Unit 4 – Land use

Types of forest

Ch.13

Old-Growth forest

Second-Growth forest

Tree Plantation

Unit 4 – Land use

Growing Trees

Ch.13

Unit 4 – Land use Ch.13

Support energy flow and chemical cycling

Reduce soil erosion

Absorb and release water

Purify water and air

Influence local and regional climate

Carbon Sink

Provide numerous wildlife habitats

Fuelwood

Lumber

Pulp to make paper

Mining

Livestock grazing

Recreation

Jobs

Forests

EcologicalServices

EconomicServices

Unit 4 – Land use

Harvesting Trees

Ch.13

Unit 4 – Land use Ch.131. Changing color of

the surface and the amount of sunlight

reflected and absorbed (albedo).

2. Increasing the amount of water transpired and

evaporated from the surface to the atmosphere.

3. Changing the rate at which greenhouse gases are released

from the Earth’s surface into the

atmosphere.4. Changing the

“surface roughness,” which affects wind

speed at the surface

How Forests Alter the Atmosphere

Unit 4 – Land use Ch.13Deforestation

Leads to:More or Less?

Primary ProductivityNutrient recyclingBiodiversitySoil erosionTranspirationAir pollution

Is caused by:

Unit 4 – Land use Ch.13Sustainable Forestry

Unlike fossil fuels, wood is a sustainable resource.

Unit 4 – Land use Ch.13Protected areas: Parks, Nature

Preserves & Wilderness

Managing parks for biological conservation is a relatively new idea.

• 1864 Congress donated Yosemite Valley to California for preservation as a state park.

• March 1, 1872, Congress establishes Yellowstone National Park• for the first time signified that public lands were to be set

aside and administered by the federal government "for the benefit and enjoyment of the people."

• 1891, President Harrison established Yellowstone Timberland Reserve as the nation's first forest reserve,

• 1903 President Roosevelt established Pelican Island in Florida as the first national wildlife refuge.

• August 25, 1916, National Park Service (NPS) created under the Department of the Interior

Unit 4 – Land use Ch.13Protected areas: Parks, Nature

Preserves & WildernessHow much land should be in parks?

• Costa Rica – 12% of total land• Kenya – 7.6%• France – 11%• U.S. – 11%

How should protected lands be used?• Tourist attractions?• Recreation?• Timber & minerals?

Be familiar with Table 13.2 (p.253) Goals of Parks, Nature Preserves

and Wilderness Areas

Unit 4 – Land use Ch.13Protected areas: Parks, Nature

Preserves & Wilderness

Crater lake

Grand TetonYosemite

Everglades

Big Bend

AcadiaYellowstone

Unit 4 – Land use Ch.13Protected areas: Parks, Nature

Preserves & WildernessA model biosphere reserve that contains a protected inner core

surrounded by two buffer zones that people can use for multiple use.

There are currently 2,205 preservations in the United States

Nature Preserves-Currently 12% of earth’s land

area is protected.

-Only 5% is strictly protected from harmful human activities.

-Conservation biologists call for full protection of at least

20% of earth’s land area representing multiple

examples of all biomes.

Unit 4 – Land use Ch.13Protected areas: Parks, Nature

Preserves & Wilderness

Wilderness: an area undisturbed by people

Should wilderness be opened up for mineral and timber removal ??

Unit 4 – Land use Ch.13Should wilderness be opened up for

mineral and timber removal ??

Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR)

Should we drill for oil?

Est in ANWR – 4.3 – 11.8 billion barrels

US Daily use – 19 mil. barrels

Unit 4 – Land use Ch.13

Laws

There are many relevant laws associated with forests and their management. Your

APES exam will address these laws, therefore I expect you to know them.

I suggest you make flashcards with the following laws:

Unit 4 – Land use Ch.13

1. Healthy Forest Initiative (2003)2. Forest Reserve Act (1891)

3. Multiple Use & Sustained Yield Act (1960, 1968)

4. Federal Land Policy & Management Act (1976)

5. Forest and Rangeland Renewable Resources Planning Act (1976)

6. National Forests Management Act (1976)

Unit 4 – Land use Ch.14Wildlife, Fisheries and Endangered Species

Wildlife management: goal – to restore the abundance of a species

In order to do this, understanding Carrying Capacity is critical

Logistic Carrying Capacity – defined by the logistic growth curve

Optimum Sustainable Population – Maximum population that can be

sustained without decreasing population or its habitat

Why is this so difficult?The Grizzly Bear

The American BisonExamplesp.267-270

Unit 4 – Land use Ch.14Fisheries

Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY):

• 16% of protein worldwide• Commercial fishing dominated by:

Japan, China, Russia, Chile and the US• 90% of the fish harvest comes from continental shelves (10% of the ocean)

Unit 4 – Land use Ch.15Fisheries

Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY): Pop. size that yields max. production – ½ of carrying capacity

To maximize profitability it is critical to know…

Unit 4 – Land use Ch.15Fisheries

The Global Fish Harvest

Is MSY becoming clear with this data?

Possibly

Unit 4 – Land use Ch.15

Threatened(May become endangered)

Endangered (In danger of extinction)

Extinct

Local Extinction: A species disappears from part

of its range.

Ecological Extinction: So few members of a species

remain that it can no longer play it ecological role

Global (Biological) Extinction:A species no longer exists on

Earth

Conserving Wildlife

Unit 4 – Land use Ch.15

Characteristics of endangered species:

Unit 4 – Land use Ch.15

Habitat destruction, degradation, & fragmentation

Causes of extinction:

H IPPO

Unit 4 – Land use Ch.15

Habitat destruction, degradation, & fragmentation

Causes of extinction:

H IPPO

Unit 4 – Land use Ch.15

Habitat destruction, degradation, & fragmentation Invasive (non-native) species

Causes of extinction:

H IPPO

Causes of extinction:

• Climate similar to habitat of invader

• Absence of predators on invading species

• Early successional systems

• Low diversity of native species

• Absence of fire

• Disturbed by human activities

Characteristics ofSuccessful

Invader Species

• High reproductive rate, short generation time (r-selected species)

• Pioneer species

• Long lived

• High dispersal rate

• Release growth-inhibiting chemicals into soil

• Generalists

• High genetic variability

Characteristics ofEcosystems Vulnerable

to Invader Species

Unit 4 – Land use Ch.15

Habitat destruction, degradation, & fragmentation Invasive (non-native) species Population Growth Pollution Overharvesting

Causes of extinction:

H IPPO

US Endangered Species ActOne of the world’s most far-reaching and controversial environmental

laws is the 1973 U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA).•ESA forbids federal agencies (besides defense department) to carry

out / fund projects that would jeopardize an endangered species.•ESA makes it illegal for Americans to engage in commerce

associated with or hunt / kill / collect endangered or threatened species.

Unit 4 – Land use Ch.29

49% of the world’s human population lives on 2% of the land (in urban areas)

Urban Environments

Unit 4 – Land use Ch.29The City Ecosystem

The more concentrated the human population the more land is available for other uses, so cities can benefit urban

areas and wilderness

A city cannot exist without a countryside to support it

Unit 4 – Land use Ch.29Urban Areas are Heat Islands

Manmade structures tend to absorb and retain more heat than forested areas

Unit 4 – Land use Ch.29City Location

Cities developed in areas that could be easily defended and has

• good building locations• water supplies and

• access to resources (transportation)

Site:Summation of all

environmental features

Situation:the placement of a city in

respect to other areas

Influenced by:

For example: Cities found on the fall line in the eastern U.S.Where the solid bedrock of the Appalachian Mountains

transitions to the softer more easily eroded sedimentary rock.• Provided waterpower

• Ships couldn’t navigate past• Difficult to bridge the rivers across the easily-eroded

sedimentary rock

Unit 4 – Land use Ch.29Urban Sprawl:

the spreading outwards of a city and its suburbs to its outskirts to low-density and auto-dependent development on rural land

with a high segregation of uses (commercial/residential)

San Jose CA

Unit 4 – Land use Ch.29Urban Planning

Aspects:Safety (historically)

AestheticsTransportation

Suburbanization (Urban Sprawl)

Light & Noise PollutionWater & Air Pollution

Reconstruction & Renewal from Decay

integrates land use planning and transportation planning to improve the environmental, economic and social

environments of communities

Unit 4 – Land use Ch.29The Good and the Bad

Urban areas can offer more job opportunities and better education and

health, and can help protect biodiversity by concentrating people.

Cities are rarely self-sustaining, can threaten biodiversity, lack trees,

concentrate pollutants and noise, spread infectious diseases, and are centers of

poverty crime, and terrorism.

Unit 4 – Land use Ch.29