UNIT 3 “Starting a UNIT 3 “Starting a Nation”Nation”OBJECTIVES ( YOU SHOULD KNOW)

1- Describe the Early Government of U.S. 2- List the weaknesses of the A. of C. 3- Evaluate the causes & effects of Shay’s

Rebellion 4-Describe the issues resulting in the

Philadelphia Convention 6-Describe the Roles of George Washington

and James Madison 7-Explain the different issues that lead to

the Great Compromise 8-Explain the Federalist & Anti-Federalists 9-Describe the Ratification Process,

including the Federalist Papers and the Bill of Rights

SQR-3 TOPICS (Reading pages 1-3)

Articles of Confederation Weaknesses of the

Articles of Confederation

Debtor’s v. Creditors Shay’s Rebellion Philadelphia Convention Role of George

Washington Role of James Madison

Large State Plan Small State Plan Great Compromise Slavery Debate and

Compromise Federalist v.

Anti-Federalist

The Federalist Papers

Ratification The Bill of Rights

Between the end of the American Revolution in 1783 and the and the Constitutional Convention, in 1787, the survival of the

United States was in question in large part because the government created by the

Articles of Confederation was very weak – powerless to deal with our problems.

The Articles of Confederation were written The Articles of Confederation were written in 1777 but were not adopted until 1781. in 1777 but were not adopted until 1781. They created a confederation of They created a confederation of independent states within a weak central independent states within a weak central government, partly because of the colonial government, partly because of the colonial experience under British control. The experience under British control. The inherent weakness of the Articles of inherent weakness of the Articles of Confederation led to the near-breakdown of Confederation led to the near-breakdown of government and prompted the calling of a government and prompted the calling of a convention in Philadelphia in May 1787 to convention in Philadelphia in May 1787 to revise them. Instead, a new government revise them. Instead, a new government structure was conceived, and the document structure was conceived, and the document known as the Constitution was adoptedknown as the Constitution was adopted..

The Constitutional Convention established The Constitutional Convention established the framework of a federal government. the framework of a federal government. Success was achieved largely by means of Success was achieved largely by means of compromise. The result was a plan, compromise. The result was a plan, introduced by James Madison of Virginia, introduced by James Madison of Virginia, which divided power between the states and which divided power between the states and the national government. Major issues which the national government. Major issues which were resolved included representation of were resolved included representation of large and small states, how to count the large and small states, how to count the slave population in the South for purposes slave population in the South for purposes of representation, what kind of executive of representation, what kind of executive should represent the nation, how the should represent the nation, how the executive should be chosen, how the executive should be chosen, how the judiciary should be organized, and how the judiciary should be organized, and how the Constitution could be changed, including the Constitution could be changed, including the Bill of Rights added as the first 10 Bill of Rights added as the first 10 amendments to the Constitution – along amendments to the Constitution – along with their significance.with their significance.

Articles of Confederation and Shays’ Rebellion The Articles of Confederation were written during the

American Revolution. It reflected Americans’ fear of a powerful national government. As a result, it created a government that had no executive branch and lacked the power to tax, regulate commerce, or establish one national currency. The Articles gave individual states more power than the national government had. As a result, conflicts between the states threatened the existence of the nation. The political weakness of the United States and its potential for collapse left it vulnerable to attack by foreign countries and convinced many influential Americans to support a Constitutional Convention. Political leaders were further motivated by Shays’ Rebellion, which they felt set a precedent for mob rule. Daniel Shays led more than a thousand farmers who, like him, were burdened with personal debts caused by economic problems stemming from the states’ Revolutionary War debts. Shays and his men tried to seize a federal arsenal in Massachusetts in just one of many protests debt-ridden farmers made during this period. Without the power to tax, America’s weak government could not repair the national economy.

Responding to Shay’s Rebellion, George Washington supported the establishment of a stronger central government. In May 1787, he was elected president of the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia, where he and the Founding Fathers created a federalist form of government.

The Great Compromise One of the greatest issue facing the delegates to the Constitutional

Convention was how different sized states could have equal representation in the new government. States with large populations supported a plan to create a legislative branch in which representatives were assigned based on each state’s population. States with smaller populations supported a plan to create a legislative branch in which all states were equally represented. Delegates to the Constitutional Convention settled the issue of representation in Congress by approving the Great Compromise. This compromise helped “save” the Constitution by settling the dispute between states with large populations and states with small populations. It combined components of the two plans by establishing a national legislature to which representatives were elected based on a state’s population rather than one in which all states were equally represented. The compromise called for the creation of a legislature with two chambers, a House of Representatives with representation based on population and a Senate with equal representation for all states.

Slavery Another divisive and controversial issue that confronted

delegates to the Constitutional Convention was slavery. Though slavery existed in all the states, southern states depended on slave labor because their economies were based on producing cash crops. When it became clear that states with large populations might have more representatives in the new national government, states with large slave populations demanded to be allowed to count their slaves as a part of their population. Northern states resisted. Both sides compromised by allowing the states to count Three-Fifths of their slaves when calculating their entire population. Also, to protect the practice of slavery, states with large numbers of slaves demanded that the new government allow for the continuation of the slave trade for 20 years and that Northern states return runaway slaves to their owners. Delegates to the Constitutional Convention agreed to these demands.

Federalists and Anti-Federalists Writing the Constitution was just the first step in creating the

new government. Before the Constitution could take effect, the states had to accept, or ratify, it. As soon as the contents of the Constitution were published, a group of influential people spoke out against it. These people came to be known as the anti-Federalists. They believed the government created by the Constitution would be too powerful and would eliminate the power of the states. They also argued that the Constitution did not describe the rights guaranteed to the states and to each citizen. To counter these claims, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and others wrote a series of articles that supported ratification of the Constitution and explained the intent behind its major provisions, known as The Federalist papers, so supporters of the Constitution were known as Federalists. To overcome the anti-Federalist argument that the Constitution failed to include a statement of states’ rights and individuals’ rights, Madison created the Bill of Rights, which would be added to the Constitution after it was ratified. The Federalist papers, the promise of the Bill of Rights, and the efforts of Federalists convinced a majority of voters to support the Constitution, and ratify the new Federal form of government

UNIT 3 “Starting a UNIT 3 “Starting a Nation”Nation”OBJECTIVES ( YOU SHOULD KNOW)

1- Describe the Early Government of U.S. 2- List the weaknesses of the A. of C. 3- Evaluate the causes & effects of Shay’s

Rebellion 4-Describe the issues resulting in the

Philadelphia Convention 6-Describe the Roles of George Washington

and James Madison 7-Explain the different issues that lead to

the Great Compromise 8-Explain the Federalist & Anti-Federalists 9-Describe the Ratification Process,

including the Federalist Papers and the Bill of Rights

“The NEW United States” (will we last as a country?) Articles of Confederation

–PROBLEMS Foreign Affairs Economic Political Unity

Foreign– British refuse to leave Great Lakes

We don’t pay our debts

– 1784 Spain closes Mississippi River

What can we do about it?– Nation Government is WEAK– States divided about issues

Not my problem mentality

PROBLEMSCreating a Nation

PROBLEMS Economic

– HUGE DEBT ($160 million) Continental Congress borrowed from foreign

nations Congress & States sell BONDS to pay for war States & Congress Printed money (worthless) No taxes, or tariffs to PAY Debts

– Debtors v. Lenders High Taxes in states to pay back Debts Paper Currency (print or not print)

Political– NO National Unity– States Interests 1st over national interests/needs– Small states v. Large states powers/fears– NEW Northwest Lands (Who Gets What-How

Much)

NORTHWEST TERRITORY “Who will have authority to decide how this land will be

divided”? States v. National Gov’t Land Rich & Money Poor = 1785 Land Ordinance (TJ)

– SALE land in small parcels, good for poor people

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

How States would develop out of the new territories

- Townships (36 acres) -encouraged education - Ohio Company -provided a bill of rights

-encourage Religion -prohibit slavery -Marietta (1st settlement) North of the Ohio River

Established a National Policy (Model) for how all new territories can become a STATE

WEAKNESS ofArticles of Confederation

Central Government only had a Congress, 13 delegates( 1 delegate, 1 vote)

Required 9 of 13 “yes” votes to pass a law LACK OF LEGISLATIVE POWERS NO Chief Executive to “Enforce Laws” NO national court to interpret the Laws an Amendment required unanimous vote

could NOT “tax”, only request that the states send funds (requests ignored)

could print “money”, but States also issued their own money as well causing a large supply “cheap money”

could NOT recruit an army, only “request” that states to supply troops

could NOT control commerce or trade between states or countries (each state had their OWN regulations about trade)

could NOT settle disputes between states

“THE CRITIAL PERIOD” (will we last as a country?)

Britian refuses to let go & leave Spain closes the Mississippi River Domestic problems

( Creditors vs Lendors ) - Shay’s Rebellion

May 1787 –Philadelphia Convention– Constitutional Convention

Country DIVIDED OPINIONS threatens the future

NEED to KNOW

1- Identify the divisions at the convention & the agreements that were reached

2- Role of James Madison at the Convention

3- Analyze the structure of the our New Federal Republic Government

UNIT 3 “Starting a UNIT 3 “Starting a Nation”Nation”OBJECTIVES ( YOU SHOULD KNOW)

1- Describe the Early Government of U.S. 2- List the weaknesses of the A. of C. 3- Evaluate the causes & effects of Shay’s

Rebellion 4-Describe the issues resulting in the

Philadelphia Convention 6-Describe the Roles of George Washington

and James Madison 7-Explain the different issues that lead to

the Great Compromise 8-Explain the Federalist & Anti-Federalists 9-Describe the Ratification Process,

including the Federalist Papers and the Bill of Rights

UNIT 3 “Starting a UNIT 3 “Starting a Nation”Nation”OBJECTIVES ( YOU SHOULD KNOW)

1- Describe the Early Government of U.S. 2- List the weaknesses of the A. of C. 3- Evaluate the causes & effects of Shay’s

Rebellion 4-Describe the issues resulting in the

Philadelphia Convention 6-Describe the Roles of George Washington

and James Madison 7-Explain the different issues that lead to

the Great Compromise 8-Explain the Federalist & Anti-Federalists 9-Describe the Ratification Process,

including the Federalist Papers and the Bill of Rights

“ Philadelphia Convention”

Philadelphia summer of 1787

“Constitutional Convention”Divided Points of ViewSTATE (local)

States Rights (people)

Feared a Strong National Gov’t

“Popular Rule” Common People

did NOT trust the wealthy business

NATIONAL Must give the

National Gov’t some authority (feared lack of order)

did NOT trust “common people”

only the Rich support would work

Conflict lead to Compromise New Jersey Plan: “Unicameral”

- each state has 1 Vote - “Federal Law = Law of the Land”

Virginia Plan : “Bicameral” legislature - checks and balances (population)

The Great Compromise = Bicameral - House of Representatives pop.30,000 - Senate by state ( 2 per state)

James Madison father of Constitution– CHECKS & BALANCES (3 branches)

-legislative, executive, judicial George Washington preside over convention

Montesquieu was one of the great political philosophers of the Enlightenment He saw despotism, in particular, as a standing danger

for any government not already despotic, and

argued that it could best be prevented by a system in which different bodies exercised legislative, executive, and judicial power, and in which all those bodies were bound by the rule of law.

This theory of the separation of powersseparation of powers had an enormous impact on political theory, and on the framers of the

constitution of the United States of America. In The Spirit of the Laws Montesquieu holds that there three types of governments: Republican governments,

which can take either democratic or aristocratic forms; monarchies; and despotisms.

On Montesquieu's view, the VIRTUEVIRTUE required by a functioning democracy is not natural. It requires "a constant preference of public a constant preference of public interest over private interestinterest over private interest" (SL 4.5); it "limits ambition to the sole desire, to the sole happiness, of doing greater services to our country than the rest of our fellow citizens" (SL 5.3); and it "is a self-renunciation, which is ever arduous and painful" (SL 4.5).

To produce this unnatural self-renunciationunnatural self-renunciation, "the the whole power of education is requiredwhole power of education is required" (SL 4.5). A democracy must educate its A democracy must educate its citizens to identify their interests with the citizens to identify their interests with the interests of their country, and should have interests of their country, and should have censors to preserve its mores. It should censors to preserve its mores. It should seek to establish frugality by law, so as to seek to establish frugality by law, so as to prevent its citizens from being tempted to prevent its citizens from being tempted to advance their own private interests at the advance their own private interests at the expense of the public goodexpense of the public good;

Democracies can be corrupted in two ways: by what Montesquieu calls "the spirit of inequality" and "the spirit of extreme equality" (SL 8.2).

The spirit of inequality arises when citizens The spirit of inequality arises when citizens no longer identify their interests with the no longer identify their interests with the interests of their countryinterests of their country, and therefore seek both to advance their own private interests at the expense of their fellow citizens, and to acquire political power over them.

The spirit of extreme equality arises when The spirit of extreme equality arises when the people are no longer content to be equal the people are no longer content to be equal as citizens, but want to be as citizens, but want to be equal in every equal in every respectrespect.

When the spirit of extreme equality takes When the spirit of extreme equality takes root, however, the citizens neither respect root, however, the citizens neither respect nor obey any magistrate and the last nor obey any magistrate and the last remnants of VIRTUE will disappearremnants of VIRTUE will disappear.

Slave Trade Compromise - abolished during Rev. War

- Congress would NOT do anything about slave trade until 1808

(deadline) Three-Fifths Compromise

- population for Congress / Taxation -control the power of the slave states

(FEDERALISM) Powers are Divided and Shared States had ALL the power under Articles of Confederation

- Delegated powers = National Government– Given some power from the states

- Reserved powers = States– States kept some powers for the states

“Ratifying the Constitution”

Federalists - favored the strong National government of the Constitution (disorder)– Washington, Hamilton, Madison

Anti-federalists – national gov’t as threat to the power of the states and individuals – Patrick Henry, Thomas Jefferson,

Ratify (approve) 9 of 13 – Delaware– 3 delegates refuse to sign w/o a Bill of Rights

Federalist Papers ( 85 essays) (Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, John Jay)

The Federalist PapersFederalist Papers were written and published during the years 1787 and 1788 in several New York

State newspapers to persuade New York

voters to ratify the proposed constitution.

In total, the Federalist Papers consist of 85 essays outlining how this new government would operate and why this type of government was the best choice for the United States of America. All of the essays were signed "PUBLIUS" and the actual authors of some are under dispute,

but the general consensus is that Alexander Alexander HamiltonHamilton

wrote 52, James MadisonJames Madison wrote 28, and

John JayJohn Jay wrote the remaining 5.

NO “BILL OF RIGHTS”– Federalists (not necessary)

– Anti-Federalists (want a guarantee of rights)

Rules of Changing The Constitution 2/3 vote of Congress or States Call New Constitutional Convention

Ratification by 3/4 of the States Electoral College ( Electors appointed)

- NO Popular (people) vote for President Judicial Review” by Supreme Court

- (Federal-Law of the Land)

Pg. 142 CHART

KEY CONFLICTS during the Constitutional Convention

National v. State Issues and others

Pg. 143 CHARTBalance of Power

* Checks and Balances*

Legislative Powers– Executive Checks– Judicial Checks

Executive Powers– Legislative Checks– Judicial Checks

Judicial Powers– Executive

Checks– Legislative

Checks

Checks & Balances Chart Legislative Executive

Judicial __________ ___________ __________ __________ ___________ __________ __________ ___________ __________ __________ ___________ __________ __________ ___________ __________ __________ ___________ __________ you must be able to draw this chart and explain how each branch of the government “CHECKS the power of the other branches

Powers Legislative Executive Judicial LAWS make laws veto unconst.

Overide veto MONEY how much spend unconst. JOBS how many hires/work unconst. MILT declare War commander unconst. Foreign sign treaty negotiate unconst. Judges how many appoints LIFE