unit 4 organization: the 6 essential elements. flashcard warm-up buffer a chemical that is resistant...
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Unit 4
Organization: The 6 Essential Elements
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Flashcard Warm-up
Buffer
A chemical that is resistant to change
in pH. These chemicals help
regulate the pH in living things and
maintain homeostasis.
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Macromolecules
“giant molecules” made of hundreds to thousands of smaller
molecules
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Essential Life Elements - Inorganic
Inorganic: Carbon is NOT present
Water = H2O60-90% of all living organisms are made of water.
C
Salts = often donate trace elements and influence the environment of the cell
Na+ Cl-
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pH Scale-Acid: pH range 0-6.9; H+ ions form in a solution
Base: pH range 8-14; OH- ions form in a solution
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BuffersMaintain homeostasis by regulating
the pH within a living organism.
These are examples of artificial “buffers” we use
We have buffers in our blood to keepthe pH regulated in a narrow range of 7.35-7.45
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Buffers Regulate pHNot enough hydrogen? Here’s another H atom!
Buffers can donate hydrogen
Too much hydrogen? I’ll hold a hydrogen atom!
Buffers can accept hydrogen.
Ahhhhh – just the right pH!
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Ticket out the Door1. Salt water has a pH between 7.5-8.4 is this
considered an acid, base or neutral substance?
2. Sally has been exercising in excess and there is a increase of lactic acid in her blood which is causing a decrease in pH. How will the buffers found in Sally’s blood respond?
3. True or False – If you answer false correct the statement to make it true.
Buffers can only regulate a pH below 7 on the pH scale.
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Flashcard Warm-up
SubunitA large object can be made of many smaller parts
called subunits.
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Mono & PolyPrefixes that mean “one” and “many”
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OrganicOrganic compounds must contain
Carbon and the presence of Hydrogen; Oxygen may also be present
Examples: CH4 = Methane
C6H12O6 = Glucose
CO2 = Inorganic
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The “Core Four” Organic CompoundsCarbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
Proteins
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Organic Macromolecules
CarbohydratesElements: (CHO)
Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
Monomer (subunit) = Monosaccharides (glucose)Many monosaccaharides make up a carbohydrate
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Functions of Carbohydrates:Provide energy through Cellular Respiration
Structure and support in the cell and body
Carbohydrate chains on surface act like name tags for cells
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Polysaccharides: In plants STARCH is formed from many
monosaccharides bonded togetherIn animals GLYCOGEN is excess glucose
bonded together (similar to starch)CELLULOSE makes up the plant cell wall
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Examples:Glucose - monosaccharide -simple sugar
Sucrose – disaccharide – table sugar
Starch – polysaccharide - corn
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Organic Macromolecules Lipids
Elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
Subunit: glycerol and fatty acidsTriglyceride = 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids
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LipidsFunctions of lipids
Long term energy sourceEx. Bears accumulate a layer
of fat before winter (when food will be less available)
Insulation and protection for internal organs.
Some hormones are composed of lipids (steroids).
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Lipids Examples:
Saturated – solid at room temp.Bacon fat, butter
Unsaturated – liquid at room temp.Olive oil, vegetable oil
Phospholipids – make up cell membrane
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Ticket out the Door
1. Decide whether the following compounds are considered organic or inorganic.
H2O
C12H22O11
2. Excess carbohydrates are stored as ______ in animals.
3. Excess carbohydrates are stored as ______ in plants.
4. List two functions of a Lipid.
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Flashcard Warm-up
Monosaccharide
The subunit of a carbohydrate. Ex.
glucose
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ProteinMade of amino acids and perform many functions for living things. For instance
they build certain parts of organisms (hair,
nails, muscle) and they can be enzymes, which
speed up reaction rates.
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Nucleic AcidsElements: C, H, O, N, and PMonomer (subunit): Nucleotide
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Functions of Nucleic Acids:DNA makes up
genes which determine our traits through the synthesis of proteins
RNA helps produce proteins
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Examples of Nucleic Acids
DNA – double strand of nucleotides
RNA – single strand of nucleotides
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Protein
Elements: CHNOPSMonomer (subunit): Amino Acids
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Function of ProteinsProteins function is determined by
shape. Responsible for structural parts, transport, communication, antibodies, pigments, and enzymes
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Examples of Proteins
Chlorophyll pigment that absorbs light in plants
Hemoglobin transports oxygen
Hormones used for communication
Keratin found in hair and nails
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Ticket out the Door
1. What are the three substances that make up a nucleotide?
2. List one function of Nucleic Acids.
3. What is the monomer of a protein?
4. The protein hemoglobin is a major component of a red blood cell and transports O2
throughout the body. If the shape of hemoglobin were to change what type of consequences would this cause?
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Flashcard Warm-up
SubstrateA reaction starts with the substrate. During
the reaction, it is changed and becomes the
products.
EnzymeA protein that is a
biological catalyst and speeds up chemical
reactions. An enzyme is shaped to fit with only one specific substrate. Three
factors can affect enzymes: temperature, pH, and
salinity.
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EnzymesCharacteristics:
Shape Specific = only work on specific reactions
Biological Catalysts = speed up reactions
Reusable =will repeat its role
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EnzymesFunctions
Lowers Activation Energy (energy needed to start a reaction)
Maintain homeostasis by catalyzing (speeding up) chemical reactions
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Enzymes (Include in margin)Denature: Enzyme changes shape and will not function; can be caused by salinity, temp, pH.
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Enzyme Enzyme-Substrate Complex Enzyme
Product+
Synthesis Reaction
Substrate 1 Substrate 2
+
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Decomposition Reaction
Substrate
+
Enzyme Enzyme-Substrate Complex
Product 1 Product 2
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Indicators: chemicals or tools that indicate a substance is present by changing color.pH paper: test
presence of acid or base
Iodine: solution that changes from a brown to blue or black in the presence of starch (a carbohydrate)
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IndicatorsBenedicts: Tests for
presence of glucose (simple sugar); color change from a blue to yellow or red
Biuret: Tests for the presence of a protein; color change from blue to pink-purple
Brown Paper bag test: Tests for presence of lipids; bag get translucent.
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Ticket out the Door1. Enzymes are a type of which organic molecule?
2. How do enzymes increase the rate of a reaction?
3. If a protein becomes denatured, What does this mean?
4. What type of organic molecule does the Iodine test for?