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$. !t contains a body of theory, research, application associated when agrowing concern for in work place. !ts study helps in understanding humanbehavior.

%. &he study of theories and research experiences of organizationfacilitates manager for creative thinking to solve human problems inorganizations.

'. &his discipline is heavily influenced by several other behavioral sciencesand social sciences like psychology, (ociology and anthropology.

). !t provides rational thinking about people. !t concentrates on three level

of behavior. &hey are individual behavior, group behavior andorganizational behavior.

*. O.+. has psychological foundations. &he concept like learning,perception, attitude, motivation etc is borrowed from psychology, sociologyand anthropology.

. Organization behavior is both art and science. !t is considered as artbecause it contains knowledge about behavior of individuals. !t isconsidered as science because it involves application of science.

-. Organization behavior is dynamic rather than static. !t essence isreflected in change in behavior of individuals in organization.

. !t attempts to reduce the wasteful activities through economic and

psychological means and thus increasing the effectiveness of the peopleand the organization.

Nature of Organizational Behavior (OB) Organizational behavior is an appliedbehavioral science that is built on contributions from a number of behavioraldisciplines such as

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Psychology: /sychology is defined as the study of human behavior whichtries to identify the characteristics of individuals and provides anunderstanding why an individual behaves in a particular way. &hus psychologyprovides us with useful insight into areas such as human motivation,perceptual processes or personality characteristics.

Sociology: (ociology is the study of social behavior, relationships amongsocial groups and societies, and the maintenance of social order. &he mainfocus of attention is on the social system. &his helps us to appreciate thefunctioning of individuals within the organization which is essentially a socio0technical entity.

Social Psychology: (ocial psychology is the study of human behavior in thecontext of social situations. &his essentially addresses the problem ofunderstanding the typical behavioral patterns to be expected from anindividual when he takes part in a group.

Anthropology: 1nthropology is the science of mankind and the study ofhuman behavior as a whole. &he main focus of attention is on the culturalsystem, beliefs, customs, ideas and values within a group or society and thecomparison of behavior amongst different cultures in the context of today2sorganizational scenario. !t is very important to appreciate the differences thatexist among people coming from different cultural backgrounds as people areoften found to work with others from the other side of the globe.

Economics: 1ny organization to survive and sustain must be aware of theeconomic viability of their effort. &his applies even to the non0profit andvoluntary organizations as well.

Political Science: 1lthough fre3uently overlooked, the contributions ofpolitical scientists are significant to understand arrangement in organizations.!t studies individuals and groups within specific conditions concerning thepower dynamics. !mportant topics under here include structuring of 4onflict,allocation of power and how people manipulate power for individual self0interest etc.

I+,ORTEN*E OF OB -

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. O+ affects the interest of people, enhances their awareness andeffectiveness, and improves their ability in handling conflict and stressmanagement.

$. O+ provides a set of tools which help the managers to look at thebehavior of individuals within an organization.

%. O+ is valuable in examining the dynamics of relationships within smallgroups, both formal and informal.

'. O+ provides frame works for understanding differences betweennational cultures, because cultural difference may re3uire managers tomodify their practices.

). O+ provides number of challenges and opportunities for managers. e.g.how to improve 3uality, how to improve people5s skill, how recognize thevalue of work force diversity.

Nature of OB-

%. A field of study not a discipline.&. 'nterdisciplinary approach.

(. An applied science.

). *or#ative and value centered.

+. ,u#anistic and opti#istic.

. Oriented towards organizational ob ective.

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/. A total syste#s approach.

0ource1 Organization Behaviour by 23 4rasad 5 sultan chand publications.pg +6

Fa.tors Effe.ting Organizational Beha ior-Organizational behavior is the way individuals are motivated and act

within an organization, as well as the way those individuals act with eachother. (ocial sciences influencing the study of organizational behavior includepsychology and sociology. 6any factors within an organization can influence

organizational behavior. (ome of the more significant factors are people,structure, technology and environment.

/eople&he people within an organization are one of the primary influences on the

overall organizational behavior within a company. &he interactions betweenindividual employees is, in fact, one of the primary areas of study within the field oforganizational behavior. 7arious personal characteristics that may influenceorganizational behavior include the education level of employees, theirbackgrounds, abilities and beliefs.

(tructure

&he structure of a company refers to the organization of individuals invarious roles and the relationships, both formal and informal, between thoseroles. 8or example, some companies have rigid hierarchies that define therelationship between managers and employees, while others have more

collaborative, egalitarian systems in place. &he number of levels in anorganization also influences the company5s organizational behavior. 8orexample, in a company with many levels between entry0level employees and topmanagement, entry0level employees may feel they have less of a stake in theirorganization or that their opinions are valued less than in a company in whichthere are relatively few levels between top and bottom.

&echnology

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&he use of technology is an often overlooked component of organizationalbehavior. 8or example, employees within a company may exhibit theorganizational behavior of communicating primarily via email, while employees inanother company may make it a habit to walk down the hall to others5 offices tospeak face0to0face. &echnology also affects organizational behavior in that itallows companies to increasingly allow employees to work from home, resultingin less bonding among employees. 1t the same time, the use of technology canbring together people separated geographically through the use ofteleconferencing, for example.

9nvironment&he environmental influences on organizational behavior can come from both

internal and external sources. 1 company engaged in a highly regulated businessmay have a strict and structured culture due to the need to conform to certain lawsand regulations from the company5s external environment. &he internal environmentof a company also affects organizational behavior. 8or example, a strugglingcompany will often have a different organizational behavior than a successful andgrowing business.

Cognitive Framework

4ognitive approach emphasizes the positive and freewill aspects of humanbehavior and uses concepts such as expectancy, demand, and intention.

4ognition can be simply defined as the act of knowing an item of information. !n

cognitive framework, cognitions precede behavior and constitute input into the

person2s thinking, perception, problem solving, and information processing.

&he work of 9dward &olman can be used to represent the cognitive

theoretical approach. 1ccording to &olman, learning consists of the expectancy

that a particular event will lead to a particular conse3uence. &his cognitive

concept of expectancy implies that organism is thinking about, or is conscious or

aware of the goal and result of a behavior exhibited by it. !t means that a person

desires a goal and also knows the behavior that will lead to achievement of the

goals.

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!n the subject of organizational behavior, cognitive approach dominates the units

of analysis such as perception, personality and attitudes, motivation, behavioral

decision making and goal setting.

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Basic OB Model

6odel is an abstraction of reality and a simplified representation of some real0 world phenomenon.

&hree theoretical frameworks0 the cognitive, behavioristic and social learningframeworks form the basis of an organizational behavior model.

The cognitive approach is based on the expectancy, demand and incentiveconcepts. 9dward &olman has made significant contributions to this approach.

+ehavioristic framework focuses on observable behaviors. !van /avlov and =ohn+.>atson were the pioneers of the behavioristic theory. &hey explained humanbehavior on the basis of the connection between stimulus and response.

The social learning approach incorporates the concepts and principles of both thecognitive and behavioristic frameworks. !n this approach, behavior is explained as acontinuous reciprocal interaction between cognitive, behavioral and environmentaldeterminants.

The organization behavior model ?(, O, +, 4@ has incorporated the best aspectsfrom the three frameworks of human behavior. !n this model, the letters (, O, +, 4represent situation, organism, behavior and conse3uences, respectively. 1llbert+andura, =ulian Aotter, (alancik and /feffer are the main proponents of thisframework.

The o!r basic approaches o OB are:

. "uman Aesources ? supportive@ approach0 9mployee growth and developmenttoward higher levels of competency, creativity and fulfillment are encouraged and

supported because people are the central resource in any organization and society.

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http://nraomtr.blogspot.in/2011/12/organizational-behavior-theoretical.html



$. 4ontingency approach0Bifferent managerial behaviours are re3uired by differentenvironments for effectiveness.

%. Aesults0oriented approach0Outcomes of organizational behavior programs areassessed in terms of their efficiency.

'. (ystems approach0 1ll parts of an organization interact in a complex relationship.(ystems approach takes an across0 the board view of people in organizations andanalyses issues in terms of total situations and as many factors as possible thatmay affect people2s behaviour.

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