unit 3. the phoenicians what were they famous for? invented the alphabet
TRANSCRIPT
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Unit 3
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The Phoenicians
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The Phoenicians
• What were they famous for?
• Invented the alphabet.
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Persian Empire under Darius, 521-486 B.C.E.
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Persian Rule
• Divided into twenty provinces– ruled by a Persian satrap or governor
• Persian control - – building and patrolling the royal roads– use of secret agents
• Why were the Persians successful rulers? • willing to adapt to local circumstances, to learn
from those with experience, and to utilize the skills of non-Persians
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Map of Greece
Sparta
Athens
Troy
Crete
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Greeks
• Small city-states developed • Lack of natural resources
–spurred the growth of maritime commerce.
• Contact with other peoples brought in new ideas and technologies.
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Greek Gods
• People emulated the Gods’ behavior
• Anthropomorphic • Influenced peoples’
actions • Gods lived on Mt.
Olympus • Each God controlled a
specific part of the universe.
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The ParthenonThe Parthenon
Dedicated to the Goddess Athena Parthenon.
Built between 447 BCE and 438 BCE.
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New Technique: Phalanx• Each city-state had
citizen-soldiers • A new method of
fighting emerged called “phalanx”
• A massive formation of heavily armed foot soldiers that moved in unison
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SpartaSparta • Military Society• Gov: led by two kings and
20 counselors • largest and most
sophisticated army in the known world
• Forbade: trade, travel and free speech!
• Needed army to control slave (helot) population • Outnumbered 20 to 1
• Control lasted over 250 years.
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Spartan Military LifeArmy governed life What did it mean for a man? Trained in military -Started at age 7 -Marry at 20 but live in barracks -Retire at 60 53 years of service! •Males can vote at 30
Reading: Sparta, The training of Youth
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Athens• It is the place
where democracy was born.
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Pericles’ Funeral Oration ““Our constitution is called a Our constitution is called a democracy because power is in the democracy because power is in the hands not of a minority but of the hands not of a minority but of the whole people. whole people.
We alone regard a man who takes We alone regard a man who takes no interest in public affairs not as no interest in public affairs not as harmless, but as a useless harmless, but as a useless character.” character.”
--Pericles’ 431 B.C--Pericles’ 431 B.C.
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Athenian Democracy• Only those with both parents
born in Athens could have citizenship
• Athens had a direct democracy: all male citizens had the right to attend the Assembly and a vote.• met 40 times a year
• No elections, leaders chosen by drawing lots• Member of 500
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The Persian Wars: Overview
The threat of the powerful Persian empire united the Greek city-states.
Around 500B.C. Greeks Around 500B.C. Greeks were attacked by the were attacked by the PersiansPersiansGreeks joined together to Greeks joined together to fight Persiansfight Persians
3 Persian Wars3 Persian Wars (499-479 (499-479 BCE)BCE)
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The Impact of the Persian WarsThe Impact of the Persian Wars
1. Athens emerged as the most powerful city-state.
2. Athens used the Delian League (alliance of 150 city states) to create an Athenian empire.
3. With Pericles as its leader, Athens enters into its Golden Age!
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AlliaAlliaPeloponnesian War: Peloponnesian War: nce nce System Fails!System Fails!
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The Peloponnesian War: CAUSESThe Peloponnesian War: CAUSES
Sparta formed the Peloponnesian League Sparta and Athens rivaling for supremacy…
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The Peloponnesian War• 27 year war ensues • Pericles brings all the
people into the city • He depends on the navy,
high walls and food supplies to string out the war
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A Mysterious Plague Hits Athens!
• Plague destroys 1/3 of Athenian population
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The Peloponnesian War: EffectsThe Peloponnesian War: Effects
1. Persia gained control of many city-states
2. Defeated democracy in Greece
3. Sparta would eventually fall to Persia
4. Athen’s cultural influence continues
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The Three Great Greek ThinkersWho are they?Who are they?
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Socrates• “…the unexamined life is not
worth living.” • “Socratic Method” • question & answer approach;
helped people recognize they didn’t have all the answers!
• “Know thy self”… • Self-examination leads to
correct behavior and ethical living.
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•Seen by many to not believe in the gods
•Feared that he was corrupting the minds of the youth!
•He is found guilty and put to death! A scapegoat…
Socrates on Trial----WHY?Socrates on Trial----WHY?
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Great Philosophers of Greece
“The Death of Socrates” Painted in France in 1787
• How does it depict this famous man?
-Noble, dignified & forceful.
-He is ready to meet his death but not before he speaks his mind!
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• Author of Author of The Republic The Republic • No family or personal
property; common good government
• Yet the government should regulate every aspect of its citizens lives!
• Philosopher king should rule
Plato
Started a school Started a school called called
The AcademyThe Academy
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Aristotle• Supports family & personal
property • A government that features
three social classes • Favored a single virtuous,
strong ruler • Taught Alexander the Great
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Alexander the Great (336-323) B.C.E.
Accomplishments • Conquers Egypt, Mediterranean Sea region, Persia,
and far as Pakistan • Declared pharaoh in Egypt
• Alexander had encouraged blending by marrying a Persian woman and adopting Persian customs.
• Builds capital of Alexandria and many other– Center of the Hellenistic world
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The Empire of Alexander the GreatThe Empire of Alexander the Great
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The Legacy of Alexander
• 327 B.C.E. attempts to conquer India
• Alexander dies in Babylon of malaria after 13 years as king – Empire broken up into 3
Macedonian dynasties
• Alexander’s most lasting achievement was the spread of Greek culture
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Ancient RomeAncient Rome
From a Republic to an Empire From a Republic to an Empire
509 B.C.E – 476 CE 509 B.C.E – 476 CE
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Geography and RomeGeography and Rome1
• Why was it easier for the Romans to unite than the Greeks?
• Rome is located on the Italian Peninsula.
• Rich soil • Mild climate • Center of
Mediterranean Sea
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Roman Religion
• Adopted Greek gods • Jupiter is Zeus • Mars is Ares • Venus is Aphrodite
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Roman Republic Est. 507 BCE
• What is republic? • All citizens with the right
to vote choose their leaders.
• Is it a democracy?• Male citizens could attend,
but votes of wealthy class counted more
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Patricians Vs. Plebeians
• Patricians (senate 300)• Upper class aristocrats
who owned land and controlled the government & the economy
• Plebeians • Farmers, merchants,
artisans and traders• Who has the power?• Senate
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The Roman Republic: GovernmentThe Roman Republic: GovernmentSee handout…See handout…
300 men300 men
2211
Majority of Majority of PopulationPopulation
TribunesTribunes
PlebeiansPlebeians
SlavesSlavesNo No powerpower
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The Rule of Law: Five Basic Principles
• People equal under law • The accused can face accuser
and defend the charge • Decisions based on fairness• Innocent until proven guilty • Guilt must be clearly established
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Roman Dress
What was the fashion of the day? What was the fashion of the day? TogasTogas (upper class) (upper class), stolas, pallas, tunics, leather , stolas, pallas, tunics, leather
sandals, and palla cloaks for the soldiers!sandals, and palla cloaks for the soldiers!
Roman Clothing citizen, matron, magistrate, emperor, general, workman, slave
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The Republic’s Military• Who could serve in the
military?• First only patricians
served in the army • Senate turned to all
citizens including the plebeians to serve!
• What was the requirement?
• Must possess land
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The Punic Wars 264 -202 BCE
• Rome vs. Carthage• Fought 3 Punic Wars• Result: The
Mediterranean belongs to Rome
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The Rise of Julius Caesar• Elected consul in 60 B.C.• Accomplishments
• Conquered territories • Gaul, Germanic tribes, &
Britain • Seen as a military hero-• Becomes dictator for life
in 45 B.C.E
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Provided jobs for poor
Army veterans given land
Aligned with the solar year
Libraries, temples & Forum built
Course of Tiber River alteredBuilt roads & bridges to
connect empire
“All roads lead to Rome”
Colonies established for trade
Distributed free grain
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Roman EmpireEstablished
• The 500-year republic comes to an end.
• Civil wars were fought over the question of who should hold power
• The Roman senate gives Octavian the title of Augustus Caesar, or Exalted One; the first citizen of Rome.
• The age of the Roman Empire begins in 31 B.C.E
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Roman Empire• Augustus laid the foundation
for a stable government that would function well for 200 years.
• This period was called the Pax Romana.
• Romans were generally tolerant of all religions including Jews and Christians– As long as they respected
Roman Gods and Emperors
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Augustus’ Reforms Augustus’ Reforms 1. Created efficient civil service to enforce the
laws.
2. Opened up high-level jobs to men of talent, regardless of race.
3. Allowed cities and provinces to govern themselves.
4. Ordered a census, or population count, in order to make the tax system more fair.
5. Set up a postal service and issued unified monetary system of coins.
6. Employed the jobless.
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The Empire ExpandsThe Empire ExpandsThe Empire ExpandsThe Empire Expands
How did the empire maintain control and How did the empire maintain control and communication?communication?
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Good Emperors• Marcus Aurelius, last good
emperor of the Pax Romana era.
• Philosopher Emperor • His son Commodus began
the reign of bad emperors leading to Rome’s decline.
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Two Reformers
• Diocletian• Divided the empire into
two parts to make it easier to govern
• Fixed prices to slow inflation, or the rapid rise of prices
• Established laws to ensure steady production of food and goods
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Constantine
• Continued Diocletian’s reforms • Converted to Christianity and granted
toleration to Christians, which led to the rapid growth of Christianity
• Built a new capital at Constantinople, making the eastern part of the empire the center of power
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Divided Roman EmpireDivided Roman Empire
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Roman Achievements
• Technology• Developed concrete• Arches• Created aqueducts for piped water • Built an extensive road system over 50,000
miles
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Engineering Wonders…Engineering Wonders…
Roman Engineering
Accomplishments
Roman Roads
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Colosseum & Circus Maximus• Colosseum 80 C.E.
– Held gladiator & animal fights
• Held 50,000 people – Circus Maximus – Held chariot races – Held 250,000 – Bread and Circus
Policy• Used to control Roman
citizens
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The Roman Empire at Its HeightThe Roman Empire at Its Height
Roman power extended from Spain to Roman power extended from Spain to Egypt.Egypt.
2
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Divided Empire • Weaker co-emperor in Rome • Best generals serve eastern emperor • No western leadership • Capital moved to Constantinople
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Foreign InvasionsForeign Invasions
•A weakened Rome could not withstand the forces of Hun and Germanic invasions.
•476 CE end of the Western Roman empire
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Review: The Decline Review: The Decline and Fall of Romeand Fall of Rome
5
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Spread of ChristianitySpread of Christianity