unit 5 part 2. prohibition 18 th amendment banned the manufacture, sale & transportation of...
TRANSCRIPT
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Unit 5 Part 2
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Prohibition
• 18th Amendment banned the manufacture, sale & transportation of alcoholic beverages.
• Why did we pass prohibition?• Began in January 1920 –
at first drunkenness and arrests declined
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Speakeasies and Bootleggers• Prohibition became next to
impossible to enforce• Secret nightclubs opened in
otherwise normal looking stores– Called Speakeasies, because you
had to speak quietly to avoid detection
– EX: Pet Shops, tea houses, cellars, office building
• Booze was supplied by bootleggers which led to organized crime– Al Capone made over $60 million
supplying liquor
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Science vs. Religion • Scopes Trial (1925)• In 1925 Tennessee passed a law that
made it a crime to teach evolution• John T. Scopes challenged the law, and
taught evolution anyways• American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) hire
Clarence Darrow to defend Scopes & William Jennings Bryan became a special prosecutor trying Scopes
• Darrow eventually gets Bryan to admit that the Bible maybe interpreted in different ways
• Scopes was still found guilty and fined $100, the case was eventually over turned.
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Flappers & The Double Standard
• Flapper – an emancipated young woman who embraced new fashions & urban attitudes– Began to wear shorter skirts, wore
short hair, smoked and drank in public and openly discussed sex
• Many women began to put off marriage
• Double Standard – a set of principles granting greater sexual freedom to a man than a woman. Women were held to stricter standards
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Education
• 1914 – 1 Million American Students• 1926 – 4 Million American Students
• Prepared students for college, as well as vocational training.
• Also helped educate immigrants, and teach them English
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Radio Comes of Age
• Prior to 1920, radio only used to bring news of WWI
• By 1920 radio used to broadcast news, entertainment and advertisements
• Radio dance parties become common
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New Heroes
• Charles Lindbergh made first non-stop, solo, trans-Atlantic flight.
• Amelia Earhart becomes first woman to make the same flight in 1932.
• By 1929 Americans spending $4.5 Billion on Entertainment
• Sport stars become American heroes – (ex. Babe Ruth – 60 Home
Runs in 1927)
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Writers of 1920’s
• F. Scott Fitzgerald – coined the term “Jazz Age” to describe 1920’s– Wrote This Side of Paradise and
The Great Gatsby
– Ernest Hemingway writes A Farewell to Arms, and The Sun Also Rises criticizing war.
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The Harlem Renaissance
• By the end of the 1920’s 40% of African Americans lived in cities
• Harlem, NY becomes the center of black America
• Harlem suffers from overcrowding, unemployment and poverty
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Harlem Renaissance Con’t.
• Harlem Renaissance helped create a distinctive African-American culture in the United States
• Writers and artists celebrated their culture.
• Harlem Renaissance was brief but remains a lasting tribute to the artistic creativity of African-Americans.
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Economic Troubles on the Horizon
• Industries in trouble:– Mining and lumbering– Railroads– Radio– Steel– Automobiles
• All of these industrial weaknesses signaled a declining economy
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Agriculture and the Farmers
• Prices for crops had been at an all-time high during WWI– Farmers had planted more and
taken out more loans to buy more equipment
– Government was buying food from the farmers at at a very high rate and cost
• After the war prices dropped by over 50%– A lot of farmers were unable to
repay their loans and lost their farms
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Farmers cont…..
• Banks begin to fail because farmers couldn’t repay their loans
• McNary-Haugen Bill– Attempt by Congress to help farmers– Price-supports – the government
would buy surplus crops at guaranteed priced and sell them on the international market
• This bill was vetoed twice by President Coolidge
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Living on Credit
• Credit – buy now pay later – usually with high interest rates
• Faced with rising debt, many consumers started cutting back on spending (slowed the economy)
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Uneven Distribution of Income
• More than 71% of the population earned less than $2500 per year
• The rich were getting richer and the poor were getting poorer
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Hoover Takes the Nation
• Election of 1928– Herbert Hoover v. Alfred E. Smith– Hoover wins the election easily and becomes the
31st president of the United States
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Stock Market
• Americans who could afford it (and some who couldn’t) invested in the market
• Dow Jones Industrial Average – most widely used barometer of the stock market’s health– Measure based on the
prices of stocks from 20 large companies
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Stock Market cont…
• Speculation – people were buying stocks and bonds on the chance of a quick profit while ignoring risks
• Buying on margin – paying a small percentage of a stock’s price as a down payment and borrowing the rest
• Both speculation and buying on margin caused stock prices to rise– They caused over-investment
because people bought more than they could pay for
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The Stock Market Crashes
• Black Tuesday– October 29, 1929– A record 16.5 million shares
were sold– Millions more could not find
buyers– People who had bought stock
with loans were stuck with huge debt and unable to pay
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Financial Collapse
• The stock market crash was the first sign of the Great Depression– Period between 1929 and
1940 in which the economy plummeted and unemployment skyrocketed
– The Great Depression was not just isolated to America – it was felt around the world
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Bank and Business Failures
• Banks also invested in the stock market – and they too lost their money
• In 1929 around 600 banks closed – people could not get their money from the bank
• By 1933 11,000 of the nation’s 25,000 banks had failed and lost their money– Millions of Americans lost
all they had
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Unemployment
• 1 out of every 4 Americans did not have a job by 1933
• Those who did have a job were working for very little money with very little hours
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Hawley-Smoot Tariff
• 1930• Established the highest
protective tariff in United States history
• Designed to protect American farmers and manufacturers from foreign competition
• But had the opposite effect…..
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Hawley Smoot Tariff cont…
• By reducing the flow of goods in to the U.S. other countries lost revenue – which they were using to repay their loans to the United States
• Also made unemployment higher
• World trade declined almost 50%
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Causes of the Great Depression
• Tariffs and war debt policies• Crises in the farm sector• Availability of easy credit• Unequal distribution of
income