unit 2 +6... · web viewtranslate into russian paying attention to the use of gerunds....
TRANSCRIPT
Module 6
The Gerund
Phraseological units : fall over oneself (to do smth), turn up; look for; look
forward to.
Exercises
1. Translate into Russian paying attention to the use of gerunds.
1. Learning rules without examples is useless.
2. His aim is mastering English.
3. Discounting is the process of buying securities for less than their face
value.
4. We discussed opening a new business
5. He risks losing all his money.
6. She kept on bothering me with her questions
7. Getting through to the right person isn’t always easy.
8. My idea of relaxation is going to a fitness centre.
9. They suggested setting up a new company.
10. We succeeded in making a very important presentation.
11.There was no chance of getting an answer to our request before the end of
the week.
12.On pressing the button, you will get your money back.
13.I heard of the experiment having been started last month.
14.By increasing the minimum deposit and reducing the period allowed for
repayment the government has a quick-acting method of reducing the
demand for consumer durables.
15.Most western countries have experienced a sharp slowing down in the rate
of population growth in recent years.
16.We knew nothing about his having been sent abroad.
17.Not getting a refund on faulty goods is what really annoys me.
18. We postponed our visit because of John’s being engaged in the conference.
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19.After developing its huge internal resources Russia created the necessary
conditions for increasing its GDP.
2. Use the gerund instead of the subordinate clauses.
1. I remember that I met these businessmen at the conference.
2. He suggested that we should start this survey at once
3. Their Marketing Department propose that the work should be done.
4. I prefer that you solve the problem of outsourcing.
5. He is responsible that the equipment is delivered within a week.
6. He denied that I had informed him about the delay of the flight.
7. She acknowledged that she had made a mistake.
8. We insisted that the work should be done properly.
9. I prefer that we should discuss the problem of takeover right now.
10. They admitted that they had made the wrong decision.
3. Complete the following sentences using gerunds and prepositions where
necessary.
1. When I heard the end of the story, I couldn’t help……
2. The employee was excused….
3. Do you mind….
4. Our marketing strategy needs….
5. I can’t bear….
6. We enjoyed…
7. Never put off….
8. I don’t like the idea….
9. I am used….
10. I can’t help
11 It’s worth….
12 We are looking forward….
4. Complete the following sentences using gerunds with prepositions as
adverbial modifiers. 2
For example: Speak to me ( before making this decision.)
1. _______________ we agreed to sign the contract.
2. You will improve your work _______________.
3. Speak to me_______________.
4. I’ll ring you up _______________.
5. _______________ she began to argue with me.
6. You should prepare all the documents _______________.
7. Don’t forget to switch off you computer _______________.
5. Translate into English.
1. Стоит рассмотреть этот вопрос.
2. Бесполезно думать об этом.
3. Мы не можем не предпринять еще одной попытки.
4. Им удалось объяснить это явление.
5. Подумайте о том, как оценить результаты их работы.
6. Вы не возражайте против слияния наших компаний?
7. Я устала работать под давлением.
8. Не стоит тратить время на обсуждение этой проблемы.
9. Наш успех зависит от обеспечения этим оборудованием.
10. Им удалось получить все необходимые товары.
11. Мы с нетерпением ждали известий от наших деловых партнеров.
12. Прежде чем проводить рекламную кампанию наш отдел провел
исследования рынка.
13. Определив отношение потенциального покупателя к товару, можно
соответствующим образом изменить продвижение товара на рынок.
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14.Тщательно проанализировав экономическую обстановку менеджер
компании принял необходимое решение.
Read and translate the text using Essential vocabulary and any other
dictionary.
Text 6 A.
The Competitive and Technical Environment
The Competitive and technical environment in which businesses operate is an
important part of the overall business environment. In some ways firms shape their
own competitive and technical environment by creating and developing new ideas.
In other ways they have to react to changes in the environment as competitors
introduce new technology, change prices or alter their advertising strategy. In all of
these matters, change plays a central role.
Some businesses are more subject to change than others. A business involved
with the design and manufacture of computer equipment is highly dynamic,
whereas a business which is involved with insuring people’s lives tends to be less
dynamic. However, all businesses, regardless of how dynamic they are, operate in
a changing environment and must contend with this.
If the word “dynamic” implies change, then the most dynamic of businesses
is the new business which goes from “nothing” to “something” very quickly.
However, the start – up business is a special case to change. All businesses have to
look for new opportunities for providing products or services in order to maintain
growth, replace obsolete or declining products, and keep existing customers happy
by offering a wider range of products.
New businesses obviously do not have existing customers, but they have
opportunities either to supply new customers with products or services already
available on the market, or to supply new products to a new market. Often,
potential customers are slightly suspicious of purchasing products or services from
a new supplier who does not have a “track record”. Many new businesses avoid
this problem by arranging to supply well – known products, often with an
agreement from a major supplier. This can range from opening a corner shop to
retail well-known products to purchasing the rights to be the sole supplier in 4
defined locality, such as opening a Kentucky Fried Chicken’ take away’ in a major
town. The latter is an example of franchise.
It is often thought that to be really successful in business it is necessary to
design and produce a product or service which has never existed before. As a result
of its novelty, customers will “fall over themselves” in trying to buy it. Sometimes
this does happen: the Rubik Cube was a good example of a highly innovative
product. This toy had considerable success for a period until the novelty wore off
and competition from imitators reduced sales as quickly as they had a risen.
However, before the deluge of cheap imitations flooded the market, the Hungarian
designer, Professor Rubik, became a millionaire.
At the other end of the scale, the Sinclair C5 electric – propelled bicycle was
an unsuccessful attempt to change transportation habits. Although inspired by Sir
Clive Sinclair, a successful designer of low cost computers, and designed by
professionals, it failed to attract customers in any significant numbers and a great
deal of money was lost. It is possible that these roles might have been reversed: the
Rubik Cube could have been the disaster and the C5 the success story!
Perhaps we all have a brilliant idea at some time in our lives. The problem is
that these ideas turn up when least expected and therefore the timing is usually
wrong. How many times have you heard people talk about a “failed” idea, that it
was “ten years too early” or that someone was born “before his time”.
Employees can be a good source of ideas for businesses, for final products as
well as ideas for improving production or administration methods. Some
employers offer cash incentives in an effort to attract such new ideas. However,
businesses are frequently criticized for ignoring this valuable source of ideas.
The generation of new ideas can be achieved through brainstorming sessions.
This is where a group of people, usually with a chairperson, concentrate on
generating as many ideas as possible in response to a simple question – for
example, ‘How do we diversify our product range into the catering industry?’
Some ideas, which may be extreme and unsuitable, could well lead to very
plausible ideas from other members of the meeting. The ideas are all noted in
sufficient detail for future analysis. At the end of the brainstorming session, all the 5
ideas are considered and the best are selected to go forward to a more detailed
examination. A report on all the ideas generated is sent to members of the meeting
saying why they have been rejected, or stored, or taken a step further. A single
person is capable of generating many ideas, though a group is perhaps one natural
forum for developing ideas. Asking individuals for suggestions should also be part
of the information gathering stage.
Exercises
1. Answer the questions to the text.
1. How do firms shape their own competitive and technical environment?
2. What kind of businesses are more subject to change?
3. Why do all businesses have to look for new opportunities?
4. What opportunities do new businesses have?
5. What does the term “franchise” mean?
6. Is it always true that to be really successful in business it is necessary to
design and produce an innovative product or service? Why?
7. Who is a good source of new ideas for business?
8. How can generation of new ideas be achieved?
9. What is the agenda of brainstorming sessions?
2. Choose the correct phrasal verb in appropriate form to complete each
sentence.
(turn up, fall over oneself, look for, , look forward to)
1. The manager ( ) to be nice to his customers.
2. The chairman ( ) trying to persuade the committee to share his
opinion.
3. Our business partner ( ) a suitable hotel at the moment.
5. Every year the students ( ) the holidays coming.
6. Don’t worry, I am sure a job ( ) soon.
3. ( A). Look back at the text and find :- which adjectives go with –environment, technology, strategy, role, equipment, business, case, opportunities, supplier, success, imitation, attempt, computers, idea, methods, incentives, source, industry, session, examination.-which verbs go with-
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- ideas, new technology, prices, advertising strategy, central role, new opportunities ,growth, products, customers, problem, service, sales, market, habit, customers, methods, product range. -phrasal verbs which mean – to be very enthusiastic about doing something, to happen unexpectedly or by chance, to search for someone or something -terms which mean -your reputation based on the things you have done, a meal that you buy in a restaurant or a shop and take home to eat, an industry that provides food and drink for organizations.
3.(B). Translate the collocations and terms into Russian.
4. Match each word to its definition.
1. competitor a) to make smth better, to become better
2. advertising b) an increase in size, amount, or degree.
3. range c) telling people about a product or service in order to persuade them to buy it
4. retail d) to decrease in quantity or importance
5.growth e) to buy smth 6. purchase f) to change7.alter g) a person, product, company,
country that is competing with another
8. decline h) a set of similar products made by a particular company or sold in a particular shop.
9. improve i) to sell goods to the general public in shops.
10. franchise j) an arrangement in which a company gives a business the right to sell its goods or services in return for a fee or a share of the profits.
5. Match the words given in the box to complete the sentences.
Competition, will provide, to maintain, environment, implies, has
declined, suspicious, to inspire, to improve
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1.The marketing team will need ………………communication with the
suppliers.
2. Her resignation will do little………………..confidence in a company.
3.Colleagues became……………….when he started acting strangely.
4.The number of people buying their own homes…………………
5. It is sometimes hard …………….the right balance between your work and
your home life.
6.The deal…………………..Rolls-Royce with work for the next five years.
7.The increase in the inflation level ……………that wages are rising too fast.
8.In the new global business………………..the exchange of information is a
key to success.
9……………….between the two cable companies has driven down the price
for program services.
6. Insert gerunds and prepositions where necessary. Translate the
sentences.
1. Talented leaders are good (produce) creative ideas.
2. Our success depends (introduce) new technology.
3. Our employees are involved (create) great ideas.
4. Potential customers are suspicious (purchase) products from a new
supplier.
5. Many new businesses avoid (sell) new, unknown products.
6. (produce) a product which has never existed before is very difficult.
7. (flood) the market with the Rubik Cube Professor Rubik became a
millionaire.
8. Everything depends (motivate) people.
9. (generate) new ideas can be achieved through brainstorming sessions.
10. (Ask) individuals for suggestion should be part (gather) information.
7. Translate into English.
1. Компании формируют экономическую обстановку, создавая и
разрабатывая новые идеи.
2. Некоторые предприятия более подвержены переменам, чем другие. 8
3. Работники могут быть хорошим источником инноваций , однако
работодателей часто критикуют за то, что они игнорируют этот ценный
источник идей.
4. Отдел исследований и разработок концентрируется на создании
ассортимента продукции, которая будет пользоваться покупательским
спросом.
5. Перед тем, как поступить на работу на эту фирму, он занимал
должность менеджера в рекламном агентстве.
6. После реорганизации компании мы стали более конкурентно
способными и увеличили поставки товаров на зарубежные рынки.
7.Установив цели рекламы, следует определить вероятных потребителей.
8. Данная проблема может быть решена путем привлечения опытных
специалистов.
9. Предприятиям приходится искать новые возможности для
обеспечения покупателей товарами и услугами, предлагая им более
широкий ассортимент продукции.
10. Понимание работником своих обязанностей зависит от качества
управления в организации.
Read the text and answer the questions:
1. What is Sir Clive Sinclair famous for?2.Why was his electric tricycle a commercial disaster ?3.What reputation does the UK have?4.What is Sir Clive`s ambition?5.Why does he think that it is important to innovate?
Text 6B. Sir Clive Sinclair9
Sir Clive Sinclair was born at the start of the Second World War in 1940 and attended thirteen schools in Surrey and Berkshire. He left aged seventeen having shown some real ability in mathematics and having developed a keen interest in the then developing field of electronics. Whilst at school he had designed a simple calculating machine and a micro-radio. On leaving school, he joined Practical Wireless as a journalist and a year later became its editor. He held the job for a further two years before setting up his own company to produce the first of his many inventions. These inventions then followed one after the other: micro-radios, small amplifiers, small calculators, and then his well-known computers, the ZX80, the ZX81, the Spectrum and the Z88 laptop.
He was Chairman of Sinclair Radionics from 1962 to 1979 and, since then, has been Chairman of Sinclair Research. He is perhaps best known for inventing and manufacturing the electrical tricycle, the C5. This was a considerable technical achievement, but a commercial disaster with few sales. This contrast reflects Sir Clive accurately: undeniably brilliant at invention, less successful at developing these ideas into commercial and profitable products. Some would argue that it is true of the UK as a whole. The country has a high reputation for research and invention, but other nations and their companies tend to develop and market the ideas.
However, Sir Clive is not daunted! In 1992, he launched his battery-powered bicycle, the Zike. This weighed eleven pounds, was rechargeable within an hour and was introduced in the middle of a recession. He was not satisfied with that. His ambition was to develop a successful and practical all-purpose electric car.
In November 2010 Sir Clive told The Guardian newspaper that he was working on a new prototype electric vehicle called the X-1. ‘ Technology has moved on quite a bit, there are new batteries available and I just rethought the thing. The C5 was OK, but I think we can do a better job now’
Read the text and answer the questions:
1.What idea did Ben have while watching his goldfish?2.. Do you think Ben’s idea has any merit? Give your reasons.3.. Would you lend any money to Ben to develop his idea further?
Text 6C. Goldfish Windows
Ben was watching his goldfish one day when he had an absolutely brilliant idea for doing away with curtains! Basically, Ben was a bit lazy in cleaning out the goldfish tank and the water was getting exceedingly murky. So murky in fact that you could not actually see the other side of the tank when you looked in from one side.
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That's when the idea hit him. The goldfish could 'retire' by withdrawing to the other side of the tank, where it was no longer visible. Why not, he thought, have windows which contained a liquid, probably heavily dyed water. The windows would comprise three panes of glass. There would be a permanent air gap between the two outer panes, just like conventional double-glazing, but the gap between the two inside panes would be filled, or not, with the dyed liquid.
Instead of 'pulling curtains', all you had to do would be to raise the level of a tank of dyed liquid so that the gap between the two inside panes became opaque. If you wanted to see through the window, you would just lower the external tank, and the window space would empty. Ben was not sure at this stage how the lowering device would work.
Ben's imagination started working at a furious pace. Would it not be possible to use lots of different coloured liquids so that architects could create a 'psychedelic' effect on skyscrapers? Could the liquid inside the window remove heat from the tropical sun and heat up washing water? Could the coloured liquid be a really strong dye so that if any burglar tried to break the glass he would be covered in a very identifiable colour? Was there no limit to Ben's imagination? Could he become a millionaire overnight?
Read the text and answer the questions:
1. What idea did Dave Allen have?2. How much money a year could be saved by British industry and commerce if all employers adopted suggestion schemes?3. What does a survey by Industrial Relations Services show?
Text 6D. The Suggestion of the year
DAVE ALLEN had а good idea last year. Mr Allen, a works area supervisor for Dexion the furniture maker, suggested that models be produced to help architects experiment with furniture as they designed offices. The UK Association of Suggestion Schemes and the Industrial Society decided this was the suggestion of the year, and sent Mr Allen to Florida for a holiday.
According to the UKASS, up to £lbn a year could be saved by British industry and commerce if all employers adopted employee suggestion schemes. Some of Britain's largest. organisations, in both the public and private sectors, are committed to such schemes. Claimed savings include £20m for the Department of Social Security, £7m for British Rail and £5m for Rover.
However, British business has been much less keen to set up schemes than its Japanese and American counterparts, and where they do exist, they have less impact. A survey by Industrial Relations Services shows that while the average British worker in a scheme makes a suggestion once every five years, the average in Japan is a staggering 24 suggestions a year.
Essential Vocabulary to Text 6A.
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advertise v рекламировать
advertiser n рекламодатель
advertising n реклама
advertisement (ad) объявление рекламного характера
alter v изменять, менятьavailable adj имеющийся в наличииto be subject to (change) быть подверженным переменам to be suspicious of недоверчиво относитсяcompete v конкурироватьcompetition n конкуренция competitive adj конкурентный competitor n конкурентto contend (with) бороться, соперничать (с)
(зд.) .соответствовать, решать проблему
deluge n лавина, потокfail v терпеть неудачуto fall over oneself стараться изо всех силflood v наводнятьthe former adj первый из двухfranchise n особое право, привилегия.imply v подразумевать, означать improve v улучшить, совершенствовать inspire v вдохновлять, стимулироватьthe latter adj последний из двух maintain v поддерживать, сохранятьobsolete adj устаревшийoperate v действовать, работатьrange of products ассортимент продукцииretail v продавать в розницу.shape v формироватьsupply v снабжать, поставлятьto turn up возникать, появляться
Mini presentationYou are asked to give a short talk on a business topic. You have to choose
one of the topics from the three below and then talk for about three minutes.
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1.Competition2. The Importance of Innovations
3. The Effect of innovation on the Development of the Society
ГРАММАТИЧЕСКИЕ ТАБЛИЦЫ
Active VoiceSimple(V)
Continuous(to be + Ving)
Perfect Simple(to have + Ved/3)
Present I translateHe translates
Do you translate?Does he translate?
I don’t translateHe doesn’t translate
I am translatingHe is translatingWe are translating
Are you translating
I am not translating
I have translatedHe has translated
Have you translated?Has he translated?
I haven’t translated
Past I translated. (I went. 2f.)
Did you translate?
I didn’t translate.
I was translatingWe were translating
Were you translating
I wasn’t translating
I had translated
Had you translated?
I hadn’t translated
Future I (shall)will translate.He will translate.
Will you translate?
I won’t translate.
I( shall) will be translating I(shall) will have translated
Will you have translated?
I won’t have translated
Passive VoiceSimple(to be + Ved/3f)
Continuous(to be + being + Ved/3f)
Perfect Simple(to have + been + Ved/3)
Present The letter is translatedThe letters are translated
Is the letter translated?Are the letters translated?
The letter isn’t translatedThe letters aren’t translated
The letter is being translatedThe letters are being translated
Is the letter being translated?Are the letters being translated?
The letter isn’t being translatedThe letters aren’t being translated
The letter has been translatedThe letters have been translated
Has the letter been translated?Have the letters been translated?
The letter hasn’t been translatedThe letters haven’t been translated
Past The letter was translated The letter was being The letter had been
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The letters were translated
Was the letter translated?Were the letters translated?
The letter wasn’t translatedThe letters weren’t translated
translatedThe letters were being translated
Was the letter being translated?Were the letters being translated?
The letter wasn’t being translatedThe letters weren’t being translated
translated
Had the letter been translated?
The letter hadn’t been translated
Future The letter will be translated
Will the letter be translated?
The letter won’t be translated
The letter will have been translated
Will the letter have been translated?
The letter won’t have been translated
Perfect continuousPresent Past Future
To have+been+ (V+ing)
( since\ for)
I have been translatingHe has been translating
Have you been translating?Has he been translating?I haven’t been translating.
He hasn’t been translating.
I(we, he) had been translatingHad you been translatingI hadn’t been translating.
.
I will have been translating
Will you have been translating?I won’t have been translating.
Comparative and Superlative Adjectives and Adverbs
Positive Comparative Superlativeа)Односложные
б)Двусложные на -er,-y.-ow,-le
Short
busy
shorter
busier
(the) shortest
(the) busiest
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Многосложные important more important ( the) most important
Исключения
(Irregular Forms)
much many
little
good well
bad
far
late
more
less
better
worse
farther further
laterlatter
(the) most
(the) least
(the) best
(the) worst
farthestfurthest
latestlast
Comparative Constructions
Translation Examplesas……as такой же …как, так же...как This job is as hard as the previous
one.
not as (so)….as не такой же …как, не так же...как
The new warehouse is not so (as) large as the old one.
The (bigger)…the (stronger)
чем…тем The harder you work the higher your salary may be.
compared to ( with)in comparison to
по сравнению с Moscow Underground is more beautiful compared to London Underground
much -er thana lot far
гораздо/ намного (больше) чем
The London Stock Exchange is much older than the Singapore Exchange.
similar to подобный чему-то This mobile phone is similar to mine.
the same as такой же ….как The price for some items in this supermarket is the same as in ours
(twice) as (much) as
в (два) раза (больше) This computer is twice as expensive as than that one.
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Modal Verbs and their Equivalents
Глагол Значение Present Past Futurecan/could 1.умение,
способность2. возможность3. просьба в вежливой форме
I can translate it.Could you please translate the article?
I could translate articles when I was at school.
to be able (to)
Способность, возможность
I am able to translate the article/
I was able to translate the article yesterday.
I will be able to translate the article tomorrow.
must 1.обязанность, моральный долг2. приказ3. уверенное предположение
I must translate this article.You must translate the article.He must be translating right now.
to have (to) Вынужденность, обязанность
I have to translate the article.
I had to translate it.
I will have to translate it.
to be (to) Долженствование в силу договоренности или плана
I am to translate the article.
I was to translate the article.
I will be to translate the article.
should
ought to
1.Обязанность (менее сильная, чем must)2. Совет3.Упрек, сожаление
I should to translate the article.You should translate articles more often.You should not translate articles so carelessly.
May/might 1.Разрешение2. Неуверенное предположение
I may translate it.(1. Мне можно перевести это. 2. Я, может быть, переведу это.)
He said I might translate it.
To be allowed (to)
разрешение I am allowed to translate it.
I was allowed to translate it.
I will be allowed to
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To be permitted
translate it.
Sequence of Tenses
В сложноподчиненных предложениях время глагола-сказуемого придаточного дополнительного предложения согласуется с временем глагола-сказуемого главного предложения следующим образом.
He lives in New York.I thought he lived in New York.
Одновременное действие в главном и придаточном предложениях.
Mother is sleeping.I knew that mother was sleeping.
Одновременное действие в главном и придаточном предложениях.
He has returned from London.I was told that he had returned from London.
Предшествующее действие в придаточном предложении.
He bought a new car.They heard he had bought a new car.
Предшествующее действие в придаточном предложении.
Mary will send us a letter.I supposed Mary would send us a letter.
Последующее действие в придаточном предложении.
В косвенных вопросах сохраняется прямой порядок слов (т.е. как в утвердительном предложении)
Специальные вопросы“What is Nick doing?” Mother asked what Nick was doing.“Where do you live?” The policeman asked me where I lived.
“When did you come home yesterday?” Dad wondered when I had come home the day before.
“When will your mother come home?” The teacher wondered when our mother would come home.
“What have your prepared for the lesson?” The class-master wanted to know what Peter had prepared for the lesson.
Общие вопросы“Do you play chess?” Fred asked me if I played chess.“Did you skate last winter?” Alex wondered whether I had skated last
winter.“Are you listening to me?” The doctor asked if I was listening to
him.“Have you done your homework?” The class master wondered whether I
had done my homework.“Will you see Alice tomorrow?” Peter asked if I would see Alice the
next day.“Are you busy?” Ann asked me if I was busy.
Повелительные предложения в косвенной речи“Keep quiet!” The teacher asked me to keep quiet.
“Don’t make noise!” She told me not to make noise.17
При переводе предложений из прямой речи в косвенную не забывайте заменять обстоятельства времени, как указано в таблице:
Прямая речь Косвенная речь Прямая речь Косвенная речьtodaytomorrowthis……last yearlast….now
that daythe next daythat…the year beforethe…..beforethen
yesterday…….agoherelast monthnext…..
the day before…….beforetherethe month beforethe following…..
Conditionals
Реальное условие(I тип)
Нереальное условие, относящееся к настоящему
или будущему (II тип)
Нереальное условие, относящееся к прошлому
(III тип)Главное Придаточно
еГлавное Придаточно
еГлавное Придаточно
еI’ll come
Я приду,
if I am free.
если буду свободен.
I would \ should come
Я бы пришел,
if I were free.
если бы был свободен.
He would have come yesterdayОн бы пришел вчера,
if he had been free.
если бы был свободен.
He did it
Он сделал это,
if he was free.
если был свободен.
He would do it
Он бы это сделал,
if he were free.
если бы был свободен.
He would have done it beforeОн бы это сделал раньше,
if he had been free.
если бы был свободен.
I am never late
Я никогда не опаздываю,
if my watch is right.
если мои часы идут правильно.
I would never be late
Я бы никогда не опаздывал,
if my watch were right.
если бы мои часы шли правильно.
I would not have been late yesterdayЯ бы не опоздал вчера,
if my watch had been right.
если бы мои часы шли правильно.
18
Gerund.
Forms
Active Passive Indefinite writing being writtenPerfect having written having been written
Functions
Функция Пример Перевод 1. подлежащее Smoking is not allowed here. Курение (курить) здесь не
разрешается2. именная часть составного сказуемого (после глагола to be)
His hobby is driving a car. Его любимое занятие – вождение(водить).
3.дополнениеа) прямое (сразу после сказуемого)
б) предложное (после предлога)
The car needs repairing.
They spoke about their traveling to the North.
Машина нуждается в ремонте.
Они говорили о путешествии на север.
4. Определение Their plan of starting up a new business failed.
Их план основать новую фирму не удался.
5.обстоятельство(After, before. on. at, in, for, by, without, etc.)
After receiving good results they stopped experiments
После получения(Получив) хороших (е) результатов(ы) они прекратили эксперименты.
5.Герундиальный оборот
We knew of John’s having finished his experiment.
Мы знали о том ,что Джон закончил свой эксперимент.
19
Список литературы.Аникин А.В. Англо-Русский словарь по экономике и финансам. Санкт-Петербург: Экономическая школа, 1993.Adam Gadsby. Longman Business English Dictionary. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited, 2001.Rosemary Courtney. Longman Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs. Harlow: Londman Group Limited, 1998.Reference and Electronic Media Division of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. Macmillan Phrasal Verbs Plus Dictionary, 2005.Hornby A.S. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. Oxford University Press, 2005.Surridge M., Bushell T., Gunn P. The Business Environment. London: Collins Educational Ltd, 1994.
Периодические издания.
The Economist. London, 2011-2013гг.
ContentsПредисловие………………………………………………………………..Module 1………………………………………………………………………….Simple Tenses. Continuous Tenses. Future Plans and intentions.Articles. Multifunctional words : it, that, one. There is | are.Exercises………………………………………………………………………Text 1 A. The Economy and Business……………………………………………Exercises…………………………………………………………………………..Text 1 B. Small Firms Face Squeeze…………………………………………………Text 1 C. Sole Traders and Partnership………………………………………….. Essential Vocabulary to Text 1A ……………………………………………….Topics for Presentations………………………………………………………….Module 2…………………………………………………………………………Perfect tenses (Simple)Comparative and Superlative Adjectives and Adverbs
20
Exercises……………………………………………………………………………Text 2 A. Employment and Unemployment…………………………………….Exercises…………………………………………………………………………..Text 2 B. Degree of Despair for Children of the Slump…………………………Text 2 C. Wage Rises Exert Pressure on Costs…………………………………Essential Vocabulary to Text 2A………………………………………………Topics for Presentations………………………………………………………..Module 3 Perfect Continuous. Modal Verbs. Causatives.Exercises…………………………………………………………………………Text 3 A.InflationExercises...............................................................................................................Text 3 B . ’ Top Value’’ Tesco Raises Price Fastest…………………………….Text 3 C. The Effects of Inflation………………………………………………Essential Vocabulary to Text 3A………………………………………………Topics for Presentations…………………………………………………………
Module 4…………………………………………………………………………..The Object. Objective Clauses. The Sequences of TensesThe Attribute. Attributive Clauses.Exercises………………………………………………………………………Text 4 A. Economic Growth………………………………………………………Exercises…………………………………………………………………………..Text 4 B.……………………………………………………………………….Text 4 C. A Troubling Fall on Wall Street………………………………………Text 4 D. The Plight of the Hidden Unemployed ..............................................Essential Vocabulary to Text 4A ……………………………………………….Topics for Presentations………………………………………………………….
Module 5……………………………………………………………………….Conditional ClausesExercises………………………………………………………………………Text 5 A. Business and Economic Policy…………………………………….Exercises…………………………………………………………………………..Text 5 B. John Maynard Keynes……………………………………………. Text 5 C. Milton Friedman……………………………………………………….Text 5 D. Burton Group……………………………………………………………Essential Vocabulary to Text 5A ……………………………………………….
21
Topics for Presentations………………………………………………………….
Module 6……………………………………………………………………………The GerundExercises………………………………………………………………………Text 6 A. The Competitive and Technical EnvironmentExercises…………………………………………………………………………..Text 6 B. Sir Clive Sinclair………………………………………………………Text 6 C. Goldfish Windows…………………………………………………..Text 6 D. Suggestion Boxes of the Year……………………………………….Essential Vocabulary to Text 6A ……………………………………………….Topics for Presentations………………………………………………………….
Грамматические таблицы………………………………………………………
Список литературы …………………………………………………………….
22
Unit 7Participles. Absolute Participle Construction. Phrasal verbs: be concerned with; carry out; steal a match (on) ; regard sb /sth as;be engaged in ;beat sb to sth; wait around (for); associate with; slow down
Exercises
1.Translate the sentences into Russian paying attention to the forms and functions of
Participles.
a)1. .Industries producing steel, paper and chemicals require very large quantities of water and
tend to be found near rivers. 2.The information obtained is very valuable. 3.The company sells
appliances ranging from dishwashers to coffee machines. 4.Ovens are tested using machines
that open and shut their doors 60.000 times to simulate the use they will have in their owners’
kitchens. . 5.Having finished explaining the material, the teacher began to answer the students’
questions. 6.Being unemployed Mr Brown couldn’t afford to buy a good present for his friend.
.7.Not having time to consider the suggestion the CEO put off the meeting.
8. Managers joining Gillette should expect to be geographically relocated three or four times in
their first dozen years. 9.Generally speaking our best business comes via our website. 10.Having
been repaired the device began working much better. 11. Exhausted after his business trip he
decided not to go to the conference. 12.Having established a reasonable level of profit the
company went all out for sales growth and decided to come back to the stock market. 13. While
reading the text of the contract I noticed some misprints.14. Depending on their size and needs
there are several organizational structures companies can choose from. 15. Commercial Textiles
service orders faster than many similar companies, giving the company an important competitive
edge.16..Developing countries, including such giants as India and China, have insisted they need
financial and technological help. 17..Insurance also covers personal effects required during travel 23
on company business. 18. Free trade can be a powerful engine for economic development,
creating new jobs and opening new markets. 19. A bill of exchange is an unconditional order in
writing, addressed by one person to another, signed by the person giving it, requiring the person
to whom it is addressed to pay on demand or at a fixed or determinable future time, a sum certain
in money to or to the order of a specified person, or to bearer.
b) 1..All the problems having being solved , they signed the contract. 2. .The chairman coming in
time, the meeting will start.3. The letter to our business partner being written, our courier went
to post it..4.Delayering saw a change in the traditional hierarchical structures, with layers of
middle management being removed. 5..When selling the bill the drawer endorses it, that is, he
writes his name across the back of the bill, which then becomes a negotiable document, and may
be passed from one person to another, each one endorsing it in turn, until it is presented. 6. With
both these factors removed, there would have been a fall of over 3% in public spending.7. It was
a time of great economic distress, with thousands of houses failing and millions of people out of
work.8.Some companies are now organizing product teams around individual products carrying
out all activities, from research and development right through to selling, with information from
the team’s direct contact with the market place feeding back into research and development.
2. Shorten these sentences using Participles instead of subordinate clauses.
1.While he was looking through the document, he found several errors.2.As the sales
representative of our company knew the town very well, he was an excellent guide. 3.As we
didn’t know the instructions, we couldn’t use the equipment.. 4.As he was very busy ,he couldn’t
attend the annual meeting.5.It was a film about some researchers who were making interesting
experiments in the sphere of science which was unknown to most of the meeting.6.The
warehouse that was damaged by the flood should be rebuilt.7.When the speaker was
congratulating the Marketing Director on his success, he said that his marketing strategy was a
great achievement for the whole teem.8.When you plan you daily routine, don’t forget to leave
time for outdoor exercise.9. He declined to name the lender and said that he did not want to
draw undue attention to the deal. 10.After they had finished the discussion ,the participants of
the negotiations were allowed to have a break.11.After he had paid the rent, Henry found that he
had only some small change left till the end of the week.12.When stores place items in wide
aisles to allow for consideration by the customer, they manipulate their retail psychology.13.The
conference which takes place next week could change the future of the company.14. Most of the
people who were invited to the presentation came to it.
3. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form using participles.
1.When( to fill in) a form you must write your name and address clearly.2.We would like to
contact someone in your office( to interest) in our program and sharing our ideas.
24
3.(to feel) very tired he cancelled all his appointments. 4.(to think) the letter was very urgent the
secretary immediately informed her boss. 5.( to lose) my wallet I was very grateful to my
colleague who brought it back to me. 6.( to be) very strict the professor never allowed his
students to miss classes.7.The corporation closed down the plant, (to leave) many workers
unemployed.8.Yolanda is rich(to own) five homes. 9.The company has opened a new factory (to
create) many new jobs.10.The government’s argument is that (to break) into several private
companies, each of the system’s smaller parts will be better able to attract new
investments.11.The value of the currency fell, (to make) foreign holidays more expensive.12.
Chemical exports recovered a little, (to rise) by 1.5% in both value and volume.
4. Match the sentences on the left with the sentences on the right using participle phrases.
1. Hilary got a job in a café
2. I left my keys at the office.
3. William hasn’t got a visa. .
4.Dave and Maria decided to share the same
job in the same company.
5.The presentation of an advertising
campaign was so boring.
6. My brother is having a lot of trouble
finding a decent job
7. Sophie was a demanding boss.
8. A memo is a written note sent between
people
9.This company produces juice from fruit
10. The department store sells shirts.
((a)They are not made with polyester
( b)They felt it could help them solve
childcare problems.
(c)She was such a perfectionist
(d)They grow it organically
(e) I couldn’t get into my flat last night.
(f) She was able to make lots of friends.
(g)People work in the same organization
(h) He can’t travel to the USA
(i) He hasn’t got a college education.
(j) The audience began clapping
5. Translate into English using participle constructions.
1. Он не согласился вести переговоры с нашей компанией, сказав , что наши предложения
непродуктивны. 2. Я не сомневаюсь, что информация , полученная по факсу, будет очень
интересна для нашего исполнительного директора. 3. Опубликованные исследования
показали прочную связь между прибылью и долей рынка. 4. Совет директоров - это
группа лиц, играющих основную роль в деятельности организации. 5. Проведя опрос
покупателей, администрация магазина узнала, какие товары будут пользоваться спросом.
6. Используя внешние ресурсы (outsourcing), мы смогли сэкономить деньги на оплату
постоянных работников. 7. При управлении фирмой необходимо стимулировать
сотрудников на достижение определенных целей. 8. Пропустив начало презентации,
стажер не смог понять основные принципы работы устройства. 9. Мы прилагаем список
товаров, поврежденных в пути. 10. Осуществляя контроль за состоянием и развитием
экономики, правительство принимает следующие меры: фискальные, монетарные и
25
прямое вмешательство. 11. Отмененное на прошлой неделе собрание, cостоится в
следующую пятницу. 12. Не найдя своего коллегу в офисе, я оставил ему записку у
секретаря. 13. Проанализировав экономическую ситуацию, президент компании принял
необходимые решения. 14.Прогресс в информационных технологиях идет семимильными
шагами(advance with gigantic strides) и затрагивает все отрасли, не оставляя никаких
шансов устаревшим методам и способам работы
.Read and translate the text using essential vocabulary and any necessary dictionary.
Text 7 A.
Research and Development.
A strong argument in favour of large firms is that their substantial resources allow them to
engage in researching new products and ideas. This is an important source of the new goods and
services continually entering the market.
Research and development(R&D) is concerned with discovering new products and
bringing these to the marketplace, as well as making technical improvement to old ones.
Although businesses in most industries spend money on R&D, the sums are much greater in
technologically based industries such as pharmaceuticals and electronics .Businesses can have
their own research and development department ,with many large firms doing that.
Alternatively, they may pay for others(universities, for example) to undertake the research on
their behalf. This latter policy means that the business can avoid some of the heavy overhead
costs associated with research. The idea having been generated and assessed, most development
takes place within the company.
Research and development cannot be carried out in isolation from the rest of the business.
Big companies spending enormous sums on research and development recognize the importance
of carefully structured research teams as a means of motivation. It favours small work or
‘discovery’ groups to develop the human relationships needed for successful research. But it also
encourages maximum interaction between staff so as to discourage isolation.
Links with the marketing department are essential to discover what it is that consumers want.
Equally, the production department has to be kept informed. After all, with the product being
designed, it is they who will have to produce it. A change in product line requires a great deal of
preparation.
Research and development budgets have grown in size over recent years as companies have
recognized that failing to invest in new ideas and techniques can lead to competitors stealing a
march. However, expenditure in R&D varies according to the type of company.
The R&D budget now attracts considerable attention from potential investors as one indicator of
the business’s future prosperity. It can be argued that a large budget is likely to result in more
26
innovative goods and services and greater future profits. However, on occasions, the size of the
R&D budget can become too large and threaten the company’s immediate future.
In business, nobody can wait around for that ‘good idea’ to arise suddenly by chance. Idea
generation must be planned, and opportunities for new business must be scanned frequently. If
we regard idea generation as the ‘seed corn’, then the environment for growing it must also be
planned and controlled. The new opportunity has to be developing into a profitable product or
service.
Many ideas will fail during this development period for a variety of reasons. None the
less, a large number of ideas need to be proposed for there are a few winners. These successful
products must also generate sufficient funds covering the costs of all the unsuccessful ideas.
Sometimes a firm is beaten to the marketplace by a competitor: at other times a firm merely
copies the idea of another and enjoys the benefits without all the research and development
costs. It may be that the product is too expensive to produce in quantity; or that technological
advances have made the product obsolete overnight.
New products passing the various stages in product development also have to meet a number of
safety and environmental standards. Such restrictions can slow down the rate of product
development as well as impose additional development costs.
In order to avoid the risks in developing a new product or a new version of an existing
product, it would be better to make something which already exist and which has been
thoroughly tested. This may be a foreign product being unavailable in this country for which you
obtain a licence to make and / or sell.
Alternatively, you may be given specific territorial rights to sell the product by means of an
agency being a franchise.
Exercises.
1. Answer the questions to the text.
1.Why is it easier for a large company to carry out research and development? 2. What is R&D
concerned with? 3. Do businesses always undertake research themselves? 4.What encourages
maximum interaction between the staff doing research? 5.Why are links with marketing and
production departments essential? 6.Why have R&D budgets grown in size over recent years?
7.Why is it necessary to propose many ideas? 8. What is important for idea generation? 9. What
can slow down the rate of product development? 10. What can be done to avoid the risks in
developing a new product or a new version of an existing product?
2. Choose the correct phrasal verb and complete the gaps with a suitable form. Translate
the sentences.
( to be concerned with; to carry out; to steal a march(on); to wait around(for); to associate with;
to engage in; to slow down; to beat sb to sth; to regard sb/smt as)
27
1. Consumer borrowings since January. 2. The report
the relationship between politics and law. 3.We extensive tests
of new equipment and are going to make some modifications. 4.By advertising our sale a weak
ahead of the other firm we them. 5 We got our product onto the market
as fast as we could, but the other firm still it 6.I don’t feel like
our marketing manager to take his decision. 7.He (currently)
a dispute with his former business partner. 8. His occupation
nanotechnology. 9. She(widely) the current leader’s natural
successor.
3. Match each word with its definition.
1.substantial (a) to estimate
2. to undertake (b) to give sb support, courage or hope.
3.to assess (c)a state of being successful especially
in making money.
4.enormous (d) to include sth;to deal with sth.
5. to encourage (e) extremely large.
6.. to require (f)to make yourself responsible for sth and
start doing it.
7.prosperity (g) a rule or law that limits what you can
do or what can happen.
8. to cover (h) able to be obtained, taken, or used.
9. restriction (i) to need.
10. available (J) large in amount, value or importance. .
4. Choose the proper participle forms to fit into the sentences. Translate the sentences.
Having being designed, having calculated,, having copied, slowing down ,obtaining ,not having,
being, placed, having, wishing, having recognized.
1. Businesses research and development departments often spend great sums of
money. 2. the importance of generating new ideas, the company created
research teams. 3. Product , they started producing it 4. the
programme, he paid attention to possible changes. 5. the idea of another firm,
that company enjoyed the benefits without all the research and development cost. 6.
the rate of product development, such restrictions impose additional development costs. 7.
a licence you can make or sell a foreign product. 8.A country to limit its
population may discourage immigration and encourage emigration. 9. a
manager he has to make decisions. 10. time to discuss the problem the chief
28
designer put off the meeting. 11. Taxes on goods and services are known as
indirect taxes as opposed to direct taxes which are placed on income and wealth.
5.Translate the sentences into English using participle constructions.
1. Информация, полученная в результате маркетингового исследования, имеет большое
значение для компании. 2. Предприятия могут иметь собственные научно-технические
отделы, причем на многих крупных фирмах они работают довольно успешно. 3.
Определив отношение потенциального покупателя к товару, можно изменить
продвижение этого товара на рынок. 4. Понимая важность новой идеи, ученые решили
провести исследования. 5. Проработав в этой компании десять лет, в качестве
менеджера .она смогла оценить её маркетинговую стратегию. 6. Расходы, необходимые
для проведения исследования и разработок, зависят от типа компании.
7. После модификации первоначального варианта, продукт получил лицензию. 8. После
испытания этой модели автомобиля инженеры обнаружили недостатки, связанные с
работой двигателя. 9. Проведя исследование качества работы новой модели устройства,
менеджер проекта пришел к выводу, что она не намного лучше предыдущей. 10. Страны,
которые были исследованы для статистического анализа, начали инвестировать в высокие
технологии еще в 80 е годы ХХ го века. 11. Наименее проблемными в сфере малого
бизнеса являются в настоящее время предприятия, связанные со сферой услуг и научными
разработками. 12. В настоящее время многие, только создающиеся инновационные
предприятия, сталкиваются с целым рядом сложнейших проблем, преодолев которые они
смогут выжить. 13. После того как в России будет сформировано соответствующее
правовое поле, инновационный продукт -unit–linked (программа накопительного
страхования жизни параллельно с инвестированием) будет выведена на российский
рынок. 14.Разработав новое устройство, компания смогла выйти на рынок
.
Read the text and answer the questions:
1.Where was Strollers launched? 2.What was the strategy of the company based on? 3.What are
the stages of product development? 4. In what ways does Cadbury’s style of ideas generation
reflect the size and importance of the company? 5.What type of leaders do you think would
encourage creativity within their organizations? Why?
Text 7B. Product Development at Cadbury
Thinking up new products is creative stuff, but there is nothing magical about it. Creativity can
be managed. It is above all a matter of knowing how to go about it and being prepared to put in
the work. Cadbury's new product - Strollers - is a good example of the process.
29
Cadbury began by calling in Craton Lodge & Knight, the new-product development agency which is a
master of the art. The key to its success has been the way it provides a team of people to work very
closely with a client on new products ranging from confectionery to financial services.
Past Cadbury-CLK successes have been Biarritz and Whisper. Strollers - too early to declare a
success, although take-up by the trade is reportedly excellent - is a bag of biscuit, caramel and
raisins coated in chocolate. Launched in the South-East and London in January, Strollers was the
result of strategic planning, market analysis and hard work.
The strategy began to form in 1987. It was based on changing consumer eating habits, which
have been moving steadily away from proper meals towards 'grazing', and on noting an area of the
confectionery market with growth potential where rival Mars was strong, but where Cadbury had
no product at all. This is what Cadbury chocolate professionals call 'profusion lines' - bags of
sweets to you and me.
‘You start with information.You wallow in it,' says Chris Wood, CLK managing director.’ That
prepares a fertile mulch from which to grow ideas. You use it to create a blueprint, which
describes the market, potential turnover, and distribution needs.'
Next, the team had an away day 'hothousing' with Cadbury. The point of this exercise, according
to Sue Swalwell, research director at CLK, is to get away from the office environment, with its
hierarchy and interruptions people need to be able to argue and feel safe to come out with
unfinished ideas. 'Humour is important,' she says ', it means you can get around nervousness and
worrying about what people will think, which can kill ideas.'
The first step is producing a prototype. The product is the most important thing, but also there's
the packaging and positioning, because people buy those first,' says Ms Swalwell. But it is only if
they like the product that they will keep on buying. Regular meetings and brainstorming sessions
are backed by market research, trying out different products and packages. Researching the
potential for a very chewy product, Ms Swalwell recalls a seven year old who said, rather
unusually, that the product was for older children. (Children usually think the product is too
young for them.)
Involving the client - Cadbury - was essential. 'You can't develop a new product in isolation,'
says Ms Swalwell. 'You have to come up with a brand that the company likes and believes in.
That way, when the brand goes on the market, they will support it in a way that will hopefully
turn it into an established, viable brand.' In other words, the image has to fit.
In a speech on managing creativity, given at training company Video Arts' conference two weeks
ago, John Cleese described this process neatly. He listed space, time to think and refine, confidence
and some humour, as essential ingredients.
30
The techniques have changed little. But the re-emergence of creativity as a key ingredient in
business has brought the issue back into the limelight.
Any company can apply them in its business. But Mr Cleese also listed the surest ways he knew
of stamping out creativity. 'Allow your subordinates no humour, undermine your employees'
confidence, and demand that people should always be actively doing things’, he said. 'Demand
urgency at all times, use lots of fighting talk, establish a permanent atmosphere of stress and
crisis,' he added. That way you can be sure they will not come up with any bright ideas.
Read the text and answer the questions:
1. What jobs did Colonel Harland use to do?
2. .What did Sanders perfect working at his restaurant?
3. Why did Sanders start traveling?
4. What became part of the brand ‘ Kentucky Fried Chicken”
5. .What did Sanders do in 1964?
Text 7 C. By the bucket
Much as he might resemble the inspired figment of an advertising man's imagination, Colonel
Harland Sanders, the face of Kentucky Fried Chicken, really did exist, and really was a colonel-
though the title was an honorary one conferred by the governor of Kentucky, not a military rank.
Born in Indiana in 1890, Sanders left school at ten and for the next 30 years pursued a fine
American life as a farmhand, street-car conductor, soldier in Cuba, railway fireman, lawyer, insur-
ance salesman, ferry-man, tyre salesman and petrol-station operator. When the petrol station, in
Corbin, Kentucky, did well, he opened a motel and restaurant, where he perfected his fried-chicken
recipe. The state governor, the gloriously named Ruby Laffoon, so enjoyed eating there that he
named Sanders a Kentucky Colonel in 1935-
When a new interstate highway killed the motel in the early 1950s, Sanders started travelling the
country frying seasoned chicken for restaurants and offering them his recipe for a royalty. The first
to agree, a Utah restaurateur called Leon Harrrian, suggested the paper "bucket" which soon became
part of the brand. In 1964, when Sanders had 600 franchisees, he sold the business for $2m to private
investors who resold it in 1971 for $28m to Heublein, a drinks company, which in turn was bought in
1982 by RJ. Reynolds. The tobacco company sold Kentucky Fried Chicken to PepsiCo four years
later.
Sanders died in 1980, a rich man, but not nearly as rich as if he had taken shares instead of cash
for his business. Still, he seemed happy enough. He called his autobiography "Life as I Have Known
It Has Been Finger Lickin' Good".31
Read the text and answer the questions:
1.Are telecommunications and information technology the preserve of Europe and America? Why?
2. What can development of medical biotechnology in Brazil, China, Cuba, Egypt, India and South
Africa provide? 3.How can biotechnology from poor countries tackle local problems? 4.Is biotech
industry in the developing world mostly based on innovation or on copying western innovation?
Way?
Text 7D. Southern comfort, eastern promise
The future belongs to science and those who make friends with science, Jawaharlar Nehru,
India’s prime minister, observed. But cutting-edge research—is seen largely as the preserve of
Europe and America, not something to be found in poor places such as India. Yet India, China and
several other developing countries have shown they can move beyond western imitation to
homegrown innovation in certain fields, such as telecommunications and information technology.
The same is increasingly true of biotechnology, argues a report just published in Nature
Biotechnology by a group at the University of Toronto. The study looks at the state of medical
biotechnology in six developing countries-Brazil, China, Cuba, Egypt, India and South Africa—and
one recently industrialised one, South Korea, to understand what it takes to build a healthy biotech
sector. Not only is such development good for domestic economies, says Peter Singer, director of
the Joint Centre for Bioethics at the University of Toronto, but it can also provide more appropriate
and affordable solutions to health-care problems in poor countries-diseases and regions which are
not as attractive, or accessible, to western researchers. Many of the countries studied, which began
investing in biotech in the 1980s, are starting to see the fruits of their labour. The number of scientific
papers on health biotechnology published by researchers in Brazil and Cuba, for example, more
than tripled between 1991 and 2002.
China’s output grew seven-fold. Some of these research is very advanced indeed .China is
making a name for itself in genomics, gene therapy and stem self research, luring back emigre
researchers with the promise of funding, facilities and fewer qualms about such research than,
say, America. Such high-tech research may seem remote from needs of poor people dying for
lack of vaccines and other basic advances. But the report finds that the countries surveyed are
also taking the lead in research into local problems. Brazilian scientists, for example, publish
extensively on tropical afflictions, such as Chagas disease. Beyond pure research, , and into
development, China and India are increasingly successful at patenting their biotech discoveries
in America, a measure of how innovative, and commercialisable, their work has become since
the early 1990s, when such awards were almost non-existent. That this is still a far cry from the
thousands of health-biotech patents awarded to Americans each year is hardly surprising. Much
of the biotech industry in the developing world is based on copying western innovation. But
such generic manufacturing can be a springboard to more innovative activities32
Essential Vocabulary to Text 7A
although conj не смотря на то, что, хотя
argument n довод, доказательство
argue v убеждать, утверждать, приводить доводы, доказывать
assess v оценивать
to associate with соединять, связывать
available a имеющийся в наличии
to beat to обгонять, перегонять, оказаться быстрее
on behalf IDM от лица, от имени
benefit n, преимущество, привилегия , польза
to carry out выполнять
to be concerned with касаться, иметь отношение, затрагивать
cover v покрывать, охватывать
discourage v мешать, препятствовать
encourage v поощрять, поддерживать
to engage in заниматься
enormous a огромный
favour v благоприятствовать, содействовать
in favour of IDM в пользу
meet v удовлетворять, отвечать, соответствовать
pharmaceutical n фармацевтический препарат
product line n ассортимент изделий
prosperity n процветание, успех
to regard as рассматривать, считать
require v требовать, .нуждаться, испытывать необходимость
restriction n ограничение
to slow down снизить темп, уменьшить, замедлять
to steal a march перехватить приоритет, добиться преимущества
substantial a значительный, большой
undertake v предпринимать, брать на себя
to wait around (for) поджидать
Mini presentationYou are asked to give a short talk on a business topic. You have to choose
one of the topics from the four below and then talk for about three minutes.
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ГРАММАТИЧЕСКИЕ ТАБЛИЦЫ
Active VoiceSimple(V)
Continuous(to be + Ving)
Perfect(to have + Ved/3)
Present I translateHe translates
Do you translate?Does he translate?
I don’t translateHe doesn’t translate
I am translatingHe is translatingWe are translating
Are you translating
I am not translating
I have translatedHe has translated
Have you translated?Has he translated?
I haven’t translated
Past I translated. (I went. 2f.)
Did you translate?
I didn’t translate.
I was translatingWe were translating
Were you translating
I wasn’t translating
I had translated
Had you translated?
I hadn’t translated
Future I shall/will translate.He will translate.
Will you translate?
I shan’t/won’t translate.
I shall/will be translating I shal/will have translated
Will you have translated?
I shan’t/won’t have translated
Passive VoiceSimple(to be + Ved/3f)
Continuous(to be + being + Ved/3f)
Perfect(to have + been + Ved/3)
Present The letter is translatedThe letters are translated
Is the letter translated?Are the letters translated?
The letter isn’t translatedThe letters aren’t translated
The letter is being translatedThe letters are being translated
Is the letter being translated?Are the letters being translated?
The letter isn’t being translatedThe letters aren’t being translated
The letter has been translatedThe letters have been translated
Has the letter been translated?Have the letters been translated?
The letter hasn’t been translatedThe letters haven’t been translated
Past The letter was translatedThe letters were translated
The letter was being translated
The letter had been translated
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Was the letter translated?Were the letters translated?
The letter wasn’t translatedThe letters weren’t translated
The letters were being translated
Was the letter being translated?Were the letters being translated?
The letter wasn’t being translatedThe letters weren’t being translated
Had the letter been translated?
The letter hadn’t been translated
Future The letter will be translated
Will the letter be translated?
The letter won’t be translated
The letter will have been translated
Will the letter have been translated?
The letter won’t have been translated
Modal Verbs and their Equivalents Глагол Значение Present Past Futurecan/could 1.умение,
способность2. возможность3. просьба в вежливой форме
I can translate it.Could you please translate the article?
I could translate articles when I was at school.
to be able (to)
Способность, возможность
I am able to translate the article/
I was able to translate the article yesterday.
I will be able to translate the article tomorrow.
must 1.обязанность, моральный долг2. приказ3. уверенное предположение
I must translate this article.You must translate the article.He must be translating right now.
to have (to) Вынужденность, обязанность
I have to translate the article.
I had to translate it.
I will have to translate it.
to be (to) Долженствование в силу договоренности или плана
I am to translate the article.
I was to translate the article.
I will be to translate the article.
should 1.Обязанность (менее сильная, чем must)2. Совет
I should to translate the article.You should
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3.Упрек, сожаление
translate articles more often.You should not translate articles so carelessly.
May/might 1.Разрешение2. Неуверенное предположение
I may translate it.(1. Мне можно перевести это. 2. Я, может быть, переведу это.)
He said I might translate it.
To be allowed (to)
разрешение I am allowed to translate it.
I was allowed to translate it.
I will be allowed to translate it.
Sequence of Tenses
В сложноподчиненных предложениях время глагола-сказуемого придаточного предложения согласуется с временем глагола-сказуемого главного предложения следующим образом.
He lives in New York.I thought he lived in New York.
Одновременное действие в главном и придаточном предложениях.
Mother is sleeping.I knew that mother was sleeping.
Одновременное действие в главном и придаточном предложениях.
He has returned from London.I was told that he had returned from London.
Предшествующее действие в придаточном предложении.
He bought a new car.They heard he had bought a new car.
Предшествующее действие в придаточном предложении.
Mary will send us a letter.I supposed Mary would send us a letter.
Последующее действие в придаточном предложении.
В косвенных вопросах сохраняется прямой порядок слов (т.е. как в утвердительном предложении)
Специальные вопросы“What is Nick doing?” Mother asked what Nick was doing.“Where do you live?” The policeman asked me where I lived.
“When did you come home yesterday?” Dad wondered when I had come home the day before.
“When will your mother come home?” The teacher wondered when our mother would come home.
“What have your prepared for the lesson?” The class-master wanted to know what Peter had prepared for the lesson.
Общие вопросы“Do you play chess?” Fred asked me if I played chess.“Did you skate last winter?” Alex wondered whether I had skated last
winter.“Are you listening to me?” The doctor asked if I was listening to
him.
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“Have you done your homework?” The class master wondered whether I had done my homework.
“Will you see Alice tomorrow?” Peter asked if I would see Alice the next day.
“Are you busy?” Ann asked me if I was busy.Повелительные предложения в косвенной речи
“Keep quiet!” The teacher asked me to keep quiet.
“Don’t make noise!” She told me not to make noise.
При переводе предложений из прямой речи в косвенную не забывайте заменять обстоятельства времени, как указано в таблице:
Прямая речь Косвенная речь Прямая речь Косвенная речьtodaytomorrowthis……last yearlast….now
that daythe next daythat…the year beforethe…..beforethen
yesterday…….agoherelast monthnext…..
the day before…….beforetherethe month beforethe following…..
Conditionals
Реальное условие(I тип)
Нереальное условие, относящееся к настоящему
или будущему (II тип)
Нереальное условие, относящееся к прошлому
(III тип)Главное Придаточно
еГлавное Придаточно
еГлавное Придаточно
еI’ll come
Я приду,
if I am free.
если буду свободен.
I should come
Я бы пришел,
if I were free.
если бы был свободен.
He would have come yesterdayОн бы пришел вчера,
if he had been free.
если бы был свободен.
He did it
Он сделал это,
if he was free.
если был свободен.
He would do it
Он бы это сделал,
if he were free.
если бы был свободен.
He would have done it beforeОн бы это сделал раньше,
if he had been free.
если бы был свободен.
I am never late
Я никогда не опаздываю,
if my watch is right.
если мои часы идут правильно.
I should never be late
Я бы никогда не опаздывал,
if my watch were right.
если бы мои часы шли правильно.
I should not have been late yesterdayЯ бы не опоздал вчера,
if my watch had been right.
если бы мои часы шли правильно.
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Participles
FormsParticiple I Participle IIActive Passive Changed
EatenSimple ChangingEating
Being changedBeing eaten
Perfect Having changedHaving eaten
Having been changedHaving been eaten
Functions
Participle 1 Participle 2Определение Advertising is a powerful instrument
affecting demand.The business being set up may bt profitable.
A business process is a set of activities performed to serve a customer.
Обстоятельство Developing new technologies any country can increase its GDP.Having obtained the necessary results the engineers stopped their experiments.Having been repaired the device began working much better.
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