Unit 4: Latin American Revolutions,

Nationalism, and the Unification of Italy and

Germany

From 1500 to 1800,

Latin America was colonized by

Europe, especially Spain

European nations used mercantilism to gain wealth from

their American colonies Catholic

missionaries from Spain & France

converted Indians

Mercantilism is when the colonies

provide raw materials and

markets for the mother country.

Reasons to colonize1. Gold2. God

3. Glory4. Greed

Colonial Society Divided

A Race and Class SystemLatin America has social classes that determine

jobs and authorityPeninsulares—born in Spain, they head colonial

government and societyCreoles—American-born Spaniards who can become

army officersMestizos—have both European and Native American

ancestryMulattos—have both European and African ancestrySlaves and Native Americans are at the bottom of

society

Quick Class Discussion:Yes you must think a bit but it shouldn’t hurt

too much(1)Which social group will lead these Latin American

Revolutions? Why? (2)Where did they get the idea to revolt & created

democracies?

By the late 1700s,

Latin Americans were inspired to

gain independence because of the success of the

American & French

Revolutions The ideas of the Enlightenment

inspired independence

especially among the well-educated Creole

class

Latin American Revolutions

Revolutions in the Americas

Revolution in Hispaniola (Haiti)Haiti is the first Latin American

territory to gain freedomToussaint L’Ouverture leads

100,000 slaves against the French (1791)

Napoleon will send army to combat the Haitian Revolt.

Toussaint eventually dies in a French prison in 1803.

French soldiers weakened by outbreak of yellow fever.

Revolutions in Haiti Haiti’s Independence

Jean-Jacques Dessalines declares Saint Domingue (western third of Hispaniola) a country in 1804

Saint Domingue becomes first black colony to win independence

Renamed Haiti, means “mountainous land” in the Arawak language

Emperor Jacques is assassinated in 1806 by disaffected members of his administration.

In 1820, Haiti became a republic.

Mexico Ends Spanish Rule A Cry for Freedom

Father Miguel Hidalgo—priest who launches Mexican revolt (1810). Creoles supported revolt at

first, but then rejected Hidalgo’s call for an end to slavery.

80,000 Indian and Mestizo followers march on Mexico City

Jose Maria Morelos—leads revolt after Hidalgo’s defeat, but loses

Both Hidalgo and Morelos were executed.

Mexico Ends Spanish Rule

Mexico’s Independence Mexican creoles react;

Augustin de Iturbide (a Mexican General) declares Mexico independent (1821)

Iturbide reigns briefly as emperor until March 1823.

Republic of Mexico setup.

In 1823, United Provinces of Central America breaks away from Mexico

Agustín de Iturbide

Iturbide is credited with designing the first Mexican flag. (1821-1823)

Today’s Flag of Mexico

The tri-color flag is still used, and the presence of the eagle is also used in the modern flag of Mexico used since 1968.

Creoles Lead Independence

The Spread of Enlightenment IdeasEnlightenment ideas inspire Latin

American revolutionariesCreole Leaders

Simón Bolívar “The Liberator”—wealthy Creole leads Venezuela in revolution

José de San Martín—leader of Argentinean revolutionary forces

1. Bolivar’s 1807 return from Europe by way of the United States allowed him to study the American system of government.

2. In 1810, Bolivar went to London to seek support for the revolution in Latin America. At the same time, he studied British institutions of government.

Portraits of Bolivar and San Martin

Creoles Lead IndependenceBolívar’s Route to Victory

Venezuela declares independence in 1811; Bolivar wins war by 1821

Liberates New Grenada (Columbia) and Ecuador.

San Martín Leads Southern Liberation ForcesArgentina is independent in 1816; San

Martin helps free ChileBolívar’s and San Martín’s armies drive

Spanish out of Peru in 1824.

Brazil’s Royal Liberator

A Bloodless RevolutionNapoleon invades

Portugal; royal family moves to Brazil (1807)

Portuguese court returns to Portugal after Napoleon’s defeat (1815)

The Imperial Palace in Rio de Janeiro where King John VI of Portugal had transferred the Portuguese Royal Court to Brazil.

Brazil’s Royal Liberator

Portuguese prince Dom Pedro stays behind in Brazil

Dom Pedro accepts Brazilian’s request to rule their own country

He officially declares Brazil’s independence (September 1822)

He accepted a constitution that provided for freedom of the press, religion and an elected legislature.

By 1830, nearly all of Latin American regions win independence

Pedro I of Brazil

Flag of the independent Empire of Brazil under Pedro I

European and American Reaction

• British were interested in establishing commercial opportunities and prevented intervention from other Europeans in Latin America.

• American President James Monroe demanded that Europeans stay out of the affairs of the Western Hemisphere. (Monroe Doctrine)

Throughout Latin America, new democratic

republics were created

But, Latin Americans did not have a history of

self-government & many of the new

gov’ts were unstableIn many nations,

military dictators called caudillos

seized power & made few reforms for

citizens

Latin America became dependent

on the USA

Clash of Philosophies

Three Philosophies: In the early 1800s, three schools of political thought conflict in EuropeConservative—landowners and nobles

want traditional monarchiesLiberal—wealthy merchants and

business owners want limited democracy

Radical—believe in liberty and equality. They want everyone to have a vote.

Conservatives

Wanted to return to the way things were before 1789 & The French Revolution.

Resist changeWant stabilityThose who ruled Europe after the

French Revolution were conservativesThe Concert of Europe (periodic

meetings between Great Britain, Russia, Prussia, Austria and France) was an attempt to limit revolution and maintain conservative control

Conservatives of the early 1800s

Preferred a social order where the lower classes respected and obeyed the upper classes

Most backed an established church (Catholic, Orthodox, or Protestant)

Believed in slow change They did not believe in natural rights or

constitutional governmentThere was a real fear of “mob rule”Most felt that the uneducated poor were not

capable of intelligent rule

Metternich Metternich of Austria felt

that firm action was needed to maintain the status quoRepress any

revolutionary ideasControl the pressCrush any protestsSend troops (even

into neighboring countries) to suppress rebellion

Establish legitimacy of rule.

LiberalsAlong with nationalists, opposed

conservativesMost were speaking for the

bourgeoisie (middle class)Wanted constitutions and separation

of power, natural rights, a republican form of government, protection of property rights

Almost all opposed monarchies.Heavily influenced by Enlightenment

and the French and American Revolutions

Liberals (cont.)

Wanted universal manhood suffrageStrongly supported laissez faire

economics (remember, most of these were businessmen-so most were capitalists)Therefore, many of these who supported

“bourgeois liberalism” had different goals (as business owners) than did the workers in these factories

Nationalists

Wanted to do away with the artificial boundaries that had been set up for countries due to wars, treaties, dynastic marriages, etc.

Wanted to unify as a country due to a common heritageA negative effect of nationalism was

intolerance of minorities in a given area and, at times, persecution of other ethnic or national groups

Nationalism Develops

Nationalism and Nation-StatesNationalism—loyalty to a nation of

people with common culture and historyNation-State—nation with its own

independent governmentIn 1815 Europe, only France, England

and Spain are nation-statesLiberals and radicals support

nationalism, but conservatives do not.

Central Europe Revolts

Rebellions erupted over the Balkan peninsula and along the southern fringe of Europe

The Serbs were the first to revoltLed by Karageorge, they led a guerrilla

war against the Ottomans (they were part of the Ottoman Empire) from 1804-1813He was unsuccessful, but stirred up intense

Serbian nationalism

Serbia Gains Independence

Serbia gains autonomy, or self-rule under the leadership of Milos Obrenovic with the help of RussiaRussia was the largest Slavic country

and looked upon Serbia as a little brotherBoth were Slavic in language and both were

Christian Orthodox in religion

Nationalists Challenge Conservative Power

“The Eastern Question”: Greeks Gain Independence

Balkans—region of Europe controlled by the Ottomans in early 1800s.

Greece gets European help to gain independence from the Turks.Britain and France

send fleets.Russia invades

provinces of Moldavia and Walachia

Nationalism Shakes Aging Empires

The Ottoman Empire Weakens Internal tensions among ethnic groups weaken

the empire.This resulted in the region being highly unstable,

known as the “Balkan Powder Keg”Seeing the Ottomans as weak, “the old man of

Europe”, the other European powers moved in to take what they wanted, splitting the Empire up.

Russia moved around the Black Sea, Austria-Hungary grabbed Bosnia and Herzegovina, while England and France moved to take the Middle East and North Africa.

Europe’s Reaction

Revolts occurred in Spain, Portugal, parts of Italy

Metternich urged rulers to crush any revolts in EuropeFrench and Austrian troops left their

countries to smash uprisings in neighboring countries

They were successful at first, but the result was the people getting even more upsetAgitators and social reformers began urging

workers to support socialism or other new ideas

Nationalists Challenge Conservative Power

1830s Uprisings CrushedBelgian, Italian, Polish liberals and

nationalists launch revolts.By the mid-1830s, conservatives are

back in control

France Revolts Again

Louis XVIII was put back on the French throne, but allowed a constitution and 2 house legislature

When he died, his son Charles X, an absolutist, suspended the legislature, limited the press, and limited the right to vote

Paris reacted violently

Radicals Change France

Conservative DefeatIn 1830, France’s Charles X fails to

restore absolute monarchyThe Third Republic

In 1848, a Paris mob overthrows the monarchy and sets up a republic

Radicals split by infighting; moderates control the new government

1848 constitution calls for elected president and parliament

The King Runs

Radicals and liberals threw up barricades and threw stones and roof tiles at the soldiers

They soon controlled Paris, and the king fled to England

Liberals refused the radicals call for a republic and set up a “citizen king”, Louis Philippe (a cousin of Charles X) forming a constitutional monarchy

Louis Philippe Louis Philippe was called

the “citizen king” because he owed his power to the people, especially the bourgeoisie

He dressed like them, in a frock coat and top hat, and strolled the streets, talking with them

His government was filled with liberals and the upper bourgeoisie prospered (with his policies favoring them over their workers)

Turmoil in France

Louis Philippe’s government was corruptSocialists called for an end to private

propertyThe country entered a recessionpoor harvests led to higher bread pricesFactories closed and unemployment

increasedNewspapers blamed the governmentThe government moved to suppress

critics and stop private meetings

February Days

People again took to the streets with barricades

Fighting erupted between the people and the armyAs it got worse, Louis Philippe abdicated and

fled to EnglandSocialists started a new republic (The Second

Republic)There were problems from the beginning; liberals

wanted moderate reforms, socialists wanted sweeping reforms and forced the government to set up government-supported workshops for the poor

June Days

By June (about 4 months later), upper and middle class factions had gained control of the governmentThey viewed the workshops as a waste

of money and shut them downWorkers rioted and bourgeois liberals

attacked themThey were joined by peasants who feared

that the socialists might take their land1500 died before the government took

control

France Is Divided

The fighting from June Days left France deeply dividedThe middle class hated and feared the

socialists and the workers hated the bourgeoisie

Again, people want order, so the National Assembly issued a constitution, created a strong president and one-house legislature

Radicals Change France

France Accepts a Strong RulerLouis-Napoleon—

Napoleon Bonaparte’s nephew—is elected president

Louis-Napoleon later takes the title emperor.

He promotes industrialization.

A New Bonaparte

Napoleon’s nephew, Louis Napoleon was elected by appealing to the working man and on the basis of his famous namePeople wanted stability and Napoleon

had brought stability to FranceLike his famous uncle, he declared

himself emperor (with the support of the people-by means of a plebiscite)-Napoleon III

“When France sneezes, Europe catches cold” - MetternichWhat does this mean?

Belgium and Holland

The Congress of Vienna tried to combine the two countries into a strong barrier to the French in the northThis, obviously, was an artificial barrier

for the good of the conservatives in containing France

The Belgians React

The Belgian people were very unhappy with this situationThey were Catholic, the Dutch were

ProtestantThey had different languages and

customsThey were manufacturers, the Dutch

were tradersThey reacted by throwing up barricades,

threatened revolt, and demanded independence

Belgium Gains Independence

Britain and France both thought that they would benefit from a separate Belgium and Holland, so they supported Belgium

Belgium became an independent country with a liberal constitution

Poland

Poland was divided up by Russia, Prussia, and Austria

They wanted to be united as a single country, but most of the country had been handed over to Russia

When Polish army officers, students, and landowners rebelled, they were crushed by the RussiansThey got little support from other

countries

Austrian Empire

Riots broke out in all of the major cities

Metternich censored the press and tried to contain the angerStudents smuggled in books and began

to protestWorkers joined the studentsMetternich disguised himself to flee Austria

(for England)This began a series of revolutions

throughout Europe

Nationalism Shakes Aging Empires

The Breakup of the Austrian EmpireAustria includes people

from many ethnic groupsHalf were Slavic peoples:

Czechs, Slovaks, Poles, Ukrainians, Croats, Serbs, and Slovenes

1866 defeat in Austro-Prussian War and Hungarian nationalism forces emperor to split the empire into Austria and Hungary (Dual Monarchy)

Francis Joseph was Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary.

Flag of Austria-Hungary representing two kingdoms, but ruled by one emperor. This was a concession to Hungarian nationalism.

Nationalist unrest would continue.

Hungary

Louis Kossuth was a Hungarian journalist in Budapest who demanded an independent government to end serfdom

The Czechs next door made similar demands

The Austrians gave in temporarily until they could bring troops in to smash any rebellion

German States

University students again led the fight for national unity and liberal reformsA potato famine brought peasants and

workers into the fightKing Frederick William IV agreed to a

constitution written by an elected assemblyHe dissolved the assembly within a year

German Issues – Frankfurt Assembly

Should a united Germany:Be a republic or a monarchy?Should Austria be included?

They spoke GermanThe previous slide’s King Frederick

William IV was offered the crown of a United GermanyHe refused, saying that the crown was

offered “from the gutter” (or by the common man)

Rebellions Fade

By the 1850s, most of the rebellions that had been happening since the late 1700s faded away

Why?The use of military forceLoss of mass supportFocus of change shifted from revolution

to political activity

German Unification Background

During the 1800s the modern area of Germany was actually made up of 350 independent states

Napoleon dissolved Holy Roman Empire.

Prussia became the most important of these statesThey were the largest state and had the

best economy and most powerful military

Map of Germany Before Unification

German Unification Background

During Napoleon’s rule he took over most of the modern day area of Germany

Feelings of nationalism started to emerge since the German people wanted to be free from Napoleon’s rule

The German people had their own shared language, ethnicity, history, geography, and religion

It was time for them to get rid of foreign influence (Napoleon/France) and unify themselves

German Unification Background

After Napoleon’s defeat, some German nationalists called for the unification of Germany

These people were blocked by Metternich at the Congress of Vienna

German Unification ProcessOtto von Bismarck

Most important person in the unification of Germany

He was the prime minister of Prussia. Member of the Junker class (landowning nobles).

He believed in realpolitik Governments should not be

idealistic Governments should always

do what is in their best interest

Disregard morals and scruples if necessary

Use any practical means to meet your goals

German Unification Process

Otto von Bismarck Bismarck did not

believe that speeches and government would unify Germany

Instead he believed Germany would be unified by “blood and iron”

Germany would be unified by winning wars

Germany would fight three major wars in order to unify itself

German Unification Process

Otto von Bismarck in a speech given to the Prussian Parliament“Germany does not look to Prussia’s

liberalism, but to her power…The great questions of the day are not to be decided by speeches and majority resolutions––that was the mistake of 1848 and 1849––but by blood and iron.”

German Unification Process Danish War

1864, Prussia allied with Austria to seize land from Denmark

Austro-Prussian War 1866 Prussia turned against Austria to gain more land Prussia beat Austria in just seven weeks Several German states were annexed by Prussia to form

the North German Confederation Franco-Prussian War

1870 Bismarck stirred up feelings of nationalism and bitterness against Napoleon to convince the Germans to go to war against France

By 1871 they had defeated the French During the war, southern German states agreed to unite

with Prussia

German Unification Process

By 1871 German Unification was completed

The Prussian King, William I, became the Kaiser (emperor) of a united Germany

Second Reich or Empire was born.

2 House legislatureBundesrat (Upper

House) & Reichstag (Lower House)

After Unification

Centralized Power under Bismarck (Iron Chancellor)Militarism/military alliancesEncouragement of Industry

Chemical and Energy industriesPersecution of Subject NationalitiesGermanizationFought CatholicsFought Socialists

Actions Against Catholic Church

The Kulturkampf against the Catholic Church

Believed that the Catholics were loyal to the pope and not him

Persecuted the Catholics: made them stronger

Bismarck's move backfired, and he would work to make peace with the Church

Bismarck’s Domestic Policies

Bismarck vs. Labor Unions and Socialists1st violence/did not workWeakened the unions and socialists through social security legislation

Insurance for retirement, sickness and disability

Social Security system Becomes model for rest of Europe

Germany Strengthens

Germany Becomes an Industrial Giant By the late 1800’s, German Chemical and Electrical industries were

the best in Europe, and Germany possessed a merchant marine second only to Britain’s

Making Economic Progress Germany possessed most of the same resources that Britain had to

achieve industrialization, including vast coal and iron deposits, especially in the Ruhr valley.

Krupp – steel and weapons August Thyssen – steel Carl Zeiss - optics

Promoting Scientific and Economic Development Science in industry Educated workers Synthetics Single currency Coordinated railroads Protectionist policies

Kaiser William II• Asked Bismarck to resign.• Believed in divine right theory.• Resisted efforts for democratic reforms.• Expanded social welfare programs.• Expanded German military and navy.• Expanded German empire to rival the British and the French.

Italy

Italy was comprised of many small states along the peninsula that had broken away from Hapsburg control

Revolutionaries expelled the pope from Rome and set up a nationalist government

Austrian troops broke up the small states and French troops restored the pope to Rome

Italian Unification Background Ever since the fall of the

Roman Empire in the 400s, Italy had been divided into many small states

After the Congress of Vienna, the separate Italian states were put under the control of Spain and Austria

Feelings of nationalism grew stronger over the years Italians had the same

ethnicity, language, history, geography, religion

Three Main Leaders of Italian Unification

Giuseppe Mazzini“The Soul”Leader of the Young

Italy movement: secret society that worked for the unification of Italy

French forces crushed Mazzini's brief Italian republic.

His writings and speeches inspired nationalist feelings in the Italian people

Three Main Leaders of Italian Unification

Count Camillo Cavour“The Brain”Prime Minister of

Sardinia (one of the states in Italy)

A diplomat who worked alliances with France and Prussia

Used diplomacy and war to drive Austria out of power in Italy.

Practiced realpolitik

Three Main Leaders of Italian Unification

Giuseppe Garibaldi“The Sword”Professional soldier

and leader of the Red Shirts in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies

Accepted aid from Cavour

Started in Southern Italy and moved north, conquering each place as he went, unifying Italy piece by piece

Italian Unification Completed

Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia aided Garibaldi’s troops

In 1861, Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia was crowned king of a unified Italy

Italy still faced some problems The urban north argued

with the rural south The Catholic Church

resisted the new government

Socialists and Anarchists threatened the conservative government under Victor Emmanuel.

Reform in Russia

Despite the efforts of Peter the Great and Catherine the Great, Russia remained economically underdeveloped and backward.

Serfdom in RussiaCzars fail to free the serfs because they

fear losing the support of landowners.Nicholas I & Absolutism

“Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationalism”

Unable to change the serf-landowner system.

Reform in Russia

Defeat Brings ChangeRussia’s lack of

industrialization leads to military defeat in the Crimean War.

Alexander II—czar who determines to make social and economic changes

Alexander II was also called “Alexander the Liberator.” In Finland he is known as “the Good Czar.” Why?

Reform in Russia Reform and Reaction

In 1861, Alexander II emancipates the serfs, but debt keeps them on the same land.

Reform halts when Alexander II is assassinated by terrorists in 1881.

Alexander III imposed strict censorship and increased the power of the secret police.

Driven by nationalism, Alexander III encourages industrialization, railroad building, and iron and coal mines with factories.

The Church of the Savior on Blood commemorates the place where Alexander II was assassinated.

Nationalism Shakes Aging Empires

The Russian Empire CrumblesAfter 370 years, Russian czars begin

losing control over their empireRussification—forcing other peoples to

adopt Russian culturePogroms – violent mob attacks on Jews.Policy further disunites Russia, strengthens

ethnic nationalism

Russian Revolution of 1905 Bloody Sunday

Loss of faith in the czar Revolution of 1905

Russian workers strike workers take over local governments.

Minority nationalities demand independence.October Manifesto protects freedom of person,

speech and assembly.Duma, or elected legislature formedNicholas II would dissolve the Duma and named

Peter Stolypin as Prime MinisterStolypin would institute reforms until he was

assassinated in 1911.

A Shift in Power Balance Is Lost

In 1815 the Congress of Vienna established five powers in Europe:

AustriaPrussiaBritainFranceRussia

By 1871, Britain and Prussia (now Germany) have gained much power

Austria and Russia are weaker militarily and economically.

New nations have formed in Central Europe and South Eastern Europe due to the weakening of the Austrian Empire and the Ottoman Empire.