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Name_________________________Date___________Class________

***All notes must be fill-in before you can begin Dissection: (March 20st)

Unit 12: Introduction to the Animal Kingdom

Animals (members of the Kingdom Animalia)

What characteristics do all animals share?

• Eukaryotic Cells

• No Cell Wall

• ______________________

• Cell specialization

• ____________________________

• Reproduction

Categories of Animals

Category Percentage of

Species

Description Examples

Without backbones

With backbones

7 Essential functions that animals carry out.

1. Feeding

2. __________________________

3. Circulation

4. Excretion

5. _____________________________

6. Movement

7. Reproduction

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Types of Feeders

Type of

Feeder

Description

Feeds on plants.

Carnivore

Filter feeder

Feeds on decaying plant and animal materials.

All About Animals

What does an animal do when it respires?

◦ They take in oxygen and give off ___________________ _________________. What does the excretory system of most animals do?

◦ Helps maintain homeostasis by eliminating __________________ quickly or converts it into a less toxic substance that is removed from the body.

Animals respond to events in their environment using specialized cells called nerve _____________

To move or not to move

Motile: ability to _________.

Sessile: ___________ in adult life form

Reproduction

What type of reproduction maintains genetic diversity in populations? ___________________ ___________________ What does asexual reproduction allow an animal to do?

◦ It allows animals to increase their ________________ rapidly therefore increasing their chance of ___________________.

Early Development of Animals

What is another name for a fertilized egg? _______________

Protostome: development of an animal from mouth to ______________.

Deuterostome: development of an animal from tail to __________.

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Animal Symmetry

Bilaterally symmetrical animals have:

Label the Dorsal, Ventral, Anterior and Posterior of the Crayfish ◦ Dorsal (top) side and Ventral (bottom) side. ◦ Right and Left side. ◦ Anterior (head) and Posterior (tail) ends.

Type of Symmetry Description Examples

Body parts that repeat

around the center.

A single plane divides

the body into two

equal parts.

No pattern

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Introduction to Animal Body Systems Recall: Animal Cell Organelles

• ________________- Breaks down waste • Mitochondria- Cellular ________________, ATP • Nucleus- holds __________ • ________________- Protein Production • ________________- storage • Cell ________________- ________________ what

enters and leaves cell

Recall: Levels of Organization

________________-smallest unit of life

________________- group of specialized cells

________________- group of tissues with specific function

________________________________- multiple organs doing the same function

________________- many organ systems make up a single living thing

Recall: ________________ Tissues

Animal and Human organisms’ systems are made of specialized cells and tissues which function together to support life

Specialized cells include: o ________________ o ________________ o Epithelium o Neuron

The four biomolecules do these cells use to function & the elements each is made from are: o ________________- ________________ o ________________- ________________ o ________________- ________________ o ________________- ________________

Maintain cell processes differently o Ex. Muscle cells do cellular respiration at a faster rate than the other cells because they need

more ATP o Ex. ________________ cells ________________Oxygen o Ex. Each cell is needed to maintain the body’s ________________

Match the system with the correct function: SYSTEM ___ Cardiovascular System ___ Nervous System ___ Integumentary System ___ Excretory System ___ Immune System ___ Endocrine System ___ Reproductive System ___ Digestive System ___ Respiratory System ___ Skeletal System ___ Muscular System

FUNCTION

A. Break down food B. Movement C. Protection, structure and Support D. Get rid of wastes E. Maintain Homeostasis F. Exchange CO2 for O2 G. Respond to Stimuli H. Fight disease and infection I. Carry nutrients through body J. Create offspring K. barrier for protection

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Interacting Body Systems in Animals Describe the systems in animals that perform the functions of:

REGULATION

NUTRIENT ABSORPTION

REPRODUCTION

DEFENSE FROM INJURY OR ILLNESS Systems that Interact to Perform the Function of REGULATION: ________________ System

________________ System

A. Nervous System

Structure: o ________________- ________________nervous system o ________________ - peripheral nervous system, composed of long bundles of nerve cells o ________________: Specialized Nervous System Cells

Function: o ________________ all body functions by

________________ signals o ________________information from your

________________ B. ________________ System

Structures: o ________________ that secrete hormones

Function o ________________ act on organs and cells o Example: ________________ (gland)

-Secretes ________________ (hormone) -Affects ________________ ________________ levels

Interactions of Endocrine and Nervous Systems

Endocrine system secretes proteins or lipids called hormones that are sent to distant cells and organs

Nervous system sends electrochemical signals that are brief

They ________________ together to maintain ________________.

Systems that Interact to Perform the Function of NUTRIENT ABSORPTION: ________________ System

________________ System

________________ System

________________System

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C. Digestive System

________________: o Mouth o Esophagus o Stomach o Small intestine o Large intestine

Function: o Break down food into molecules that can be used by cells o ________________ feces from the body o Digestion ________________ in the ________________

-________________ uses ________________ to break food apart -Small intestine ________________nutrients using _____________ (fingerlike projections) -________________ intestine absorbs ________________ water

D. ________________ System

Structure: o ________________

4 chambers Top: 2 atriums Bottom: 2 ventricles

o ________________ and veins ________________ - Carry blood ________________ from

heart to body tissues ________________ - Carry blood from body tissues to the

heart o Blood

Function: o Blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells o Blood _____________________ from digested food in the digestive

system ____________________________ of the body o Pick up ________________ and ________________ from the cells o ________________ hormones and nutrients

E. ________________ System

Structure: o Lungs o ________________ o ________________ muscles o Mouth and nose

Function: o Bring in ________________ and

________________ it with carbon dioxide in the blood

o ________________ carbon dioxide from the ________________

o Lungs have a ________________ of tubes -At the end of these tubes are tiny air sacs called alveoli -Blood vessels surround ________________ and ________________ _______ -To move air the chest cavity expands and ________________

o ________________ create this movement - ________________

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F. ________________ system (________________)

Structure: o ________________ (filter the blood) o ________________ o bladder o ________________

Function: o Kidneys filter blood o Filters and removes waste from ________________

releases it through ________________ o ________________ ________________ balance (salt

balance) o Regulates ________________ levels in the body o Primarily affected by the ________________ system

(________________) Systems that Perform the Function of REPRODUCTION: ________________ System

________________ System

G. ________________ System

Function: o Creation of gametes occurs through meiosis in the ________________ and testes o Recall:

________________ - sperm and eggs have half the chromosomes of an adult (23) ________________ - gametes fuse to create genetically unique child (46 ________________)

Structures: o Male

-_________ -_________ -Sperm -Epididymis -_________

o Female -_________ -_________ -_________ -Egg -Fallopian Tubes

Endocrine System

Function o Secretes ________________ into the bloodstream to regulate body ________________ o Responsible for ________________ ________________ in the body and ________________ o Ovaries and Testes are also glands responsible for producing ________________ and

________________

Structure:

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o Various ________________ throughout the body o ________________ and ________________

Interactions of Endocrine and Reproductive systems

Hormones control o ________________ o Fertility o ________________ o Birth

Systems that Perform the Function of DEFENSE AGAINST ILLNESS OR INJURY: Integumentary System Immune System Lymph System I. ________________ System

Largest organ of the body (about ____% of body weight)

Structure o ________________ o Hair o Feathers o Hoofs o Nails

Function o First line of defense against damage,

bacterial invaders, and viruses. o Makes ________________ ___ o Prevents ________________ loss in

________________ o Detects pain, pressure, and temperature o Gets rid of wastes in the form of ________________

J. ________________ System

Structures:

o Lymph nodes

o Spleen

o Bone marrow- produce wbc

Function o Fights off infection and disease o White blood cells remove

________________ o The ________________ system aids the

immune system in ________________ pathogens and ________________ waste

K. ________________System Reflex arc

Function o Automatic reaction controlled by _________

________ NOT brain

o Increases reaction time

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Other Systems Skeletal System Muscular System L. Skeletal System

Structure: o ________________ o ________________ - Covering on ends o ________________ - Rope like tissue holds bones together o Bone ________________ - Makes ________________ and ________________ blood cells

Function: o Provides ________________ and ________________ for ________________ o Protects and supports ________________ o Stores ________________

M. ________________ System

Structure o Muscle fibers o 3 ________________ of muscle tissue

- ________________: Digestive tract - Cardiac: ________________ - Skeletal: ________________ of bones

Function: o Create movement o ________________ - Tightening of muscle

- ________________: you consciously do it Ex: ________________________________ - ________________: body does it Ex: ________________________________

Feedback Mechanisms Recall: Homeostasis- A system that regulates its ________________ environment, to maintain a stable, ________________ condition Maintaining Homeostasis

______ of your body systems are involved in maintaining ________________ o Excretory – removes poisons and wastes o Circulatory – transfers materials throughout body o Integumentary – aids in temp control and protection o ________________ – produces and releases ________________ that control body functions o Immune – attacks and removes pathogens

Homeostatic ________________

Internal environment not in balance

Can be caused by ________________ and ________________ factors Ex. Hot external temps increase body temp Ex. Bacterial infection causes body temp to rise

When this occurs, your body ________________ the imbalance and tries to _____ the problem ________________ Factors

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External factors may cause your internal environment to change, become unbalanced More than just temperature change, Ex: ________________________________, ________________________________, ________________________________ Internal ________________ Mechanisms

Monitors ________________ ________________ and detects changes

________________ – detects changes and signals the brain

o Ex. Blood vessels sense resistance of blood flow (high blood pressure), sends signal to brain

Control center – ________________ signal from receptor and sends signal to effectors

o Ex. brain sends signal to heart and blood vessels

Effectors – ________________ to signal from ________________

o Ex. Heart rate decreases, blood vessels dilate (widen) to decrease blood pressure back to normal

________________ Feedback Mechanism

When the body senses a change away from its ________________ set point, the body ________________ mechanisms to help ________________ or ________________ these changes

Negative Feedback Example 1: Increase body temperature The body sends signals to dilate the blood vessels allowing heat to escape more easily.

Sweating will occur and the evaporation of liquid from the skin provides a cooling affect, helping to

lower the body temperature.

Systems Involved with Example 1________________________________________________

Negative Feedback Example 2: Decrease in body temperature The blood vessels constrict allowing the body to retain as much heat as possible.

If this isn't enough, the body will shiver to produce heat.

Systems Involved with Example 2________________________________________________

________________ Feedback Mechanism

Positive feedback is a self-________________ cycle in which one ________________, leads to even more significant changes in the ________________ ________________.

Positive Feedback Example 1: Labor and Childbirth The baby's head pushes on the cervix, sending signals to the brain

Increases oxytocin production, which stimulates contractions

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The baby's head is forced even more tightly against the cervix

The loop then repeats and becomes more and more intense until the baby has been born.

Systems Involved with Example 1________________________________________________

Positive Feedback Example 2: Fever If an infection is present, the body may respond by increasing temperature.

If the infection continues to the spread, the body will continue to raise it's temperature in an attempt kill

the pathogen.

Systems Involved with Example 2________________________________________________