By Andrés 5ABy Andrés 5A

1.-The layers of the Earth1.-The layers of the Earth

• The Earth is called “The blue planet” The Earth is called “The blue planet” because about 75% of its surface is because about 75% of its surface is covered by water.covered by water.

• The Earth has got three main partsThe Earth has got three main parts::

– The atmosphere.The atmosphere.– The geosphere.The geosphere.– The hydrosphere.The hydrosphere.

The atmosphereThe atmosphere

• The Earth's atmosphere is a gaseous The Earth's atmosphere is a gaseous layer that surrounds the planet.layer that surrounds the planet.

• The Earth's atmosphere contains The Earth's atmosphere contains various gases. The most common various gases. The most common gases are nitrogen and oxygen. gases are nitrogen and oxygen.

• The atmosphere is divided in different The atmosphere is divided in different layers: the troposphere, the layers: the troposphere, the stratosphere and the ionospherestratosphere and the ionosphere

• Troposphere.Troposphere. The troposphere is the layer closest to the Earth's surface. It's 12 km thick and we can observe meteorological conditions.

• Stratosphere. Stratosphere. The stratosphere is 50 km above the Earth's surface and it includes the ozone layer.

• Ionosphere. Ionosphere. The ionosphere is about 400 km high . This layer reflects radio waves, so they can't escape.

The geosphereThe geosphere

•The geosphere is the solid part of the Earth. It is divided into three different layers:– The crust– The mantle– The core

• CrustCrust. . The crust is the outer layer of the geosphere. It's made up of rocks and it includes continents, islands and ocean floors.

• Mantle. Mantle. Some of the rock is in a liquid form called magma.

• Core. Core. The core is the inner layer of the geosphere. It's mostly made of iron

The hydrosphere

•The hydrosphere includes all the water that exist:– Liquid state: Liquid state: In our oceans, rivers, seas

and lakes. There is also lots of water under the Earth's surface.

– Solid state:Solid state: As snow and ice, especially in Greenland and Antarctica.

– Gaseous state:Gaseous state: Water vapour in the Earth's atmosphere.

2. Minerals and2. Minerals and rocksrocks

• Minerals:Minerals: Minerals are solid bodies that form rocks.We can classify them by various properties:

– Hardness:Hardness: You can't scratch or break them easily.– Lustre:Lustre: Have a metallic appearance or lustre when

they reflect light.– Colour:Colour: Some minerals have a characteristic colour.

•Rocks: Rocks consist of one or more minerals. We can classify rocks by their origin:

•Sedimentary:Sedimentary: Are composed of particles of other rocks

• Igneous:Igneous: Are formed hot, melted rock called magma. When magma cools, it change to solid.

•Metamorphic:Metamorphic: When rocks become very hot or when there are under a lot of pressure

3. Energy inside the earth3. Energy inside the earth

•There is a lot of energy stored deep inside the Earth. This energy produces effects that we can observe on the Earth's surface, like volcanoes and earthquakes.

• Volcanoes:Volcanoes: A volcano forms when hot magma rises to the Earth's surface. When a volcano erupts it can throw solid materials into the air, like ash and rocks.

•Volcanic cone:Volcanic cone: The volcanic cone is formed by many layers of lava.

•Lava:Lava: Lava is magma that rises to the Earth's surface.

•Crater:Crater: The crater is the opening of a volcano.

•Conduit:Conduit: The conduit is the vertical shaft that carries magma to the surface.

•Magma chamber:Magma chamber: The magma chamber is a large pool of magma under a volcano.

•Earthquakes: Earthquakes are caused by sudden movements of the Earth's crust.

4. Globes and maps4. Globes and maps

With a globe:With a globe: Globes are three-dimensional models of the Earth's surface.

With a map: With a map: Maps are flat, two-dimensional representations of the Earth's surface.

• Meridians and parallels:Meridians and parallels: We use a system of meridians and

parallels to describe geographical locations on the Earth's surface.

•Meridians:Meridians: Meridians are semicircular lines that go from the North Pole to the South Pole. These lines are numbered in degrees. Meridian 0º is Prime meridian. It also called Greenwich meridian.

•Parallels:Parallels: Parallels are circular lines that go around the Earth. These lines are numbered in degrees. Parallel 0º is the Equator. It divides the Earth into two equal parts: the Northern Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere.

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