unit 4 genetics ch. 11 introduction to genetics. the work of gregor mendel genetics - the...
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Unit 4 GeneticsUnit 4 Genetics
Ch. 11 Introduction to Genetics
Ch. 11 Introduction to Genetics
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The Work of Gregor Mendel
The Work of Gregor Mendel
Genetics - the scientific study of heredity
Mendel is considered the “Father” of genetics
Genetics - the scientific study of heredity
Mendel is considered the “Father” of genetics
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Gregor Mendel’s PeasGregor Mendel’s Peas
Mendel was an Austrian monk, that worked on pea plants
His experiments with pea plants laid the foundation of the science of genetics
Mendel was an Austrian monk, that worked on pea plants
His experiments with pea plants laid the foundation of the science of genetics
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Gregor Mendel’s PeasGregor Mendel’s Peas
Fertilization - when male & female sex cells join together
Pea flowers are normally self-pollinating, meaning the sperm cells in the pollen fertilize the egg cells in the same flower
Fertilization - when male & female sex cells join together
Pea flowers are normally self-pollinating, meaning the sperm cells in the pollen fertilize the egg cells in the same flower
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Gregor Mendel’s PeasGregor Mendel’s Peas
Seeds produced by self-pollination inherit all of their characteristics from the single plant that bore them
True-breeding - if plants were allowed to self-pollinate, they would produce offspring identical to themselves
Seeds produced by self-pollination inherit all of their characteristics from the single plant that bore them
True-breeding - if plants were allowed to self-pollinate, they would produce offspring identical to themselves
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Gregor Mendel’s PeasGregor Mendel’s Peas
Mendel wanted to produce seeds by joining male & female sex cells from 2 different plants
He cut off the pollen (male) parts of a plant, & dusted pollen from another plant onto the flower (female)
Mendel wanted to produce seeds by joining male & female sex cells from 2 different plants
He cut off the pollen (male) parts of a plant, & dusted pollen from another plant onto the flower (female)
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Gregor Mendel’s PeasGregor Mendel’s Peas
Cross-pollination - produces seeds that had 2 different parent plants
Cross-pollination - produces seeds that had 2 different parent plants
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Genes & DominanceGenes & Dominance
P - parent generationF1 - First generation (first generation of offspring)
F2 - Second generation (offspring from the F1 generation)
P - parent generationF1 - First generation (first generation of offspring)
F2 - Second generation (offspring from the F1 generation)
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Genes & DominanceGenes & Dominance
Trait - a specific characteristicEx.) seed color, plant height
Hybrids - offspring of crosses between parents with different traitsEx.) cross between plant with yellow seed color & plant with green seed color
Trait - a specific characteristicEx.) seed color, plant height
Hybrids - offspring of crosses between parents with different traitsEx.) cross between plant with yellow seed color & plant with green seed color
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Genes & DominanceGenes & Dominance
Mendel concluded that biological inheritance is determined by factors that are passed from 1 generation to the next
Genes - chemical factors that determine traits
Mendel concluded that biological inheritance is determined by factors that are passed from 1 generation to the next
Genes - chemical factors that determine traits
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Genes & DominanceGenes & Dominance
Alleles - different forms of a geneEx.) gene for plant height occurs in 1 form that produces tall plants & in another form that produces short plants
Mendel’s 2nd conclusion is the principle of dominance
Alleles - different forms of a geneEx.) gene for plant height occurs in 1 form that produces tall plants & in another form that produces short plants
Mendel’s 2nd conclusion is the principle of dominance
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Genes & DominanceGenes & Dominance
The principle of dominance states that some alleles are dominant & others are recessive
Dominant allele for a trait will always be exhibited (expressed or shown)
Recessive allele will only be expressed when a dominant allele is not present
The principle of dominance states that some alleles are dominant & others are recessive
Dominant allele for a trait will always be exhibited (expressed or shown)
Recessive allele will only be expressed when a dominant allele is not present
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Mendel’s Seven F1 Crosses on Pea PlantsMendel’s Seven F1
Crosses on Pea Plants
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SegregationSegregation
Gametes - sex cells (sperm or egg)
Segregation - during gamete formation, alleles segregate (separate) from each other so each gamete only carries a single copy of each gene
Gametes - sex cells (sperm or egg)
Segregation - during gamete formation, alleles segregate (separate) from each other so each gamete only carries a single copy of each gene
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SegregationSegregation
Therefore, each F1 plant produces 2 types of gametes, those with the allele for tallness & those with the allele for shortness
Therefore, each F1 plant produces 2 types of gametes, those with the allele for tallness & those with the allele for shortness
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Punnett SquaresPunnett Squares
Punnett square - a diagram that might result from a genetic cross
Punnett squares can be used to predict & compare the genetic variations that will result from a cross
Punnett square - a diagram that might result from a genetic cross
Punnett squares can be used to predict & compare the genetic variations that will result from a cross
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Punnett SquaresPunnett Squares
Homozygous - organisms that have 2 identical alleles for a particular traitEx.) TT or tt
Heterozygous - organism that has 2 different alleles
for the same traitEx.) Tt
Homozygous - organisms that have 2 identical alleles for a particular traitEx.) TT or tt
Heterozygous - organism that has 2 different alleles
for the same traitEx.) Tt
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Punnett SquaresPunnett Squares
Phenotype - physical characteristicsEx.) Tall plants
Genotype - genetic makeupEx.) TT
Phenotype - physical characteristicsEx.) Tall plants
Genotype - genetic makeupEx.) TT
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Independent AssortmentIndependent Assortment
Independent assortment - genes for different traits can segregate (separate) independently during gamete formation
Independent assortment increases genetic variation (genetic diversity, helps create genetically different organisms)
Independent assortment - genes for different traits can segregate (separate) independently during gamete formation
Independent assortment increases genetic variation (genetic diversity, helps create genetically different organisms)
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A Summary of Mendel’s Principles
A Summary of Mendel’s Principles
1. The inheritance of biological characteristics is determined by individual units - genesGenes are passed from parents to their offspring
1. The inheritance of biological characteristics is determined by individual units - genesGenes are passed from parents to their offspring
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A Summary of Mendel’s Principles
A Summary of Mendel’s Principles
2. In cases where 2 or more forms (alleles) of the gene for a single trait exist, some forms of the gene may be dominant & others may be recessive
2. In cases where 2 or more forms (alleles) of the gene for a single trait exist, some forms of the gene may be dominant & others may be recessive
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A Summary of Mendel’s Principles
A Summary of Mendel’s Principles
3. In most sexually producing organisms, each adult has 2 copies of each gene (1 from each parent)These genes are segregated (separated) from each other when gametes are formed
3. In most sexually producing organisms, each adult has 2 copies of each gene (1 from each parent)These genes are segregated (separated) from each other when gametes are formed
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A Summary of Mendel’s Principles
A Summary of Mendel’s Principles
4. The alleles for different genes usually segregate (separate) independently of 1 another
4. The alleles for different genes usually segregate (separate) independently of 1 another
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Beyond Dominant & Recessive AllelesBeyond Dominant & Recessive Alleles
Some alleles are neither dominant nor recessive, & many traits are controlled by multiple alleles or multiple genes
Some alleles are neither dominant nor recessive, & many traits are controlled by multiple alleles or multiple genes
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Beyond Dominant & Recessive AllelesBeyond Dominant & Recessive Alleles
Incomplete dominance - when 1 allele is not completely dominant over anotherThe heterozygous phenotype
is somewhere in between the 2 homozygous phenotypes
Incomplete dominance - when 1 allele is not completely dominant over anotherThe heterozygous phenotype
is somewhere in between the 2 homozygous phenotypes
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Beyond Dominant & Recessive AllelesBeyond Dominant & Recessive Alleles
Codominance - where both alleles contribute to the phenotypeFlowers would not be pink, (a blend of red & white), but both red & white speckled
Codominance - where both alleles contribute to the phenotypeFlowers would not be pink, (a blend of red & white), but both red & white speckled
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Beyond Dominant & Recessive AllelesBeyond Dominant & Recessive Alleles
Multiple alleles - when genes have more than 2 allelesIt does not mean that an individual can have more than 2 alleles
It only means that more than 2 possible alleles exist in a population
Multiple alleles - when genes have more than 2 allelesIt does not mean that an individual can have more than 2 alleles
It only means that more than 2 possible alleles exist in a population
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Multiple AllelesMultiple Alleles
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Beyond Dominant & Recessive AllelesBeyond Dominant & Recessive Alleles
Polygenic traits - traits controlled by 2 or more genesEx.) at least 3 genes are responsible for making the reddish-brown pigment in the eyes of fruit flies
Polygenic traits - traits controlled by 2 or more genesEx.) at least 3 genes are responsible for making the reddish-brown pigment in the eyes of fruit flies
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Genetics & the Environment
Genetics & the Environment
The characteristics of any organism are not determined solely by the genes it inherits
Characteristics are determined by interaction between genes & the environment
The characteristics of any organism are not determined solely by the genes it inherits
Characteristics are determined by interaction between genes & the environment
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Genetics & the Environment
Genetics & the Environment
Ex.) genes may affect a sunflower plant’s height & the color of its flowers
However, these conditions are also influenced by climate, soil conditions, & the availability of water
Ex.) Rabbit fur color in winter & summer
Ex.) genes may affect a sunflower plant’s height & the color of its flowers
However, these conditions are also influenced by climate, soil conditions, & the availability of water
Ex.) Rabbit fur color in winter & summer
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Chromosome NumberChromosome Number
All cells of an organism (except for sex cells, gametes) have the same # of chromosomes
Each body cell has 2 sets of chromosomes
Homologous chromosomes - the same chromosomes, 1 set from each parent
All cells of an organism (except for sex cells, gametes) have the same # of chromosomes
Each body cell has 2 sets of chromosomes
Homologous chromosomes - the same chromosomes, 1 set from each parent
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Homologous ChromosomesHomologous Chromosomes
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Chromosome NumberChromosome Number
Diploid - (2n) - a cell that has both sets of homologous chromosomes
Haploid - (n) - a cell that has half the normal set of chromosomes, or 1 set (only sex cells are haploid)
Diploid - (2n) - a cell that has both sets of homologous chromosomes
Haploid - (n) - a cell that has half the normal set of chromosomes, or 1 set (only sex cells are haploid)
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Phases of MeiosisPhases of Meiosis
Meiosis - process of reduction division, where the # of chromosomes per cell is cut in 1/2, through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell
Meiosis - process of reduction division, where the # of chromosomes per cell is cut in 1/2, through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell
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Phases of MeiosisPhases of Meiosis
During meiosis 1, crossing-over may occur
Crossing-over - when chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids
During meiosis 1, crossing-over may occur
Crossing-over - when chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids
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Phases of MeiosisPhases of Meiosis
Crossing-over results in the exchange of alleles between homologous chromosomes & produces new combinations of alleles
Crossing-over increases genetic variation (genetic diversity, helps create genetically different organisms)
Crossing-over results in the exchange of alleles between homologous chromosomes & produces new combinations of alleles
Crossing-over increases genetic variation (genetic diversity, helps create genetically different organisms)
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Phases of MeiosisPhases of Meiosis
Meiosis II, begins with 2 genetically different haploid (n) cells, & results in 4 (n) genetically different haploid cells
Therefore, Meiosis II is a mitotic division
Meiosis II, begins with 2 genetically different haploid (n) cells, & results in 4 (n) genetically different haploid cells
Therefore, Meiosis II is a mitotic division
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Meiosis IMeiosis I
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Meiosis IIMeiosis II
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Gamete FormationGamete Formation
In males, the haploid gametes are sperm
In females, the haploid gametes are eggs
In males, the haploid gametes are sperm
In females, the haploid gametes are eggs
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Comparing Mitosis & Meiosis
Comparing Mitosis & Meiosis
Mitosis results in the production of 2 genetically identical diploid (2n) cellsMitosis produces all cells of the body, except sex cells
Meiosis produces 4 (n) genetically different haploid cellsMeiosis produces ONLY sex cells (gametes)
Mitosis results in the production of 2 genetically identical diploid (2n) cellsMitosis produces all cells of the body, except sex cells
Meiosis produces 4 (n) genetically different haploid cellsMeiosis produces ONLY sex cells (gametes)
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Gene LinkageGene Linkage
Each chromosome is a group of linked genes
It is the chromosomes, however, that line up independently, not individual genes (Principle of Independent Assortment)
Each chromosome is a group of linked genes
It is the chromosomes, however, that line up independently, not individual genes (Principle of Independent Assortment)