unit 16: moving into the urban city (a)what is rural – urban migration ? rural-urban migration is...
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Unit 16: Moving into the urban city
(A) What is rural – urban migration ?
Rural-urban migration
Is the migration of people from rural to urban areas
Occurs in both developed and developing countries
In developed countries, such flow of population began in the early 19th century, but has slowed down nowadays.
In developing countries, such flow started in the early 20th century, and is getting faster as time goes by.
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Unit 16: Moving into the urban city
(B) What are the causes of rural-urban migration ?
Push factors in the rural areas
Pull factors in the urban areas
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Unit 16: Moving into the urban city
Push factors in the rural areas
Overpopulation - the man-land ratio is very high
Few job opportunities
Low living standard - low income, malnutrition
Poor social services and facilities - transport, education, medical service, recreation etc.
Poverty - the strongest factor
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Unit 16: Moving into the urban city
Pull factors in the urban areas
Many job opportunities
High living standard - high income, good nutrition
Good social facilities and services - transport, education, medical service, recreation etc.
Better jobs - the most important factor
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Unit 16: Moving into the urban city
(C) What are the problems caused by rural-urban migration ?
Example
Rapid population growth
High unemployment
Conflicts between local people and migrants
Shortage of facilities and services
Shortage of houses
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Unit 16: Moving into the urban city
Rapid population growth
Waves of immigrants from rural areas never stop.
Very few people leave the city. Therefore, there is a big net gain in population.
Most immigrants are young adults.
They know little about birth control and family planning.
The birth rate is very high.
However, the death rate is very low. Therefore, there is a big natural increase in
population.Next Back
Unit 16: Moving into the urban city
High unemployment
There is a great increase in population.
Economic development is slow.
The increase of job is not fast enough.
Many people are unemployed.
High unemployment may lead to social problems.
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Unit 16: Moving into the urban city
Conflicts between local people and migrants They are different from each other in religion, tradition,
custom outlook, educational level, language, race, etc.
Therefore, misunderstandings arise.
The local people do not want those outsiders:– to share their facilities and services;– to take away their jobs;– to bring along problems of congestion and pollution.
Therefore, the local people do not like the immigrants.
The immigrants thus feel being looked down on and ill-treated.
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Unit 16: Moving into the urban city
Shortage of facilities and services
Urban population increases too fast.
The city government has very limited resources. The number of facilities like electricity and water supply, and services like schools and hospitals only increases very slowly.
The facilities and services cannot meet the needs of people.
Life quality becomes poor.
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Unit 16: Moving into the urban city
Shortage of houses Urban population increases too fast.
The increase of houses is too slow.
The poor immigrants cannot afford good housing.
The government is not fast enough to provide public housing.
Cottage areas or shanty towns appear and spread.
The living conditions are very poor there.
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Unit 16: Moving into the urban cityFavelas in Brazil
In big cities in Brazil, 40% of the people live in shanty towns called ‘favelas’.
These favelas are built on the outskirts of the city.
Many basic facilities, like water and electricity supply, are absent in the favelas.
Sewage and refuse are not properly collected and disposed of.
Sanitary conditions are poor.Diseases spread easily.
The people are very poor. Most of them are unemployed.
Most children have no schooling.Back
Unit 16: Moving into the urban cityTerms to learn: Migration - the flow of people from one place to another Rural-urban migration - people moving from the
countryside into the city Push factors - the bad conditions that drive people out of
their homes Pull factors - the good conditions that attract people to
come to live in that area Migrants - people who come to live here from other
places Squatter area - an area of unlawfully built huts and
houses with poor facilities and services Shanty town - a squatter area where the poor live Favela - a shanty town on the outskirts of a Brazilian city
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Unit 16: Moving into the urban city
Favelas in Brazil
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