Unit 3 – Chapter 11Unit 3 – Chapter 11

11.1 Plants are adapted to living on land11.1 Plants are adapted to living on land 11.2 Most mosses & ferns live in moist 11.2 Most mosses & ferns live in moist

placesplaces 11.3 Seeds and pollen are reproductive 11.3 Seeds and pollen are reproductive

adaptationsadaptations 11.4 Many plants reproduce with flowers & 11.4 Many plants reproduce with flowers &

fruitsfruits

Chapter 11.1 – Chapter 11.1 – PlantsPlantsPlants are adapted to landPlants are adapted to land

11.1 Plants are adapted to land11.1 Plants are adapted to land

Plants are a diverse group of organismsPlants are a diverse group of organisms Come in all shapes/sizesCome in all shapes/sizes Found in all types of environmentsFound in all types of environments 260,000 different species260,000 different species

Plants have certain characteristicsPlants have certain characteristics Multi-cellular organismsMulti-cellular organisms Organized w/nucleus & cell wallOrganized w/nucleus & cell wall Producers (convert light into chemical energy)Producers (convert light into chemical energy) Life cycles have 2 stages or generationsLife cycles have 2 stages or generations

11.1 Plant parts are 11.1 Plant parts are specialized specialized Plants have 2 main systems (below=root Plants have 2 main systems (below=root

system; above ground=stem, leaf system)system; above ground=stem, leaf system) Roots take in water and nutrients from the soilRoots take in water and nutrients from the soil Stem system delivers these raw materials to Stem system delivers these raw materials to

the leaves which use them along with the leaves which use them along with photosynthesis to make the sugar/starch (C02) photosynthesis to make the sugar/starch (C02) compounds which are then delivered to the compounds which are then delivered to the rest of the plant.rest of the plant.

11.1 More on Specialized Functions11.1 More on Specialized Functions

Water and other materials are transported Water and other materials are transported Stems and Vascular tissue transport water, Stems and Vascular tissue transport water,

nutrients, & compoundsnutrients, & compounds Vascular TissueVascular Tissue uses long tubelike cells that run from uses long tubelike cells that run from

roots to leaves.roots to leaves. Plant Plant XylemXylem is tissue that carries water and dissolved nutrients is tissue that carries water and dissolved nutrients

from the roots. (Fibrous, long, hollow, slightly larger than from the roots. (Fibrous, long, hollow, slightly larger than Phloem)Phloem)

PhloemPhloem is tissue that transports energy-rich materials down is tissue that transports energy-rich materials down from the leaves. (Fibrous, long, hollow, slightly smaller than from the leaves. (Fibrous, long, hollow, slightly smaller than Xylem)Xylem)

Both Xylem and Phloem help give plant its structure.Both Xylem and Phloem help give plant its structure.

11.1 Making Sugars11.1 Making Sugars

Photosynthesis – Plant process which is a series of Photosynthesis – Plant process which is a series of chemical reactions that capture and convert light chemical reactions that capture and convert light energy into chemical energy energy into chemical energy

CO2 + Water + Sunlight CO2 + Water + Sunlight Sugar + O2 Sugar + O2 Takes place in the plant’s chloroplasts (organelles Takes place in the plant’s chloroplasts (organelles

which contain chlorophyll) which are in the leaves.which contain chlorophyll) which are in the leaves. Stomata – tiny openings @ bottom of the leaf where Stomata – tiny openings @ bottom of the leaf where

CO2 enters and O2 leaves the plantCO2 enters and O2 leaves the plant Vascular tissue (center part of leaf) carries water,etc.Vascular tissue (center part of leaf) carries water,etc.

11.1 Gas Exchange11.1 Gas Exchange

Plants must balance CO2 and water levels in Plants must balance CO2 and water levels in order to photosynthesizeorder to photosynthesize

When stomata allow CO2 to enter, O2 to exit, When stomata allow CO2 to enter, O2 to exit, and water to evaporateand water to evaporate

Movement of water vapor out of the stomata is Movement of water vapor out of the stomata is called called transpirationtranspiration

CuticleCuticle waxy protective leaf cover which waxy protective leaf cover which helps plants retain moisture. Closed stomata helps plants retain moisture. Closed stomata help keep moisture in.help keep moisture in.

11.1 Other plant adaptations11.1 Other plant adaptations

In plants, stomata open & close to retain In plants, stomata open & close to retain moisture in response to dryness or heat (temp) moisture in response to dryness or heat (temp) in the environment.in the environment.

Cactus has fleshy stem for water storage and Cactus has fleshy stem for water storage and its needles (which are actually leaves) are its needles (which are actually leaves) are narrow to help retain moisture & avoid heat.narrow to help retain moisture & avoid heat.

Storing carbohydrates in roots is Storing carbohydrates in roots is another (beets, carrots, potato, etc.)another (beets, carrots, potato, etc.)

11.1 Plants grow 11.1 Plants grow continuously continuously Plants grow as long as they live (whether 1 Plants grow as long as they live (whether 1

season or many years).season or many years). Grow bigger when cells at tips of roots and Grow bigger when cells at tips of roots and

stems divide and multiply.stems divide and multiply. Roots and stems can grow: longer, thicker, Roots and stems can grow: longer, thicker,

branch out, dividebranch out, divide Only stems grow leaves from “bud” tissueOnly stems grow leaves from “bud” tissue Stem functions: vascular system for transport, Stem functions: vascular system for transport,

fibers for support and shape, sugar storagefibers for support and shape, sugar storage

11.1 Plant Stems - Soft11.1 Plant Stems - Soft

Soft StemsSoft Stems soft stems & leaves of flowers & veggies soft stems & leaves of flowers & veggies

often die off in cold weather, heat, or often die off in cold weather, heat, or droughtdrought

These plants survive using carbs. stored These plants survive using carbs. stored in their roots.in their roots.

When environ. Provides needed warmth, When environ. Provides needed warmth, water, light, etc. plant re-grows stems & water, light, etc. plant re-grows stems & leaves.leaves.

11.1 Plant Stems – 11.1 Plant Stems – Woody Woody Woody Stems – Woody Stems –

Trees (trees/shrubs) do not Trees (trees/shrubs) do not

die out each yeardie out each year Stems grow longer & thickerStems grow longer & thicker They develop a type of tough xylem tissue (wood!) They develop a type of tough xylem tissue (wood!)

near their outer surface of the stem right under the near their outer surface of the stem right under the bark which is not found in soft stemmed plantsbark which is not found in soft stemmed plants