Unit 2: Basics of Human Anatomy and Physiology

Introduction to Anatomy

Sports Medicine 1 Mr. Smith

Lesson Objectives

Describe the functions of skin, bone, muscle, ligament, tendon, and cartilage

Describe the types of bones and identify examples

Describe the classification of joints and explain the types of motion produced

Label general muscular and bony anatomy

Body Tissues

Skin: Most superficial layer First line defense against

external forces Keeps bodily fluids in Picks up sensations Secrets an oily substance

Body Tissues cont…

Skin Made up of several

layers Superficial –

epidermis Middle- dermis Deep- hypodermis or

subcutaneous layer Stores about 50% of

body’s fat

Body Tissues cont…

Skin Has ability to expand

Accommodate increases in muscle girth or fatty tissue Stretch marks are where

the dermis was stretched excessively until elastic fibers ruptured

Body Tissues cont… Bones

Protect vital organs and structures from trauma

Are stiff structures that are acted on by muscles to create movement

Are metabolically active; that is, produced blood cells and store minerals such as calcium and phosphorus

Protect nerves and blood vessels that travel alongside them

Body Tissues cont…

Bones Approximately 206

bones in bodyAxial Skeleton

Spine, thorax, skull

Appendicular Skeleton Extremities

Body Tissues cont.

Epiphysis (growth plate) Spongy during adolescence and

can be problematic because of vulnerability to injury

Diaphysis Shaft of the bone

Body Tissues cont…

Articular Cartilage Cushions bone ends, provides stability with

movementPeriosteum

Supportive sheath that provides nutrient blood for the bones

Spongy Bone Filled with either red or yellow bone marrow,

capable of making changes according to weight, postural change and muscle tension

Body Tissues cont… Compact Bone

Dense bone Medullary Cavity

Cavity of diaphysis, contains marrow Red Marrow

Composed of red and white blood cells. In adults it is limited to the sternum, vertebrae, ribs, hips, clavicles, and cranial bones

Yellow Marrow Fatty connective tissue, replaces red marrow in

the epiphysis, medullary cavity of long bone, and cancellous bone of other bones

Body Tissues cont…

Bones Long Bones Short Flat Irregular Sesamoid

Body Tissues cont.

Long Bones

Having a body which is longer than it is wide with growth plates (epiphysis)

Body Tissues cont…

Bones Long Bones

Femur Tibia Fibula Humerus Radius Ulna

Body Tissues cont.

Mini Long Bones Metacarpals Metatarsals Phalanges

Body Tissues cont.

Short Bones Carpals

Wrist Bones Tarsals

Foot Bones

A bone that is as wide as they are long

Body Tissues cont.

Flat They are as they sound, flat plates of

bone Scapula (Shoulder Blade) Sternum (Breast Bone) Cranium (Skull) Pelvis Ribs

Body Tissues cont.

Irregular Bones that do not fall into any other

category, due to their non-uniform shape

Vertebrae (Bones of the Spine)Sacrum (Tail Bone)Mandible (Lower Jaw)

Body Tissues cont.

Sesamoid Usually short or irregular bones,

imbedded in a tendon Often a so called “Floating Bone”

Patella (Knee Cap) Most Known 2 Small Bones at base of 1st Metatarsal Sometimes 1 at base of Thumb

Body Tissues cont…

CartilageFunctions to join structuresAbsorb shockAnd permit smooth bone

movement

Body Tissues cont…

Muscle Allows the body to accelerate, decelerate,

stop movement, and help to maintain normal postural alignment

Tendon Attach muscle to bone and transmit the

force that a muscle exerts

Ligament Connect bone to bone and helps to form

joints

Body Tissues cont…

Connective tissue Made up of spindle-

shaped cells that support and bind together other tissues Ligaments and

Tendons

Classification of Joints

Diarthrodial (synovial) Really good mobility Consist of a joint capsule, synovial

membrane, hyaline cartilage Hinge Joint

Elbow and Knee

Multiaxial or Ball and Socket Joint Hip and Shoulder

Most mobility of all joints

Classification of Joints

Amphiarthrodial Joints Cartilage attaching two bones together

Ribs join the Sternum

Synarthrodial Held together by tough connective

tissue, and are basically immoveable Bones of the Skull