UNIT 2: POPULATION AND MIGRATION

(From the minds of the teachers who brought you the unit one packet)

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AP Human Geography – Unit 2 Vocab – Abrey/Ewald Population

Age distribution-

Carrying capacity -

Cohort -

Demographic equation -

Demographic momentum -

Demographic regions -

Demographic Transition model -

Dependency ratio -

Diffusion of fertility control -

Disease diffusion -

Doubling time -

Ecumene -

Epidemiological Transition model -

Gendered space -

Infant mortality rate -

J-curve -

Maladaptation -

Malthus, Thomas -

Mortality -

Natality -

Neo-Malthusian -

Overpopulation -

Population densities -

Population distributions -

Population explosion -

Population projection -

Population pyramid -

Rate of natural increase -

S-curve -

Sex ratio -

Standard of living -

Sustainability -

Underpopulation -

Zero population growth - 1

AP Human Geography – Unit 3 Vocab – Abrey/Ewald Migration Activity space -

Chain migration -

Cyclic movement -

Distance decay -

Forced -

Gravity model -

Internal migration -

Intervening opportunity -

Migration patterns -

• Intercontinental -

• Interregional -

• Rural-urban -

Migratory movement -

Periodic movement -

Personal space -

Place utility -

Push-pull factors-

Refugee -

Space-time prism -

Step migration -

Transhumance -

Transmigration -

Voluntary-

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Demographic Transition Model Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4

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Time

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4

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Find answers to the following questions using the current World Population Data Sheet. Locate, shade, and label the countries identified in the questions that follow on the blank world map.

1. What is the current population of the world?

2. Rank, in descending order, the 10 countries with the largest population.

Rates are often used, instead of absolute numbers, to determine how frequently a population or demographic event is occurring—rates show how common an event is. Rates also make it possible to compare countries that vary greatly in terms of population size.

The crude birth rate (CBR) is the annual number of births per 1,000 population.

3. Which country has the highest CBR? Which country has the lowest?

The crude death rate (CDR) is the annual number of deaths per 1,000 population.

4. Which country has the highest CDR? Which country has the lowest?

The infant mortality rate measures the number of deaths each year to infants under 1 year of age per 1,000 live births.

5. Which country has the highest infant mortality rate and what is that rate? Which country has the lowest and what is that rate

The total fertility rate (TFR) is the average number of children a woman would have if she maintained today's level of childbearing throughout her reproductive years.

6. Which countries share the highest TFR and what is it? Which countries share the lowest TFR. What is it?

The age and sex structure of a population refers to the number or proportion of males and females who are in each age category. Age-sex structure tells us about a population's past trends in fertility, mortality, and migration. It also provides information about the population's potential for future growth. The greater the proportion of people in the younger-adult age groups, the greater the potential for more births and population growth.

7. Which country has the "youngest" population, that is, the highest proportion of population under age 15? Which country has the "oldest" population, that is, the highest proportion of population over age 64?

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8. In which country are people expected to live the longest? Which country has the lowest life expectancy?

9. Which African country has the highest proportion of people living in urban areas? In Asia? In Latin America? In Europe? In Oceania?

Gross national income in purchasing power parity per capita (GNI PPP/capita) converts income into "international dollars" and indicates the amount of goods and services one could buy in the United States with a given amount of money.

10. Which country is the wealthiest in terms of GNI PPP/capita? Which is the second wealthiest? Which are the poorest two countries?

A population grows because there are more births than deaths or more people are moving in than moving out. The difference between births and deaths is expressed as a percentage called the rate of natural increase.

11. Which major region is growing the fastest through natural increase? Which major region is growing at the slowest rate? Within the major regions identified, which subregions are growing fastest? … slowest?

12. Which country is growing the fastest through natural increase? Which country is growing at the slowest rate?

A population projection is a computation of future changes in population numbers based on assumptions about future trends in fertility, mortality, and migration.

13. Rank the 10 countries with the largest projected populations for both 2025 and 2050 (in descending order).

14. Which country (ies) is projected to drop out of the top 10 by 2050? Which country (ies) is projected to be added to the top 10?

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15. Rank the major regions according to population size (in descending order) for the present, for 2025, and for 2050. What trend can be observed in terms of population change?

1. China and India have the largest populations in the world. Which of these two countries adds more people to its population annually? [Calculate the numbers added by applying the rate of natural increase to the population of each country. Hint: the rate is a percent]

2. What proportion of the world's people live in Africa? In Asia? In North America? In Latin America? In Europe? In Oceania? What are the projected proportions by 2025 and 2050?

Construct a bar chart showing the regional distributions of the world's population for the current year, 2025, and 2050.

What trends are reflected in the bar chart?

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3. What proportion of the world's people live in less developed countries (LDCs) in the current year? In more developed countries (MDCs)?

What proportion of the world's people is projected to live in LDCs in 2025? In 2050? What proportion is projected to live in MDCs in 2025? In 2050?

The age-dependency ratio is the ratio of persons in the "dependent" ages (under 15 and over 64 years) to those in the "economically productive" ages (15-64 years) in a population. The age-dependency ratio is often used as an indicator of the economic burden the productive portion of a population must carry—even though some persons defined as "dependent" are producers and some persons in the "productive" age range are economically dependent.

The formula for this ratio:

% of population under age 15 + % of 65 and over X 100 % of population ages 15-64

[Hint: The three percents will equal 100%. ]

The age-dependency ratio in the United States in 2004 was:

21% + 12% X 100 67%

This means that there were 49 people in the dependent ages for every 100 people of working age.

5. Select 2 LDCs and 2 MDCs from the data sheet and compute the age-dependency ratios for each.

o What factors do you think contribute to a high age-dependency ratio? o What are some economic and social consequences of a high age-dependency ratio?

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Name: _______________________ NOVA: World in the Balance Viewing Questions: Please answer the following questions while viewing the film. India 1. Who is in control of the fertility rate in India? Give a specific example from the film of why this can be a problem. 2. Describe the age structure of India. 3. How are daughters seen (in terms of economics) in India? Why? 4. What is “Bride Burning” and what are some reasons why it occurs? 5. How many fewer women than men are in India? What is the reason for this difference? 6. What can be done to increase the status of women in India? 7. What can be the results of overpopulation? Be specific. Japan 1. What is a “parasite single” and how do they have an impact on the population size? 2. How does the economy have an effect on the number of children people have? 3. How does the changing population affect the elderly?

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4. Describe the population pyramid of Japan. United States 1. How much will an American child pollute and consume in his/her lifetime? 2. How will the “Baby Boomers” affect the population of the country? 3. What is “Global Aging”? Sub-Saharan Africa 1. How does AIDS affect population size? Does this have a big impact on the age-structure? 2. What is “Family Planning” and how has it worked in Kenya? 3. What happens when the death rate falls and the birth rate remains high? How is this issue resolved? 4. How has AIDS affected the lives of people in Nairobi? What does this mean for women? 5. What does the population pyramid of countries dealing with large numbers of AIDS look like? How is this very different from countries where AIDS is not as big a problem? 6. What can countries like India and Kenya learn about economics from East Asia?

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A Different Mirror: Group Presentation Notes Please take notes for each immigrant group as they give their presentations

Immigrant Group Notes

“Searching for Gold Mountain”

“Between Two Endless Days”

“El Norte”

“To the Promised Land…”

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Will overpopulation be a real threat to humanity over the next century? (100 Pts)

Current UN projections offer a glimpse into where the world’s population will trend through the 21st Century. To research this topic you will need to read and take notes on the four articles that I have given you on this topic. In addition you are required to find and review a minimum of three sources that discuss this issue. The sites you will find will most likely summarize and highlight some of the major reasoning for each side. On one side many demographers and economists believe that rapidly slowing growth rates will ease the pressure of continued population growth. On the other side, Neo-Malthusians believe that there is a serious problem.

Using the sources that you have been given along with the sources that you have found you will write a 3-4 page paper that explains the reason for each side as well as your personal beliefs on the issue. The paper should be double spaced, size 12, Times New Roman font. Within this paper you must site at least 3 articles that you have read and make sure to support your position well. Please include a bibliography of the additional sources you used.

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Guided Reading Chapter 2 1. How do you calculate arithmetic and physiological density, and which is the better measure for human geography? 2. Describe the world’s most typical person. How is that expected to change in upcoming years? 3. Where do people tend to live around the world? Which regions have the largest population? Which regions are growing the fastest?

Which are growing the slowest? 4. What happens to population growth in each stage of the DTM, and why? How do we know we’ve moved from one stage to

another? Can you list some countries in each stage? 5. What did Malthus say about population? Was he right? Why and why not? 6. List ~ 5 development indicators-- would they be high or low for MDCs? LDCs? Which ones have a direct relationship with each

other? Indirect relationship? 7. How do I calculate natural increase rate? If a country had a death rate of 8 and a birth rate of 13, what is the growth rate? What

stage of the DTM would this country be in, and why? 8. How do I calculate doubling time? What has happened to the world population’s doubling time in recent years? How does that

compare to most of human history? (What “curves” would we associate with each?) 9. What would a population pyramid look like for each stage of the DTM? Explain the “dance” and what development indicators (i.e.

life expectancy) change with each stage. 10. How do you calculate dependency ratio, and what does it tell you? What if my population had 12% <15, and 18% >65? Does this

reflect an MDC or LDC and why? 11. How do causes of death differentiate as countries move through the DTM? What is the difference between infectious,

genetic/inherited, and degenerative diseases? (provide an example of each). 12. Give an example of an expansive and restrictive population policies. Which countries would use which ones? How can these

policies affect a country’s population pyramid? 13. What is replacement level TFR, and why? Why can a population with a TFR under replacement level still be growing?

(demographic momentum-- explain).

14. What are eugenic population policies? When and why have they been used?

15. Give a brief summary of world population growth—when did we start growing significantly, and how did we get so big, so fast?

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Europe to North America (1500s-

1900s)

Iberia (Portugal & Spain) to

South & Middle America

(1800s-1900s)

British Isles (Britain & Ireland) to Africa & Australia

(1800s-1900s)

Africa (Western) to the Americas

(1700s-1800s)

India to Eastern Africa,

Southeast Asia, & Caribbean

America (1800s-1900s)

China to Southeast Asia

& America (1800s-1900s)

Eastern North America to

Western North America

(1700s-1900s)

Western Russia to

Eastern/Central Asia (1800s-

1900s)

Brief Description of Migration (i.e. how many moving, where, etc.)

Push/Pull Factors (reasons for migration)

Economic / Cultural / Environmental

Effects of Emigration (on home country) / Immigration (on new country)

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From Europe to

From India to

From Iberia to

From China to

British Isles to

From Eastern North America to

From West Africa to

From Western Russia to

* Economic * Cultural * Environmental

Indicate if Migrations were Voluntary or Forced; International or Intraregional

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Demographic Change, Mexico 1895-2000

Demographic Change, Sweden 1735-2000

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Directions: Carefully examine the 2 graphs in order to help answer the following questions. Notice that there is a significant difference in the dates along the horizontal axes. 1. In both Sweden and Mexico which seems to decline first – birth or death rates? Suggest some reasons for this. 2. Did the death rate decline in Sweden or Mexico first? Why do you believe this was the case? 3. What happened to the rate of natural increase as the death rates began to drop? 4. When did the birth rates seem to start going down on a fairly regular basis in each country? 5. What effect has the declining birth rates had on the rate of natural increase? 6. Why has Mexico’s birth rate decline started much more recently than Sweden’s? 7. On the graphs provided, draw lines indicating where you believe the various stages of the

demographic transition model start and end. 8. Have both countries gone through all 4 stages ? Explain. 9. Which stage of the Demographic Transition Model do you believe each country is in? 10. What is similar about the Stage 1 and Stage 4 of the Demographic Transition Model? 11. What is very different about these two stages? 12. What has happened to the birth and death rates of each country since 2000? What

conclusions can you draw about the stage of each country?

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1. Contrast cyclic movement with periodic movement, using examples. How does cyclic movement in North America compare to that in other places in the world? 2. What is the difference between “movement” and “migration”? Analyze the map in figure 3.4 to describe and explain patterns (i.e. what they are, and why they exist) of recent internal migration within the U.S. 3. Why is the distinction between voluntary and forced migration sometimes difficult to make? Use an example in your explanation. 4. What is the gravity model, and what does it tell us about migration? 5. List the major push/pull factors in migration and give examples of each. 6. Use the map in figure 3.8 to list and describe each of the 8 major global-scale migrations (where people where moving from and to, and why). 7. Describe 2 examples of regional/national migration flows detailed in the book. What internal migration flows have occurred within

the United States? 8. Explain the overall geographical patterns of refugees, referring to the map in figure 3.15. What is the difference between

international and intra-national refugees? (i.e. what is the better term?) Provide examples in your explanation. 9. How and why have the places of origins of immigrants to the U.S. changed over time? (Refer to figure 3.17 in your answer.) Give specific evidence. 10. Describe the post-9/11 shift in immigration policy. What are some of the economic, social, and security issues involved in the debate over the U.S. immigration policy?

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Libya, Ghaddafi and the Arab Spring

While the US and Europe have remained fixated on the simmering sovereign debt crisis in euroland, the Arab world has been experiencing waves of demonstrations, protests and civil wars that have seen the fall of three major regimes thus far in 2011, with several others struggling to find equilibrium. The underlying forces behind the Arab Spring are complex and vary from country to country. But a key factor is demographics, as a glance at the population pyramids below suggests.

A common denominator of the three is an aging ruling party unable to control a population bulge of young adults afflicted by high unemployment, food inflation, corruption, an absence of political freedoms and generally poor living conditions. The three pyramids above differ somewhat from one another, especially the pattern of contracting growth in Tunisia. But the three exhibit the common demographic of young adult males in the numbers necessary to mount a successful overthrow of the government.

Part I: What do you see in these population pyramids? Given what we have learned what can be expected in the future if there is unhappiness with the government? What would you surmise if you saw these pyramids about the counties shown: challenges, future expectations, and needs. What should the leaders of these countries be concentrating on in order to help their citizens? Part II: Since these population pyramids were not a surprise (especially to demographers) do you believe that the Arab Spring was an event that could have been predicted? Why or why not? (Please answer this question in at least a 10 sentence paragraph citing factors that you know could have been dealt with and reason you believe they were not) 20

30 Days: Immigration

1. How many illegal immigrants are estimated to live in America today? Where do most illegal immigrants come from?

2. How many people attempt to immigrate illegally across the US-Mexican border into the United States each year?

3. What job does Frank have to take when he lives as an illegal immigrant?

4. What are some of the arguments against immigration that appeared in this film? a. b. c. d.

5. What are some of the arguments for immigration that appeared in this film? a. b. c. d.

6. What did Frank learn from living with illegal immigrants?

7. Are you for or against immigration? Why?

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Chapter 2 and 3 Review:

1. Why is migration called “relocation diffusion” 2. What is the difference between “immigration” and “emigration” 3. How do you determine “net migration”? 4. What is “Mobility”? 5. What is the main reason people migrate? 6. What is the difference between “Push” and “Pull” factors? 7. Give 2 examples of “Economic” push factors. 8. Give 2 examples of “Economic” pull factors 9. Give 2 examples of “Cultural” push factors. 10. Give 2 examples of “Cultural” pull factors 11. Give 1 example of an “Environmental” push factor. 12. Give 1 example of an “Environmental” pull factor. 13. What are “Intervening Obstacles”? 14. Name 2 of Ravenstein’s theories of migration. 15. What is the difference between “interregional migration” and “intraregional migration? 16. What is “migration transition”? 17. How does the DTM influence migration? 18. Name 2 characteristics of migrants according to Ravenstein. 19. Regarding the gender of migrants, what groups migrate where and why? 20. Why do young people migrate more than older people? 21. How does the principle of “Distance Decay” influence people and where they migrate? 22. Regarding global migration, what regions have more out-migration and what regions have more in-migration? 23. What countries of the world have the lowest or highest percentage of immigrants? 24. Name the 3 eras of immigration to the U.S. 25. Concerning the “Colonial Immigration Era” what countries sent the most immigrants to the U.S. and for what reasons? 26. Concerning the first peak of 19th Century immigration (1840s and 1850s),what countries did immigrants come from and for what

reasons did they migrate to the U.S.(give 2 reasons)? 27. Concerning the second peak of 19th Century (1870s and 1880s), from what countries did immigrants come from and for what reasons

(give 3 reasons)? 28. Concerning the third peak of the 19th Century (1890s to 1910), from what countries did immigrants come from and for what reasons

(give 3 reasons)? 29. Why did immigration in the U.S. surge in the late 20th Century and where did these immigrants come from? ( name specific countries

and reasons why). 30. What did the 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act do for immigration? 31. In what parts or regions of the U.S. did most immigrants in the late 20th Century settle? 32. What is meant by “Chain Migration” 33. How do countries try to control immigration numbers 34. How do “Quotas” work 35. When and why did the U. S. begin to control immigration 36. Where are “guest workers” emigrated to today? 37. What are “Time-Contract Workers” and what country has contributed the most to other countries in Asia? 38. Name 4 reasons why people migrate within a country. 39. What is brain drain? 40. Population Concentrations 41. Where is the world's population distributed? 42. What role does regionalization play in understanding world population concentrations? 43. What are these regions and the significant characteristics of each? 44. What is the history of the ecumene? 45. In which climates do people cluster to? Which climates do they avoid? Why? 46. What are the three measures of population density? 47. What kind of data can we get from each type? What does a high vs. low level of this type of density mean for a country?

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48. Are there any relationships between these measures of density and other demographic statistics like NIR, CBR, TFR, CDR? 49. What countries could be used as examples of each kind of density? 50. Where is the world's population increasing and decreasing? 51. What do these measures tell us about a country's population? 52. What kind of general trends can we develop using these trends? 53. Why is the world's population increasing at different rates in different countries? 54. What is the demographic transition? What does it try to explain? 55. What are the stages of the transition model? What does a country look like in each stage? 56. Give an example, other than in the textbook, of what the demographic transition looks like in a country. 57. What are population pyramids? What data do they show? 58. How can geographers use population pyramids to better understand the demographics of a country's population? 59. What do population pyramids show us that we can't see using other tools? 60. What do population pyramids look like in different stages of the demographic transition? 61. Who was Thomas Malthus? What were his ideas? 62. Which of his ideas do people still consider relevant? Which no longer apply to our world? 63. What do you consider to be the strongest/weakest points Malthus makes? 64. Why is his work still considered today? 65. On what basis are people critical of Malthus', or his modern neo-Malthusian's ideas? 66. Discuss the many factors involved with regional crises regarding population growth. 67. What are the reasons that the world is facing declining birth rates? 68. What is the relationship between a country's level of development and its population growth? Why? 69. Discuss the role of economic development in a country's population growth? 70. Why is the issue of contraceptives so relevant and yet so controversial? 71. What role do health threats play in the populations of different countries? 72. What are the stages of the epidemiologic transition? 73. What are examples and reasons for each of these stages? 74. Are there any epidemics that are more relevant to the world's population? Where? Why? 75. Be sure to address the role of LDC vs. MDC in this issue. 76. What is migration and why do people migrate? 77. Describe the kinds of push/pull factors that influence peoples' decision to move. 78. Who was Ravenstein and why is his work still considered and used today? 79. How do geographers classify the distance of migrations? 80. How do these relate to the push/pull factors? 81. Describe in detail the migration transition. This will likely involve doing research outside of the textbook. 82. Your description should relate the migration transition to the demographic transition. 83. What are the general global trends in migration? 84. What are the phases of US immigration? 85. What was Ellis Island and why was it significant? 86. Where do most immigrants come from today? 87. What is the historical impact of immigration on the US? 88. How has immigration from Europe vs. other parts of the world had different effects on the US? 89. Where do immigrants from other countries reside in the US? 90. What are some of the obstacles that immigrants face? 91. Describe the host policies of different countries? 92. How are migrants treated differently in the US vs. in Europe? 93. How are economic migrants and refugees treated differently? 94. How are regional migrants treated differently? 95. What are the cultural problems of living in other countries? 96. Why do people migrate within the same country? 97. What has internal migration looked like in the US throughout history? 98. What are the different types of migration within one country? How are they different? 99. What major other regions experience heavy interregional migration?

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