GRAMMAR PRESENTATION

PAGE 53

OBLIGATION (NECESSITY)

ALL THESE SENTENCES

MEAN THE SAME THING:

YOU MUSTHAVE TOHAVE GOT TO

CALL THEM

= You are required to call them = It is necessary for you to call

them.

THERE IS ONLY ONE WAY TO SAY

THIS IN THE PAST TENSE:

YOU HAD TO CALL THEM

= You were required to call them.= It was necessary for you to

call them.

NEGATIVE FORMS FOR OBLIGATION OR NECESSITY

(PRESENT TENSE):

YOU MUST NOTCAN’TARE NOT ALLOWED TO

CALL THEM

These all mean the same thing:

You are forbidden to call them.

THERE IS ONLY ONE WAY TO SAY

THIS IN THE PAST TENSE:

YOU WEREN’T ALLOWED TO

CALL THEM

= You were forbidden to call them.

ADVICE

ALL THESE SENTENCES

MEAN THE SAME THING:

YOU HAD BETTERSHOULDOUGHT TO

LEAVE EARLY.

= I advise to you to leave early. = I think it is a good idea for you to leave early.

THERE ARE TWO WAYS TO SAY

THIS IN THE PAST TENSE:

YOU SHOULD HAVE

OUGHT TO HAVE

LEFT EARLY

= You didn’t leave early, and that was a mistake.= I think that it is too bad you didn’t leave early.

NEGATIVE FORMS FOR ADVICE

(PRESENT TENSE):

YOU HAD BETTER NOT

SHOULDN’T

LEAVE EARLY.

= I advise you not to leave early.

= I think it is a bad idea for you to leave early.

THERE IS ONLY ONE WAY TO SAY

THIS IN THE PAST TENSE:

YOU SHOULDN’T HAVE LEFT EARLY.

= You left early, and that was a mistake.

= I think it is too bad that you left early.

EXPECTATION WITH

“SUPPOSED TO”

THESE SENTENCES

MEAN THE SAME THING:

YOU ARE SUPPOSED TO

ARE TO

LEAVE EARLY.

= You are expected to leave early (and people will have a bad opinion of you if you do not).

IN NEGATIVE PRESENT TENSE:

YOU ARE NOT SUPPOSED TO

ARE NOT TO

LEAVE EARLY.

= You are not expected to leave early (and people will have a bad opinion of you if you do).

IN THE PAST TENSE:

YOU WERE SUPPOSED TO

WERE TO

LEAVE EARLY.

= You were expected to leave early, but you didn’t (which caused a problem of some kind.).

IN NEGATIVE PAST TENSE:

YOU WERE NOT SUPPOSED TO

WERE NOT TO

LEAVE EARLY.

= You were not expected to leave early, but you did (and this caused some kind of problem).

SUGGESTION

THESE SENTENCES

MEAN THE SAME THING:

YOU COULD

MIGHT

GIVE ROSES.

= I suggest that you give roses.

= I think that maybe giving roses is a good idea.

THESE SENTENCES

MEAN THE SAME THING IN THE PAST TENSE :

YOU COULD HAVE

MIGHT HAVE

GIVEN ROSES.

= Giving roses would have been a good idea, but you didn’t do it.

THERE IS ONLY ONE WAY TO EXPRESS THIS

IDEA IN THE NEGATIVE (PRESENT TENSE):

YOU DON’T HAVE TO GIVE ROSES.

= There is no need for you to give roses. It is not required.

THERE IS ONLY ONE WAY TO EXPRESS THIS

IDEA IN THE NEGATIVE (PAST TENSE):

YOU DIDN’T HAVE TO GIVE ROSES.

= There was no need for you to give roses. It was not required.