unit 4: managing change notes

Unit 4:Unit 4:Managing ChangeManaging Change

Sports ManagementSports Management

Mr. ElsesserMr. Elsesser

Critical Thinking Questions:Critical Thinking Questions:Managing ChangeManaging Change

• Why do you think change is such a Why do you think change is such a crucial issue for sport organizations to crucial issue for sport organizations to address? address?

• What are some of the ways that change What are some of the ways that change is “tackled” in sport organizations? is “tackled” in sport organizations?

• Why can change be challenging for an Why can change be challenging for an organization to implement? organization to implement?

IDENTIFYING CHANGEIDENTIFYING CHANGE

• How did Joe Torre How did Joe Torre change when he change when he became the became the manager of the manager of the New York New York Yankees? Yankees?

• Where else can Where else can you identify impact you identify impact changes in sports?changes in sports?

Why Change?Why Change?

• Varying demands of the global Varying demands of the global marketplace often bring upon 5 Forces marketplace often bring upon 5 Forces of Change:of Change:– Environmental, Economic, Social, Environmental, Economic, Social,

Demographic, and TechnologicalDemographic, and Technological

““The future ain’t what it used to be.”The future ain’t what it used to be.”

~A ~A YogiismYogiism, by Yogi Berra, by Yogi Berra

Environmental ForcesEnvironmental Forces

• The daily business environment The daily business environment presents many challenges, that result presents many challenges, that result in CHANGE.in CHANGE.– Results from the daily interaction of Results from the daily interaction of

internal and external environments.internal and external environments.

• Role of the Sport Manager:Role of the Sport Manager:

Economic ForcesEconomic Forces

• Increasing team revenue, media and Increasing team revenue, media and fan demand have had a direct impact fan demand have had a direct impact on the growth of professional sports on the growth of professional sports and the amount of money that is spent and the amount of money that is spent on professional athletes.on professional athletes.


Social ForcesSocial Forces

• Includes all of the actions of the Includes all of the actions of the industry’s fan base:industry’s fan base:– Perceptions of SportsPerceptions of Sports– Hatred/Love for certain teamsHatred/Love for certain teams– Sporting Industry StereotypesSporting Industry Stereotypes


Technological ForcesTechnological Forces• Includes all facets of technology that are Includes all facets of technology that are

used to market and bring “the team” to their used to market and bring “the team” to their fan base:fan base:– Cable Networks and Exclusive TV ChannelsCable Networks and Exclusive TV Channels– MLB.TV, ESPN360.comMLB.TV, ESPN360.com– Streaming, Satellite and Terrestrial RadioStreaming, Satellite and Terrestrial Radio


Variables of Change:Variables of Change:

• Refer to what organizations must adapt, shift, or Refer to what organizations must adapt, shift, or re-create to stay current, to keep or grow market re-create to stay current, to keep or grow market share, or to remain viable as an organization; as share, or to remain viable as an organization; as they are faced with changes in their marketplace. they are faced with changes in their marketplace.

• There are 4 Variables of Change:There are 4 Variables of Change:

• All are linked to each other in a system—requiring All are linked to each other in a system—requiring managers to plan wisely. managers to plan wisely.

Examining the 4 VariablesExamining the 4 Variables

• Strategy:Strategy:– The adjustment of strategies at the corporate, The adjustment of strategies at the corporate,

business and functional levels; to respond to business and functional levels; to respond to changes in their environments.changes in their environments.• EX) Dowling College wants to enhance the EX) Dowling College wants to enhance the

performance of their student athletes.performance of their student athletes.

• Structure:Structure:– Structure typically follows strategy. A change in Structure typically follows strategy. A change in

strategy causes a change in structure. strategy causes a change in structure. • EX) The college has added a “Dir. of Academics” in EX) The college has added a “Dir. of Academics” in

their Athletic office. This is a front-line mgr. that their Athletic office. This is a front-line mgr. that reports to the Athletic Director. reports to the Athletic Director.

Examining the 4 VariablesExamining the 4 Variables• Technology:Technology:

– Rate of change is increased with technology. Rate of change is increased with technology. Productivity increases and a competitive advantage is Productivity increases and a competitive advantage is established. established.

• EX) Dowling develops an online homework center for their EX) Dowling develops an online homework center for their student athletes, who are required to use it 6 hours per week. student athletes, who are required to use it 6 hours per week.

• People:People:– The Key Variable of Change. Our Skills and performance The Key Variable of Change. Our Skills and performance

change with the other variables as well as our attitudes change with the other variables as well as our attitudes and behaviors. and behaviors.

• EX) Dowling students may change their attiude about academics EX) Dowling students may change their attiude about academics now that they have high-tech resources to help them soar. now that they have high-tech resources to help them soar.

Stages in the Change ProcessStages in the Change Processthat people go through…that people go through…

• 1. ________________1. ________________– “ “it won’t happen,” “it can’t happen here”it won’t happen,” “it can’t happen here”

• 2. ________________2. ________________– They fear it—their comfort zone goes away. They fear it—their comfort zone goes away.

• 3. ________________3. ________________– They see what its all about—learn to live it. They see what its all about—learn to live it.

• 4. ________________4. ________________– Either they conform to it, or they don’t. Either they conform to it, or they don’t.

Why Change is Resisted:Why Change is Resisted:

• Our Society…Our Society…

– Fears UncertaintyFears Uncertainty

– Doesn’t like to be inconveniencedDoesn’t like to be inconvenienced

– Always moves to protect our self-Always moves to protect our self-interestsinterests

– Fears LossFears Loss

– Likes to be in ControlLikes to be in Control

How Managers Can OvercomeHow Managers Can OvercomeResistance:Resistance:

• Create a Trust Climate.Create a Trust Climate.

• Develop a Change Plan.Develop a Change Plan.

• State why the change is necessary and State why the change is necessary and how it will affect your group. how it will affect your group.

• Create a win-win situation. Create a win-win situation.

• Involve People. Involve People.

• Provide support. Provide support.

Things that need to be Things that need to be understood about RESISTANCE:understood about RESISTANCE:

• Before initiating change, you must Before initiating change, you must anticipate how your team will react.anticipate how your team will react.– 3 Key Components:3 Key Components:

• INTENSITY: INTENSITY:

Components of RESISTANCE:Components of RESISTANCE:• SOURCES (3): SOURCES (3):

– Facts:Facts:

– Beliefs:Beliefs:

– Values:Values:

• FOCUS (3 viewpoints): FOCUS (3 viewpoints): – Ourselves:Ourselves:

– Significant Others:Significant Others:

– Work Environment:Work Environment:

Organizational CultureOrganizational Culture

• The set of values, beliefs, and The set of values, beliefs, and standards for acceptable behavior that standards for acceptable behavior that its members share.its members share.

• Importance of Understanding Culture:Importance of Understanding Culture:

• Examples of positive team culture:Examples of positive team culture:

• Examples of negative team culture:Examples of negative team culture:

Sport Team CultureSport Team Culture

• ““Sport team culture originated from the Sport team culture originated from the establishment and development of sports establishment and development of sports team. The sport team culture with which all team. The sport team culture with which all members voluntarily comply is the total of members voluntarily comply is the total of common faith, morality, spirit, ceremony, common faith, morality, spirit, ceremony, intelligence factor, and entertainment life. intelligence factor, and entertainment life. The function of the sport team culture is The function of the sport team culture is found in instructing people, construction of found in instructing people, construction of team standards, recovery, spiritual team standards, recovery, spiritual adjustment, and meeting psychological and adjustment, and meeting psychological and social demand.”social demand.”

3 Components of Culture3 Components of Culture

• Level 1: BEHAVIOR:Level 1: BEHAVIOR:– An observable action—what we do/say.An observable action—what we do/say.

• Artifacts:Artifacts:

– Founding Managers have strongest influence.Founding Managers have strongest influence.• Examples (State who and How):Examples (State who and How):


• Level 2: VALUES AND BELIEFS:Level 2: VALUES AND BELIEFS:– Operating principles that guide decision making Operating principles that guide decision making

and behavior in an organization.and behavior in an organization.• Values:Values:

• Beliefs:Beliefs:

– Examples (State who and How):Examples (State who and How):


• Level 3: ASSUMPTIONS:Level 3: ASSUMPTIONS:– Deeply ingrained values and beliefs whose truth Deeply ingrained values and beliefs whose truth

are never questioned.are never questioned.

– Things that are “patently obvious” Things that are “patently obvious”

– Examples (State who and How):Examples (State who and How):

A Review of TQMA Review of TQM• Involves a companywide focus on 2 main Involves a companywide focus on 2 main

principles:principles:1. 1.

2. 2.

• Characteristics include:Characteristics include:– People being known as the organizations most People being known as the organizations most

important resource. important resource. – Make sure their workforce gets best possible Make sure their workforce gets best possible

trainingtraining– Stress teamwork.Stress teamwork.

Product InnovationProduct Innovation• Creativity is the way of thinking that generates Creativity is the way of thinking that generates

new ideas—implementation is the innovation of new ideas—implementation is the innovation of it.it.

• Product Innovation:Product Innovation:

• ExampleExample– NASCAR has been highly concerned about safety since the NASCAR has been highly concerned about safety since the

death of Dale Earnhardt on the last lap of the 2001 Daytona 500. death of Dale Earnhardt on the last lap of the 2001 Daytona 500. • As a result, a new product innovation, shock-absorbing “soft walls,” As a result, a new product innovation, shock-absorbing “soft walls,”

are being used to protect drivers.are being used to protect drivers.

The Learning OrganizationThe Learning Organization

• An organization that learns, adapts, and An organization that learns, adapts, and changes as its environment changes to changes as its environment changes to continuously increase customer value.continuously increase customer value.

• Management Importance:Management Importance:

• Examples:Examples:– Alcohol polices at sporting events. Alcohol polices at sporting events. – Operational policies and processes. Operational policies and processes. – Diversity issuesDiversity issues

• Title IX.Title IX.

Title IX Title IX (of the Amendments to the (of the Amendments to the Higher Education Act)Higher Education Act)

• Passed in 1972Passed in 1972– Requires equal access to education, Requires equal access to education,

(including athletics), for women. (including athletics), for women. – Increased the number of women playing on Increased the number of women playing on

college teams from 32,000 to about 163,000.college teams from 32,000 to about 163,000.

• Led to wide ramifications for the sport Led to wide ramifications for the sport industry:industry:– Examples:Examples:

Effects of Title IX Effects of Title IX

• Complying with Title IX has led to the reduction Complying with Title IX has led to the reduction of some men’s programs to augment financial of some men’s programs to augment financial support for new women’s teams. support for new women’s teams.

• Between 1981 and 1999, more than 400 Between 1981 and 1999, more than 400 collegiate men’s teams were dropped. collegiate men’s teams were dropped. – 171 wrestling programs171 wrestling programs– 84 men’s tennis teams 84 men’s tennis teams

• DEBATE: Did it work?DEBATE: Did it work?

Effects of Title IX:Effects of Title IX:Women Coaches and PayWomen Coaches and Pay

• Women by and large have been limited to Women by and large have been limited to coaching other womencoaching other women– Whereas men commonly coach both men and Whereas men commonly coach both men and

women. women. – Men coach women’s NCAA basketball and Men coach women’s NCAA basketball and

the WNBA, but women do not tend to coach the WNBA, but women do not tend to coach Men’s NCAA basketball or the NBA.Men’s NCAA basketball or the NBA.

• The hourly wage of women in the The hourly wage of women in the workforce is only 70% of men. workforce is only 70% of men.

Organizational DevelopmentOrganizational Development

• The ongoing planned change process The ongoing planned change process that organizations use to improve that organizations use to improve performance.performance.– Who is responsible:Who is responsible:

• Change Agents:Change Agents:

Organizational Development (OD) Organizational Development (OD) TechniquesTechniques

• Lewin’s change modelLewin’s change model• Forcefield analysisForcefield analysis• Survey feedbackSurvey feedback• Grid ODGrid OD• Sensitivity trainingSensitivity training• Team buildingTeam building• Process consultationProcess consultation• Job Design and Direct FeedbackJob Design and Direct Feedback