Unit 6Book 1

What Animals Really Think?

6DR Sp1

Over the years, I have written extensively about animal-intelligence experiments and the controversy that surrounds them. Do animals really have thoughts, what we call consciousness? Wondering whether there might be better ways to explore animal intelligence than experiments designed to teach human signs, I realized what now seems obvious: if animals can think, they will probably do their best thinking when it serves their own purposes, not when scientists ask them to. a

WordSentence

6Sp2(wrong button)

WordSentence

And so I started talking to vets, animal researchers, zoo keepers. Most do not study animal intelligence, but they encounter it, and the lack of it, every day. The stories they tell us reveal what I’m convinced is a new window on animal intelligence: the kind of mental feats animals perform when dealing with captivity and the dominant species on the planet -- humans. a

6Sp2-1(wrong button)

WordSentence

And so I started talking to vets, animal researchers, zoo keepers. Most do not study animal intelligence, but they encounter it, and the lack of it, every day. The stories they tell us reveal what I’m convinced is a new window on animal intelligence: the kind of mental feats animals perform when dealing with captivity and the dominant species on the planet -- humans. a

1. What do you learn from this sentence?

2. Paraphrase this sentence.

Animals have the abilities to deal with human beings’ captivity though human beings are more intelligent than them.

Animal show great intelligence when they deal with human beings’ captivity even though human beings control and dominate this planet.

3. Translate the sentence into Chinese.

即动物在对付樊笼生活和地球上的主宰物种 -- 人类 -- 时所表现的高超的思维技能。

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6Sp3(error)

Let’s Make a Deal Consider the time Charlene Jendry, a conservationist at the Columbus Zoo, learned that a female gorilla named Colo was handling a suspicious object. Arriving on the scene, Jendry offered Colo some peanuts, only to be met with a blank stare. Realizing they were negotiating, Jendry raised the stakes and offered a piece of pineapple. At this point, while maintaining eye contact, Colo opened her hand and revealed a key chain.

WordSentence

6Sp3-1(error)

Let’s Make a Deal Consider the time Charlene Jendry, a conservationist at the Columbus Zoo, learned that a female gorilla named Colo was handling a suspicious object. Arriving on the scene, Jendry offered Colo some peanuts, only to be met with a blank stare. Realizing they were negotiating, Jendry raised

WordSentence

the stakes and offered a piece of pineapple. At this point, while maintaining eye contact, Colo opened her hand and revealed a key chain. a

How to understand “only to”?

It is often used to indicate that sb. does sth. with a disappointing or surprising result. Infinitive “to” functions as a result adverbial.

He hurried to the railway station, only to find that the train had left.

s

He had once tried inviting her out, only to meet with a rather cool response.

s

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6Sp4

Relieved it was not anything dangerous or valuable, Jendry gave Colo the pineapple. Careful bargainer that she was, Colo then broke the key chain and gave Jendry a link, perhaps figuring, Why give her the whole thing if I can get a bit of pineapple for each piece? a If an animal can show skill in trading one thing for another, why not in handling money? One orangutan named Chantek did just that in a sign-language study undertaken by anthropologist Lyn Miles at the University of Tennessee. a

WordSentence

6Sp4-1 Relieved it was not anything dangerous or valuable, Jendry gave Colo the pineapple. Careful bargainer that she was, Colo then broke the key chain and gave Jendry a link, perhaps figuring, Why give her the whole thing if I can get a bit of pineapple for each piece? a If an animal can show skill in trading one thing for another, why not in handling money? One orangutan named Chantek did just that in a sign-language study undertaken by anthropologist Lyn Miles at the University of Tennessee. a

WordSentence

1. What conclusion can you draw about Colo?

2. Translate the sentence into Chinese.

Colo is a good bargainer, and this case shows that animals may really have intelligence.

科洛真是个精明的还价者，它把钥匙链拉断，给了延得里一段，它或许在算计着，要是每一小片都能换片菠萝，我干吗要全都给她？

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6Sp5

Chantek figured out that if he did tasks like cleaning his room, he’d earn coins to spend on treats and rides in Miles’s car. But the orangutan’s understanding of money seemed to extend far beyond simple dealings. Miles first used plastic chips as coins, but Chantek decided he could expand the money supply by breaking chips in two. When Miles switched to metal chips, Chantek found pieces of tin foil and tried to make copies. a

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6Sp6

Miles also tried to teach Chantek more virtuous habits such as saving and sharing. Indeed, when I caught up with the orangutan at Zoo Atlanta, where he now lives, I saw an example of sharing that anyone might envy. When Miles gave Chantek some grapes and asked him to share them, Chantek promptly ate all the fruit. Then, as if he’d just remembered he’d been asked to share, he handed Miles the stem. a

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6Sp7

Tale of a Whale Why would an animal want to cooperate with a human? Behaviorists would say that animals cooperate when they learn it is in their interest to do so. This is true, but I don’t think it goes far enough. Gail Laule, a consultant on animal behavior, speaks of Orky, a killer whale, she knew. “Of all the animals I’ve worked with, he was the most intelligent,”she says. “He would assess a situation and then do something based on the judgments he made.”

WordSentence

‘’ ‘’

6Sp7-1

Tale of a Whale Why would an animal want to cooperate with a human? Behaviorists would say that animals cooperate when they learn it is in their interest to do so. This is true, but I don’t think it goes far enough. Gail Laule, a consultant on animal behavior, speaks of Orky, a killer whale, she knew. “Of all the animals I’ve worked with, he was the most intelligent,”she says. “He would assess a situation and then do something based on the judgments he made.”

WordSentence

1. Paraphrase this sentence.

2. Translate the sentence into Chinese.

What behaviorists say is right, but I don’t think their explanation helps very much.

行为主义者的观点没有错，但我认为这一解释尚不充分。

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6Sp8

Like the time he helped save a family member. When Orky’s mate, Corky, gave birth, the baby did not thrive at first, and keepers took the little whale out of the tank by stretcher for emergency care. Things began to go wrong when they returned the baby whale to the tank. As the workers halted the stretcher a few meters above the water, the baby suddenly began throwing up through its mouth. The keepers feared it would choke, but they could not reach the baby to help it. a

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6Sp9

Apparently sizing up the problem, Orky swam under the stretcher and allowed one of the men to stand on his head, something he’d never been trained to do. Then, using his tail to keep steady, Orky let the keeper reach up and release the 420-pound baby so that it could slide into the water within reach of help. a

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6Sp10

Primate Shell Game Sometimes evidence of intelligence can be seen in attempts to deceive. Zoo keeper Helen Shewman of Seattle’s Woodland Park Zoo recalls that one day she dropped an orange through a feeding hole for Melati, an orangutan. Instead of moving away to get it, Melati looked Shewman in the eye and held out her hand. Thinking the orange must have rolled off somewhere inaccessible, Shewman gave her another one. But when Melati moved off, Shewman noticed the original orange was hidden in her other hand. a

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6Sp10-1

Primate Shell Game Sometimes evidence of intelligence can be seen in attempts to deceive. Zoo keeper Helen Shewman of Seattle’s Woodland Park Zoo recalls that one day she dropped an orange through a feeding hole for Melati, an orangutan. Instead of moving away to get it, Melati looked Shewman in the eye and held out her hand. Thinking the orange must have rolled off somewhere inaccessible, Shewman gave her another one. But when Melati moved off, Shewman noticed the original orange was hidden in her other hand. a

WordSentence

Translate the sentence into Chinese.

梅拉蒂没有移动身体去接，而是眼睛直视休曼，伸出手来。

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6Sp11

Towan, the colony’s dominant male, watched this whole trick, and the next day he, too, looked Shewman in the eye and pretended that he had not yet received an orange. “Are you sure you don’t have one?” Shewman asked. He continued to hold her gaze steadily and held out his hand. Giving in, she gave him another one, then saw that he had been hiding his orange underneath his foot.

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6Sp12

What is intelligence anyway? If life is about survival of a species -- and intelligence is meant to serve that survival -- then we can’t compare with pea-brained sea turtles, which were here long before us and survived the disaster that wiped out the dinosaurs. Still, it is comforting to realize that other species besides our own can stand back and assess the world around them, even if their horizons are more limited than ours. a

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6Sp12-1 What is intelligence anyway? If life is about survival of a species -- and intelligence is meant to serve that survival -- then we can’t compare with pea-brained sea turtles, which were here long before us and survived the disaster that wiped out the dinosaurs. Still, it is comforting to realize that other species besides our own can stand back and assess the world around them, even if their horizons are more limited than ours. a

WordSentence

1. Paraphrase the sentence.

2. Translate the sentence into Chinese.

If the purpose of life is to survive and intelligence is for survival, then our intelligence can’t be compared with that of the pea-brained sea turtles. They were on this earth long before we human beings and they even survived the disaster that destroyed the dinosaurs.

如果生命就是讲物种的生存 -- 而智能是为了生存 -- 那么我们根本无法与大脑只有豌豆大小的海龟相提并论。海龟早在人类出现很久之前便已存在，并经历了使恐龙灭绝的重大灾难而生存下来。 Close

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6Sp12-2h What is intelligence anyway? If life is about survival of a species -- and intelligence is meant to serve that survival -- then we can’t compare with pea-brained sea turtles, which were here long before us and survived the disaster that wiped out the dinosaurs. Still, it is comforting to realize that other species besides our own can stand back and assess the world around them, even if their horizons are more limited than ours. a

WordSentence

1. What can you infer from the sentence?

2. Translate the sentence into Chinese.

Animals’ horizons are more limited and can’t be compared with human beings’.

… 即使它们的视野比我们还狭小。

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6DR Wp1

What Animals Really Think

Over the years, I have written extensively about animal-intelligence experiments and the controversy that surrounds them. Do animals really have thoughts, what we call consciousness? Wondering whether there might be better ways to explore animal intelligence than experiments designed to teach human signs, I realized what now seems obvious: if animals can think, they will probably do their best thinking when it serves their own purposes, not when scientists ask them to. a WordSentence

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6Wp1-1

What Animals Really Think

Over the years, I have written extensively about animal-intelligence experiments and the controversy that surrounds them. Do animals really have thoughts, what we call consciousness? Wondering whether there might be better ways to explore animal intelligence than experiments designed to teach human signs, I realized what now seems obvious: if animals can think, they will probably do their best thinking when it serves their own purposes, not when scientists ask them to. a

WordSentence

news, information, esp. with reference to important events

2)

The children were given an intelligence test. s

He managed to get the secret intelligence of the enemy’ s plans.

T

1) ability to learn and understand

他最终搞到了敌人计划的秘密情报。 s

intelligence: n.

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6Wp1-2

What Animals Really Think

Over the years, I have written extensively about animal-intelligence experiments and the controversy that surrounds them. Do animals really have thoughts, what we call consciousness? Wondering whether there might be better ways to explore animal intelligence than experiments designed to teach human signs, I realized what now seems obvious: if animals can think, they will probably do their best thinking when it serves their own purposes, not when scientists ask them to. a

WordSentence

There is a bitter/heated controversy over the publishing of his books.

T

对于他的书的出版引起了激烈的争议。 s

controversy: n. a lot of discussion and argument about sth., often involving strong feelings of anger or disapproval (followed by over or about)

This is a question that has given rise to much controversy.

Collocation ：

无可争议， 无疑，不消说beyond/without controversy

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6Wp1-3-1

What Animals Really Think

Over the years, I have written extensively about animal-intelligence experiments and the controversy that surrounds them. Do animals really have thoughts, what we call consciousness? Wondering whether there might be better ways to explore animal intelligence than experiments designed to teach human signs, I realized what now seems obvious: if animals can think, they will probably do their best thinking when it serves their own purposes, not when scientists ask them to. a

WordSentence

工程师们已经对在这条河上建桥的可能性做了仔细探察。

s

The engineers have already explored the possibility of building a bridge over the river.

T

1) examine thoroughly; learn about

The repairman explored my car and said he would fix it tomorrow.

s

explore: vt.

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6Wp1-3-2

What Animals Really Think

Over the years, I have written extensively about animal-intelligence experiments and the controversy that surrounds them. Do animals really have thoughts, what we call consciousness? Wondering whether there might be better ways to explore animal intelligence than experiments designed to teach human signs, I realized what now seems obvious: if animals can think, they will probably do their best thinking when it serves their own purposes, not when scientists ask them to. a

WordSentence

不论大人还是孩子都认为探索太空一定非常刺激。

s

Both adults and children think that it must be extremely exciting to explore space.

T

travel over (a region, area, etc.) for the purpose of discovery

2)

The man will explore the Sahara Desert on foot.

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6Wp2(wrong button)

WordSentence

And so I started talking to vets, animal researchers, zoo keepers. Most do not study animal intelligence, but they encounter it, and the lack of it, every day. The stories they tell us reveal what I’m convinced is a new window on animal intelligence: the kind of mental feats animals perform when dealing with captivity and the dominant species on the planet -- humans. a

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6Wp2-1(wrong button)

WordSentence

And so I started talking to vets, animal researchers, zoo keepers. Most do not study animal intelligence, but they encounter it, and the lack of it, every day. The stories they tell us reveal what I’m convinced is a new window on animal intelligence: the kind of mental feats animals perform when dealing with captivity and the dominant species on the planet -- humans. a

come up against 2)

他在街上偶然遇见一位老友。 s

He encountered an old friend on the street. T

1) meet esp. unexpectedly

The more dangers we encounter, the harder we should push forward.

s

encounter: vt.

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6Wp2-2ppp(wrong button)

WordSentence

And so I started talking to vets, animal researchers, zoo keepers. Most do not study animal intelligence, but they encounter it, and the lack of it, every day. The stories they tell us reveal what I’m convinced is a new window on animal intelligence: the kind of mental feats animals perform when dealing with captivity and the dominant species on the planet -- humans. a

我深信他的诚实。 s

I’m convinced of his honesty. T

We finally convinced the police of our innocence. s

convince: vt. make (sb.) feel certain; cause (sb.) to realize

be convinced of 确信，承认be convinced that 确信，承认convince sb. of sth. 使某人相信某事

Pattern:

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6Wp2-3(wrong button)

WordSentence

And so I started talking to vets, animal researchers, zoo keepers. Most do not study animal intelligence, but they encounter it, and the lack of it, every day. The stories they tell us reveal what I’m convinced is a new window on animal intelligence: the kind of mental feats animals perform when dealing with captivity and the dominant species on the planet -- humans. a

查理 · 卓别林是美国电影工业上极有影响力的人物。

s

Charlie Chaplin was a dominant figure in the American film industry.

T

He is a dominant person in the company.

s

dominant: adj. ruling; stronger, more powerful, or more noticeable than other people or things

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6Wp3(error)

Let’s Make a Deal Consider the time Charlene Jendry, a conservationist at the Columbus Zoo, learned that a female gorilla named Colo was handling a suspicious object. Arriving on the scene, Jendry offered Colo some peanuts, only to be met with a blank stare. Realizing they were negotiating, Jendry raised the stakes and offered a piece of pineapple. At this point, while maintaining eye contact, Colo opened her hand and revealed a key

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6Wp3-1(error)

Let’s Make a Deal Consider the time Charlene Jendry, a conservationist at the Columbus Zoo, learned that a female gorilla named Colo was handling a suspicious object. Arriving on the scene, Jendry offered Colo some peanuts, only to be met with a blank stare. Realizing they were negotiating, Jendry raised

WordSentence

the stakes and offered a piece of pineapple. At this point, while maintaining eye contact, Colo opened her hand and revealed a key chain. a

这家汽车公司已经和一家日本公司达成协议，由日方提供发动机来交换刹车。

s

The automobile company has made a deal with a Japanese firm, which will supply enginesin exchange for brakes.

T

I’ll make a deal with you -- you wash the car and I’ll let you use it tonight.

s

make a deal: reach an agreement or arrangement, esp. in business or politics

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6Wp3-2(error)

Let’s Make a Deal Consider the time Charlene Jendry, a conservationist at the Columbus Zoo, learned that a female gorilla named Colo was handling a suspicious object. Arriving on the scene, Jendry offered Colo some peanuts, only to be met with a blank stare. Realizing they were negotiating, Jendry raised

WordSentence

the stakes and offered a piece of pineapple. At this point, while maintaining eye contact, Colo opened her hand and revealed a key chain. a

The labor decided to negotiate with the employers about their wage claims.

s

The government refused to negotiate with terrorists.

T

政府拒绝和恐怖分子谈判。 s

negotiate: vi. discuss in order to come to an agreement

negotiate for sth.negotiate to do sth.negotiate with sb.

Pattern:

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6Wp3-3-1(error)

Let’s Make a Deal Consider the time Charlene Jendry, a conservationist at the Columbus Zoo, learned that a female gorilla named Colo was handling a suspicious object. Arriving on the scene, Jendry offered Colo some peanuts, only to be met with a blank stare. Realizing they were negotiating, Jendry raised

WordSentence

the stakes and offered a piece of pineapple. At this point, while maintaining eye contact, Colo opened her hand and revealed a key chain. a

support 2)

他的健康正在好转中。 s

The improvement in his health is being maintained. T

1) keep up; retain; continue

maintain: vt.

He has worked hard to maintain his family.

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6Wp3-3-2(error)

Let’s Make a Deal Consider the time Charlene Jendry, a conservationist at the Columbus Zoo, learned that a female gorilla named Colo was handling a suspicious object. Arriving on the scene, Jendry offered Colo some peanuts, only to be met with a blank stare. Realizing they were negotiating, Jendry raised

WordSentence

the stakes and offered a piece of pineapple. At this point, while maintaining eye contact, Colo opened her hand and revealed a key chain. a

CF:

这四个词都有“支持，支撑”的含义。 maintain 指“使保持某种情况或状态而不受损害”，“使保持完整所给予的力量”。例如：

maintain, support, uphold & back

The government maintains the law. s

政府支持这项法律。 T

系常用词 , 指“支撑”，“给某人或物以积极援助或支持”。例如：

support

We should support each other. s

我们应该相互支持。 T

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6Wp3-3-3(error)cf

Let’s Make a Deal Consider the time Charlene Jendry, a conservationist at the Columbus Zoo, learned that a female gorilla named Colo was handling a suspicious object. Arriving on the scene, Jendry offered Colo some peanuts, only to be met with a blank stare. Realizing they were negotiating, Jendry raised

WordSentence

the stakes and offered a piece of pineapple. At this point, while maintaining eye contact, Colo opened her hand and revealed a key chain. a

CF:

uphold 指“对某人、某种活动、信仰等给予支持、道义上的支援或精神上的鼓舞”。例如：

maintain, support, uphold & back

His words upheld me greatly. s

他的话在精神上给了我很大的支持。 T

指“支持 (论点、行动、企业等 )”。例如：

back

I’ll back you up in your demands. s

我支持你的请求。 T

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6Wp3-3-4(error)fly

Let’s Make a Deal Consider the time Charlene Jendry, a conservationist at the Columbus Zoo, learned that a female gorilla named Colo was handling a suspicious object. Arriving on the scene, Jendry offered Colo some peanuts, only to be met with a blank stare. Realizing they were negotiating, Jendry raised

WordSentence

the stakes and offered a piece of pineapple. At this point, while maintaining eye contact, Colo opened her hand and revealed a key chain. a

CF:

Fill in the blanks with the words above. Change the form where necessary.

maintain, support, uphold & back

1. He was in the argument about insurance policy. 2. Microsoft intends to its position as market leader.3. The Supreme Court is expected to the death sentence. 4. There was too little food to life.

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backed

maintain

uphold

support

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_______

_______

_______

_______

6Wp3-4(error)

Let’s Make a Deal Consider the time Charlene Jendry, a conservationist at the Columbus Zoo, learned that a female gorilla named Colo was handling a suspicious object. Arriving on the scene, Jendry offered Colo some peanuts, only to be met with a blank stare. Realizing they were negotiating, Jendry raised

WordSentence

the stakes and offered a piece of pineapple. At this point, while maintaining eye contact, Colo opened her hand and revealed a key chain. a

make known (something concealed or secret) 2)

His worn jacket revealed his elbows. s

1) bring to view; show

reveal: vt.

这些事件总有一天会真相大白的。 s

One day the truth about these events will be revealed. T

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6Wp4

Relieved it was not anything dangerous or valuable, Jendry gave Colo the pineapple. Careful bargainer that she was, Colo then broke the key chain and gave Jendry a link, perhaps figuring, Why give her the whole thing if I can get a bit of pineapple for each piece? a If an animal can show skill in trading one thing for another, why not in handling money? One orangutan named Chantek did just that in a sign-language study undertaken by anthropologist Lyn Miles at the University of Tennessee. a

WordSentence

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6Wp4-1 Relieved it was not anything dangerous or valuable, Jendry gave Colo the pineapple. Careful bargainer that she was, Colo then broke the key chain and gave Jendry a link, perhaps figuring, Why give her the whole thing if I can get a bit of pineapple for each piece? a If an animal can show skill in trading one thing for another, why not in handling money? One orangutan named Chantek did just that in a sign-language study undertaken by anthropologist Lyn Miles at the University of Tennessee. a

WordSentence

Taking a part-time job would relieve you of the financial burden.

s

We are relieved to hear that you have arrived safely.

T

听说你已安全到达，我们就放心了。 s

relieve: vt. free (sb.) from pain, anxiety, etc.

relieve sb. of sth.

Pattern:

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6Wp4-2 Relieved it was not anything dangerous or valuable, Jendry gave Colo the pineapple. Careful bargainer that she was, Colo then broke the key chain and gave Jendry a link, perhaps figuring, Why give her the whole thing if I can get a bit of pineapple for each piece? a If an animal can show skill in trading one thing for another, why not in handling money? One orangutan named Chantek did just that in a sign-language study undertaken by anthropologist Lyn Miles at the University of Tennessee. a

WordSentence

如果我们要承担更多的工作的话，我们就得再多招些人。

s

We’ll have to employ more staff if we’re to undertake more work.

T

undertake: vt. carry out; take upon oneself (a task, etc.)

The United Nations is supposed to undertake the role of global peace-keeper.

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6Wp5

Chantek figured out that if he did tasks like cleaning his room, he’d earn coins to spend on treats and rides in Miles’s car. But the orangutan’s understanding of money seemed to extend far beyond simple dealings. Miles first used plastic chips as coins, but Chantek decided he could expand the money supply by breaking chips in two. When Miles switched to metal chips, Chantek found pieces of tin foil and tried to make copies. a

WordSentence

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6Wp5-1Chantek figured out that if he did tasks like cleaning his room, he’d earn coins to spend on treats and rides in Miles’s car. But the orangutan’s understanding of money seemed to extend far beyond simple dealings. Miles first used plastic chips as coins, but Chantek decided he could expand the money supply by breaking chips in two. When Miles switched to metal chips, Chantek found pieces of tin foil and tried to make copies. a

WordSentence

我想不出那位戴墨镜的女士是谁。 s

I couldn’t figure out who the lady with the sunglasses was.

T

figure out: understand; reason out

I can’t figure her out, one minute happy, the next sad. s

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6Wp5-2-1Chantek figured out that if he did tasks like cleaning his room, he’d earn coins to spend on treats and rides in Miles’s car. But the orangutan’s understanding of money seemed to extend far beyond simple dealings. Miles first used plastic chips as coins, but Chantek decided he could expand the money supply by breaking chips in two. When Miles switched to metal chips, Chantek found pieces of tin foil and tried to make copies. a

WordSentence

make larger or longer 2)

Rain is expected to extend to all parts of the country by this evening.

s

We’ve extended the kitchen to give us room for a dining area.

T

1) (cause to ) stretch or reach

我们把厨房扩大出一块吃饭的区域。s

extend: v.

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6Wp5-2-2Chantek figured out that if he did tasks like cleaning his room, he’d earn coins to spend on treats and rides in Miles’s car. But the orangutan’s understanding of money seemed to extend far beyond simple dealings. Miles first used plastic chips as coins, but Chantek decided he could expand the money supply by breaking chips in two. When Miles switched to metal chips, Chantek found pieces of tin foil and tried to make copies. a

WordSentence

Collocation ：

延续… (距离 ) extend for

从…伸出来 extend from

伸出 extend out

延续… ( 时间 ), 遍布 extend over

贯穿… , 达到整个…的长度 extend through...

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6Wp5-2-3Chantek figured out that if he did tasks like cleaning his room, he’d earn coins to spend on treats and rides in Miles’s car. But the orangutan’s understanding of money seemed to extend far beyond simple dealings. Miles first used plastic chips as coins, but Chantek decided he could expand the money supply by breaking chips in two. When Miles switched to metal chips, Chantek found pieces of tin foil and tried to make copies. a

WordSentence

CF:

这两个词都有“延长，伸长”的意思。extend 可以用于比喻意义上的“延长”，或范围的“扩展”。例如：

extend & prolong

the extended meaning of a word 词汇的引伸意义 to extend (or lengthen) a road 延长道路 to extend (or lengthen) one’s stay 延长某人的逗留

s

The railway will be extended next year. T

通常表示时间的“延长”。 例如： prolong 明年将会延长这条铁路。 s

艾尔弗雷德已经推测出了丹麦人不适应持久的战争。 T

Alfred had deduced that the Danes were no longer fit for prolonged battle.

s

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6Wp5-3-1Chantek figured out that if he did tasks like cleaning his room, he’d earn coins to spend on treats and rides in Miles’s car. But the orangutan’s understanding of money seemed to extend far beyond simple dealings. Miles first used plastic chips as coins, but Chantek decided he could expand the money supply by breaking chips in two. When Miles switched to metal chips, Chantek found pieces of tin foil and tried to make copies. a

WordSentence

speak or write at length or in detail 2)

The small pocket dictionary was expanded into a larger volume.

s

The business has expanded from having one office to having twelve.

T

1) (cause to) grow larger (in size, number or amount)

这个公司已从一个小公司发展到拥有 12 个分公司了。

s

expand: v.

The professor will expand on a hot topic in his lecture. s

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6Wp5-3-2Chantek figured out that if he did tasks like cleaning his room, he’d earn coins to spend on treats and rides in Miles’s car. But the orangutan’s understanding of money seemed to extend far beyond simple dealings. Miles first used plastic chips as coins, but Chantek decided he could expand the money supply by breaking chips in two. When Miles switched to metal chips, Chantek found pieces of tin foil and tried to make copies. a

WordSentence

CF:

这两个词都有“扩展，延伸”的意思。expand 侧重指“上下、左右、前后的面或体的伸展”。例如：

expand & swell

Iron expands when it is heated. s

铁遇热则膨胀。 T

强调“由于内在的压力或外加某物而使增高或加大至超过正常情况”。例如：

swell

His injured wrist began to swell. s

他受伤的手腕开始肿起来。 T

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6Wp5-3-3flyChantek figured out that if he did tasks like cleaning his room, he’d earn coins to spend on treats and rides in Miles’s car. But the orangutan’s understanding of money seemed to extend far beyond simple dealings. Miles first used plastic chips as coins, but Chantek decided he could expand the money supply by breaking chips in two. When Miles switched to metal chips, Chantek found pieces of tin foil and tried to make copies. a

WordSentence

Fill in the blanks with the words above. Change the form where necessary.

1. The enrolment of our university to 4,000 this year.

2. We have into the automobile service market.

CF: expand & swell

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swelled

expanded

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6Wp6

Miles also tried to teach Chantek more virtuous habits such as saving and sharing. Indeed, when I caught up with the orangutan at Zoo Atlanta, where he now lives, I saw an example of sharing that anyone might envy. When Miles gave Chantek some grapes and asked him to share them, Chantek promptly ate all the fruit. Then, as if he’d just remembered he’d been asked to share, he handed Miles the stem. a

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6Wp6-1-1

Miles also tried to teach Chantek more virtuous habits such as saving and sharing. Indeed, when I caught up with the orangutan at Zoo Atlanta, where he now lives, I saw an example of sharing that anyone might envy. When

WordSentence

Miles gave Chantek some grapes and asked him to share them, Chantek promptly ate all the fruit. Then, as if he’d just remembered he’d been asked to share, he handed Miles the stem. a

I don’t envy you for your journey in this bad weather. s

He became a millionaire overnight. Many people envied him for his good luck.

T

他突然成了百万富翁，许多人都羡慕他的好运。 s

envy:

envy sb./sth.envy sb. sth.envy sb. for sth.

Pattern:

1. vt. wish that you had a quality or possession that another person has

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6Wp6-1-2

Miles also tried to teach Chantek more virtuous habits such as saving and sharing. Indeed, when I caught up with the orangutan at Zoo Atlanta, where he now lives, I saw an example of sharing that anyone might envy. When

WordSentence

Miles gave Chantek some grapes and asked him to share them, Chantek promptly ate all the fruit. Then, as if he’d just remembered he’d been asked to share, he handed Miles the stem. a

object of such feeling 2)

She was filled with envy at her sister’s success. s

His splendid new car was the envy of all his friends.

T

1) feeling of disappointment and resentment (at another’s better fortune)

他那部豪华的新车是他所有的朋友羡慕的东西。 s

envy:

Collocation ： 非常嫉妒 lost in envy

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2.n.

6Wp7

Tale of a Whale Why would an animal want to cooperate with a human? Behaviorists would say that animals cooperate when they learn it is in their interest to do so. This is true, but I don’t think it goes far enough. Gail Laule, a consultant on animal behavior, speaks of Orky, a killer whale, she knew. “Of all the animals I’ve worked with, he was the most intelligent,”she says. “He would assess a situation and then do something based on the judgments he made.”

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6Wp7-1

Tale of a Whale Why would an animal want to cooperate with a human? Behaviorists would say that animals cooperate when they learn it is in their interest to do so. This is true, but I don’t think it goes far enough. Gail Laule, a consultant on animal behavior, speaks of Orky, a killer whale, she knew. “Of all the animals I’ve worked with, he was the most intelligent,”she says. “He would assess a situation and then do something based on the judgments he made.”

WordSentence

The local government has to abandon the plan for a new chemical plant because it is not in the public interest.

s

It would be in your interests to undertake this task although it’s very difficult.

T

尽管这项工作很难，但你承担下来对你是会有利的。 s

in one’s interest (s): for or to one’s advantage

Collocation ：失去兴趣 lose interest

对…产生兴趣 take interest in

有兴趣地 with interest Close

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6Wp7-2-1

Tale of a Whale Why would an animal want to cooperate with a human? Behaviorists would say that animals cooperate when they learn it is in their interest to do so. This is true, but I don’t think it goes far enough. Gail Laule, a consultant on animal behavior, speaks of Orky, a killer whale, she knew. “Of all the animals I’ve worked with, he was the most intelligent,”she says. “He would assess a situation and then do something based on the judgments he made.”

WordSentence

在你看来是什么导致学生们考试不及格？s

In your judgment, what has caused the students’ failure in the examination?

T

1) opinion about sth.

The manager made an unfair judgment of his new secretary’s work.

s

judgment: n.

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6Wp7-2-2

Tale of a Whale Why would an animal want to cooperate with a human? Behaviorists would say that animals cooperate when they learn it is in their interest to do so. This is true, but I don’t think it goes far enough. Gail Laule, a consultant on animal behavior, speaks of Orky, a killer whale, she knew. “Of all the animals I’ve worked with, he was the most intelligent,”she says. “He would assess a situation and then do something based on the judgments he made.”

WordSentence

ability to form valuable opinions and make good decisions

2)

He showed excellent judgment in choosing the wine. s

I respect my father’s judgment and always follow any advice he gives me.

T

我很钦佩爸爸的判断力，每件事都听他的建议。 s

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6Wp8

Like the time he helped save a family member. When Orky’s mate, Corky, gave birth, the baby did not thrive at first, and keepers took the little whale out of the tank by stretcher for emergency care. Things began to go wrong when they returned the baby whale to the tank. As the workers halted the stretcher a few meters above the water, the baby suddenly began throwing up through its mouth. The keepers feared it would choke, but they could not reach the baby to help it. a

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6Wp8-1-1 Like the time he helped save a family member. When Orky’s mate, Corky, gave birth, the baby did not thrive at first, and keepers took the little whale out of the tank by stretcher for emergency care. Things began to go wrong when they returned the baby whale to the tank. As the workers halted the stretcher a few meters above the water, the baby suddenly began throwing up through its mouth. The keepers feared it would choke, but they could not reach the baby to help it. a

WordSentence

一开始天挺热，但后来变凉了。 s

At first it was very hot, but then it got cooler. T

Jenny felt tired at first, but soon got used to the hard training.

s

at first: at the beginning

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6Wp8-1-2 Like the time he helped save a family member. When Orky’s mate, Corky, gave birth, the baby did not thrive at first, and keepers took the little whale out of the tank by stretcher for emergency care. Things began to go wrong when they returned the baby whale to the tank. As the workers halted the stretcher a few meters above the water, the baby suddenly began throwing up through its mouth. The keepers feared it would choke, but they could not reach the baby to help it. a

WordSentence

CF:

这三个词（组）都表示“起先，开始”的意思。 at first 用于提及有先后顺序的事物，或事件中的前者。例如：

at first, first & firstly

I rejected his invitation at first, but I changed my mind two days later. s

起初，我拒绝了他的邀请；但是，两天后，我改变了主意。

T

first 和 firstly用于陈述一系列的原因、观点等，或指在另一特指的时间以前。常与 second ， secondly ， third ， thirdly等连用。例如：

I must finish my homework first. s

我必须首先完成作业。 T

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6Wp8-1-3f Like the time he helped save a family member. When Orky’s mate, Corky, gave birth, the baby did not thrive at first, and keepers took the little whale out of the tank by stretcher for emergency care. Things began to go wrong when they returned the baby whale to the tank. As the workers halted the stretcher a few meters above the water, the baby suddenly began throwing up through its mouth. The keepers feared it would choke, but they could not reach the baby to help it. a

WordSentence

Fill in the blanks with the words or phrase above. Change the form where necessary.

1. __________ I’d like to tell you some background information, then I’ll explain some difficult sentences in the text.

2. When people get their newspaper, which page do they read __________?

CF: at first, first & firstly

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First/Firstly

first

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Like the time he helped save a family member. When Orky’s mate, Corky, gave birth, the baby did not thrive at first, and keepers took the little whale out of the tank by stretcher for emergency care. Things began to go wrong when they returned the baby whale to the tank. As the workers halted the stretcher a few meters above the water, the baby suddenly began throwing up through its mouth. The keepers feared it would choke, but they could not reach the baby to help it. a

WordSentence

Fill in the blanks with the words or phrase above. Change the form where necessary.

3. You’ll find it difficult __________, but later it’ll get easier.

4. There are two reasons. __________, there is no evidence that the original documents have been destroyed. Second, Jack saw them the day before yesterday.

CF: at first, first & firstly

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at first

First

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6Wp8-2 Like the time he helped save a family member. When Orky’s mate, Corky, gave birth, the baby did not thrive at first, and keepers took the little whale out of the tank by stretcher for emergency care. Things began to go wrong when they returned the baby whale to the tank. As the workers halted the stretcher a few meters above the water, the baby suddenly began throwing up through its mouth. The keepers feared it would choke, but they could not reach the baby to help it. a

WordSentence

go wrong: stop working properly; experience trouble

All their plans went wrong.

I didn’t watch the live opening ceremony of the World Cup yesterday because my television went wrong again.

s

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6Wp9

Apparently sizing up the problem, Orky swam under the stretcher and allowed one of the men to stand on his head, something he’d never been trained to do. Then, using his tail to keep steady, Orky let the keeper reach up and release the 420-pound baby so that it could slide into the water within reach of help. a

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6Wp9-1

Apparently sizing up the problem, Orky swam under the stretcher and allowed one of the men to stand on his head, something he’d never been trained to do. Then, using his tail to keep steady, Orky let the keeper reach up and release the 420-pound baby so that it could slide into the water within reach of help. a

WordSentence

父亲审查我男朋友的方式让我感到难堪。 s

I felt embarrassed by the way my fathersized up my boyfriend.

T

I don’t like the way the sales assistants in that shop size you up as you walk through the door.

s

size up: carefully examine (a situation or person ) in order to make a judgment

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6Wp9-2-1

Apparently sizing up the problem, Orky swam under the stretcher and allowed one of the men to stand on his head, something he’d never been trained to do. Then, using his tail to keep steady, Orky let the keeper reach up and release the 420-pound baby so that it could slide into the water within reach of help. a

WordSentence

动物园的一些动物被从笼里放了出来。

s

Some animals in the zoo had been released from their cages.

T

Death finally released him from the cancer torture. s

release: vt.

1) free from something that binds, fastens, or holds back; let go

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6Wp9-2-2

Apparently sizing up the problem, Orky swam under the stretcher and allowed one of the men to stand on his head, something he’d never been trained to do. Then, using his tail to keep steady, Orky let the keeper reach up and release the 420-pound baby so that it could slide into the water within reach of help. a

WordSentence

昨天我买了一些迈克尔 ·杰克逊最新出的唱片。

s

I bought some recently released discs of Michael Jackson yesterday.

T

2) allow (news) to be known or published; allow (a film) to be exhibited or (goods) to be placed on sale

His new novel about September 11 terrorist attack was released last week.

s

release: vt.

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6Wp10

Primate Shell Game Sometimes evidence of intelligence can be seen in attempts to deceive. Zoo keeper Helen Shewman of Seattle’s Woodland Park Zoo recalls that one day she dropped an orange through a feeding hole for Melati, an orangutan. Instead of moving away to get it, Melati looked Shewman in the eye and held out her hand. Thinking the orange must have rolled off somewhere inaccessible, Shewman gave her another one. But when Melati moved off, Shewman noticed the original orange was hidden in her other hand. a

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6Wp10-1

Primate Shell Game Sometimes evidence of intelligence can be seen in attempts to deceive. Zoo keeper Helen Shewman of Seattle’s Woodland Park Zoo recalls that one day she dropped an orange through a feeding hole for Melati, an orangutan. Instead of moving away to get it, Melati looked Shewman in the eye and held out her hand. Thinking the orange must have rolled off somewhere inaccessible, Shewman gave her another one. But when Melati moved off, Shewman noticed the original orange was hidden in her other hand. a

WordSentence

他们欺骗老人，让他在文件上签字。 s

They deceived the old man into signing the papers. T

He that once deceives is ever suspected. s

deceive: vt. try to make (sb.) believe sth. that is false

deceive sb.deceive sb. into (doing) sth.

Pattern:

You deceived me, and I can’t forgive you.

[谚 ] 骗人一次 , 受疑一世。 T

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6Wp10-2-1

Primate Shell Game Sometimes evidence of intelligence can be seen in attempts to deceive. Zoo keeper Helen Shewman of Seattle’s Woodland Park Zoo recalls that one day she dropped an orange through a feeding hole for Melati, an orangutan. Instead of moving away to get it, Melati looked Shewman in the eye and held out her hand. Thinking the orange must have rolled off somewhere inaccessible, Shewman gave her another one. But when Melati moved off, Shewman noticed the original orange was hidden in her other hand. a

WordSentence

I couldn’t look him in the eye afterwards, knowing that I had lost all that money.

look sb. in the eye(s): look directly and steadily at sb. because you are not embarrassed or ashamed

你能看着我说不是你打破玻璃吗？ Can you look me in the eye and say you didn’t break the window?

s

s

T

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6Wp10-2-2

Primate Shell Game Sometimes evidence of intelligence can be seen in attempts to deceive. Zoo keeper Helen Shewman of Seattle’s Woodland Park Zoo recalls that one day she dropped an orange through a feeding hole for Melati, an orangutan. Instead of moving away to get it, Melati looked Shewman in the eye and held out her hand. Thinking the orange must have rolled off somewhere inaccessible, Shewman gave her another one. But when Melati moved off, Shewman noticed the original orange was hidden in her other hand. a

WordSentence

Collocation ：环视 look about

照料，照顾，照管 look after

看不起，轻视 look down on

盼望，期待 look forward to

朝…里面看；调查，观察 look into

尊敬，钦佩look up to

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6Wp10-3-1

Primate Shell Game Sometimes evidence of intelligence can be seen in attempts to deceive. Zoo keeper Helen Shewman of Seattle’s Woodland Park Zoo recalls that one day she dropped an orange through a feeding hole for Melati, an orangutan. Instead of moving away to get it, Melati looked Shewman in the eye and held out her hand. Thinking the orange must have rolled off somewhere inaccessible, Shewman gave her another one. But when Melati moved off, Shewman noticed the original orange was hidden in her other hand. a

WordSentence

原先的计划优于我们所执行的计划。 s

1) first or earliest

original: adj.

The original plan was better than the plan we followed.

T

The land was returned to the original owner.

Later models of the car retained many of the original features.

s

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6Wp10-3-2

Primate Shell Game Sometimes evidence of intelligence can be seen in attempts to deceive. Zoo keeper Helen Shewman of Seattle’s Woodland Park Zoo recalls that one day she dropped an orange through a feeding hole for Melati, an orangutan. Instead of moving away to get it, Melati looked Shewman in the eye and held out her hand. Thinking the orange must have rolled off somewhere inaccessible, Shewman gave her another one. But when Melati moved off, Shewman noticed the original orange was hidden in her other hand. a

WordSentence

newly formed or created; not copied or imitated 2)

他新买的衬衫是范思哲的原创。s

His newly bought shirt is an original design of Versace.

T

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6Wp12

What is intelligence anyway? If life is about survival of a species --- and intelligence is meant to serve that survival --- then we can’t compare with pea-brained sea turtles, which were here long before us and survived the disaster that wiped out the dinosaurs. Still, it is comforting to realize that other species besides our own can stand back and assess the world around them, even if their horizons are more limited than ours. a

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6Wp12-1-1 What is intelligence anyway? If life is about survival of a species --- and intelligence is meant to serve that survival --- then we can’t compare with pea-brained sea turtles, which were here long before us and survived the disaster that wiped out the dinosaurs. Still, it is comforting to realize that other species besides our own can stand back and assess the world around them, even if their horizons are more limited than ours. a

WordSentence

continue to live or exist after 2)

A few were killed but most survived in the earthquake. s

She survived the accident. T

1) remain alive

她在车祸中幸存下来。 s

survive: v.

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6Wp12-1-2 What is intelligence anyway? If life is about survival of a species --- and intelligence is meant to serve that survival --- then we can’t compare with pea-brained sea turtles, which were here long before us and survived the disaster that wiped out the dinosaurs. Still, it is comforting to realize that other species besides our own can stand back and assess the world around them, even if their horizons are more limited than ours. a

WordSentence

CF: 都含有“比别的人或别的物存在的时间长”的意思。 survive 指“幸存”，也可以用于指比另一物活得更久。例如：

survive, outlive & outlast

Ten of them survived the shipwreck. s

他们中有 10 人在海难中幸存下来。 T

指“活得比…长久”，“比（某物）经久”。例如：

outlive

The ship outlived the storm. s

小船熬过了暴风雨。 T

指“比…耐久”，“比…活得更久”。 outlast 经常可与 outlive互换使用，强调更长时间的延续。例如：

outlast

He will outlast me. s

他会比我长寿。 TClose

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6Wp12-2 What is intelligence anyway? If life is about survival of a species --- and intelligence is meant to serve that survival --- then we can’t compare with pea-brained sea turtles, which were here long before us and survived the disaster that wiped out the dinosaurs. Still, it is comforting to realize that other species besides our own can stand back and assess the world around them, even if their horizons are more limited than ours. a

WordSentence

银行同意将他们的债务一笔勾销。 s

The bank agreed to wipe out their debts.

T

The population of the island was almost wiped out by the disease.

s

wipe out: get rid of or destroy

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