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BCLN BIOLOGY 12 – Rev July 2014

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Unit 3 ~ Learning Guide Name:________________ INSTRUCTIONS Complete the following notes and questions as you work through the related lessons. You are required to have this package completed BEFORE you write your unit test. Do your best and ask questions about anything that you don't understand BEFORE you write the unit test. U3L1 NOTES: INTRODUCTION (web notes and video) The study of cells had its birth with the invention of the ___________________ became a product of the 19th century. As biologists became increasingly familiar with the detailed features of organism they were able to make certain generalizations about cells.

In the late 1830's two German biologists, _________________ (botanist) and ______________________, (a zoologists) made similar claims. They realized that all organisms they were studying were composed of cells. Their discoveries are now generalized as: "The cell is the building block of all organisms."

A few years later, ____________________________ added the observation that "cells come from pre-existing cells." These two statements comprise what is now known as the __________________________________. Prokaryotic Cells - Primitive (simple) cells. Do not contain a nucleus or many cell organelles, other than ribosomes, because prokaryotic cells lack internal membranes. The only known Kingdom to consist of prokaryotic cells are the Monera.


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Basic Structures of a Prokaryotic Cell

Eukaryotic Cells - Complex cells

- ______________________________________________________________

- ______________________________________________________________

- ______________________________________________________________

- Examples of Eukaryotic cells include Plants, Animals,

Protists, Fungi. Prokaryotic cells are considered to be less efficient than Eukaryotic cells because the chemical reactions occur all over the cytoplasm rather than in areas of specialization.


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Animal Cells versus Plant Cells (Eukaryotic Cells)

Key Structures of the Animal Cell

Key Structures of the Plant Cell

YOU SHOULD WATCH THE PROKAYOTIC VERSUS EUAYOTIC CELLS

VIDEO BEFORE PROCEEDING ANY FURTHER!


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U3L1 PRACTICE: INTRODUCTION

1. What invention was necessary to enable humans to initially study cells? (1 mark)

2. What are the two key principles of the cell theory? (2 marks)

3. Prokaryotic cells differ from Eukaryotic cells:

a. What is the major structural difference? (1 mark)

b. This structural difference leads to a functional difference, what is the major functional difference? (1 mark)


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4. Please compare and contrast the structures/organelles of animal and plant cells in the Venn diagram provided below. (6 marks)

ANIMAL ONLY PLANT ONLY BOTH


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U3L2 NOTES: CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION (web notes and video) Overview of Animal Cell Structure/Function Please be sure to study this diagram in detail! Organelles Nucleus

- Largest Organelle - Surrounded by a double-layered membrane

(_______________________). - Membrane has pores through which larger

molecules pass (_____________________) - _______________________________________

______________________ (the brain). - Contains a fluid called the nucleoplasm. - Contains chromatin (______ strands which forms

chromosomes during cell division).


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Nucleolus - Dark region in the Nucleoplasm. - One or more found in the nucleus. - Site where ribosomal RNA (____________) is produced or stored. - Involved in interactions between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.

Chromatin

- The _____________________________________ of the cell.

- Condenses to form _______________________ during cell division.

- Composed of ______________________________________ Chromosomes

- Rod - shaped bodies in the nucleus, particularly during cell division.

- Contains the ___________________________ (genes) - Condensed chromatin

Each eukaryotic species has a characteristic number of chromosomes. A typical human cell has 46 chromosomes, but sex cells (eggs and sperm) have only 23 chromosomes.

YOU SHOULD WATCH THE STRUCTURES OF THE NUCLEUS VIDEO BEFORE PROCEEDING ANY FURTHER!

Cytoplasm - A colloidal substance, which can change from the

gel (solid) to the sol (liquid) state with the addition of heat or change in metabolic activity.

- Contains and supports _______________________ _________________________________________

Cell Membrane or Plasma Membrane

- Composed of __________________ _________________________ (fats with Phosphorous).

- Acts as a ___________ around the cells contents.

- Acts as a _________________ ______________________________to allow movement of materials in and out of the cell.

- Located around the outside of the


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cell. - Single membrane around the vacuoles, lysosomes, E.R., Golgi Apparatus. - Double membrane around __________________________________________

_________________________________. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum - System of interconnected flattened

tubes, sacs, or canals. - Begins at the _________________

________________________________________ to the cell membrane.

- _____________________________ from one area to another.

- Location of lipid manufacture. Cells that produce steroid hormones have abundant smooth ER.

- Sections of both types of ER can break free "blebbing" to produce small membrane bound sacs of either proteins or lipids called _____________________________.

- Contains enzymes that synthesize lipids and related products such as steroids.

- Also seems to have _____________ _____________________________ _____________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

Frequent exposure to drugs and toxins leads to the proliferation of smooth ER, increasing tolerance to the target and other drugs.

- Amount of smooth ER in a cell increases or decreases depending on the cell's _________________.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

- Like Smooth ER, but with attached _________________________.

- Abundant in cells that produce large amounts of ____________________ for export from the cell.


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Golgi Body or Golgi Apparatus - Stack of a half dozen or more flattened

sacs. - On one side receives ______________

______________________________________________________________

- Sorts the proteins and packages them in vesicles at the other side.

- From here the vesicles _____________ ______________________________________________________________

- Many transport vesicles from the ER travel to the ______________________ for modification of their contents.

- The Golgi is a center of ____________ ______________________________________________________________

- The Golgi apparatus is especially extensive in cells specialized for secretion.

YOU SHOULD WATCH THE ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM VIDEO AND THE GOLGI APPARATUS VIDEO BEFORE PROCEEDING ANY FURTHER!

Vacuoles

- ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Vesicles

- Small vacuoles - Storage site for ________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

- Can be made by the ____________________________ - _____________________________________________

_____________________________________________ Lysosomes

- Special vacuoles formed by the ________________________ (double membrane)

- Contains powerful ______________ __________________ used to digest


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substances entering the cell or organelles that are of no further use (autodigestion).

Several inherited diseases affect lysosomal metabolism.

- These individuals lack a functioning version of a normal hydrolytic enzyme. - These diseases include Pompe's disease in the liver and Tay-Sachs disease in

the brain.

YOU SHOULD WATCH THE VACUOLE VIDEO BEFORE PROCEEDING ANY FURTHER!

Ribosomes

- Contain ____________________________________________ subunits. - Function as sites for ____________________________________. - Found on E.R. (proteins for export) or in the cytoplasm (proteins for use in the

cell). - Several ribosomes together in a line, all producing the same protein is called a

__________________________________. - Cell types that synthesize large quantities of proteins (e.g., pancreas) have large

numbers of ribosomes and prominent nuclei. - This endomembrane system plays a key role in the synthesis (and hydrolysis) of

macromolecules in the cell. Mitochondria

- Burn glucose to produce _________________ _____________________________________.

- Use up oxygen and give off carbon dioxide (________________________________________________________________________)

- Equation for cellular respiration: C6H12O + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy


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- Composed of two membranes. - Considered the __________________________ of the cell. - Their inner membranes loop back and forth through the inner fluid, matrix, of the

mitochondria increasing its surface area and producing shelf-like structures called ____________________.

- This inner membrane is the __________________________________________ ________________________________________.

YOU SHOULD WATCH THE MITOCHONDRIA VIDEO

BEFORE PROCEEDING ANY FURTHER! Cytoskeleton

- Provides internal structure to maintain the cell's __________________, anchor the organelles, and allow them to move when appropriate.

- Composed of ______________________ __________________________________

Cilia

- Short, numerous, hair-like projections that are used for ______________________ __________________________________

- Membrane-bound collections of microtubules

Flagella - Like cilia but can be much longer. - __________________________________

_________________________________________________________ (sperm).


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U3L2 PRACTICE: CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

1. Please state the main functions of each of the following organelles (6 marks):

a. nucleus

b. cell membrane

c. mitochondria

d. endoplasmic reticulum

e. ribosomes

f. Golgi bodies


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2. Using a pencil, do a line drawing of an animal cell. Indicate and label as many organelles as possible. (5 marks)

3. The nucleolus is an important structure in the cell:

a. Where is it located? (1 mark)

b. What molecule does it produce? (1 mark)

c. What is the function of this molecule? (1 mark)


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4. Vacuoles are important organelles in the cell:

a. Where are they located? (1 mark)

b. What are their functions? (2 marks)

c. How are they different from vesicles? (2 marks)

5. Hydrolytic enzymes are very important to cellular function:

a. What organelle are they predominantly found in? (1 mark)

b. What are some of the key functions of this organelle? (2 marks)

6. Compare and contrast the structure and functions of the smooth ER and the rough ER. (4 marks)

7. Why do cells of the testes, liver and adrenal glands have extensive amounts of smooth ER? (1 mark)


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8. Thinking of the various organelles and their associated functions, list 5 activities that all animal cells must perform to stay alive. (5 marks)

U3L3 NOTES: CELL STRUCTURAL INTERDEPENDANCE (web notes) A cell is a living unit greater than the sum of its parts. While the cell has many structures that have specific functions, they must work together.

- The enzymes of the lysosomes and proteins of the cytoskeleton are synthesized at the ribosomes.

- The information for these proteins comes from genetic messages sent by DNA in the nucleus.

- All of these processes require energy in the form of ATP, most of which is supplied by the mitochondria.

Summary Sections of both types of ___________ can break free (blebbing) to produce small membrane bound sacs of either ______________________________ bound in structures called vesicles. The vesicles move through the cytoplasm and join into another membranous structure called the Golgi apparatus. At first glance the __________________________________ is similar looking to smooth E.R. The Golgi apparatus _____________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________. Either way, new vesicles bleb off. Those destined for ____________________________________ __________________________ and ______________________ occurs. Those destined for __________________________________ become known as Lysosomes and contain __________________________________________ used for hydrolysis of molecules in a cell. Lysosomes _______________________________________ ___________________________________.


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U3L3 PRACTICE: CELL STRUCTURAL INTERDEPENDENCE

1. Please explain how the following organelles assist each other by working together (6 marks):

a. ribosomes and Golgi bodies

b. lysosomes and vesicles

c. nucleolus and ribosomes

d. endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes

e. cell membrane and cytoskeleton

f. mitochondria and all other organelles

~ END OF BIOLOGY 12 UNIT 3 LEARNING GUIDE ~


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UNIT 3 ANSWER KEY

1. What invention was necessary to enable humans to initially study cells? (1 mark) = microscope

2. What are the two key principles of the cell theory? (2 marks) = the cell is the "building block" of all organisms (the basic unit of life, all life forms consist of one or more cells) = all cells come from pre-existing cells (on today's Earth, must of originated/evolved from elsewhere originally)

3. Prokaryotic cells differ from Eukaryotic cells:

a. What is the major structural difference? (1 mark) = prokaryote cells lack a true nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles that are found in eukaryotic cells

b. This structural difference leads to a functional difference, what is the major functional difference? (1 mark)

= prokaryotic cells are generally considered less efficient as their cellular reactions occur throughout the cytosol as opposed to eukaryotic cells which are generally considered more efficient as their reactions occur within particular membrane-bound organelles where the necessary reactants and enzymes can be co-localized and concentrated to better promote the reactions


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4. Please compare and contrast the structures/organelles of animal and plant cells in the Venn diagram provided below. (6 marks)

ANIMAL ONLY PLANT ONLY BOTH

nucleus rough ER smooth ER Golgi Apparatus Vesicles

Smaller Vacuoles Vacuoles Larger Vacuoles (store nutrients, waste, Lysosomes (stores nutrients, waste, and water) Peroxisones water, toxins and pigments)

Mitochondria Ribosomes cytosol/cytoplasm cytoskeleton cell membrane

centrioles chloroplasts cell wall


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U3L2 PRACTICE: CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

1. Please state the main functions of each of the following organelles (6 marks):

a. nucleus = stores, transmits and applies genetic information

b. cell membrane = controls what enters and exits cell, defines boundaries of cell from external environment

c. mitochondria = converts glucose to ATP which can be used as an energy source to

directly drive energy-dependent cellular reactions

d. endoplasmic reticulum = rough ER is studded with ribosomes and makes, processes and transports proteins destined for particular organelles, the cell membrane and/or secretion, smooth ER produces lipids such as phospholipids for the cell membrane and steroids for cell signaling as well as detoxifying substances such as drugs and alcohol

e. ribosomes = "protein factories", have a key role in translation where they catalyze

the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids

f. Golgi bodies = further process, sort and package proteins destined for particular organelles, the cell membrane and/or secretion

2. Using a pencil, do a line drawing of an animal cell. Indicate and label as many organelles as possible. (5 marks)


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3. The nucleolus is an important structure in the cell:

a. Where is it located? (1 mark) = appears as a darker region within the nucleus

b. What molecule does it produce? (1 mark)

= ribosomes

c. What is the function of this molecule? (1 mark) = to go to cytosol where it help produce proteins

4. Vacuoles are important organelles in the cell:

a. Where are they located? (1 mark) = within the cytosol

b. What are their functions? (2 marks)

= storage of nutrients, water and waste

c. How are they different from vesicles? (2 marks) = larger, differnet function as vesicles job is to transport proteins and lipids within, into and out of the cell

5. Hydrolytic enzymes are very important to cellular function:

a. What organelle are they predominantly found in? (1 mark) = lysosomes

b. What are some of the key functions of this organelle? (2 marks)

= fuse with vacuoles containing food, damaged organelles or pathogens such that the contents can be digested by hydrolysis

6. Compare and contrast the structure and functions of the smooth ER and the rough ER. (4 marks) = smooth ER is not associated with ribosomes and produces lipids such as phospholipids which help form cell membranes and steroids which are used as chemical messengers throughout the body = rough ER has ribosomes attached and produces, modifies and transports proteins destined for particular organelles, the cell membrane and/or secretion

7. Why do cells of the testes, liver and adrenal glands have extensive amounts of smooth ER? (1

mark) = testes produce the steroid hormone, testosterone = liver functions to detoxify drugs and alcohol found in the blood = adrenal gland produces a variety of steroid hormones such as aldosterone and cortisol


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8. Thinking of the various organelles and their associated functions, list 5 activities that all animal cells must perform to stay alive. (5 marks)

Answers may vary but may include the following: = all cells must be able to store, transmit and apply genetic information to stay alive (via nucleus; note that red blood cells lack a nucleus and these functions and as such only live for 120 days and must be formed from a different cell type called the myeloid progenitor cell) = convert glucose to ATP to provide energy to srive energy-dependent cellular reactions (via mitochondria) = produce proteins (via ribosomes) = process, package and sort proteins destined for particular organelles, the cell membrane and/or secretion (via Golgi apparatus) = transport proteins and lipids within, into and out of the cell (via vesicles)

U3L3 PRACTICE: CELL STRUCTURAL INTERDEPENDENCE

1. Please explain how the following organelles assist each other by working together (6 marks):

a. ribosomes and Golgi bodies = ribosomes produce proteins including those destined for particular organelles, the cell membrane or secretion…the Golgi apparatus then processes, sorts and packages these proteins so that they can be delivered to their final destinations by vesicles

b. lysosomes and vesicles

= vesicle deliver enzymes such as hydrolases to the lysosome so that it can function properly = as well, endocytic vesicles bring particles into the cell and then fuse with the lysosome so that these particles can be digested by the hydrolases

c. nucleolus and ribosomes

= nucleuolus produces ribosomes which are necessary to produce proteins within the cell

d. endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes

= some ribosomes are attached to the ER such that they can "inject" proteins into the ER as they are being made so that the ER can further process and transport the protein towards the Golgi apparatus and its final destination of a particular organelle, the cell membrane and/or secretion


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e. cell membrane and cytoskeleton = the cytoskeleton helps to support the cell membrane and allows the cell to be dynamic in that the cytoskeleton can be remodeled/reshaped beneath the cell membrane such that the cell itself is remodeled/reshaped such as is necessary during endocytosis or cell movement

f. mitochondria and all other organelles

= the mitochondria converts glucose to ATP which is necessary to perform the energy-dependent cellular reactions that occur in all other organelles

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