unit 3 great inventions from the past
TRANSCRIPT
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Unive rs i d a d Naci o n a l
de Lo j a
Instituto de Idiomas
Editor and Project Manager :SandraJannethOchoa deMaldonado.
L oj a - E cu a d o r
English Workshop II
The will leads you to the way
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UNIT 3: Great inventions from the past
GREAT INVENTIONS FROM THE PAST, BRING COMFORTTO OUR PRESENT
Along the time, inventions have become great improvementsthat have bring us comfort, save time and in some cases shortdistances; these inventions have changed the way we do things.For instance in old days life was slow, people used to walk or ridecarriages to get somewhere, there wereno phones , among others.
In the following paragraphs you will seehow some inventions have changed ourlives.
The Chinese invented paper andprinting, and afterwards the papermoney, umbrellas, wheelbarrows,rockets, brandy and whiskey, and chess,gunpowder, the abacus-called suan-
pan.
The abacus is a mechanical deviceused for counting. It s an ancientinstrument that performs addition,multiplication, and division, extract
square roots and cube roots. Skilledusers of the abacus are like lightning-fast calculators.
The number and variety of inventionsmade by the Chinese over the centuries is a powerful testament totheir practicality and ability to think logically.
Josephine Cochran invented the first practical dishwasher. In1950s, that dishwashers caught on with the general public.Josephine Cochran's machine was a hand-operated mechanicaldishwasher. She founded a company to manufacture these dishwashers, which eventually became Kitchen Aid.
The first fax machine was invented byScottish mechanic and inventorAlexander Bain. To fax or faxing is bydefinition "a method of encoding data,transmitting it over a telephone line orradio broadcast, and receiving a hardcopy of the text, line drawings, orphotographs at a remote location.
The technology for fax machines wasinvented a long time, however, faxmachines did not become popular with
consumers until the 1980s.
a picture taken fromwww.abacus.ca
gunpowder-fireworks
a picture taken fromwww.inventors.about.com
modern fax machine
A picture taken fromwww.inventors.about.com
Vocabulary
comfort: when you feelphysically relaxed, happy.
someone or something that
helps you feel happier orless worried
improvement: whensomething becomes betterthan it was.
save time: use less time,money, energy etc, so thatyou do not waste any.
change: to becomedifferent, or to makesomeone or something
become different.
slow: not moving orhappening quickly.
device: a machine or toolused for a particularpurpose.
perform: to do somethingsuch as a job or piece ofwork.
wheelbarrows: an opencontainer with one wheeland two handles that youuse outdoors to carrythings, especially in the
garden.
dishwasher: amachine that washesdishes.
http://www.abacus.ca/http://www.abacus.ca/http://www.inventors.about.com/http://www.inventors.about.com/http://www.inventors.about.com/http://www.abacus.ca/http://www.inventors.about.com/http://www.inventors.about.com/http://www.abacus.ca/ -
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Look at these pictures and see how different life was in the past.
running water / wooden tubs
1. People didnt have running water. (running water= comes from thefaucet)They took baths in wooden tubs.
electric lights / candles
2. People didnt have electric lights.
They burned candles.
stoves / over a fire.
3. People didn't have stoves.They cooked over a fire.
cars / horses
4. People didnt have cars or gas power.They rode horses, and later carriages.
Candlelight(a picture from
shandadodd.theworldrace.org)
woodentubs(a picture from
www.bensonsimport.com)
Carriage
(a picture fromw ww.copyright-free-
pictures.org )
cooking over fire( pictures from www. flickr.com and beifan.com
http://www.bensonsimport.com/http://www.bensonsimport.com/http://www.bensonsimport.com/http://www.copyright-free-pictures.org/http://www.copyright-free-pictures.org/http://www.bensonsimport.com/http://www.bensonsimport.com/http://www.copyright-free-pictures.org/http://www.copyright-free-pictures.org/http://www.copyright-free-pictures.org/ -
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phones / in person
5. People didn't have phones.They had to talk in person.( face-to-face)
Cds / gramophones
6. People didn't have tapes or Cds on the computer to listen tomusic.They listened to music on gramophones.
Abacus / calculator
7. People didnt have calculators to performs addition,multiplication, and division.
They used abacus to performs addition, multiplication, anddivision.
GramophonesWooden Gramophone With A
Handle And Golden Horn Playing
Music From A Record
face-to-face
Chinese abacus.
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SIMPLE PAST WITH REGULARAND IRREGULAR VERBS
The Simple Past Tense of regular verbs:Spelling rules
Use the Simple Past to express the idea that an action started and finished at aspecific time in the past. Sometimes, the speaker may not actually mention the specific
time, but they do have one specific time in mind.
Past
THE RULES FOR REGULAR VERBS IN THE PAST ARETHE FOLLOWING.
1)Add ed to the simple form of most regular verbs.Example: work = worked
want =wanted
I worked overtime yesterday.
2)verbs ending in 'e' add only d.Example: love = loved
change =changedarrive =arrived
like =liked
3) verbs ending in -y preceded by a consonant, change y foriand add+ edExample: study = studied
try = tr iedcarry =carriedworry =worr ied
Lorena studied Chinese two years ago.
4) With verbs of 1 syllable which end in consonant + vowel +
consonant, double the last letter.Example: stop = stopped
plan =plannedhug =hugged
Note: the letters w x and y at the end of the words areconsidered vowels, so do not double the last consonant
row = rowedplay = playedmix = mixedbow = bowed
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EXAMPLES :
Final sound -ed is pronounced /d/ after voiced sounds.
1. Its winter. The ground is white because it snowed yesterday.
[snOd]
2. The window was open. Mr, Carson closed it because it was cold outside.
[klOzd]
Final -edis pronounced/t/ after voiceless sounds.
Judged, lived, bathed, rubbed, hummed, massaged, occurred, missed, laughed,wished
1. I watched TV last night.
[ wtt]
2. Steve touched my shoulder with his hand to get my attention.
[ ttt ]
Pronunciation Rules of edending.
The final sounds for regular verbs in the past tense are /t/ /d/, and /id/
1. -ed is pronounced /d/ after voiced sounds:(a, e, i, o, u, b, g, , r, l, z, m, n,r,, , , v, and z)
Examples: played lived pulled - learned
-ed is pronounced /t / after voiceless sounds: (p/ k/ f/ s/ sh/ ch, , and )
Examples: stopped worked watched passed.
-ed is pronounced /id/ after /t / or / d/
Examples: wanted needed omitted -permitted
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Final -edis pronounced /d/ if a verb ends in the letters d or t.
instructed, rested, attended
1. The baby wanted to play with the toy
[wntd ]
1. The story ended mysteriously.
[endd]
(+) Affirmative Statements (-) Negative Statements
Subject + past form of the verb +
Complement.
Subject + did + not (didnt )+ Verb- base form +Complement.
1. I finished my project last night. I didnt finish my project last night.
2. He arrived from the airport at 8:00. He didnt arrive on time.3. Edward went to Brazil for about three years. Edward didnt go to Brazil.
4. My boyfriend bought me a fantastic birthdaypresent.
My boyfriend didnt buy me flowers.
5. They took the children to the beach. They didnt take the children to the concert.
6. The students did their homeworkappropriately.
The students didnt make any mistake.
IRREGULAR VERBS IN THE PAST
A lot of common verbs are irregular. This means that the past simple forms
are different- they dont have the usual ed ending.
We make questions and negatives in the same way as for regular verbs.
There is a list of irregular verbs on the last page of this document.
Practice -ed ending in t his web page
www.5minuteenglish.com/apr8ht m
Pract ice past tense with the irregualr verbs visit
www.5minuteenglish.com/jan21.ht m
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YES/NO QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Question:
Did + Subject + Verb base form + Complement + ?
1. Did you finish the project yesterday night?2. Did he arrive at 8:00?3. Did Edward go to Brazil for three years?4. Did your boyfriend buy you a fantastic birthday present?5. Did they take the children to the beach?6. Did the students do the homework appropriately?
Answers: Affirmative Negative
1. Yes, we did. No, we didnt. We finished it two minutes ago.
2. Yes, he did. No, he didnt. He arrived at 9:30.
3. Yes, he did. No, he didnt. He went to Alabama for three years.
4. Yes, he did. No, he didnt. He bought me a pair of socks.
5. Yes, they did. No, they didnt. They took the children to avacation camp.
6. Yes, they did. No, they didnt. They forgot the instructions.
The negative answer must be completed with the correct information.
WH-QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH REGULARAND IRREGULAR VERBS
To form Wh- questions use the appropriate wh-word plus did ,and the verb in base form.
Review the uses of the wh-words in unit 3.Here you have a guide to build information questions with past tense.
Wh- word + did + Subject + ( rest of question)+?
1. Where did you go last vacation?
I went to the beach last vacation
2. Who did you see there ?
I saw a famous TV star -
3. When did you come back?
I came back two days ago
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WRITING
Parts of a Paragraph
A paragraph is a group of sentences about one main idea. A good paragraph hasdifferent parts.
When you use a title for your paragraph, choose a few key words that focus onyour main ideas.
Begin your paragraph with a topic sentence that tells the main idea.
Then support your idea with sentences that give more information: details, facts,reasons and examples. These are called detail sentences
Finally, write a concluding sentence that shares your main idea in different words.
Example:
Title topic sentence detail sentence concluding sentence1 2 43
Source: Backpack Workbook N-6
Pen Pals
By Vidonia Ferreira.
Writing to pen pals is an excellent way to get to know interesting new people
and learn more about the world. When you communicate by e-mail or by
letter with someone from a different city or country, you can find out what your
new pal does every day at school and after school for fun. You can learn
about your pen pal's family and friends and how they live. You can find out
the kinds of food they eat, the clothes they wear, the chores they do, and the
things they do in their free time. You can even learn interesting facts about
your pen pal's town, cultural traditions, and country. For example, from my
pen pal Alicia, I learned about two holidays in Mexico-Cinco de Mayo and
Las Posadas. And from my pen pal Helmut, I learned about a German game
calledsardinen. I also learned how to make delicious cookies with cinnamon
called zimtstern from Helmut`s mother! As you can see, having pen pals is
not only educational but also a lot of fun.
1
2
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3
3
3
3
3
3
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Using the previous steps, you will write a paragraph that includes a title, a clear topicsentence, detail sentences that support the main idea, and a concluding sentence.
To carry out the writing activity you can use a diamond shape to help you organize yourparagraph.
The top of the diamond represents yourmain point.
The middle represents the details and information you give.
The bottom of the diamond represent yourconcluding sentence that restates themain point.
Topic sentence describes the main idea
detail sentence supports the main idea
detail sentence supports the main idea
detail sentence supports the main idea
detail sentence supports the main idea
concluding sentence restates the main idea
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WRITING PROCESS
STEPS:1. PRE-WRITING
1.1. Choosing a Topic
Plan what to write
Choose the topic (purpose, audience)
1.2. Explore your Topic
Think about the topic
Brainstorm
1.3 Organizing
Organize ideas into categories(introduction, 1stparagraph, 2ndparagraph, conclusion)
2. DRAFTING
First draft
Think of the beginning and ending of the paragraph
Free-writing
Write as much as you can (keep the purpose in mind)
Topic sentence (main idea)
supporting sentences (detail sentences)
closing sentences (concluding paragraph)
3. REVISING
Proofread(eliminate mistakes, check spelling, grammar:sentence structure, correct
verb forms, subject, verb agreement, punctuation) Reread
Did I make a clear point?
Do I have specific details/facts?
Do I have well organize according to the outline?
Check sense, logical order, something missing,
Check sense
Peer editing (2nddraft)
4. PUBLISHING
Make the information available by handing out your written work.
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The following words can help you to connect the ideas in the paragraphs.
ONJUNCTIONS AND CONNECTING WORDSConjunctions
Conjunctions join two parts of a sentence and help to show the connection betweenthe two parts of the sentence. Note the use of commas before some conjunction.
Conjunction Function Example
and tells you more We got home and went right to bed
but makes a contrast They are rich, but they aren't happy.
because answers the question
why?
We went home because we were
tired.
so tells you the result We went home early, so we missedthe end of the concert.
when answers the questions
when orat what time?
We went home when it started to
rain.
before, after answers the question
What happened first?
We went home before the concert
ended.
We went home after the singer sang
his first song.
although/
though
tells you something
is surprising
We went home although /though we
did not really want to.
if makes a condition We will go home if we are tired
onnecting words
Word Function Example
only says something is smaller
or less than usual
He sleeps only three hours every
night.
even says something is
surprising or unusual.
Everyone was on time for the
meeting, even Pat, who's usually late
like makes a comparison She looks like her dad.
than Used after a comparative
adjective or adverb
Ann is older than Chris. / She works
harder than he does.
also / too / as well says something is in
addition
He works in the store, and she does
also/too/as well.
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PUNCTUATION
The symbols or marks used to organize writing into clauses, phrases andsentences to make the meaning clear. e.g.
Symbol Word (common term in brackets)
. full stop, comma? question mark! exclamation mark: colon
; semi-colon- hyphen (dash)& ampersand/ virgule (forward slash)\ reversed virgule (backward slash)@ at# hash pound symbol euro symbol
$ dollar symbol' apostrophe
~ tilde* asterisk
acute accent
` grave accent" quotation mark( ) left / right parentheses[] left / right square bracket{} left / rightbrace
< > left / right anglebracket
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REGULAR VERBS
Base form Past form
1 Answer Answered
2 Arrive Arrived
3 Ask Asked
4 Call Called
5 Carry Carried
6 Clean Cleaned
7 Cook Cooked
8 Dance Danced
9 Enjoy Enjoyed
10 Exercise Exercised
11 Fill Filled12 Finish Finished
13 Help Helped
14 Invite Invited
15 Laugh Laughed
16 Join Joined
17 Like Liked
18 Listen Listened
19 Learn Learned
20 Live Lived
21 Look Looked
22 Love Loved23 Miss Missed
24 Move Moved
25 Open Opened
26 Play Played
27 Practice Practiced
28 Promise Promised
29 Start Started
30 Stay Stayed
31 Study Studied
32 Talk Talked
33 Try Tried
34 Visit Visited
35 Wait Waited
36 Want Wanted
37 Wash Washed
38 Watch Watched
39 Work Worked
IRREGULAR VERBS
Base form Past form
1 Am / is / are Was, were
2 Begin Began
3 Bring Brought
4 Buy Bought
5 Catch Caught
6 Come Came
7 Cut Cut
8 Do Did
9 Draw Drew
10 Drink Drank 11 Eat Ate
12 Get Got
13 Give Gave
14 Go Went
15 Grow Grew
16 Have Had
17 Hear Heard
18 Hold Held
19 Hurt Hurt
20 Know Knew
21 Leave Left22 Lose Lost
23 Make Made
24 Meet Met
25 Put Put
26 Read Read
27 Ride Rode
28 See Saw
29 Send Sent
30 Sing Sang
31 Sit Sat
32 Sleep Slept33 Speak Spoke
34 Swim Swam
35 Take Took
36 Tell Told
37 Think Thought
38 Throw Threw
39 Understand Understood
40 Wear Wore
41 Win Won
42 Write Wrote
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