I i I ;,-:

Ke,v success factors. constructing an argumen[. sLrstaining yollr case uith eramples. shoir'ing tl.rat yor-r haye cor-isidered the

opposing vierlpoir.rt

ANALYSING A MODEL TEXTa \bu hare been asked to n rite the tbllolr,ing essLy;

Tourisnt aht'rL1,s brings cL Pklce more harnt than .qoodDlscnss the question lr,ith a partuer. Do

,,,.o1thir-rk that the effect of tourism on a corintrl,citr-, or region is in general more Lrositi\-e ormore negatir.e? \\h1,?

Topic sentenceshr r r,r-ell-rritten essa\., the tirst senter-ICe ol aparaglaph establishes u,hat the paragrapl-r isgoing to be about. This is sor.ietin'res calledt1-re 'topic sentencel

Read the topic sentences beloi,,, one bv oneand, in pairs, imagine horv the paragraph lvillcontinue. Do yolr think the essa)r u'i11 be inf-avonr of or agarnst tourism?A The inflastructure of an aea is also oiier-r

imploved as a result of tourisrn.B It is oflen clairned tl-rart popr-rlar tourist

clestir-rations are spoilt as a reslilt ofor.erdevelopn-rent.

C Tourism remains one of the rrorldt greatgrou-th industries.

D Badh-behaved tourists can oilen be a sourceof annovance tbr t1're 1oca1 popr-rlation.

E Another point in i-ar,'our oi tourisr.n is thatgovernrner-its are becoming au.'are of the needto protect tourist areas in order to attractr.,is itors.

F The n'iain positive etlect of tourism is on 1oca1economies and emplot ment.

Norr- read the model essa): and li11 the gapsrvith a lopic sentence. There is one sentence,l,ou don't neecl.

s

Tourism always brings a placemore harm than goodI

-

People today are travelling further and further, nolonger just in the summer but throughout the year. Althoughsome people argue that mass tourism has a negative effect ondestinations, in my view its influences are generally positive.

2

-Tourists

need places to stay and thngs to do andthis creates a wide range of skilled and unskilled jobs for localpeople. Holidaymakers also spend a great deal of money, whichstimulates the economy of the region as well as benefiting thecountry as a whole.

3

-

For example, when tourlsts start visiting an area,roads and public transport tend to improve, or an airport maybe built, all of which benefit Iocal people as well as tourists.

4

-

Not only is this leading to better conservation ofhistoric buildings and monuments in towns and cities, but also ofareas of natural beauty and endangered habitats in country areas.

5

-

For instance, many people argue that touristdevelopment just leads to a proliferation of ugly hotels andapartment blocks. This may have been true in the past, butnowadays there are far more restrictions placed on bothplanners and builders to ensure that the character andarchitectural harmony of the place is maintained.

To sum up, I believe that tourism has, on the whole, a positiveinfiuence provided its development is properly planned andcontrolled. In my opinion, it is possible for both tourists andlocal people to benefit, and for popular tourist destinationsto have a sustainable future.

[[ffi}MultiRoM

Read each paragraph again, includingthe correct topic sentence. Anslver thequestions with a partner.I lVhere does the ,vriter state his opinion

about tourism?2 Hor,v many arguments are gi-',en to

support his vielv?-3 lVhat is the purpose of paragraph 5?

LIsing synonyms and richer vocabularyWhen vou are lvriting an essay, rememberto l,-ary and enrich your vocabular,v bvusing synonyms rr'here appropriate.

e Find synonyms in the essay for thefollor,ving lvords and expressions :I tourists2 effects3 for erample4 to profit from

lr-\fr) t I LPLANNING WHAT TO WRITE

Brainstorm the contenta Read the essay titles belorv. For each one, decide r.vhich side

of the argument you are going to take, and think of three orfour reasons.Drivers should be charged t'or using motor,,vays and roads linkingmajor to,,vns and cities.lvlnrrying someone from a dfferent country will altays be moreproblematic than rnarrying sorneone Jiom yolLr own coLLntry.

Compare lvith a partner. Decide rvhich you think are the threemost important reasons. Decide if there are anv pica1 opposingarguments lrich you could refute.

Choose lvhich of the essa,vs you are going to r,vrite. \\rrite topicsentences for the main paragraphs. Shor,v your topic sentencesto a partner and see if you can improve each othert sentences.TlFS for lvriting a discursive essav lvhere r.ou.take one side ol anargument. Organize yolir essay into paragraphs, u'ith a clear inttoduction

and conclusion (see page 64).. Begin each paragraph r','ith a clear topic sentence and then

develop the idea.. Use s,vnonvms to avoid repeating yourself.. Use a variet,y of phlases for giving,vour opinion, or introducing

an opposing argument and retuting it.

WR ITIN GYbu are going to r,vrite one of the essays above. It should beapproximately 25 0 r,vords.i,,:1F? your essay in four para.{raphs:. an introductor)r paragraph r,vhere

,vou iniroduce the topic anclstatc your opinion

. three or four paragraphs giving your reasons.

. if relevant, a paragraph stating a common counter argument(s)and refr-rting it (them).

. a conclusion, stating rvhat ,vour arguments have shor,vn.

5*1T the essar', making sure your arguments link together andmaking sure it is the right length.i:::I{i'. the essa,v for mistakes in grammar, spelling, punctuation,and reglster.

USEFUL LANGUAGEf Complete the missing rvords in the

expressions. Some (but not all) are inthe model essal-.

Giving personal opinions1 I f that...2 I b- that...-l In mv v the influences of

tourism are generall positive.4lnmvo5 P ,Ithinkthat...

Expressing opposite arguments Some people ar

-

7 It is often cl that populardestinations are spoilt by tourism.

8 There are th rvho sar'...

Refuting them9 This r lr been

true in the past, but norvadays...

10 There are a number of fl- in thisargument.

:

11 This is simply not the c-. :

ri:i:l:i:{,:':.:=

i-

DrvrLoP$lG wRtrruGAn essay

- expresslng personaiopinron

Read the task in the box and then the essay, ignoringthe gaps, lVhich is the best summary of the 'riter'sopinion?a P;rticrl-..atioir ln sclroor sort siculd be I'rratter of

pe:'sorralchcice.Lr Sport i,r ar: esse nttlpart of a siudents ecl 'cat on. li a rrvrcier l::rge c slcrts riere aval al-r e, mc.e stiiients

,,vo,-ric p; r tici paie.

'lt snouid be compitlsory for all students to have ada ly sporls lesson.' What do yott tlrink?

Sporl is rrsLra. y pari oi the scirool cL-rrrlcirirtm iii mostcountr es 'retlrer rorrng people shouidstrli be fci'cecl to oraciise physical exerctse as pair oftle scirooi ,,a7631^i 9r whether ilretr pan:cipato. n spc!-.lssi.rculcl be oiltcnai.

f/y beliei is ihat pi-l\,,s cal ecllrca.tron is vlta :Firsi oi ai there rs an ino-easrng tendency notvada,vs forsiirclenis rc eai a secleiriar./ ifesty e r ,fewei zcr-rirg peci:le are eqag r-rg n ph'vsica aclti'rt;,.

.. , sccri creaies a slrcr-rg sense of ieat.soiiii. Ti'e ri^errbe;-s o wii'r.rng ieanis can taxe pricle rniier.nseives ancl tile r isiit-riion. rh cl is gcccl for theirpei-sorai aicl soc al clevelccl'ent.

... , siuCents ,.,,,1o have er'r acuie cisii