unit 2 working with computers (repaired)

8/11/2019 Unit 2 Working With Computers (Repaired)

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Unit 2 Working with computers

Microsoft Officeis an office suiteof desktop applications, servers and services for the MicrosoftWindowsand OS Xoperating systems. It was first announced by Bill Gatesof Microsoft on August 1,

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1. INTRODUCTION TO WORD

Word from file word beginner.pdf

Starting Microsoft WordTo load Microsoft Word:1. Click on the Start menu in the bottom left corner of the screen

2. Choose All Programs then Microsoft Office (from the sub-menu which appears)

3. Finally click on Microsoft Office Word 2007

Writing Your DocumentYou next need to decide how you want the rest of your text to appear. It's easiest to set this upbefore you start typing - the settings will then be carried forward from one paragraph to the next.

Changing Fonts

The starting font for a newdocument in Word 2007 is usually set to Calibri (Body). You might want to use a different style oflettering (font or typeface) to personalise your work. Several fonts are available in Word. If youwant to change the current font:

1. Click on the list arrow attached to the [Font] button on the Home tab

2. Click on the font you require, eg Times New Roman you can either scroll down the list to findthe font you want, or type in the name of the font to pick it up more quickly

Entering Your Text1. Type in a few words, pressing the once after each word to separate them (thespacebar is the long key along the bottom of the keyboard)

2. Continue typing across the screen - the words will automatically spill onto a new line when youreach the right-hand side (this is known as wraparound)


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3. Continue typing until you have at least three lines of words then press to mark the endof the paragraph (this is the upside-down L-shaped key on the right of the main keyboard it isalso located on the far right of the keyboard, in the numeric keypad, with the word Enter writtenon it)

Saving Your Work

You should save your work regularly - ideally every 10 minutes so that you don't lose what you

have typed should the computer stop working. Word does have an autosave facility which should

guard against loss of work; however this

is not a proper save and should not be

relied on.

1. Click on the [Office] button in the

top left-hand corner and then

choose Save (or use the [Save]

button on the Quick Access Toolbar )

For a new

document, a Save As

dialog box similar to

that below will appear:

2. Type a name for your work (eg my

first document)


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2. INTRODUCTION TO EXCEL

Excel from file tlc_quicktip_excel.pdf

Microsoft Office Excel is a powerful tool used to create and format spreadsheets.Spreadsheets allow information to be organized in rows and tables and analyzed with

automatic mathematics. Spreadsheets are commonly be used to perform many differenttypes of calculations.

DefinitionsWorkbook vs. Worksheet when you open Excel, a new file is created called Book 1(until you name it differently). It is called Book because it is a Workbook that is initiallymade up of three Worksheets (accessible from the tabs in the lower left corner of yourexcel window - see Fig. 1). Think of a three ring binder with three sheets of paper in it. Aswith a binder, you can:

Add sheets to your Workbook: Insert > Worksheet, or click on the new worksheettab to the right of the tabs for your existing worksheets

Delete worksheets: by right-clicking on the tab of the worksheet you wish to delete,

then selecting delete Re-arrange them: by clicking on the worksheet tab and dragging it to the location youdesire Rename worksheets: by double-clicking on the worksheet title

Cell cells are the basic rectangular building blocks of a spreadsheet. They are assigned anaddress, generally referred to as a cell reference, according to their column and row (e.g.the cell in column B at row 3 is referenced as cell B3).

Rowrows travel horizontally and are numbered.Columncolumns travel vertically and are assigned letters.

Formula a mathematical formula used to calculate a result based on data from one ormore other cells. Often they consist of some combination of the standard mathematicaloperators ( +, -, *, /) (e.g.:=(A1+A5)/B13), but they may also include functions (see below).When you type a formula into a cell, that cell will generally display the result obtained bythe formula, rather than the formula itself.

Functions pre-written formulae that perform common (and not so common)calculations, such as sum- mation and averaging. You can combine many functions and

operators in a single formula to obtain more complex results (e.g.: =SUM(A1:A13)).


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RibbonThe Ribbon, a panel that houses the command buttons and icons, organizes commands asa set of Tabs, each grouping relevant commands (see Fig. 2 below). Each application has adifferent set of tabs which expose the functionality that application offers.

Navigating Cells

To select: Do this (If you are left-handed use Right click in place of Left):

a single cell Left click on it

a range of adjacentcells

Drag from the first cell to the last cell, or click on the first cell, hold theShift key and click on the last cell (scrolling if necessary)

non-adjacent cellsor ran es

Hold CTRL (Windows) or Command (Mac) key and click or drag

an entire row orcolumn

Left click on the row or column heading

all cells Left click on the blank header in the upper left corner

the next cell to theri ht

Use the Tab key

the next cell downthe column

Use the Enter key

the A1 Home cell Press Ctrl + Home keys together

the last cell in asheet

Press Ctrl + End keys together

the cells aroundthe active

Press Ctrl + Shift + 8 keys together (Select Region)

DataEntering Data/Text

Just click on the cell and type away! You can also copy text or data from another source(a word document, another cell, etc.). Just right-click on the cell and select Paste. Ifyou are working on a Mac (or for whatever reason cannot right-click), go to the Hometab on the ribbon and select Paste.


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Editing Data/TextIf you want to entirely replace the data that you previously entered into the cell, just clickon it and type the new data. The old data will automatically be erased.

If you want to edit data in a cell, click on the cell, then go up to the formula bar and edit the

data that appears there (see Fig. 3). If you want to delete part of your entry, just use thebackspace key as usual. If you want to delete the entire contents of a cell (or multiplecells), select the cell(s) you want to clear and press the delete key.

Autofill

Autofill allows you to quickly fill data in a series (e.g. months, days of the week, or anumeric series) into adjacent cells.

Using Autofill with a text series

To use the Autofill function with text, type in the first wordof the series (e.g. January), then rest your mouse on thebottom right corner of that cell. The cross will switch fromwhite to black: this is the autofill cross (see fig. 4). Click

and drag the series down or across the number of cells youwould like to fill with this series.

Excel knows how to Autofill months (January or Jan) and days of the week (Monday orMon). You can teach Excel to Autofill other text series

Using Autofill with a numeric series

You can also use Autofill to quickly enter numeric patterns (e.g. 1, 2, 3 or 10, 20, 30) into

adjacent cells.

To use Autofill with numeric patterns, enter the first two values in the series, one value in

one cell and the next in the cell immediately below or to the right. Now select (highlight)


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both cells, release your mouse button, then rest your cursor on the bottom right corner ofthe selected area so you see the Autofill cross. When you see the Autofill cross, click anddrag down or across the cells you want to fill, then release the mouse button.

Sorting and Filtering

Sorting data is simply a way of automatically re-ordering rows on a spreadsheet to putthem in a more useful order. For instance, you might sort an address book alphabeticallyby last name, or a list of items youd like to buy from most expensive to least expensive.

Start by selecting the data you want to sort. Its important to select all the columns in thedata, not just the column you want to sort by. For instance, if you have a list of items inone column, with the prices

in the next column, you would select both columns before running the sort. If your sheethas a header row at the top with labels for your columns (like name, or price) its agood idea to include that row in your selection as well, as youll see in a moment.

Once you have your data selected, click on the Data tab in the ribbon and then select Sort.This will cause the sort window to appear (see fig. 7). If your data has a header row, be sureMy data has headers in

the upper right corner is checked. Excel will then use your labels in the Sort by drop-down

menu instead of the usual (unhelpful) Column A, Column B, etc. Now you can use the

Sort by box to select the column youd like to sort the data by, then use the Sort On

drop-down menu to select how you would like to sort the data (Values means numeric

order for a list of numbers and alphabetically for a list of words). If you want a way to sort

data in case of a tie, click on Add Level in the upper left corner. This will add another set of

similar options below your original sorting criteria.

Another way to organize data is to filter it. A filter only displays data that meet a certain

criteria, such as all records for a certain day. To do this, go to Data tab > Filter. A dropdown

arrow will appear in the header cell of each column of your worksheet. Click on the arrow and

select the criteria that you would like to use as a filter (e.g. April 10th). The worksheet will nowdisplay only the records from that day. You can also use the AutoFilter tool to display the topor bottom 10 numbers in a column, only records with blank spaces in that particular column,records that have a value greater than a certain number in the column that you are filtering,etc. These options are all available under the dropdown arrow that you will see after going toData tab > Filter.


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FormulasSelect the cell that the formula result is going to bedisplayed in. The formula can be constructed in theformula bar or typed directly into the cell in which you

want the formula to begin. You must always put the =sign before a formula, as this is how Excel recognizeswhat you are entering as a formula. Autofill helps youfill in formulae quickly once you have constructed onein a cell. In order to Autofill, select the cell with theformula. Place your cursor so the small black crossappears in the lower right corner of the cell (+). Once that cursor is visible, simply drag yourformula down the column (or across the row as the case may be). Autofill will change the cellreferences accordingly. (E.g.: If the formula in A3 is =A1+A2, when you drag that formula overto B3 then the formula becomes =B1+B2.) Note that cell references can also changeautomatically when you copy and paste a formula using the

clipboard, unless you use an absolute cell reference (see below).Cell ReferencesThere are two different types of cell references:Relative Cell References: cell references that change when the formula is autofilled intodifferent cells, as in the example above.Absolute Cell References: if you don't want a certain part of your cell reference to changewhen you copy the formula to a new cell, you need to put a $ in front of the row and/orcolumn part of the reference.E.g.: If the formula in A3 is =$A$1+A2, when you drag that formula over to B3 the formulabecomes =$A$1+B2.

AutosumThe AutoSum button allows you to quickly insert the SUM function. It is located in twoplaces on the ribbon: on the right end of the Home tab in the editing section, and on thefar left of the Formula tab. Select the cell where you want to put the total and then clickon the AutoSum button. Excel will insert the SUM function and take a guess as to what cellrange youd like to sum by listing the first and last cell in the sum, separated by a colon.Check to make sure the cell range is correct, then press enter to accept the function.

FunctionsExcel has created hundreds of functions that prevent you from

having to write out complex or repetitive formulae yourself.Functions can be inserted by by clicking on the function symbol(see fig. 8) to the left of the formula bar (see fig. 9). Functionscan also be inserted by clicking on the Insert Function buttonon the Formula tab or jumping to any of the subcategories offunctions on that tab (see fig. 10). Yet another way to insert afunction is to type the equals sign into a cell and begin to type the name of formula. A dropdown menu will appear, from which you can select the formula.

Operation: Sign: Example:Addition + =A1+B1+C1+D1

Subtraction - =A1-A2Multiplication * =C4*C5

Division / =C4/D4

Combination ( ) = A1*(B1+C1)


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Functions can also be 'nested'; that is inserted into larger functions by using theappropriate amount of brackets. =AVERAGE(SUM(B2:F2), SUM(B3:F3))

AutocalculateExcel will automatically performcalcu- lation on a set of cells thatyou select and display the resultson the status bar in the bottomright of your window (see fig. 11).The default calculation is the SUMfunction, but you can change thecalculation by right-clicking (Win)or Control + clicking (Mac) on theAutoCalculate result.

Name Manager

You can use Name Manager to name a group of cells, andtherefore only type one name when you want to performa calculation with that group. This can be useful when youare performing many different calculations on the sameset of numbers, especially when you want to performthese calculations across multiple sheets. To do this,select the cells you would like to name and name them in


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the name box next to the formula bar (see fig.12). You can then perform any function onthese cells (on any page of your workbook) by just typing the name you gave the cells in-stead of referencing the cell numbers (ex: =sum(Days)). You can edit the names you gave

the cells and change which cells they refer to by clicking on Name Manager on the

Formula tab.

ChartsA full discussion of Excels many charting options is

beyond the scope of this handout. However, it isfairly straightforward to create a simple chart (andsome complicated ones) using the chart wizard.Just highlight the data you wish to base your chart on(including header rows, if you have any) andclick on the Insert tab and you will see the availablecharts there. When you click on a type of chart, youwill be promted to select a subtype of chart. Once you

have done so, the chart will appear on yourspreadsheet. Three additional tabs will also appear onyour ribbon (see fig. 13), through which youcan alter your chart by adding titles, changing data points, and many other options.

TroubleshootingCommon sources of errors are parentheses that dont match or missing arguments forfunctions. If yourformula is free from those errors, here are some error values you might get:

###### There is nothing wrong with your formula; the cell simply isnt big enough to display theresult. Widen the column.

#DIV/0 You are trying to divide by zero Correct the divisor If the divisor is a cell reference, check to make sure the cell isnt empty

#NAME? There is a name in the formula that Excel doesnt recognize. If you used a natural language name, check the spelling If you typed in a function, check the spelling or verify that the function exists. If you are performing operations on text, enclose the text in double quotation marks

#REF! A cell reference is not valid. Check to make sure your formula references the right cells.

#VALUE! The formula uses the wrong type of operand or argument. Check to see that youre not pe r-forming math operations on labels or that arguments or functions that need to numeric arenot referring to cells containing labels. This can also happen if you try to perform an impos-sible mathematical function (ex: taking the square root of a negative number).

PrintingThe page breaks can be changed on an Excel spreadsheet so that it prints a bit nicer. Thiscan also help toreduce the number of pages that get printed.

1. First, check out how it is currently set to print with Microsoft (MS) OfficeButton >

Print> Print Preview.


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2. If you want to change the page breaks, go back to the document and click the Viewtab> Page Break Preview button.3. Now you will see the spreadsheet broken up by blue lines with a page number ineach region (see fig. 15).4. You can move these dashed lines by clicking on them and dragging them to changethe page breaks.

Printing Only Part of the Spreadsheet1. Highlight the area that you want to print.2. From the menu bar, select Page Layout > Print Area > Set Print Area

3. Now when you go to MS Office Button > Print Preview, you will see only the area that youhighlighted.4. To go back to printing the entire document, use Page Layout > Print Area > Clear PrintArea

Printing a Section on Each PageIf you want to print a section of your spreadsheet on every page you print (for example,printing the titlesof your columns on every page in a long list of data), go to Page Layout > Print Titles, andselect or typethe name(s) of the row(s)/column(s) you would like to repeat on each page.

3. INTRODUCTION TO POWERPOINT

Introduction to PowerPoint 2007

PowerPoint is a presentation software package. PowerPoint presentation consists of a number

of individual pages or slides.Slides may contain text, graphics, tables, movies, etc. The presentation

can be printed, displayed on a computer, and can be projected using a video projector. PowerPoint can

add animation to your texts, graphics, tables, movies, and other objects through Custom Animations.

You can also add transition (movement) between your slides.


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You can use the commands to tell PowerPoint

whatto do. The Ribbon is located at the top of the

Powerpoint Window. At the top of the Ribbon

there are several tables; clicking a table displaces

serveral replated group commands. You can click

on the command buttons to issue commands or to

access menus.


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PowerPoint Window

STATUS BAR Appears at the bottom of the window. The status bar displays the slide number that is

currently displayed and also the total number of slides.

OUTLINE/SLIDES TABS Displays the text contained in your presentation. The slides tab displays a

thumbnail of all your slides.

NORMAL VIEW Splits your screen into three major sections: slides/outline tabs, the slide

pane, and the note area. The outline and slides tab are on your left side of your window. They

allow you to shift between different ways of viewing your slides.

SLIDE SORTER VIEWThis view shows you the thumbnails of all your slides and allows you to

easily add, delete, or change the order of your slides.

SLIDE SHOWUse the slide show view when you want to view your slides as they will

look inyour final presentation.


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Add Slides

Office Themes

Select the slide immediately before where

you want the new slide. Click the New Slide button on the Home

tab.

Click the slide choice that fits your

material.

Duplicate Selected Slides

Select the slide to duplicate.

Click the New Slide button on the Home

tab.

Click Duplicate Selected Slides.

Theme

Themes are designed that can be applied to

an entire presentation that allows for

consistency throughout the presentation.

You can also apply new colors to a theme.

Themes

Click the Design tab.

Choose one of the

displayed Themes.

Apply Colors Themes

Click the Colors dropdown arrow.

Choose a color set or click Create

New Theme Color.

Background Theme

Click the Background

Styles button on the Design tab.

Adding Video and Audio

Adding video clips Adding Audio

Click the Movies button on the Insert tab. Click the Audio button on the Insert tab.

Choose Movies from File or Movie from Choose Sound from File, Sound from Clip

Clip Organizer. Organizer, Play CD Audio Tract, or Record


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Sound.

Adding PicturesTo add a picture:

Click on the Insert tab.

Click on the Picture button.

Browse to the picture from your files

Select the picture you want to insert

in PowerPoint

Click Insert.

Add Clip Art And Shape

To add clip art:

Click the Insert Tab.

Click the Clip Art button.

Search for the clip art using the search

Clips Art dialog box.

Select the graphic you would like to

add.

To move the graphic, click it and drag

it to where you want it.

To add Shapes:

Click the Insert tab.

Click the Shapes button.

Click the shape you choose.

How to Format the Shapes:

Click on your shape (object).

Click the Format tab.


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Add SmartArt

To add SmartArt:

Click The Insert tab.

Click the SmartArt button.

Click the StartArt you choose.

Drag it to the desired

location in the slide

Create a Table

To create a table:

Place the cursor on the page where you

want the new table.

Click on the Insert tab of the ribbon.

Click on Tables, and enter the number of

rows and columns.

Place the cursor in the cell where you wish

to enter information and begin typing.

Click on your table and then the Design

tab to customize your tables.


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Create a Chart

To insert a chart:

Click the Insert tab.

Click the type of Chart you

want to create.

Insert the Data and

Labels.

Edit Chart Data:

Click on the chart

Click Edit Data on

the Design tab.

Edit data in the spreadsheet.


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PRINTING

To print:

Click Microsoft Office Button.

Click Print

Slides:

These are slides that you would see ifyou were showing

the presentation, one slide per page.

Handouts:

This option allows for more slides per page (2, 3, 4, 6, or 9).

Notes Page: This includes the slides and the speakers notes.

Outline View: This will print out the outline of the presentation


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4. Internet and web

Internet:

Every day, millions of people around the world use the Internet to search for and retrieveinformation on all sorts of topics in a wide variety of areas. The information can appear in

several types of digital formats, such as text, images, audio, or video. Individuals, companies,

research labs, libraries, news organizations, television networks, governments, and other

organizations all make resources available. People communicate with each other, sharing

information and making commercial and business transactions, using electronic mail. All this

activity is possible because tens of thousands of networks are connected to the Internet and

exchange information in the same basic ways. Never before has so much information from

such a wide variety of sources and in so many formats been available to the public.

WEB:

The World Wide Web is not the same as the Internet, but the two terms are popularly used as

synonyms. The Web is the information connected or linked in a way that is like a spiders

web. Using a Web browserthe computer program or software that lets you access the

World Wide Webyou can find information on almost any topic with just a few clicks of

your mouse button. Several search tools (programs that search the Web for resources) are

readily available. When you type a keyword or phrase into a form and click on a button or

icon on the screen, a list of items appears. You simply click on the ones you want to retrieve.

The amount and variety of information available are astounding, but sometimes its difficult

to find appropriate material.

5. E-commerce

Q. Define Ecommerce. Explain the types of ecommerce

E-commerce is the use of Internet and the web to transact business but when we focus on

digitally enabled commercial transactions between and among organizations and individuals

involving information systems under the control of the firm it takes the form of e-business.

There are mainly five types of e-commerce models:

1. Business to Consumer (B2C) - As the name suggests, it is the model involving

businesses and consumers. This is the most common e-commerce

segment. In this model, online businesses sell to individual consumers.

When B2C started, it had a small share in the market but after 1995 its

growth was exponential. The basic concept behind this type is that the

online retailers and marketers can sell their products to the online

consumer by using crystal clear data which is made available via

various online marketing tools. E.g. An online pharmacy giving free

medical consultation and selling medicines to patients is following B2Cmodel.


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2. Business to Business (B2B) - It is the largest form of e-commerce involving

business of trillions of dollars. In this form, the buyers and sellers are

both business entities and do not involve an individual consumer. It is

like the manufacturer supplying goods to the retailer or wholesaler.

E.g. Dell sells computers and other related accessories online but it is

does not manufacture all those products. So, in order to sell those

products, it first purchases them from different businesses i.e. the

manufacturers of those products.

3. Consumer to Consumer (C2C) - It facilitates the online transaction of goods or

services between two people. Though there is no visible intermediary

involved but the parties cannot carry out the transactions without the

platform which is provided by the online market maker such as eBay.

4. Peer to Peer (P2P)- Though it is an e-commerce model but it is more than that.

It is a technology in itself which helps people to directly share

computer files and computer resources without having to go through a

central web server. To use this, both sides need to install the required

software so that they can communicate on the common platform. This

type of e-commerce has quite low revenue generation as from the

beginning it has been inclined to the free usage due to which it

sometimes got entangled in cyber laws.

5. m-Commerce - It refers to the use of mobile devices for conducting the

transactions. The mobile device holders can contact each other and

can conduct the business. Even the web design and development

companies optimize the websites to be viewed correctly on mobile

devices.

There are other types of e-commerce business models too like Business to

Employee (B2E), Government to Business (G2B) and Government to Citizen (G2C) but in

essence they are similar to the above mentioned types. Moreover, it is not necessary that

these models are dedicatedly followed in all the online business types. It may be the case

that a business is using all the models or only one of them or some of them as per its needs.

Types of data exchange[edit]

Many E-commerce software retrieve the information from a certain back-end system,

such as anEnterprise resource planning(ERP) orCustomer relationship

management(CRM) system. This information is stored in the database of that system.

TheBusiness logiccontains all of the business rules that define the way data is stored,

created, displayed, calculated and is being recreated inside an ERP or CRM system. For

example: different product discounts are applied for different customer accounts. In

order to retrieve the information, two types of data exchange are taken into account.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_resource_planninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_resource_planninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_resource_planninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customer_relationship_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customer_relationship_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customer_relationship_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customer_relationship_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_logichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_logichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_logichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_logichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customer_relationship_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customer_relationship_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_resource_planning


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Q. Differentiate between traditional commerce and E-commerce. O06

Traditional Commerce vs e-Commerce

Items e-Commerce TraditionalCommerce

Definition E-commerce means processing of

information using one digitalapplication (EDI or Internet) and

only a few quick steps .

Traditional commerce means

communicating (ordering, paying) withcustomer and supplier using different

applications in many time-consuming

different steps.

Sales Channel Enterprise Internet

Consumer

Manufacturer Wholesaler Retailer

Consumer

Sales Hour /Region Entire world

24x7

Restricted area

Restricted sales hour

Sales place/method Market space (Network)

Sale based on information

Market space (store)

Sale based on displayMultiple media vs a

single one

everything is digital multiple media (like magazines, letters,

mail, fax, etc) are used

Customer

information

acquisition

Any time acquisition through

internet

Digital Data without no re-

entry

Market survey and salesman

Require information re-entry

Marketing activity 1:1 Marketing via bi-directional

communication

One way marketing to consumer

Customer support Real time support for

customer Dissatisfaction

Real time acquisition of

customer needs

Delayed support for customer

Dissatisfaction

Time different for catching customer

needs

Capital small large
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Integrated_E-commerce.PNG


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6. E-Learning

e-learning means education via the Internet, network, or standalone computer. e-

learning is essentially the network-enabled transfer of skills and knowledge. e-learning

refers to using electronic applications and processes to learn. e-learning applications

and processes includeWeb-based learning, computer-based learning, virtualclassroomsand digital collaboration. Content is delivered via the Internet, intranet/extranet, audio

or video tape, satellite TV, and CD-ROM. e-learning was first called "Internet-Based

training" then "Web-Based Training"

The term e-learning therefore essentially covers the use of computers and technology as a vehicle

for knowledge exchange within teaching and learning.

Benefits of e-learning

An immediate potential benefit of considering to implement e-learning is that it can be seen as an

additional avenue with which to support teaching and learning practice. E-learning covers such awide sphere that it is difficult to point out any benefit as a given, so any benefits should initially be

termed potential benefits. However, many cite the following as broad benefits that e -learning

supports:

The ability to provide distance learning (learning not on campus)

A blended learning/teaching approach (using face-to-face and technology)

The use of technology to support a wide range of educational activity

Uses of e-learning

At this point in the document you may be asking what real-world uses does e-learning potentially

have to offer to the practitioner? The answer is that e-learning provides many opportunities

including large scale online delivery of modules and courses.

Each practitioner will have their own goals and so providing an exhaustive list of possibilities is

difficult. However here are some uses of e-learning.

Uses for those very new to e-learning include engaging your students to use the web as:

A source of research material (whilst also building critical literacy skills) to support study

A platform for discussion

A resource for finding and using other peoples educational materials such as those created

under the Open Educational Resources initiative or those which you have to ensure you seek

permission and/or a licence to use

Uses for the next steps include creating multimedia rich resources to engage your students with.

This can include for example:

Producing interactive web pages hosted on your institutions VLE

Including multimedia elements into teaching materials to add context on a subject to help

achieve the learning objective

Using theVirtual learning environment(VLE) to build tasks

Offer collaborative opportunities via the VLE Online assessment


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Levels of e-learning

E-learning falls into four categories, from the very basic to the very advanced. The categories

are:

Knowledge databases -- While not necessarily seen as actual training, these databases are

the most basic form of e-learning. You've probably seen knowledge databases on softwaresites offering indexed explanations and guidance for software questions, along with step-by-

step instructions for performing specific tasks. These are usually moderatelyinteractive,

meaning that you can either type in a key word or phrase to search the database, or make a

selection from an alphabetical list.

Online support -- Online support is also a form of e-learning and functions in a similar

manner to knowledge databases. Online support comes in the form offorums, chat rooms,

online bulletin boards,e-mail, or liveinstant-messagingsupport. Slightly more interactive

than knowledge databases, online support offers the opportunity for more specific questions

and answers, as well as more immediate answers.

Asynchronous training -- This is e-learning in the more traditional sense of the word. It

involves self-paced learning, either CD-ROM-based, Network-based, Intranet-based or

Internet-based. It may include access to instructors through online bulletin boards, online

discussion groups and e-mail. Or, it may be totally self-contained with links to reference

materials in place of a live instructor.

Synchronous training -- Synchronous training is done in real-time with a live instructor

facilitating the training. Everyone logs in at a set time and can communicate directly with

the instructor and with each other. You can raise your cyber hand and even view the cyber

whiteboard. It lasts for a set amount of time -- from a single session to several weeks,

months or even years. This type of training usually takes place via Internet Web sites, audio-or video-conferencing,Internet telephony,or even two-way live broadcasts to students in a

classroom.

Common e-learning terms/toolsThere are countless tools, techniques, people, acronyms and resources associated with e-learning.

Below we cover some of the ones we think you are likely to come across.

Tool / Term Description

Virtual learning

environment (VLE)

An online space provided by the institution to support e-learning. There is

a wide range of VLEs on the market.

Personal learning

environment (PLE)

A concept of understanding that individuals utilise a range of networks

combining both institutional and personal networks and devices to learn.

Podcast, either video

or audio

A method of delivering multimedia content. The video podcasts are

sometimes called vodcasts/vidcasts.

RSS A method used to push and pull content across the Internet.

Face-to-face teaching

A method of delivering teaching and learning that is normally used to

distinguish between the classroom teaching environment and online.
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Learning object

An object such as an audio file. Courses are typically made of many

learning objects

Blended learning

A method of delivering teaching and learning that involves both face-to-

face teaching and the use of technology together at the same time. For

example the internet may be used to support a session that includes

interactive tasks for the learner.

Distance learning

Delivering teaching and learning remotely, typically using technology and

the internet Multimedia resource are often incorporated to provide

context to text-based resources.

Discussion forum

A communication tool for posting messages/work/comments/opinions.

Often text-based but some do offer the ability to use multimedia.

Blog

A way of posting educational material online, normally organised by date

and topic category. Images, video and audio can be shared in this

manner.

Wiki

An editable tool for working with others that has a trackable history of

changes (wikipedia is the most popular example).

Web service

A web delivered service that can be used for many types of activity

including the storage and delivery of multimedia. Examples of web

services include YouTube and web storage.

Netbook

A laptop that is very lightweight, portable and is often cheaper than most

laptops. They can be used to create, use, manage and deliver multimedia.

e-book reader Used to read digital e-books.

Flash player A plug-in piece of software that adds functionality to the browser.

Mobile learning (use

of mobile phones and

other handhelddevices)

Using mobile devices including mobile phones to facilitate teaching andlearning.

Open-source software

Software that is provided under a license that permits the user to have

access to the source code.

HTML

The structural code that makes websites. Multimedia is typically

delivered from websites that are built from HTML.

Websites in turn allow us to produce e-learning for teaching and learning.

Web browser

A browser is a piece of software that allows us to interact with the web

via a computer. Internet Explorer and Mozilla Firefox are two popular


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examples of web browsers that provide access to e-learning material and

multimedia resources

Social media

Social media tools are used to communicate between people on the web

and can be used to support teaching and learning.

advantages and disadvantages

Key advantages of e-learning include:

Improved open access to education, including access to full degree programs

Better integration for non-full-time students, particularly in continuing education,

Improved interactions between students and instructors,

Provision of tools to enable students to independently solve problems

Acquisition of technological skills through practice with tools and computers.

No age-based restrictions on difficulty level, i.e. students can go at their own pace.

Key disadvantages of e-learning, that have been found to make learning less effective than

traditional class room settings, include:

Ease of cheating

Bias towards tech-savvy students over non-technical students,

Teachers' lack of knowledge and experience to manage virtual teacher-student interaction,

Lack of social interaction between teacher and students

Lack of direct and immediate feedback from teachers,

Asynchronic communication hinders fast exchange of question,

Danger of procrastination.

E-businessE-business (or electronic business) is the term used to describe using the internet to operate

your business. E-business represents only a fraction of worldwide business, but is one of the

fastest growing sectors and provides entrepreneurs with excellent opportunities to enter the

market.

In a historical sense, the internet is a relatively new way in which to do business, with the

growth of e-business taking off in the 1990's. The internet provides consumers with an

increasing amount of ways to interact with businesses and has made buying and selling more

competitive worldwide. The rate of globalisation has been significantly impacted by the

internet, making it easier for people and organisations separated by distance to communicate

and interact with each other.

E-business can be as simple as using the internet to send emails between staff orcommunicate with suppliers. A business can be considered an e-business even if it doesn't

buy and sell products over the internet, as the term refers to business activities that

are assisted by the internet. For example, a successful shop front business may decide to

create a website to promote their business but not actually sell products directly through the

internet. Almost all businesses are now an e-business to at least some extent, however, many

have taken a step further and are involved with e-commerce.

E-commerce specifically refers to ordering, buying, selling and paying for products and

services using the internet. E-commerce is a subset of e-business and can make up the

entirety of the business or be used alongside existing, traditional business models. E-

commerce uses the internet to market, sell and conduct transactions with customers without

face to face contact between the buyer and seller. Many e-businesses now conduct all of their

operations online and have no physical store that customers are able to visit.
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As the internet continues to grow in popularity, technology improves and access becomes

more widely available, more and more entrepreneurs are expected to capitalise on the

potential of using the internet to operate their business.

E-business Advantages

The internet and the emergence of e-business has provided entrepreneurs with many

newadvantages and opportunities. The internet has created a business environment in whichtime and distance are less important, people have access to more information to help them

make decisions and consumers have better access to a broader range of products and services.

A significant benefit for entrepreneurs is that the initial investment for starting up an e-

business is generally lower than the costs associated with starting an equivalent business

using a traditional model. The technology used to setup and operate an e-business is

becoming more advanced whilst also becoming cheaper to obtain. Many successful e-

businesses are started using only a home based office with a personal computer, some

basicsoftware and a connection to the internet.

Low start-up costs mean that more people are able to enter the market with their business

ideas. Many of the barriers to opening your own business have been reduced or removed,

with many people able to operate an e-business whilst remaining employed in their regular

day job. People who lacked the confidence to start a full scale business are now able to test

their abilities and ideas online for a relatively small initial outlay.

The increases in technology and falling prices also provide online businesses with a steady

stream of new customers as more people move online to shop for products and services. Cost

and access is becoming less of a barrier for consumers and people are becoming increasingly

comfortable with making purchasers online.

E-business makes it easier, faster and cheaper for businesses to communicate with their

suppliers and theircustomers.Using email and online ordering systems, communication and

transactions can occur almost instantly between organisations situated anywhere in the world.

The internet is accessible twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week. This means that buyersand sellers can conduct transactions at any time, as opposed to the regular trading hours of

traditional business models. The internet can also make it easier and more cost effective for

business managers to track and analyse the buying patterns of their customers, and in turn

tailor the business to better suit their needs and expectations.

E-business can provide cost saving advantages for both buyers and sellers. Online sellers are

able to reduce their overheads as they don't need expensive shop fronts, as many employees

or need to hold as much inventory on hand. In turn, this allows them to reduce their prices

and pass the savings on to their customers, who save time and money by shopping from their

own homes. The fact that consumers have such wide access to a diverse range of sellers also

helps them to save money as they can search, shop around and compare prices quickly and

easily.Successful E-business Models

Different organisations and individuals will choose to use different levels of e-business.

Some businesses will only use email for communication and don't require a website, whereas

others will operate almost entirely online. There are a number of successfule-business

models that you should consider when determining what level of e-business is right for your

individual circumstances.

An important point that you need to consider is the difference between operating an e-

business and using a website to promote your traditional business. An e-business model

maintains that revenue is generated as a direct result of operating some part of the business

online, as opposed to just using the internet as a promotional method. Remember that none of
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the following e-business models have to be used exclusively, you can use them in addition to

an existing traditional business model.

Online shopfronts are one of the most popular and common types of e-business sites. Online

shops are designed to provide information to consumers about products and services and to

accept orders online.

Generally, online shops utilise a "shopping cart" application that allows users to complete anonline order form and process orders and payments. Physical products are then shipped to the

customer or electronic products can be downloaded instantly.

Online shops are only successful when they are able to offer something equal or better than

traditional business models.Customers want to be able to save time or save money when

purchasing online. They also expect similar levels of customer service and the option to deal

with a real person if a problem arises.

It is possible to create a commercial viable e-business without actually selling products or

services to the general public. Popular websites that feature high amounts of web traffic are

able rent out advertising space on the website to other businesses for a fee. The key is to build

a website that offers targeted, high quality content that users will return to view over and

over, and to offer advertising to businesses that are in some way related to the informationyou provide.

Some e-businesses operate simply by offering content that is useful enough for users to

register and pay a fee to use. However, it can be difficult for paid subscription services to

compete in a market where there is extensive information available for free. You need to be

sure that people value what you offer highly enough to want to pay for it before you consider

charging a fee for your online content.

Online auctions are another popular and relatively successful model for operating a business

online. Sellers post up items at a reserve price, and registered users bid on the item until the

end of the auction. The website operator usually collects a small fee after the item is sold as

commission on the transaction. Internet auctions are popular as they allow people to sell their

products even if they aren't interested or don't have the need to set up a business or website of

their own.

E-learning is an expanding industry in which businesses can operate online. Offering

education and training packages that can be completed either partially or entirely online can

be a way for people with specialist skills to educate others about a particular area of interest.

It could be in the form of an accredited program with a registered training organisation or as

simple as posting up a how-to guide, advice and instructional video about a particular area of

interest.
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unit 2 working with computers (repaired)

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