unit 1unit 2unit 3unit 4unit 5 overview of internet technologies – overview this unit provides an...

Unit 1 Unit 2 Unit 3 Unit 4 Unit 5

Overview of Internet Technologies – Overview

This unit provides an overview of the Internet.

We begin with a historical perspective, and introduce the organizations that play a key role in the development and growth of the Internet.

Then we will look at the structure of the Internet, and the most common physical connections used to access it.

We will also review how bandwidth issues impact the performance of Internet connectivity.

Internet TechnologiesIntroduction

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Summary

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Overview of Internet Technologies – Overview

Internet Technologies

1) Overview of the Internet

2) Internet Organizations

3) Internet Documents

4) Common Internet Access Methods

5) Bandwidth Issues

6) Getting Connected

Introduction

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The Internet is a global network of computer networks.

Although this basic definition may seem rather simple, its implications are enormous.

One of the main features of the Internet is its ability to allow dissimilar computer systems, and even networks of dissimilar systems, to communicate with each other by the means of the common Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) protocol.

Overview of Internet Technologies – Overview of the Internet

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Personal computers (PCs) (IBM and Apple), mainframes, and minicomputers can all talk to each other over the Internet.

The true beauty of the Internet, however, is that the Internet allows users of these computer systems to communicate and interact with each other.

In the last few years, the Internet has started a revolution in the way we communicate, work, shop, and much more.

With all the interest being focused on the Internet, it becomes difficult, if not impossible, to separate fact from fiction, vaporware from reality.


Introduction

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Internet TechnologiesOverview of Internet Technologies – Overview of the Internet

At the end of this lesson you shouldbe able to:

– Gain a basic understanding of the early development of the Internet

– Have a general knowledge of what is available on the Internet

– Understand some of the terminology of the Internet

Objectives

•The Internet is the network of networks.

Key Point

Introduction

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Early History

– Began in 1969

– By 1983 Converted to the TCP/IP Protocol

– Quick Connectivity to ARPANET Backbone

– 1991 NSF started allowing commercial use

– 1990 HTML and the WWW entered picture

– Now a vast collection of information

– Over 100 Million users world-wide


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The Physical Structure of the Internet

Introduction

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Network of Networks

IS P

IS P

IS P

T h e In te rn etB us ine ss

B us ine ss ond ia l-up co nn ec tio n

R ou ter fo r In te rne tC on ne ctiv ity

In d iv id ua ld ia l-up us ers

In d iv id ua ld ia l-up us ers

B us ine ss on ade d ica ted co nn ec tio n



The Physical Structure of the Internet (cont.)

Introduction

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Internet Backbone



Growth of the Internet

Introduction

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Internet Growth Diagram (Number of Hosts in Millions)

1994

0.03 0 .5 0 .7

25

70

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

0.8



Internet, internet, Intranet, and Extranet

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The Internet



Internet, internet, Intranet, and Extranet (cont.)

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Sample “internet”

in ternet - G roup o f TC P /IP nodes not a ttached to the In terne t




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Intranet Server

In te rna l W eb S e rve r(In tra ne t S e rve r)

R o u te r fo r In te rn e tC o n ne ctiv ity

T he In te rne t

R e m o te use rso r p artn er o rga n iza tio ns




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Extranet

The In te rne t

Intranet

Private Network

Other Netw orks Other Netw orks

Private Network

Intranet



1) An ______ refers to an internetwork without reference to the scope of the connection.

2) The _____refers to the internetwork of computers attached to the global network of networks.

3) An ________ is a private Internet.

4) An ______ refers to a network that is sharing a server between closely aligned organizations.

Activities


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5) Companies that provide Internet access as well as e-mail services and Web services are called _______________________.

6) The Internet, under the name of ARPANET, has been in operation since 1969 originally for what purpose?

7) List five subjects that you can find information about on the Internet.

Activities (cont.)


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8) The ____ is the portion of the Internet where the ISPs connect to provide connectivity for organizations and individual users.

9) The __________ provides architectural, technical, and standards oversight of the Internet.

Activities (cont.)


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1) As directed by your instructor, go to the following Uniform Resource Locator (URL) and access the links associated with this course (Internet Technologies) and lesson. Perform the exercise and summarize your findings.

http://www.westnetinc.com/student/internet

Extended Activities


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2) Research how your particular site is connected to the Internet. Describe the following:

a. Connection to the Internet

b. Name of ISP

c. ISP connectivity to the backbone of the Internet

Extended Activities (cont.)


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The Internet is like a game that anyone is allowed to play.

But, like players in any sport, Internet players must follow certain rules and procedures, and must bring certain types of equipment to the playing field.

The equipment of the Internet will be discussed later in this book.

This lesson will introduce you to some of the most important rules, and rulemakers, of the Internet.

Internet TechnologiesOverview of Internet Technologies – Internet Organizations

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No organization, company, or government actually owns the Internet.

Like Olympic sports, the Internet is controlled by independent governing bodies, each with its specific charter.


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– List the key Internet organizations

– Describe the primary role of the key Internet organizations


Objectives

No one person or organization owns or controls the Internet.

Key Point

Overview of Internet Technologies – Internet Organizations

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Important Organizations:

– National Science Foundation

– Internet Society

– Internet Standards Organizations


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National Science Foundation

– Not an official Internet organization, US Government agency

– Became involved with the Internet in mid 80s

– The NSFNET connected supercomputer centers

– 1991 NSFNET began carry commercial traffic

– 1995 NFS created vBNS with MCI

– Very High-Speed Backbone Network Service


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Internet Society (ISOC)

– Closest thing to an Internet authority

– Created to lead in creation of standards, issues and standards

Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)

– Make technical contributions

– Concerned with technologies

– Consist of four groups:

• ISOC - Internet Society

• IAB – Internet Architecture Board

• IESG – Internet Engineering Steering Group

• IETF – Internet Engineering Task Force


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Internet Corporation for Assigned Numbers

– Responsible for IP address allocation

– Domain name system management

– Root server system management

Internet Network Information Center (InterNIC)

– Manages Internet Addressing

– Under management of Network Solutions

– Issues Domain Names


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World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)

– Repository of information about the web

– Promotion of standards

– Stores prototypes of new technologies and sample applications


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1) Match the organizations listed below, with the appropriate function (choose one letter):

IAB _______ IESG ______ RIPE ______

IETF ______ ISOC ______ ICANN ____

APNIC _____ IRTF ______ InterNIC ____

ARIN ______

a. Manages IP addresses for Asia and the Pacific

b. Provides oversight of the architecture and protocols on the Internet


Activities


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IAB _______ IESG ______ RIPE ______

IETF ______ ISOC ______ ICANN ____


ARIN ______

c. Assures the beneficial and open evolution of the global Internet

d. Focuses on long term issues related to the Internet (as opposed to short term issues)


Activities (cont.)


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IAB _______ IESG ______ RIPE ______

IETF ______ ISOC ______ ICANN ____


ARIN ______

e. Manages IP addresses for Europe

f. Registry of domain names that fall under com, org, net, and edu


Activities (cont.)


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IAB _______ IESG ______ RIPE ______

IETF ______ ISOC ______ ICANN ____


ARIN ______

g. Manages IP addresses for the western hemisphere

h. Will take over responsibility for IP address space allocation and other functions, now performed by the U.S. government


Activities (cont.)


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IAB _______ IESG ______ RIPE ______

IETF ______ ISOC ______ ICANN ____


ARIN ______

i. Identify and propose solutions to pressing operational and technical problems in the Internet

j. Responsible for technical management of the Internet Engineering Task Force activities


Activities (cont.)


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1) As directed by your instructor, go to the following URL and access the links associated with this course (Internet Technologies) and lesson. Perform the exercise and summarize your findings.



Extended Activities


Introduction

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Lesson 6


The purpose of this lesson is to provide an overview of the documents and standards that control the structure and function of the Internet.

Internet TechnologiesOverview of Internet Technologies – Internet Documents

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Lesson 6


At the end of this lesson you should beable to:

– Understand the purpose of a Request for Comment (RFC)

– Understand the purpose of an Internet Standard

– Understand the purpose of an Internet Draft


Objectives

•RFCs provide many technical details about the Internet.

Key Point

Overview of Internet Technologies – Internet Documents

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Internet Standards Creation Process

– Proposed Spec. reviewed by the Internet community

– Specification adopted as a standard and published

Goals of the Standards Process

– Openness and fairness

– Technical Excellence

– Timeliness


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Request For Comments (RFCs)

– Cover a wide range of topics

– Rules of document format in RFC 1543

– Some RFCs document Internet standards and referred to as STDs

– Some RFCs summarize community deliberations and are referred to as BCPs

Internet Drafts

– Early versions of documents

– If not recommended it must be removed


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1) Match the purpose listed below, with the Internet document type (choose a letter below—letters may be used more than once).

a. RFC b. BCP c. STD d. ID

RFCs that document Internet Standards ________

Documents an Internet standards-related specification __________

Discussions of new research concepts _________

Activities


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1) Match the purpose listed below, with the Internet document type (choose a letter below—letters may be used more than once).

a. RFC b. BCP c. STD d. ID

Statements on best practices and ways to perform operations and processes __________

Status of Internet protocol and service specifications __________

Develops documents made available for informal review and comment __________

Internet Standards Process __________

Activities (cont.)


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2) Download and review at least one RFC, Internet Standard, and Internet Draft.

Extended Activities


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This lesson provides an overview of common ways individual users and groups of users can access the Internet.

Internet TechnologiesOverview of Internet Technologies –

Common Internet Access

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– Describe the services available to Internet users

– Compare the service offerings available for Internet access


Objectives

•Internet access speeds varywith costs.

Key Point

Overview of Internet Technologies –Common Internet Access

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Overview of Access to the Internet


Individual Internet Access

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M odem P oo l to se rve m any sim ultaneous dial-up connec tions

Tem porary dia l-upconnection

(regular te lephone line) 56 Kbps o r less R oute r to

Backbone

M odem

Ind iv idual UserISP

The Internet



Overview of Access to the Internet (cont.)


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Multiple-User AccessThe In te rne t

BU SIN ESS 2

Business R outer linked to ISP

H ub

H ub

C lients

C lients

BU SIN ESS 1

Business R outer linked to

In ternet Backbone

Business R outer linked to Internet Backbone

H ub

C lients


Internet Service Providers (ISPs)

– Provide Internet access to individuals and organizations

– Connectivity comes in a variety of forms

– Dedicated versus Non-Dedicated Options



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Connection Types


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Dedicated vs. Non-dedicated Access

Dig ital com puterdata to ISP

Dig ital te lephonesignal to

telephone network

ISD NM odem

Telephone

N o nde d ica te d

Dig ital com puterdata to ISP

D e d ica te d

Router w ithISDN P ort

Telephone

PO TS line to te lephone network


Dedicated Access Methods

– Dedicated Dialup

– ISDN

– Private Line Connectivity have common characteristics

• Common Carrier Connection

• DSU/CSU

• Router

• Service from ISP



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Connection Types (cont.)


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Dedicated Connection Costs Estimate Comparison

Connection Speed Initial Initial Annual Annual Total Type Hardware Setup Line Internet Annual

Cost Cost Cost Access Cost Cost

Frame Relay 56 Kbps $2,000 $400 $500 $3,000 $3,500

Frame Relay 64 Kbps $2,000 $500 $600 $3,200 $3,800

Frame Relay 1.544 Mbps $2,850 $975 $2,360 $8,000 $10,360

Private Line DS-0 56 Kbps $2,190 $450 $1,860 $3,500 $5,360

Private Line DS-1 1.544 Mbps $5,200 $750 $3,400 $10,000 $13,400


Non-Dedicated Access Methods

– Uses Telephone System

– Modems Required

– Modems and line conditions determine access rate



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Connection Types (cont.)


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Modem Connectivity

M odem P oo l

R ou te r to B ackbone

M odem

56 K bps o r Le ssInd iv idua l U se r

The In terne t

H om e

IS P


DSL and Internet Access

– Local Loop is gathering much attention

– Competition in the “broadband” arena

– DSL and Cable Modems are primary technologies



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Options for Local High-Speed Internet Access


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Options for High-Speed Internet Access

Variables 56 Kbps ISDN ADSL Lite RADSL ADSL Cable DirecPC modem modem Satellite

Speed to user 56 Kbps 128 Kbps 1.5 Mbps 7 Mbps 8 Mbps 30 Mbps 400 Kbps

Speed from 33.6 Kbps 128 Kbps 128 Kbps 1 Mbps 1 Mbps 3 Mbps 56 Kbps user

Cost per $0 $60-100 $40-100 $40-200 $40-200 $30-60* $20-130month

* Monthly costs are estimates and include ISP-equivalent services (e.g., content and browser).



Options for Local High-Speed Internet Access (cont.)


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ADSL Configuration

PO TS Splitte rs

PO TS Splitte rs

P O T S L ine

A D S LM ode m

A D S LM ode m

E x isting tw is ted -pa ir te lep ho ne lin e

N arrow bandN etw ork

B roadbandN etw ork

PhoneN etw ork

D o w ns tre am cha nn e l: 1 .5 - 6 .1 M b ps

U p s tream ch an ne l: 1 6 - 64 0 K bp s


Other High-speed access Methods

– Wireless

– Pagers

– Cell Phones

– Satellite-based Systems



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Options for Local High-Speed Internet Access (cont.)


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Satellite-Based Access

UplinkDownlink

Sate llite

Earth S tation Earth S tation


1) Draw two basic diagrams (labeling all components), the first showing individual Internet access using a modem at the user’s premises, and the second illustrating multiple user Internet access using a router at the user’s premises.

2) Describe the difference between dedicated and non-dedicated connection types.

3) Describe the function of a CSU/DSU.

4) Describe a CO and its primary function.


Activities


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5) List the speeds available for frame relay service.

6) Construct a small table comparing the speeds (upstream and downstream) of at least four high-speed Internet access services (include ISDN, cable modem, ADSL, and ADSL Lite).

7) Why is it necessary that ADSL service be asymmetric?

8) What is the current maximum distance that a user can be located from the CO and still obtain ADSL service?


Activities (cont.)


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9) Name and describe at least three types of Internet access services.

10) Compare GEO systems with LEO systems.


Activities (cont.)


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2) What new developments are there in the following areas?

a. Home connectivity (slow to medium speed)

b. Business connectivity (medium to high speed)

c. Large business connectivity (very high speed)


Extended Activities


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3) For the following technologies, determine the cost of the service in your area. Include in your analysis the cost of the connectivity device (such as a router), cost of the service from the telephone company (if used), and cost of the ISP service.

a. 56 Kbps dial-up modem

b. ISDN basic rate

c. Cable modem

d. ADSL

e. T1




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This lesson summarizes the most popular Physical Layer protocols and their associated speeds for providing connectivity to the Internet.

We begin this lesson looking at low speeds such as dial-up and leased lines, and we progress to higher-speed technologies such as T3 and OC-3.

We will look at applications that might use each of the options and the associated performance that each application may require.

Internet TechnologiesOverview of Internet Technologies – Bandwidth Issues

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– Name the low- and high-speed options for Physical Layer Internet connectivity

– Determine which technology is most appropriate for a given business application


Objectives

Internet Physical Layer protocolsvary widely in speed and cost.

Key Point

Overview of Internet Technologies – Bandwidth Issues

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Summary

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Bandwidth and Applications

– PC Communications: 28.8 – 56Kbps

– Digital Audio: 1 – 2Mbps

– Compressed Video: 2-10Mbps

– Document Imaging: 10 – 10Mbps

– Full-Motion Video: 1 – 2 Gbps

Point-to-Point and Switched Alternatives Exist

Selection is dependent on application type and available technology in your area

Internet TechnologiesOverview of Internet Technologies – Bandwidth Issues

Introduction

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Point-To-Point Links


Introduction

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Summary

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Terms

Lesson 6T1 vs. Frame Relay Network

R oute r

F ram e R e lay N e tw ork

F ram e R elay A

Fram e R elay X

Fram e R elay B R ou te r

R ou te rR ou te r

R ou te r 1

R ou te r 2

Router

T1 Mesh Network

Router

Router

Router

Router

Router



Various Data Rates and Associated Applications


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Technology Data Rate Physical Media ApplicationDialup 14.4 to 56 Kbps Low-Grade Twisted Pair Home Office Connectivity to

Office and InternetLeased Line 56 Kbps Low-Grade Twisted Pair Small Business Low-Speed

Access, Office-to-Office connectivity, Internet Connectivity

Switched-56 56 Kbps Low-Grade Twisted Pair Small Business Low-Speed Access, Office-to-Office connectivity, Internet Connectivity, Link Backup

Fractional T1 64 to 768 Kbps Low-Grade Twisted Pair Small to Medium-Size Business, Moderate SpeedInternet Access

Data Rates and Applications





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Technology Data Rate Physical Media ApplicationSatellite 400 Kbps Airwaves Small Business with (Direct PC) Moderate Speed, Internet

AccessT1 64 Kbps to Low-Grade Twisted Pair Medium-Size Business

1.544 Mbps Optical Fiber Internet AccessMicrowave Point-to-Point LAN

ConnectivityE1 (European) 64 Kbps to Low-Grade Twisted Pair Medium-Size Business

2.048 Mbps Optical Fiber Internet AccessMicrowave Point-to-Point LAN

ConnectivityADSL 1.544 to 8 Mbps Low-Grade Twisted Pair Medium-Size Business

High-Speed Home Internet Access

Data Rates and Applications (cont.)





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Summary

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Technology Data Rate Physical Media Application

Cable Modem 512 Kbps Coaxial Cable Medium-Size Businessto 52 Mbps High-Speed Home Internet

Access

E3 (European) 34.368 Mbps Twisted Pair Large Business InternetFiber Optic Cable Access

Microwave ISP Backbone Access

T3 45 Mbps Twisted Pair Large Business Internet

Fiber Optic Cable Access

Microwave ISP Backbone Access

OC-1 51.48 Mbps Fiber Optic Cable Backbone

Campus Internet to ISP






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Summary

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Lesson 6


OC-3 155.52 Mbps Fiber Optic Cable Large Company Backbone

Internet Backbone

OC-24 1.24 Gbps Fiber Optic Cable Large Company BackboneInternet Backbone Connectivity




1) Match the service option listed below, with the speed (choose a letter).

ADSL ___ T1 __ Fractional T1 __

Switched 56 ___ Cable Modem ___ OC-24 ___

OC-48 ____ Dialup ____ E1 ____

OC-3 ____ E3 ____ T3 _____

a. 34.368Mbps b. 56Kbps

c. 512Kbps - 52Mbps d. 45Mbps

e. 155.52Mbps f. 1.24Gbps

g. 64Kbps - 768Kbps h. 64Kbps - 2.048Mbps

i. 2.4Gbps j. 1.544Mbps - 8Mbps

k. 14.4Kbps - 56Kbps l. 64Kbps - 1.544Mbps


Activities


Introduction

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Summary

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Lesson 6


2) Match the application listed below, with the speed (choose a letter)

Full-motion Video _____ PC Communications ____

Digital Audio ________ Document Imaging ____

Compressed Video _______

a. 28.8 to 56 Kbps

b. 1 to 2 Mbps

c. 2 to 10 Mbps

d. 10 to 100 Mbps

e. 1 to 2 Gbps


Activities (cont.)


Introduction

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Summary

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2) Research the availability of each of these technologies in your area, and determine which technology you can use.


Extended Activities


Introduction

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Summary

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Lesson 6


3) Research the cost of the various technologies listed, and the pricing structure associated with each as it relates to short- and long-distance communication.

4) For each of the technologies listed, determine how long it would take to get a 5 MB file across a network.

5) For each of the technologies listed below, find router products that support each of the physical interfaces.

a. Switched-56 b. T1

c. ADSL d. OC-1

e. OC-3




Introduction

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Summary

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Lesson 6


There are two primary modes of connecting to the Internet.

The individual user gets access through a wide variety of service offerings.

These service offerings are typically for one or a few home users that access an ISP for basic use of the Internet, such as e-mail.

Organizations also must access the Internet, and many users often need access simultaneously.

This lesson reviews strategies for getting multiple users connected to the Internet.

Internet TechnologiesOverview of Internet Technologies – Getting Connected

Introduction

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Summary

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Lesson 6



– Describe a planning methodology for Internet access

– Name the steps for implementation of Internet connectivity


Objectives

A process should be followedfor connecting to the Internet.

Key Point

Overview of Internet Technologies – Getting Connected

Introduction

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Summary

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Terms

Lesson 6


Steps in Providing Internet Connectivity

– Identify the number of potential users

– Identify the application type and use

– Determine the bandwidth and service options

– Choose an ISP

– Select and register Internet names

– Determine equipment requirements

– Implement the solution


Introduction

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Summary

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Terms

Lesson 6



Steps in Providing Internet Connectivity


Introduction

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Step 1:Identify Number of Users

Centra l Switch

W orkgroupH ubs10

8

10

15

7



Steps in Providing Internet Connectivity (cont.)


Introduction

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Step 2: Identify Application Type and UseStep 3: Determine Bandwidth and Service Options


T1 64 Kbps to Low-Grade Twisted Pair Medium-Size Business 1.544 Mbps Optical Fiber Internet Access

Microwave.1 Point-to-Point LAN Connectivity

E1 (European) 64 Kbps to Low-Grade Twisted Pair Medium-Size Business 2.048 Mbps Optical Fiber Internet Access

Microwave.1 Point-to-Point LANConnectivity

ADSL 1.544 to 8 Mbps Low-Grade Twisted Pair Medium-Size BusinessHigh-Speed Home Internet Access

Cable Modem 512 Kbps Coaxial Cable Medium-Size Businessto 52 Mbps High-Speed Home Internet

Access





Introduction

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Summary

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Technologies and Bandwidths (cont.)


E3 (European) 34.368 Mbps Twisted Pair Large Business InternetFiber Optic Cable AccessMicrowave ISP Backbone Access

T3 45 Mbps Twisted Pair Large Business Internet Fiber Optic Cable AccessMicrowave ISP Backbone Access

OC-1 51.48 Mbps Fiber Optic Cable BackboneCampus Internet to ISP

OC-3 155.52 Mbps Fiber Optic Cable Large Company BackboneInternet Backbone





Introduction

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Summary

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Technologies and Bandwidths (cont.)








Introduction

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Step 4: Choose an ISP

D istant IS P

IS PB usiness

The In te rne t

Te lephoneC om pany


Step 5: Select and Register an Internet Name

– Your class of address is given by your ISP (i.e. Class C address)

– You determine availability of the desired name and register that name

Step 6: Determine Equipment Requirements

– What type of router is needed?

– What are LAN and WAN port requirements?

– What type of security is necessary?


Introduction

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Summary

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Lesson 6





Introduction

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Internet Connectivity

Centra l Sw itch

RouterTo ISP

W orkgroupHubs10

8

10

15

7


Step 7: Implement the Solution

– Client side requirements

– Server side requirements

– Network requirements

– Gateway address

– DNS Address

– Addressing strategy of the overall network


Introduction

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Summary

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Lesson 6


1) Fill in the missing steps in providing Internet connectivity:

Step 1:

Step 2:

Step 3: Determine bandwidth and security needs

Step 4:

Step 5: Determine/choose the ISP

Step 6:

Step 7: Implement the solution.


Activities


Introduction

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Summary

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Lesson 6


2) Describe how 50 users requiring bandwidth of 28.8 Kbps (50 * 28.8Kbps = 1.44 Mbps) would be adequately serviced using a fractional T1 line running at 384Kbps.

3) List three questions you would ask an ISP when choosing an access provider.


Activities (cont.)


Introduction

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Summary

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4) Calculate the bandwidth and service speed of an Internet connection capable of handling a company of approximately 700 users who use e-mail services several times a day, and whose marketing research department (25 users) spends on average of 30 percent of their weekly time using the Web. Manufacturing has an extranet capability that is used throughout the day, averaging 20 transactions per user, by approximately 75 users to make inquiries and updates with seven subcontractors. Assume all e-mail is relatively short messages, occasionally with a document attached. The extranet transactions average less than 2,000 characters downstream and 100 upstream. Allow room for a 25 percent annual growth rate in the amount of traffic.


Activities (cont.)


Introduction

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Summary

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Lesson 6





Extended Activities


Introduction

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Summary

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2) For each of the following scenarios, determine options for the connection to an ISP based on bandwidth requirements.

a. Four users requiring periodic access to the Internet, rarely at the same time

b. One hundred users requiring constant access for e-mail and stock quotes

c. One thousand users requiring access approximately 10 percent of the time, with rates not to exceed 56 Kbps




Introduction

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Summary

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Lesson 6


3) For the router configuration mentioned in this lesson, find three products that provide this capability and compare each.




Introduction

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Summary

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Lesson 6


When viewed from the human perspective, the Internet is more than a loose collection of millions of individual computers, each identified by a numeric address.

It is a loose collection of corporations, schools, nonprofit organizations, and government agencies.

These are all tied to a central network, the backbone of the Internet.

Lesson 1 provided a history and overview of the Internet.

Internet TechnologiesOverview of Internet Technologies – Summary

Introduction

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Summary

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Lesson 6


Lesson 2 introduced us to the many Internet organizations that determine its technical standards and structure.

Lesson 3 described various Internet documents that describe its structure and protocols, including Internet Standards, RFCs, and Internet Drafts.

Although no one actually “owns” the Internet in conventional terms, in reality it is owned by every single user because it cannot exist without these users.


Introduction

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Lesson 6


Therefore, the continued functionality of the Internet is a concern of every Internet user.

Because there is no central owner, there cannot be a central regulator of the Internet.

To facilitate the high-level of voluntary standards compliance necessary for the Internet to work and help ensure continued growth, several organizations have been founded to take upon themselves, at the behest of the international community of Internet users, regulatory duties considered absolutely necessary.


Introduction

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Lesson 6


Most Internet organizations have two things in common.

First, they are nonprofit.

Their existence is not based on revenue, instead it is founded on the well-being of the community of Internet users.

Second, they follow a bottom-up structure where the Internet community has control and the acting officers operate in their best interest.


Introduction

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Summary

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Lesson 6


Despite the somewhat chaotic nature of the Internet, it functions and continues to grow. This continued growth is directly attributable to a very thorough, fair, and open Standards process.

And, of course, wide-spread, voluntary compliance with the Standards.

Lesson 4 described common Internet access methods. Access to the Internet backbone comes in two primary forms, individual user and organization.


Introduction

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Summary

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Lesson 6


An individual user typically accesses the Internet from home through services offered by ISPs for use by an individual or group of individuals, one at a time.

Organizational access is different from single-user access because many people within an organization typically access Internet resources simultaneously.

Lesson 5 outlined the various types and speeds of Internet connections.


Introduction

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Lesson 6


In general, the best Internet access for consumers currently available is a high-speed (56 Kbps) modem on a second telephone line.

This is usually the best “bandwidth for the buck.”

However, actual connect speeds may be disappointing, with connections of only 28.8 Kbps depending on the line condition. (One problem is that the telephone company is not obligated to provide a “good, clean, line” for a modem.)


Introduction

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ISDN may be available in your area, but the cost for the bandwidth may not be competitive.

DirectPC is very fast, at least downstream, but the price might be a bit high for most users.

In 2000 and beyond, more service options will become available from cable and local telephone companies.

ADSL and cable modem services are two of the most popular offerings being purchased today.


Introduction

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Summary

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Lesson 6


Bandwidth issues were discussed in Lesson 5, including the most popular Physical Layer protocols and their speeds for providing connectivity to the Internet.

There are many decisions that factor into getting access to the Internet.

The type of connection, speed of the connection, and level of service provided are all critical to the decision making process.

Lesson 6 presented the basic steps in the setup of Internet access for a small organization.

Issues that should be considered in establishing Internet connectivity include security and compression.


Introduction

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Summary

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Lesson 6


1) The local telephone company is also referred to as:

a. LEC

b. ISDN

c. POTS

d. ISP

2) The difference between Internet, intranet, and internet is:

a. Type of server software

b. Type of client software

c. Who has access to the server

d. Speed of the connection

Internet TechnologiesOverview of Internet Technologies – Quiz

Introduction

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3) The original backbone of the Internet is referred to as:

a. Extranet

b. Cyberspace

c. Gopher

d. ARPANET

4) Which of the following protocols provides the best throughput?

a. Dial-up modem

b. T1

c. Basic rate ISDN

d. T3


Introduction

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Summary

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Lesson 6


5) Which of the following technologies would most likely be used to provide connectivity for a large organization?

a. Dial-up modem

b. Cable modem

c. Switched-56

d. T3

6) Which of the following technologies would most likely be used by an individual for Internet home use?

a. Dial-up modem

b. T1

c. T3

d. OC-3


Introduction

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Summary

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Lesson 6


7) An ISP is best described as:

a. The backbone of the Internet

b. The governing body of the Internet

c. An internet client and server connection point

d. The organization that connects individuals and groups to the Internet


Introduction

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8) Which of the following is not a way to access an ISP?

a. Frame Relay

b. T1

c. ISDN

d. The backbone

9) Which of the following is a document?

a. IETF

b. RFC

c. IAB

d. IESG


Introduction

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Lesson 6


10) Which of the following best describes an intranet?

a. Global access to a Web server

b. Internal access to a Web server

c. Limited outside access to a Web server

d. None of the above


Introduction

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Lesson 6


Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET)ARPANET is a U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) network developed by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA). ARPANET tied business, government agencies, and universities together through its packet network. It then became the backbone of the Internet in the early 1990s.

Internet TechnologiesOverview of Internet Technologies – Terms

Introduction

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Summary

Quiz

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Lesson 6


American Registry for Internet Numbers (ARIN)ARIN handles registration of western-hemisphere domain names in the following top-level domains: com, org, net, and edu (the U.S. government manages mil and gov domain names).

asynchronous transfer mode (ATM)ATM is a cell relay technology based on small (53 byte) cells. An ATM network consists of multiple ATM switches that forward each individual cell to its final destination. ATM can provide simultaneous transport services for audio, data, and video.


Introduction

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Summary

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Lesson 6


bandwidthA measure of the information-carrying capacity of a channel. The difference between the highest and lowest frequencies that can be transmitted across a communications link. Analog networks measure bandwidth in cycles per second (Hz). Digital networks measure bandwidth in kilobits (Kbps), megabits (Mpbs), or gigabits per second (Gbps).

cable modemA cable modem is a device located in a cable television subscriber’s home, that provides broadband Internet access over a cable TV provider’s hybrid fiber coaxial (HFC) network.


Introduction

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Summary

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Lesson 6


central office (CO)The central office is a telephone company facility where local loops are terminated. The CO connects individual telephones through a series of switches. A CO is also called a Local Exchange, Wiring Center, or Public Exchange.

Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)DSL is a modem technology that converts existing twisted-pair telephone lines into high-speed data lines that can also carry separate telephone communications. Variants of DSL include: Asymmetrical DSL (ADSL); Rate-Adaptive DSL (RADSL); ADSL Lite, a slightly slower version; and very high bit rate DSL (VDSL).


Introduction

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Summary

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Lesson 6


ExtranetAn extranet is a broader form of a private intranet. Extranets are private Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) networks that are shared between closely aligned organizations, and are not available to the general public.

file transfer protocol (FTP)FTP is a TCP/IP Application Layer protocol used to transfer information between a client and server attached to a network.


Introduction

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Lesson 6


frame relayFrame relay is a technology designed to move data across a wide area network (WAN). Frame relay normally operates at speeds of 56 kilobits per second (Kbps) to 1.5 megabits per second (Mbps).

GopherGopher is an Internet program developed at the University of Minnesota that allows Internet users to find different resources and applications using a menu-driven system. Gopher was designed primarily to act as a distributed document delivery system for documents that may reside on local or remote Internet hosts. The Gopher menu system was a very popular application, but it has been virtually replaced by Web search engines.


Introduction

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Lesson 6


Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)ISDN is a WAN technology used to move voice and data over the telecommunications network. ISDN operates at speeds of 128 Kbps to 1.5 Mbps.

internetThe term internet, noncapitalized, refers to TCP/IP internetwork without reference to the scope of the connection. This term is often used to describe two or more networks internetworked using internet technology and protocols, without being connected to the global Internet.


Introduction

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Lesson 6


InternetThe term Internet, capitalized, refers to the global internetwork of TCP/IP networks.

Internet Architecture Board (IAB)IAB is a technical advisory group of the Internet Society (ISOC). The purpose of IAB is to provide architectural, technical, and standards oversight of the Internet.

Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)IANA was a subsidiary of IAB, originally responsible for assigning Internet IP addresses. IANA was superseded by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) in 1995.


Introduction

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Lesson 6


Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)ICANN is a nonprofit, international organization responsible for overseeing IP address space allocation and Domain Name System management. ICANN was created to replace IANA in 1995.

Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)IETF is a large, open, inter-national community of network designers, operators, vendors, and researchers concerned with the evolution of the Internet architecture and smooth operation of the Internet.


Introduction

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Lesson 6


Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG)IESG is responsible for the technical management of IETF activities. As part of the Internet Society, it manages the Internet Standards process, including final approval of specifications as Internet Standards.

Internet Network Information Center (InterNIC)InterNIC is responsible for registration of domain names for all sites outside the western hemisphere, in the following top-level domains: com, org, net, and edu. Western-hemisphere domain names are registered by the American Registry for Internet Numbers (ARIN).


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Lesson 6


Internet Research Task Force (IRTF)IRTF is responsible for organizing focused, long-term, small research groups to work on topics related to Internet protocols, applications, architecture, and technology.

internet service provider (ISP)ISPs are companies that provide Internet access to individuals and businesses. ISPs typically provide a range of services necessary to provide corporate networks and other users with dedicated or dial-up access to the Internet.


Introduction

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Summary

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Lesson 6


Internet Society (ISOC)ISOC is a professional membership society with more than 150 organizational and 6,000 individual members in over 100 countries. ISOC provides leadership in addressing issues that confront the future of the Internet, and is the organization’s home for groups responsible for Internet infrastructure standards, including IETF and IAB.

IntranetAn intranet (uncapitalized) is a network that uses Internet applications, but is designed for use only by the personnel of a company or organization (i.e., “private internet”).


Introduction

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Summary

Quiz

Terms

Lesson 6


local exchange carrier (LEC)LEC is another term for the local telephone company.

modem poolA modem pool is a bank of modems used for dial-in access to a company’s network, or to a service such as that provided by an ISP.

very High-speed Backbone Network Service (vBNS)The very high-speed Backbone Network Service is an experimental high-speed wide area network backbone jointly created in 1995 by the National Science Foundation and MCI.


Introduction

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Summary

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Lesson 6


World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)The W3C is an independent industry organization that works to develop technically sound open standards for the World Wide Web. W3C is the chief standards organization for HTTP and HTML, and it cooperates with the various Internet organizations.


Introduction

Lesson 1

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Summary

Quiz

Terms

Lesson 6