Unit 3 Europe in the Middle AgesPower of the Church

Day 17 Skinny 33-34

Unit 3 Essential Questions

What political and economic systems emerged in the Middle Ages?

How was the Roman Catholic Church a unifying force?

Gelasius’ Two Swords Theory

Pope wielded authority in religious matters

Emperor wielded authority in political matters

Did not always work smoothly—conflicts over who ruled what

Clergy=church officials

Column 1

Column 2

Column 3

Pope—highest rank Bishops—supervised

priests Priests—served the

local people

Medieval bishop's palace

Medieval bishop

Unifying power of the Church

Shared beliefs church brought people together during time of constant warfare

Sense of community

Sacraments—religious ceremonies that marked membership in the community Baptism Communion

Canon Law=Church Law

Laws about marriage and church practices

Church courts could try people who broke canon law

Punishments Excommunication Interdict

Punishment related to authority

Excommunication You were denied

salvation All your vassals were

free from their duties Could lead to

interdiction

InterdictionYou could not have

sacraments performed on your land

So all your people were doomed to hell, too

Pope had the authority to punish political rulers, even kings & emperors.

Church and StatePopes and the Holy Roman Empire

Otto I, or Otto the Great Crowned 936 Charlemagne was his hero Allied with Church Fought for the Church in Italy 962, pope crowns him “Emperor”

Wax seal of Otto the Great

Church and StatePopes and the Holy Roman Empire

German-Italian empire became known as “Holy Roman Empire”

Lasted until 1100

Italians and popes did not like being ruled by Germans

Why? Lay investiture—kings or nobles had power to appoint

clergy, name bishops Church resented this which led to a ...

Showdown at Canossa

1075 Pope Gregory banned lay investiture German emperor Henry IV called a meeting of bishops he

had appointed and ordered Gregory to step down (quit as pope)

Gregory excommunicated Henry The bishops then sided with Gregory, threatening Henry's

legitimacy as a ruler Henry tried to make up to Gregory to save his throne

Concordat of WormsSolution to Conflict

1122

Church and Emperor met to work out lay investiture

Compromise called “Concordat of Worms”

Only Church can appoint bishops

Emperor can veto

Henry IV begs forgiveness

The End of Another Empire

Frederick the I, or Barbarossa, strong central leader Attacked Italy frequently, pope not happy Lombard League fought him in 1176 Lombard foot soldiers beat the knights Made peace in 1177

1190—Holy Roman Empire in pieces after Fred's death They kept trying to put together again

Clashed with Italian cities and pope Weak central leadership because princes elected emperor

Think—why did election by princes weaken central leadership?