Unit #2Unit #2Exploration, Exploration,

Discovery, & Discovery, &

ColonizationColonizationChapters 1—3Chapters 1—3

Chapter 5Chapter 5From Empire to From Empire to

IndependenceIndependence

Chapter 5 -ObjectivesChapter 5 -Objectives

1.1. ExplainExplain how the British victory over how the British victory over

France in the Great War for Empire, the France in the Great War for Empire, the

new government of George III, and other new government of George III, and other

factors worked together to produce factors worked together to produce

Grenville’s program.Grenville’s program.

2.2. DescribeDescribe how the British policy toward how the British policy toward

the colonies changed between 1763 and the colonies changed between 1763 and

1776.1776.

3. 3. DescribeDescribe the colonists increasing protests the colonists increasing protests

against British.against British.

Chapter 5 -ObjectivesChapter 5 -Objectives

4.4. IdentifyIdentify the key events in the growing the key events in the growing

revolutionary protests.revolutionary protests.

5.5. DescribeDescribe the important individual the important individual

contributions to the revolutionary contributions to the revolutionary

cause.cause.

6.6. AssessAssess British and colonial British and colonial

responsibility for the coming of the responsibility for the coming of the

Revolution.Revolution.

I. I. Impact of the British Impact of the British

Victory in the Great Victory in the Great

War for EmpireWar for Empire

A.A. Situation after the British Victory Situation after the British Victory over Franceover France

The British EmpireThe British Empire

In 1760, King George III became the monarch of In 1760, King George III became the monarch of

the Empire at war.the Empire at war.

Under Prime Minister Pitt, the British had Under Prime Minister Pitt, the British had

managed to remove the French from the North managed to remove the French from the North

American mainland.American mainland.

The American colonies were diverse and bare The American colonies were diverse and bare

cooperated between themselves.cooperated between themselves.

B. Rumblings of American Rumblings of American NationalismNationalism

American View of the WarAmerican View of the War

Most Americans content, but some Most Americans content, but some

discontented about the behavior of the British discontented about the behavior of the British

Army in America (in war and peace).Army in America (in war and peace).

Ben Franklin’s view of the war was positive.Ben Franklin’s view of the war was positive.

Despite celebrating the victory, colonists began Despite celebrating the victory, colonists began

to see themselves as Americans and looked to to see themselves as Americans and looked to

the future with confidence. the future with confidence.

C.C. Awareness of Distinctions Awareness of Distinctions

between British & American between British & American

Military SystemsMilitary SystemsBritish Military & American MilitiaBritish Military & American Militia

The British military was one of the best trained The British military was one of the best trained

on the battlefield.on the battlefield.

A separate identity became evident in the war A separate identity became evident in the war

for empire by the brutalities of the British for empire by the brutalities of the British

military.military.

Militias were used to supplement the troops in Militias were used to supplement the troops in

battle.battle.

D.D. Retaliation of the British Retaliation of the British

Government for Colonial Actions Government for Colonial Actions

in the Warin the WarImperial Forces Won the WarImperial Forces Won the War

Colonial Trade with the FrenchColonial Trade with the French

Trading with the French in war (and now peace).Trading with the French in war (and now peace).

Naval patrols and writs of assistance (search Naval patrols and writs of assistance (search

warrants).warrants).

Efforts to Use Writs of Assistance to Stop TradeEfforts to Use Writs of Assistance to Stop Trade

In 1760, James Otis (Bostonian attorney) was hired by In 1760, James Otis (Bostonian attorney) was hired by

merchants to argue against the writs of assistancemerchants to argue against the writs of assistance..

E. Colonists Used the War to Exact

Concessions from Their Governors

The Role of the ColoniesThe Role of the Colonies

With the French out of the way, exactly how With the French out of the way, exactly how

would the American colonists play a role in the would the American colonists play a role in the

relationship with Indians and the additional relationship with Indians and the additional

expenses of administering the territory won in expenses of administering the territory won in

the war?the war?

F. Problems of Managing Defense in

the Newly Captured Lands

ProblemsProblems

The issue of governing The issue of governing

would be complex would be complex

(especially on the new (especially on the new

taxes and control imposed taxes and control imposed

by Parliament.by Parliament.

Statesmanship of the Statesmanship of the

administers of George III in administers of George III in

question?question? George IIIGeorge III

II.II. British Politics & the British Politics & the

ColoniesColonies

A.A. Government of George IIIGovernment of George III

Whig IdeologyWhig Ideology

Whigs were opposed to James II (a tyrant king).Whigs were opposed to James II (a tyrant king).

Champions of individual liberty Parliamentary Champions of individual liberty Parliamentary

supremacy over the monarch.supremacy over the monarch.

Instability in AdministrationInstability in Administration

Throughout the 1760s, the king place and Throughout the 1760s, the king place and

removed several Prime Ministers.removed several Prime Ministers.

Instability and inconsistency of Parliament.Instability and inconsistency of Parliament.

B.B. Proclamation Line of 1763Proclamation Line of 1763

The Proclamation of 1763The Proclamation of 1763

To keep the peace on the frontier, Parliament To keep the peace on the frontier, Parliament

passed the act to prevent colonists from passed the act to prevent colonists from

settling west of Appalachia.settling west of Appalachia.

The act also established the British The act also established the British

administration of Florida and Quebec.administration of Florida and Quebec.

Most settlers ignored the law.Most settlers ignored the law.

Proclamation Line of 1763Proclamation Line of 1763

C. C. Grenville Program & EffectsGrenville Program & Effects

Revenues for Troops in the WestRevenues for Troops in the West

Under Lord George Grenville, the Under Lord George Grenville, the

protection of western lands was protection of western lands was

critical and the colonists would critical and the colonists would

have to pay for it.have to pay for it.

Nearly 60% of the annual budgets Nearly 60% of the annual budgets

were tied to interest on the debt were tied to interest on the debt

(built up during the French & (built up during the French &

Indian War).Indian War).

George GrenvilleGeorge Grenville

Vice-Admiralty CourtVice-Admiralty Court

A “maritime” court to deal with smugglers.A “maritime” court to deal with smugglers.

Sugar Act (or Revenue Act), 1764Sugar Act (or Revenue Act), 1764

Reduced the tax on sugar by 50%, but levied new Reduced the tax on sugar by 50%, but levied new

duties on imports of duties on imports of foreignforeign textiles, wine, coffee, textiles, wine, coffee,

indigo, and sugar.indigo, and sugar.

Currency Act, 1764Currency Act, 1764

Prohibited the colonists from printing their own Prohibited the colonists from printing their own

currency.currency.

Stamp Act, 1765Stamp Act, 1765

Revenue stamps were to be purchased and fixed on Revenue stamps were to be purchased and fixed on

legal documents and printed matter: newspapers, legal documents and printed matter: newspapers,

diplomas, deeds, licenses, bonds, playing cards, etc.diplomas, deeds, licenses, bonds, playing cards, etc.

The colonists were not too pleased and organized The colonists were not too pleased and organized

the “Stamp Act Congress” to attempt to repeal the the “Stamp Act Congress” to attempt to repeal the

act.act.

Quartering Act, 1765Quartering Act, 1765

Colonists would have to supply British troops Colonists would have to supply British troops

stationed in the colonies.stationed in the colonies.

D.D. Ideology of Colonial ReactionIdeology of Colonial Reaction

Radical Whig PhilosophyRadical Whig Philosophy

The protest of the Stamp Act brought about the The protest of the Stamp Act brought about the

revival of the Whig ideology.revival of the Whig ideology.

British TyrannyBritish Tyranny

To the colonies, the Parliament (champion of To the colonies, the Parliament (champion of

liberty) was now viewed as tyrannical. liberty) was now viewed as tyrannical.

““No Taxation without RepresentationNo Taxation without Representation””

E.E. Stamp Act Crisis, 1765—1766Stamp Act Crisis, 1765—1766

Colonial DemonstrationsColonial Demonstrations

The Stamp Act set off a wave of demonstrations The Stamp Act set off a wave of demonstrations

and the creation of the Sons of Liberty.and the creation of the Sons of Liberty.

Effigies and threats against of tax collectors Effigies and threats against of tax collectors

were present in all of the colonies.were present in all of the colonies.

Idea of Colonial UnityIdea of Colonial Unity

Stamp Act Congress, October 1765Stamp Act Congress, October 1765

Nine colonies sent delegates to New York and issued Nine colonies sent delegates to New York and issued

the Declaration of the Rights & Grievances of the the Declaration of the Rights & Grievances of the

Colonies.Colonies.

Rockingham (Charles Watson-Wentworth) MinistryRockingham (Charles Watson-Wentworth) Ministry

Replaced the Grenville administration with a more Replaced the Grenville administration with a more

moderate leader who repealed the Stamp Act in moderate leader who repealed the Stamp Act in

1766.1766.

Repeal of the Stamp Tax, 1766Repeal of the Stamp Tax, 1766

Declaratory Act, March 1766Declaratory Act, March 1766

Repeal of the Stamp Tax, 1766Repeal of the Stamp Tax, 1766

III. III. Increasing Increasing

Tensions with Tensions with

BritishBritish

A.A. Townshend DutiesTownshend Duties

Charles Townshend & New TaxesCharles Townshend & New Taxes

Prime Minister who pushed for the passage of new Prime Minister who pushed for the passage of new

taxes on goods such as lead, paint, glass, paper, and taxes on goods such as lead, paint, glass, paper, and

tea.tea.

The act also suspended New York Assembly.The act also suspended New York Assembly.

Created a Board of Customs Commissioners in Created a Board of Customs Commissioners in

Boston.Boston.

The duties would collect taxes for the Crown and The duties would collect taxes for the Crown and

increase regulation in Colonies.increase regulation in Colonies.

B.B. Colonial ReactionsColonial Reactions John Dickinson’s OppositionJohn Dickinson’s Opposition

Philadelphia lawyer who wrote “Letters Philadelphia lawyer who wrote “Letters

from a Farmer in Pennsylvania” protesting from a Farmer in Pennsylvania” protesting

the Stamp Act arguing against levying the Stamp Act arguing against levying

taxes for revenue-only.taxes for revenue-only.

Samuel AdamsSamuel Adams

Political agitator who organized the Sons of Political agitator who organized the Sons of

Liberty in Boston.Liberty in Boston.

Sons of LibertySons of Liberty

Samuel AdamsSamuel AdamsJohn DickinsonJohn Dickinson

Sons of LibertySons of Liberty

James OtisJames Otis

Wrote a letter to other colonies (with Sam Adams) in Wrote a letter to other colonies (with Sam Adams) in

an effort to organize a unified front against an effort to organize a unified front against

“taxation without representation.”“taxation without representation.”

““Boston Massacre”Boston Massacre”

On March 5, 1770, colonists gathered around the On March 5, 1770, colonists gathered around the

custom house in Boston and taunted a single sentry.custom house in Boston and taunted a single sentry.

Reinforcements were called in as a fire bell rang.Reinforcements were called in as a fire bell rang.

Five colonists killed (including Crispus Attucks).Five colonists killed (including Crispus Attucks).

John Adams defended the British and two convicted John Adams defended the British and two convicted

of murder.of murder.

““Boston Massacre”Boston Massacre”

John AdamsJohn Adams

C.C. Townshend Duties Repealed Townshend Duties Repealed

(Except for Tax on Tea)(Except for Tax on Tea) Repealing the Townshend DutiesRepealing the Townshend Duties

News of the “Boston Massacre” led to the News of the “Boston Massacre” led to the

repeal of the Townshend acts.repeal of the Townshend acts.

The tax on tea would stay in place.The tax on tea would stay in place.

D. Two Years of Relative Peace

Colonial ModerationColonial Moderation

For nearly two years, there was relative For nearly two years, there was relative

peace in the colonies.peace in the colonies.

Soldiers were eventually recalled, but ships Soldiers were eventually recalled, but ships

still patrolled the coast for smugglers.still patrolled the coast for smugglers.

E. Frontier Protests Vermont Created (1791)Vermont Created (1791)

Paxton Boys of PennsylvaniaPaxton Boys of Pennsylvania

Frontier dispute between western Frontier dispute between western

Pennsylvanians and Indians (Susquehannock in Pennsylvanians and Indians (Susquehannock in

Lancaster), and Indian converts who took Lancaster), and Indian converts who took

refuge in Philadelphia .refuge in Philadelphia .

South Carolina RegulatorsSouth Carolina Regulators

Societies who committed vigilante activities.Societies who committed vigilante activities.

North Carolina ProtestsNorth Carolina Protests

Western farmers organized resistance against Western farmers organized resistance against

easterners who felt oppressed.easterners who felt oppressed.

IV. IV. Crisis Crisis

ApproachingApproaching

A. A. More Colonial ProtestsMore Colonial Protests

H.M.S. H.M.S. GaspeeGaspee Burned, 1772 Burned, 1772

Committees of Correspondence Formed, 1772Committees of Correspondence Formed, 1772

Tea Act, 1773Tea Act, 1773

Parliament granted the East India Company a Parliament granted the East India Company a

monopoly to undercut their competitors by no paying monopoly to undercut their competitors by no paying

any duties while increasing the number of ships to any duties while increasing the number of ships to

stop smugglers.stop smugglers.

Colonial ProtestsColonial Protests

““Boston Tea Party”Boston Tea Party”

A. A. More Colonial ProtestsMore Colonial Protests

““Boston Tea Party”Boston Tea Party”

On December 16, 1773, a group of Bostonian On December 16, 1773, a group of Bostonian

members of the Sons of Liberty dressed as members of the Sons of Liberty dressed as

Mohawks, boarded three ships of the East India Mohawks, boarded three ships of the East India

Company, and dumped 342 chests of tea into the Company, and dumped 342 chests of tea into the

harbor.harbor.

Many outrages by many colonial leaders over the Many outrages by many colonial leaders over the

loss of tea became public.loss of tea became public.

Parliament and King pushed for strong action.Parliament and King pushed for strong action.

““Boston Tea Party”Boston Tea Party”

Port of Boston ClosedPort of Boston Closed

Trials of Officials Transferred to EnglandTrials of Officials Transferred to England

New Quartering Act for SoldiersNew Quartering Act for Soldiers

Massachusetts’s Council & Law Enforcement OfficesMassachusetts’s Council & Law Enforcement Offices

General Thomas Gage & Martial Law in General Thomas Gage & Martial Law in

MassachusettsMassachusetts

Prohibition of Town MeetingsProhibition of Town Meetings

B.B. British Respond with the Coercive British Respond with the Coercive

Acts, 1774Acts, 1774

The Quebec Act, 1774The Quebec Act, 1774

Quebec, under British rule, would not have an Quebec, under British rule, would not have an

elected assembly, but would be led by an elected assembly, but would be led by an

appointed governor.appointed governor.

It also gave land to Quebec which belonged It also gave land to Quebec which belonged

to western Pennsylvania, Virginia, and to western Pennsylvania, Virginia, and

Connecticut.Connecticut.

C.C. Quebec Acts, July 1774Quebec Acts, July 1774

Adopts “Declaration of American Rights”Adopts “Declaration of American Rights”

Stated that Parliament could only rule on matters Stated that Parliament could only rule on matters

which regulated commerce imperial affairs.which regulated commerce imperial affairs.

Each colony had the right to determine if military Each colony had the right to determine if military

use was needed in its own province.use was needed in its own province.

Endorses Continental AssociationEndorses Continental Association

Boycott of British GoodsBoycott of British Goods

Massachusetts in RebellionMassachusetts in Rebellion

Restrictions on TradeRestrictions on Trade

D.D. First Continental Congress, First Continental Congress, September 1774September 1774

V. V. Conflict SpreadsConflict Spreads

LoyalistsLoyalists

Unorganized and Unorganized and

outnumbered (in New outnumbered (in New

England)England)

Whig Committees Whig Committees

(Patriots)(Patriots)

Formation of the MilitiaFormation of the Militia

TrainingTraining

MinutemenMinutemen

A.A. Colonists Take the Initiative Colonists Take the Initiative

Massachusetts in Massachusetts in

RebellionRebellion

Military Governor Military Governor

Thomas GageThomas Gage

Campaign to Campaign to

Arrest Leaders of Arrest Leaders of

the Provincial the Provincial

Congress (Sam Congress (Sam

Adams & John Adams & John

Hancock)Hancock)

B.B. Beginning of the Revolutionary Beginning of the Revolutionary WarWar

General Thomas GageGeneral Thomas Gage

Sam Sam

AdamsAdamsJohn John

HancockHancock

March on Concord, April 18-19, 1775March on Concord, April 18-19, 1775

William Dawes & Paul RevereWilliam Dawes & Paul Revere

Lexington Green Lexington Green

““Disperse you damn rebels!” Disperse you damn rebels!”

Eight dead and ten wounded Eight dead and ten wounded

The “Shot Heard ‘Round the The “Shot Heard ‘Round the

World”World”

Siege of ConcordSiege of Concord

March Back to BostonMarch Back to Boston

C.C. Beginning of the Beginning of the Revolutionary WarRevolutionary War

Second Continental Second Continental

CongressCongress

Convened, May 10,1775Convened, May 10,1775

No legal authority and No legal authority and

no resourcesno resources

John Adams nominates John Adams nominates

George Washington as George Washington as

Commander-in-ChiefCommander-in-Chief

D.D. Second Continental CongressSecond Continental Congress

Fort Ticonderoga, New YorkFort Ticonderoga, New York

Ticonderoga taken by the Green Mountain Ticonderoga taken by the Green Mountain

Boys, May 10, 1775.Boys, May 10, 1775.

Ethan Allen & Benedict Arnold.Ethan Allen & Benedict Arnold.

E.E. Fall of Fort TiconderogaFall of Fort Ticonderoga

Washington’s SelectionWashington’s Selection

Experience in the Experience in the

French & Indian War.French & Indian War.

A Virginian led the A Virginian led the

army.army.

Training a professional Training a professional

military.military.

Headed to Boston to Headed to Boston to

take command.take command.

F.F. Continental Army EstablishedContinental Army Established

The ContinentalsThe Continentals

Fortifying BostonFortifying Boston

By June 1, 20,000 Patriots surrounded Boston, and By June 1, 20,000 Patriots surrounded Boston, and

fortified the hills, waterways, and roads around the fortified the hills, waterways, and roads around the

city.city.

Thomas Gage was replaced with British General Thomas Gage was replaced with British General

Lord William Howe who was more aggressive.Lord William Howe who was more aggressive.

The British began fortifying the city.The British began fortifying the city.

On June 17, Howe ordered the burning of Charles On June 17, Howe ordered the burning of Charles

Town and siege of Breed’s Hill.Town and siege of Breed’s Hill.

G.G. Battle of Bunker HillBattle of Bunker Hill

Battle of Bunker HillBattle of Bunker Hill

The British army moved across the Charles River The British army moved across the Charles River

and organized several lines.and organized several lines.

““The whites of their eyes”The whites of their eyes”

The third attempt successfulThe third attempt successful

After a cost of 1,054 casualties (only 400 Patriots After a cost of 1,054 casualties (only 400 Patriots

were killed), the British took the hillwere killed), the British took the hill

Result: Result:

(1) More cautious British generals, and (1) More cautious British generals, and

(2) Congress called for larger enlistments in the (2) Congress called for larger enlistments in the

militia militia

Battle of Bunker HillBattle of Bunker Hill

““The British Take the Hill”The British Take the Hill”

Olive Branch PetitionOlive Branch Petition

Sent to the King (not Sent to the King (not

to Parliament).to Parliament).

King George III King George III

rejected the petition rejected the petition

and sent more troops.and sent more troops.

The king declared The king declared

that rebellion existed that rebellion existed

in the colonies.in the colonies.

H.H. “Olive Branch Petition”“Olive Branch Petition”

King George IIIKing George III

The OathThe Oath

Congress believed it needed to increase the Congress believed it needed to increase the

number of militiamen ready to fight.number of militiamen ready to fight.

This tended to divide many into two camps This tended to divide many into two camps

(Loyalist militia or Patriot Militia).(Loyalist militia or Patriot Militia).

The lines were drawn leading to bloody civil The lines were drawn leading to bloody civil

fighting (especially in South with more fighting (especially in South with more

loyalists than in New England).loyalists than in New England).

I.I. “Declaration of Taking Up Arms”“Declaration of Taking Up Arms”

Battle of Quebec, July of 1775Battle of Quebec, July of 1775

Two forces would converge on Quebec hoping Two forces would converge on Quebec hoping

to open a northern front in the war.to open a northern front in the war.

Smallpox and smaller numbers hindered the Smallpox and smaller numbers hindered the

attempt.attempt.

Richard Montgomery & Benedict Arnold.Richard Montgomery & Benedict Arnold.

J.J. Authorized Attack on QuebecAuthorized Attack on Quebec

Congress & the WarCongress & the War

Congress attempted to raise funds and Congress attempted to raise funds and

provide military stores for the war effort.provide military stores for the war effort.

Many called for independence as Congress Many called for independence as Congress

continued to hold back from this last step.continued to hold back from this last step.

K.K. Growth of CongressGrowth of Congress

Thomas Paine’s Thomas Paine’s Common SenseCommon Sense, 1776, 1776

Thomas Paine was a British writer who immigrated to Thomas Paine was a British writer who immigrated to

America in 1776 and authored America in 1776 and authored Common SenseCommon Sense..

Paine proposed a radical course for the war by Paine proposed a radical course for the war by

stating the colonies should declare independence stating the colonies should declare independence

from Britain, establish a republic, and create a union from Britain, establish a republic, and create a union

of states.of states.

Paine also denounced King George III and the Paine also denounced King George III and the

monarchies of Europe.monarchies of Europe.

L.L. Thomas Paine’s Thomas Paine’s Common SenseCommon Sense, , 17761776

Inspiring IndependenceInspiring Independence

The work inspired the The work inspired the

colonists to take the last colonists to take the last

step toward independence.step toward independence.

By June of 1776, the By June of 1776, the

Congress was ready for Congress was ready for

action and selected a action and selected a

committee to write a committee to write a

declaration of declaration of

independence.independence.

VI. VI. Declaration of Declaration of

IndependenceIndependence

Thomas Jefferson-Thomas Jefferson-

Virginia delegate to Congress.Virginia delegate to Congress.

At 33, was selected to draft a At 33, was selected to draft a

declaration supporting independence.declaration supporting independence.

Natural Rights of Man-Natural Rights of Man-

Jefferson believed in the Enlightenment, Jefferson believed in the Enlightenment,

and inalienable rights which the and inalienable rights which the

government could not take away.government could not take away.

A.A. Role of Thomas JeffersonRole of Thomas Jefferson

Thomas Jefferson, Thomas Jefferson, Age 33Age 33

Declaration of Independence Declaration of Independence

(1776)(1776)

A five-man committee was A five-man committee was

selected to draft the document selected to draft the document

including Thomas Jefferson, John including Thomas Jefferson, John

Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Robert Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Robert

Livingston, and Roger Sherman.Livingston, and Roger Sherman.

A.A. Role of Thomas JeffersonRole of Thomas Jefferson

The Declaration is divided into the following four The Declaration is divided into the following four

parts:parts:

The Preamble.The Preamble.

Protection of “natural rights.”Protection of “natural rights.”

Grievances against King George III.Grievances against King George III.

A declaration asserting that the colonies were A declaration asserting that the colonies were

free and independent states.free and independent states.

Borrowing from OthersBorrowing from Others

Jefferson drew upon the principles of his Jefferson drew upon the principles of his

own draft to the Virginia Constitution which own draft to the Virginia Constitution which

was written in early June of 1776.was written in early June of 1776.

He also used George Mason draft of He also used George Mason draft of

Virginia’s Declaration of Rights which Virginia’s Declaration of Rights which

appeared at the same time in a Philadelphia appeared at the same time in a Philadelphia

paper.paper.

B.B. Local Declarations of Local Declarations of IndependenceIndependence

Virginia’s Declaration of RightsVirginia’s Declaration of Rights

Mason discussed the natural rights in his Mason discussed the natural rights in his

“Declaration of Rights.” “Declaration of Rights.”

Natural rights was rooted in the Natural rights was rooted in the

Enlightenment works of Locke and Baron Enlightenment works of Locke and Baron

von Montesquieu.von Montesquieu.

C.C. George Mason’s Influence George Mason’s Influence

Locke’s Contract TheoryLocke’s Contract Theory

Just powers come from the “consent of the Just powers come from the “consent of the

governed.”governed.”

Laws of nature allow a people to “alter or Laws of nature allow a people to “alter or

abolish” its government and to have abolish” its government and to have

“inalienable rights” to “life, Liberty, and the “inalienable rights” to “life, Liberty, and the

pursuit of Happiness.”pursuit of Happiness.”

D.D. Contract Theory of GovernmentContract Theory of Government

Proposing the Draft of the Declaration of Proposing the Draft of the Declaration of IndependenceIndependence

Causes of the WarCauses of the War Excessive regulation of trade.Excessive regulation of trade. Restrictions on settling west of Appalachia Restrictions on settling west of Appalachia Tax burdenTax burden Mounting debt of British merchantsMounting debt of British merchants The growth of a national conscienceThe growth of a national conscience Lack of representation in ParliamentLack of representation in Parliament Whig ideology and influence of the EnlightenmentWhig ideology and influence of the Enlightenment Shift from Mercantile to Imperial policy after 1763Shift from Mercantile to Imperial policy after 1763 Class conflictClass conflict Revolutionary conspiracy of colonial leadersRevolutionary conspiracy of colonial leaders

E.E. Causes of the American Causes of the American RevolutionRevolution

Making Connections – Making Connections –

Chapter 5Chapter 5 Revolutionary rhetoric was Revolutionary rhetoric was

important not only for fighting important not only for fighting

the Revolution; it also provided the Revolution; it also provided

the framework for the creation of the framework for the creation of

state and national governments state and national governments

after independence was won.after independence was won.