Unit 16: Teaching Theory and Instructional Techniques

• Learning and Teaching

• Water Class Management

• Lesson Planning

Student Performance:By the end of the lesson you will be able to:

• Explain the learning and teaching process.• Explain testing, evaluation, and achievement.• List and define the Laws of Learning.• Describe the factors that enhance learning.• Describe methods for effective oral communications.• Describe training aids and tell how they can enhance

communication.• Explain how to teach swimming and diving in

confined and open water.• Prepare lesson plans for classroom, confined, and

open water.

Learning and Teaching

• Learning:– “A measurable change in an individual’s

behavior or attitude.”– “A change in behavior based on experience.”

• Bloom’s taxonomy– Identifies three overlapping domains important in

the learning process:• Knowledge• Attitude• Skills

Bloom’s taxonomy

Cognitive Domain

Bloom’s taxonomy

Affective Domain

Bloom’s taxonomy

Psychomotor Domain

Learning and Teaching (continued)

• Teaching:– “Purposeful activities that

aid an individual’s learning.”

• Testing and evaluation– Foster effective learning

and achievement.

• Class focus– The student is the most

important person in any class.

Learning and Teaching (continued)

• The “laws of learning“– Readiness: students will learn

best when physically and mentally ready.

– Intensity: increased sensory input increases learning.

– Primacy: first learned is best remembered.

– Exercise: skills are only truly learned through participation and practice.

– Effect: Students learn best when they perceive the material as real and useful.

– Recency: that which is most recently learned is more easily recalled.

Learning and Teaching (continued) • Factors that enhance

learning– Oral

communication• Preparing to

communicate • Getting started • Using the “tools of

the trade” – voice, eyes, hands

and body

Learning and Teaching (continued)

– Training aids• Reinforce a point

• Increase the intensity of the experience

• Use it and then put it away

Learning and Teaching (continued)

– Empathy– Goals and motivation– Reinforcement– Pacing

Learning and Teaching (continued)

– Continuity– Relaxation and

performance– Physical awareness

and sensitivity– Physical surroundings– Anxiety and fear

Water Class Management

• Surface teaching– Safety and communication

– Class positioning is important to the learning process• Line-up• Semicircular• Instructor centered

Water Class Management (continued)

• Evaluating and teaching swimming skills– Crawl stroke– Breaststroke– Elementary

backstroke– Sidestroke

Crawl Stroke

Breaststroke

Elementary Backstroke

Sidestroke

Water Class Management (continued)

– Underwater teaching• Positioning is important

for safety and control– Follow me– Call down– Class first,

instructor following

– Instructor first, watching class

– Instructor and buddy pairs in turn

Water Class Management (continued)

– Progression– Exercises– Skill demonstration

• Using demonstrations well

• “I hear, I forget; I see, I remember; I do, I understand.”

Water Class Management (continued)

– Demonstration quality skills

– Camaraderie and competition

– Imaging and self-concept

– Intrapersonal communication

Lesson planning “Failing to plan is planning to fail.”

• Benefits of Lesson Planning• Modern Lesson Planning• The acronym TOM I PASTA

Lesson planning (continued)

• Lesson planning from scratch• Establishing objectives– “If you’re not sure where you’re going,

you’re liable to end up someplace else.”• Components of a learning objective– Performance – Conditions– Standard

Lesson planning (continued)

• Classroom– Preliminary steps of lesson preparation – Subordinate steps

• prepare the introduction• prepare the summary• prepare the lesson evaluation• prepare the lesson plan • “TOM I. PASTA” mnemonic• rehearse the lesson • prepare the teaching notes

Lesson planning (continued)

• Confined water– Briefing: (introductions, session overview,

facility orientation–hazards and restrictions, safety equipment, communications, etc. Detailed briefing outlines are included in NAUI instructor guides.)

– Skill review exercises– New skills– Activities– Debriefing

Lesson planning (continued)

• Steps of confined water lesson preparation– Identify the skill and any sub-components.– Determine objectives: (performance, condition,

standard).– Select the teaching method.– Determine the time frame for the lesson.– Determine the skill progression and the exercises

needed to reach the objectives.– Determine training aids and assistants needed.– Prepare an introduction and summary, if appropriate.– Prepare the training aids. – Rehearse the skills to be demonstrated.– Prepare teaching notes/slates.

Lesson planning (continued)

• Open water training – Briefing: (introductions, session overview,

facility orientation–hazards and restrictions, safety equipment, communications, etc.)

– Skill review exercises– Skill performance– Skill evaluations– Application of skills– Debriefing

Lesson planning (continued)

• Steps of open water session preparation– Identify the dive location and an alternate; check

weather and environment, print maps and directions.

– Verify information for briefing: hazards, communications, and emergency procedures.

– Prepare schedule of activities.– Determine staffing and equipment needs. – Prepare briefing notes.– Inventory and check equipment: personal, backup,

and emergency. – Prepare emergency action plan.– Prepare debriefing notes.

End of Unit 16 Teaching Theory and Instructional Techniques

• Learning And Teaching

• Water Class Management

• Lesson Planning

Student Performance:By the end of the lesson you will be able to:

• Explain testing, evaluation, and achievement.• List and define the Laws of Learning.• Describe the factors that enhance learning.• Demonstrate effective oral communications.• Describe training aids and tell how they can

enhance communication.• Explain the learning and teaching process.• Teach swimming and diving in confined and open

water.• Lesson plan for classroom, confined, and open

water.

Student Performance:By the end of the lesson you will be able to:

• Explain the learning and teaching process.

• Explain testing, evaluation, and achievement.

• List and define the Laws of Learning.

• Describe the factors that enhance learning.• Describe methods for effective oral communications.• Describe training aids and tell how they can enhance

communication.• Explain how to teach swimming and diving in

confined and open water.• Prepare lesson plans for classroom, confined, and

open water.