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Michigan Citizenship Collaborative Curriculum Page 1 of 11 Copyright © 2010-2016 by Oakland Schools September 2, 2016
Unit 3: Migration and Urbanization (Lessons 5-7)
Introduction Have you ever moved to a new place? If you have, there was probably a very strong reason that motivated your family to pack up everything you own and move. Sociologists characterize the reasons people leave a particular location as “push factors”. Push factors propel people away from their current residence. They are the reasons people have for leaving such as war, crime, loss of a job, or a poor school district. When people relocate, however, they have to decide where they will go. Sociologists call the reasons people choose a particular place to settle “pull factors”. Pull factors include such reasons as peace, job opportunities, or an exemplary school district that motivate people to select the particular location of their new home. Early Migration Humans have been migrating, or moving, since their earliest times. Archaeological evidence has placed the earliest humans in East Africa. The map below shows historians’ hypotheses of the earliest migration routes based on available evidence.
What factors may have caused the migration of early humans out of Africa?
Many historians and anthropologists believe that as the population grew,
people experienced shortages of food and land. This led groups of people
to migrate to new places in search of food and more space. In addition,
6
Figure 1 Source: http://worldhistoryforusall.sdsu.edu/eras/era2.php
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Use the link below to see an animation of the land bridge theory:
<http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/parcs/atlas/beringia/lbridge.html>
climate may have played a role. For example, climate change may have
affect food supplies, causing people to migrate in search of food.
The Land Bridge Theory
Historians and others have wondered who the first people to live in the
Americas were and where they came from. To figure this out, historians
work with another type of social scientist called archaeologists.
Archaeologists study ancient cultures through the examination of artifacts,
buildings, and other remaining material evidence. By working together to
investigate who the first Americans were, historians, archaeologists and
anthropologists use the evidence to construct an idea about what probably
happened.
Since we cannot know for sure, social scientists call their ideas theories. A
theory is an idea or a set of ideas based on evidence that explain facts or
events. Theories are ideas that are presented as possibly true based on
the available evidence, but have not been proven to be true.
One theory about how people migrated
to the Americas is called the land
bridge theory. Social scientists believe
that about 12,000 years ago, climate
change resulted in the creation of a
land bridge between Asia and North
America. Using this bridge, people from
Asia migrated into North America
following the large animals that were
their main food source. Evidence has
been uncovered to support the land
bridge theory.
Figure 2 Source: http://chinese-unicorn.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/image063.jpg
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New discoveries and
new technologies are
now causing some
historians to question
the land bridge theory.
Historians have
uncovered new
evidence including
artifacts that date back
further than 12,000
years ago, which may
support the idea of
additional routes to the
Americas. Although
there are disputes
about when and how the first people came to the Americas, there are
certain points upon which social scientists agree:
These original settlers were able to adapt or to fit the environment.
Without wheeled vehicles or riding animals, they were able to spread
across South and North America.
As conditions changed, these early Americans began to hunt smaller
animals and gather food like berries and food plants. They developed
nets and hooks for fishing.
Eventually, they began to farm. This allowed them to live in
more permanent settlements.
As they spread across the Americas, these people developed
hundreds of separate cultures with different languages, types of
shelters, art forms, and traditions. We have come to know these
people as Native Americans.
Remember, these migrations took thousands and thousands of years to
occur. Migrations today are vastly different.
Figure 3: MC3 Project. Graphic Organizer. SS060306.
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Global Migration Earlier, we learned that population
growth is related to birth rates and
death rates. However, the movement
of people also plays a role in population
increase or decrease. Migration is the
movement of people to a new area or
country. People who migrate into a
region are called immigrants, but to the
people and places they leave behind,
they are called emigrants. So,
immigrants want to come into a new
place, whereas emigrants want to exit
their current residence.
Thus, immigration is the process of non-native people into a country in
order to settle there. Emigration is the process of leaving one country to
take up permanent or semi-permanent residence. Most people in the world
do not want to emigrate from the country of their birth. However, a person
can be motivated to permanently move to a new country due to push
factors, pull factors, and/or networks. A network includes the people who
have paved the way during the migration process. Family members who
already live in another country, potential employers in the new country, or
even smugglers who are paid to help a person cross a border can provide
a network for newcomers.
One important way that social scientists examine a country’s migration
information is by calculating its net migration. Net migration is the total
effect of immigration and emigration on an area’s population in a given
period. It is calculated by taking the number if immigrants per 1000 and
subtracting out the number of emigrants per 1000. If a country gains more
immigrants than the emigrants it loses, it will have a positive net migration.
However, if more emigrants leave a country than the immigrants who move
in, there will be a negative net migration. A summary of the net effect of
migration on countries around the world can be seen in the map below.
Figure 4: MC3 Project. Graphic Organizer. SS060302.
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Net migration numbers can vary greatly across the world. If a country is
experiencing a civil war, it might have a high negative net migration as
people flee from violence. When people are forced to leave their country to
escape war, persecution, or because a natural disaster has made their
home uninhabitable, they are called refugees. A neighboring nation
experiencing peace may then have a very high net migration as refugees
flood across the border into their country.
One apparent pattern seen in the map above is the general tendency for
more developed countries to have higher net migrations. Conversely, less
developed countries will often have negative net migrations. This makes
sense because people in less developed countries are often pushed to
emigrate because of economic factors. Also, more-developed countries
often pull immigrants across their borders with pull factors such as job
opportunities.
Migration can be a very divisive issue. Some people feel that migration is a
positive event and that people should not be restricted to their country of
birth. Sometimes, however, people do not welcome migrants. This type of
reaction is seen more commonly in industrialized countries. Immigration
restrictions are often sought to prevent resulting economic, political,
environmental or cultural effects.
2008 Net Migration
Figure 5: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net_migration_rate#mediaviewer/File:Net_migration_rate_world.PNG
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Regardless of how people feel about it,
international migration is at an all-time high
and is likely to continue. As long as some
countries offer better economic
opportunities, there will be people who want
to immigrate to those places. Also,
advances in communication and
transportation have made mobility easier
and more affordable for migrants.
Urbanization
Urbanization is the process by which cities
are created. Urbanization is the movement
of people from rural to urban areas. This
type of movement has been happening on
Earth for a long time. Even in the great
ancient river civilizations, once men learned
to farm and store food, the resulting food
surpluses allowed for specialization. This
spawned the development of new types of
jobs in village-based societies. People moved
to these areas to fill these jobs, and they
became the first “urban” dwellers.
The Industrial Revolution of the
20th century accelerated the rate
of urbanization. During this time
in the United States and in many
European countries, there was a
shift from agricultural-based
economies toward machine-
based manufacturing. Inventions
and technological innovations
created the factory system of
large-scale machine production.
These factories created jobs, and
Figure 6: MC3 Project. Graphic Organizer. SS060305
Figure 7 Source:
http://africasacountry.files.wordpress.com/2011/02/getimage.jpeg
Figure 8 Source: World Urbanization Prospects. United Nations. Department of Economic and Social Affairs. 30 November 2012
<http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/ppt/CSIS/WUP_2011_CSIS_4.pdf>.
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To see a visual representation of the world urbanization trend, use the link below:
http://www.unicef.org/sowc2012/urbanmap.
people from rural areas moved closer to the factories in the hope of finding
jobs and perhaps better lives.
After the Industrial Revolution, the pace of urbanization on Earth continued
to accelerate, especially in areas of Latin America, Asia, and Africa. For
the first time in the history of the world, there are more people living in
urban than in rural areas. Some of these cities are larger than ever
imagined. A megacity is an urban area with more than 10 million residents.
In 1950, there were only two megacities in the entire world, New York and
Tokyo. However, by 2025, demographers predict that there will be 27
megacities. Tokyo, Japan is expected to have more than 36 million
citizens! Such changes taking place over a mere 75 years is sure to make
a long-lasting impact on the world.
Benefits of Urbanization Why are so many people choosing to migrate to cities? Sometimes there
are push factors such as environmental damage, a lack of jobs, or a poor
standard of living that motivate people to leave rural areas. On the other
hand, urban areas may offer opportunities that cause people to want to live
there such as jobs, a higher standard of living, better educational
opportunities, or a greater variety of goods and cultural activities. In
addition, urban areas typically offer a higher life expectancy, lower poverty,
and can provide essential services, like water and electricity, more cheaply
than in rural areas.
Problems with Urbanization
Despite the many advantages of urban life, there are also some problems
that result when so many people live in a concentrated area. These
problems can include traffic congestion, air pollution, safety issues,
excessive garbage, and lack of green space.
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Lastly, some cities have run-down areas
where housing and services such as water
and sanitation are inadequate. These
areas are commonly referred to as slums.
Slums are frequently a part of urbanization
especially when it occurs rapidly. Slums
occur in cities all around the world but may
be called by different terms such as
shantytowns or favelas.
Population, Migration, and Urbanization
as Global Issues
Are there global issues related to population, migration, and urbanization?
Remember that global problems are problems that affect the whole of the
earth and potentially all of the people who live on it. Some problems may
be considered global because solving them requires the cooperation of
Figure 9: Problems with urbanization
Figure 10: Slum in Mumbai, India. Source: World Urbanization Prospects. United Nations. Department of Economic and Social Affairs. 30 November 2012 <http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/ppt/CSIS/WUP_2011_CSIS_4.pdf>.
Source: World Urbanization Prospects. United Nations. Department of Economic and Social Affairs. 30 November 2012 <http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/ppt/CSIS/WUP_2011_CSIS_4.pdf>.
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many regions and people in order to solve them. Sometimes, however,
problems affect smaller regions but appear in many different places on
Earth. When localized problems reoccur in many different places on the
planet such as those relating to population, migration and urbanization,
they can be considered global problems. Additionally, many global
problems are often interconnected, or linked together. For example, rapid
urbanization is connected to environmental problems such as air pollution.
When a problem recurs in different locations, it is often helpful to learn from
how others have addressed the problem. Curitiba, Brazil offers solutions to
some of the potential problems created by urbanization such as pollution,
traffic congestion, and the lack of green spaces. The solutions in Curitiba
did not happen overnight. Rather, the people of Curitiba designed a master
plan to address the ill effects of its rapidly growing population. For
example, to combat pollution, Curitiba promotes recycling. In fact, at 70
percent, it has the highest recycling rate in the world. To ease traffic
congestion, city planners
used existing roadways to
create an economical,
comprehensive, and
efficient bus system which
as decreased car traffic by
30 percent over the last 20
years, even though the
population tripled during
this period.
Curitiba also tackled both slum housing and the lack of green spaces in an
innovative way. Many of the city’s poorest citizens lived with no utilities in a
slum area on a flood plain. Heavy winter rains would wash the slum trash
into the city water supply creating a sanitation problem. Curitiba planners
built low-income housing for these people away from the floodplain and
converted the floodplain land into a park. Through careful planning,
Curitiba has become a shining example of innovative urban planning.
Figure 11: A bus in Curitiba. Source: http://www.curitiba-brazil.com/
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To learn more about Curitiba, use the following link: http://vimeo.com/26896483>.
Global Problems Related to Population
There are several global problems related to population, migration and
urbanization:
Rapid population growth in less developed countries
High number of dependents in many countries
Aging populations in more developed countries
Irregular, or illegal, migration
Refugees
Air pollution in cities
Slums
Rapid urbanization
Urban sprawl/lack of green space
Figure 12: Curitiba, Brazil Source: http://www.curitiba-brazil.com/
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These problems are being addressed in
many different ways by various local,
state, national and international efforts.
In Detroit, Wayne State University’s
Institute of Gerontology is working with
other local agencies to collect
demographic data about the elderly
living in Detroit. This information will be
helpful for planning in the future. In the
United States, for example, the federal
government has an agency that is
charged with protecting human health
and the environment. This agency is
called the Environmental Protection Agency (EPS). The EPA helps set
regulations to protect people from contaminated water, soil and air. Some
of these problems are common in urban areas. The World Bank Institute is
a global connector of knowledge, learning, and innovation for poverty
reduction for places around the world.
Figure 14: MC3 Project. Unit Graphic Organizer. SS0603.
Figure 13: MC3 Project. Graphic Organizer. SS060308.