propose that the killing of whales be stoppedbecause ...
(base verb)b. Pattern to cite a source or statistics as evidence
E.g. According to information from the US government c. Patterns to introduce the counter-argument:
E.g. The opponents of this proposal argue that d. Possible patterns to summarize:
E.g. It is essential that the killing whales be stopped.
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language features
Noun clauseThat + subject + verb (+ compliment)
As a subject
That a nuclear was might end the world is undeniable.
As a subject after it
It is undeniable that a nuclear war might end the world.
As an object of a verb
Many scientists have written that a nuclear war might endthe world.
As an appositiveThere is no question that a nuclear war might end the world.
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language features
Quantity expressions
- Most, a lot of, andsome are used with both plural
count nouns and non-count nouns.- Much and a little are used with non-count nouns.
(Much is not usually used in affirmative statements.
Use a lot ofinstead.)
- Many,several, and a few are used with pluralnouns.
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TIME FOR PRACTICE
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