Unit 11Unit 11

The Great DepressionThe Great Depression

WWIIWWII

MAJOR ERAS IN TEXAS MAJOR ERAS IN TEXAS HISTORYHISTORY

WHY DO HISTORIANS DIVIDE THE WHY DO HISTORIANS DIVIDE THE PAST INTO ERAS?PAST INTO ERAS?

Historians divide the past into eras Historians divide the past into eras so it is easier to identify cause and so it is easier to identify cause and effect of the great events/people in effect of the great events/people in history.history.

WHY HISTORIANS DIVIDE WHY HISTORIANS DIVIDE THE PAST INTO ERASTHE PAST INTO ERAS

History is divided History is divided into eras so it is into eras so it is easier to identify easier to identify cause and effect of cause and effect of the great the great events/people in events/people in historyhistory

Texas in the Great Texas in the Great Depression and World War Depression and World War

II II Great DepressionGreat Depression

Boom and Bust Cycle of cotton and agricultureBoom and Bust Cycle of cotton and agriculture New Deal ProgramsNew Deal Programs Dust BowlDust Bowl Sam RayburnSam Rayburn Relieved by World War IIRelieved by World War II

World War IIWorld War II RationingRationing Military InstallationsMilitary Installations

Internment campsInternment camps Economy improves in TexasEconomy improves in Texas Large number of Texans, men and women serve in the Large number of Texans, men and women serve in the

militarymilitary Industries grow – oil and gas and agricultureIndustries grow – oil and gas and agriculture

Texas in the Great Texas in the Great Depression and World War Depression and World War

II II 1929-1939 – The 1929-1939 – The

Great DepressionGreat Depression 1932-1941 – Dust 1932-1941 – Dust

BowlBowl 1941-1945 – World 1941-1945 – World

War IIWar II

IMPACT OF “BOOM AND IMPACT OF “BOOM AND BUST”  BUST” 

Great Depression through Great Depression through World War IIWorld War II

Due to overproduction of Due to overproduction of agricultural products and the agricultural products and the Stock Market Crash prices Stock Market Crash prices droppeddropped

Dust Bowl (bad agricultural Dust Bowl (bad agricultural practices and droughts led to practices and droughts led to a decade of poverty and a decade of poverty and disillusionmentdisillusionment

Businesses began to close Businesses began to close and Texans lost their jobs.and Texans lost their jobs.

The demand for agricultural The demand for agricultural products was not as high as products was not as high as the supply, causing farmers the supply, causing farmers to lose their farmsto lose their farms

  World War II increased the World War II increased the demand for agricultural demand for agricultural products.products.

IMPACT OF “BOOM AND IMPACT OF “BOOM AND BUST”  BUST” 

World War II to World War II to PresentPresent

Agricultural Agricultural became more became more commercial and commercial and less small farmsless small farms

Prices have Prices have fluctuated due to fluctuated due to weather, supply weather, supply and demandand demand

POLITICAL, ECONOMIC, AND SOCIAL POLITICAL, ECONOMIC, AND SOCIAL IMPACT OF MAJOR EVENTS ON THE IMPACT OF MAJOR EVENTS ON THE

HISTORY OF TEXASHISTORY OF TEXAS Great Depression- Political Great Depression- Political

ImpactImpact New Deal programs to provide New Deal programs to provide

relief – Civilian Conservation relief – Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), Public Works Corps (CCC), Public Works Administration (PWA) and Works Administration (PWA) and Works Progress Administration (WPA)Progress Administration (WPA)

John Nance Garner from Uvalde John Nance Garner from Uvalde was Vice President under was Vice President under Franklin Roosevelt (1933-1941)Franklin Roosevelt (1933-1941)

Sam Rayburn was the Speaker of Sam Rayburn was the Speaker of the House (U.S. House of the House (U.S. House of Representatives) and pushed for Representatives) and pushed for regulatory legislation that would regulatory legislation that would protect the public interest. He protect the public interest. He served longer than any other served longer than any other legislator as Speaker of the legislator as Speaker of the HouseHouse

Miriam “Ma” Ferguson and W. Miriam “Ma” Ferguson and W. Lee “Pappy” O’Daniel were Lee “Pappy” O’Daniel were governors during the Depressiongovernors during the Depression

POLITICAL, ECONOMIC, AND SOCIAL POLITICAL, ECONOMIC, AND SOCIAL IMPACT OF MAJOR EVENTS ON THE IMPACT OF MAJOR EVENTS ON THE

HISTORY OF TEXASHISTORY OF TEXAS

Great Depression- Great Depression- Economic impactEconomic impact

Texas agricultural industry Texas agricultural industry suffered because of the suffered because of the Dust BowlDust Bowl

Funding for education and Funding for education and government services were government services were severely cutseverely cut

Prices for food and other Prices for food and other products fellproducts fell

Oil industry began to Oil industry began to increase due to demandincrease due to demand

New Deal programs New Deal programs employed over 100,000 employed over 100,000 Texans, built and repaired Texans, built and repaired bridges, dams, roads, and bridges, dams, roads, and parksparks

POLITICAL, ECONOMIC, AND SOCIAL POLITICAL, ECONOMIC, AND SOCIAL IMPACT OF MAJOR EVENTS ON THE IMPACT OF MAJOR EVENTS ON THE

HISTORY OF TEXASHISTORY OF TEXAS

Great Depression- Social impactGreat Depression- Social impact North Texans migrated to California hoping for workNorth Texans migrated to California hoping for work The social security system was establishedThe social security system was established Dust Bowl – Dust storms swept through the Great Plains causing erosion, Dust Bowl – Dust storms swept through the Great Plains causing erosion,

drought, and destruction of cropsdrought, and destruction of crops Texas celebrated its centennial the political, economic, and social impact Texas celebrated its centennial the political, economic, and social impact

of major events in the latter half of the 20th and early 21st centuries such of major events in the latter half of the 20th and early 21st centuries such as major conflicts, the emergence of a two-party system, political and as major conflicts, the emergence of a two-party system, political and economic controversies, immigration, and migrationeconomic controversies, immigration, and migration

POLITICAL, ECONOMIC, AND SOCIAL POLITICAL, ECONOMIC, AND SOCIAL IMPACT OF MAJOR EVENTS ON THE IMPACT OF MAJOR EVENTS ON THE

HISTORY OF TEXASHISTORY OF TEXAS World War II- Political World War II- Political

impactimpact Influential powersInfluential powers

Oveta Culp Hobby – Organized Oveta Culp Hobby – Organized Women’s Army CorpWomen’s Army Corp

Admiral Chester W. Nimitz – Admiral Chester W. Nimitz – Commander of Pacific FleetCommander of Pacific Fleet

Dwight Eisenhower – Allied Dwight Eisenhower – Allied CommanderCommander

Sam Rayburn – Speaker of the Sam Rayburn – Speaker of the House (supported financial House (supported financial support for the war effort)support for the war effort)

John Nance Garner – Vice John Nance Garner – Vice PresidentPresident

Major military bases and airfieldsMajor military bases and airfields Over 750,000 Texans served in Over 750,000 Texans served in

the warthe war Audie Murphy – Most decorated Audie Murphy – Most decorated

soldiersoldier Many Texans received the Medal Many Texans received the Medal

of Honorof Honor

POLITICAL, ECONOMIC, AND SOCIAL POLITICAL, ECONOMIC, AND SOCIAL IMPACT OF MAJOR EVENTS ON THE IMPACT OF MAJOR EVENTS ON THE

HISTORY OF TEXASHISTORY OF TEXAS

World War II- World War II- Economic impactEconomic impact

Improved Texas Improved Texas economyeconomy Oil and Gas industryOil and Gas industry LumberLumber AgricultureAgriculture CottonCotton Women joined the Women joined the

workforceworkforce

POLITICAL, ECONOMIC, AND SOCIAL POLITICAL, ECONOMIC, AND SOCIAL IMPACT OF MAJOR EVENTS ON THE IMPACT OF MAJOR EVENTS ON THE

HISTORY OF TEXASHISTORY OF TEXAS

World War II- World War II- Social Social impactimpact

Sacrificed on the home Sacrificed on the home frontfront

RationingRationing Migration to urban areasMigration to urban areas Desire of minorities to Desire of minorities to

be integrated because of be integrated because of their involvement in the their involvement in the war effortwar effort

Over 22,000 Texans died Over 22,000 Texans died in the warin the war

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION AND GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION AND PATTERNS IN TEXAS DURING THE 19th PATTERNS IN TEXAS DURING THE 19th

AND 20th CENTURIESAND 20th CENTURIES Texas in the Great Texas in the Great

Depression and Depression and World War IIWorld War II Why did the Dust Why did the Dust

Bowl affect the Bowl affect the Panhandle more Panhandle more than other regions?than other regions?

Why were so many Why were so many military military installations located installations located in Texas?in Texas?

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION AND GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION AND PATTERNS IN TEXAS DURING THE 19th PATTERNS IN TEXAS DURING THE 19th

AND 20th CENTURIESAND 20th CENTURIES Dust BowlDust Bowl The climate in the The climate in the

Panhandle is windy, hot, Panhandle is windy, hot, and dry during the and dry during the summer. Combined with summer. Combined with three years of drought three years of drought and lack of soil and lack of soil conservation, dust storms conservation, dust storms occurred destroying occurred destroying crops and causing Texans crops and causing Texans to migrate from the to migrate from the Panhandle and Texas. It Panhandle and Texas. It also caused a change in also caused a change in farming techniques and farming techniques and government policies.government policies.

WAYS TEXANS HAVE ADAPTED TO WAYS TEXANS HAVE ADAPTED TO AND MODIFIED THE AND MODIFIED THE

ENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENT The Great DepressionThe Great Depression Soil Conservation – Soil Conservation –

Texans planted trees Texans planted trees and natural vegetation and natural vegetation in the Texas Panhandle in the Texas Panhandle to prevent erosion. The to prevent erosion. The result has been fewer result has been fewer sand storms and erosion sand storms and erosion of the land. Farming of the land. Farming techniques were techniques were changed and the use of changed and the use of irrigation systems was irrigation systems was developed.developed.

WAYS GEOGRAPHIC FACTORSWAYS GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS HAVE HAVE AFFECTED THE POLITICAL, ECONOMIC, AFFECTED THE POLITICAL, ECONOMIC,

AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT OF TEXASAND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT OF TEXAS Political DevelopmentPolitical Development

New Deal Programs New Deal Programs developed methods to developed methods to prevent erosionprevent erosion

Economic DevelopmentEconomic Development Crop Prices droppedCrop Prices dropped Farms were lost to the Farms were lost to the

bankbank Population decreased in Population decreased in

Panhandle townsPanhandle towns Social DevelopmentSocial Development

Texans migrated to Texans migrated to California and other parts California and other parts of the nationof the nation

Implemented ways to stop Implemented ways to stop erosion – Planting Trees, erosion – Planting Trees, contour plowing, terracingcontour plowing, terracing

IMPACT OF ECONOMIC CONCEPTS WITHIN THE FREE IMPACT OF ECONOMIC CONCEPTS WITHIN THE FREE

ENTERPRISE SYSTEM ON THE ECONOMY OF TEXASENTERPRISE SYSTEM ON THE ECONOMY OF TEXAS Free enterprise system – Free enterprise system –

Type of economy where Type of economy where people own and run their people own and run their own businesses.own businesses.

Supply and demand – Supply Supply and demand – Supply is the amount of goods is the amount of goods available and demand is the available and demand is the desire to own something and desire to own something and the ability to pay for it.the ability to pay for it. The crash of the Stock The crash of the Stock

Market resulted in Market resulted in Americans not having Americans not having enough money to buy enough money to buy products. This event and the products. This event and the overproduction of overproduction of agriculture products and oil agriculture products and oil and gas led to a drop in and gas led to a drop in prices. All of these events led prices. All of these events led to the closure of businesses, to the closure of businesses, and loss of jobs and homes in and loss of jobs and homes in Texas.Texas.

IMPACT OF ECONOMIC CONCEPTS WITHIN THE FREE IMPACT OF ECONOMIC CONCEPTS WITHIN THE FREE

ENTERPRISE SYSTEM ON THE ECONOMY OF TEXASENTERPRISE SYSTEM ON THE ECONOMY OF TEXAS Profit – Profit is the degree to Profit – Profit is the degree to

which persons or which persons or organizations are better off organizations are better off financially at the end of a time financially at the end of a time period than they were at the period than they were at the beginning. The increase in beginning. The increase in material well-being is termed material well-being is termed profit. Profit is a motivational profit. Profit is a motivational force in capitalism and in free force in capitalism and in free enterprise. enterprise.  Overproduction of Overproduction of

agricultural products like agricultural products like cotton and oil and gas led to a cotton and oil and gas led to a drop in prices which led to drop in prices which led to smaller profits or no profit. smaller profits or no profit. Without a profit, businesses Without a profit, businesses duringduring  the Great Depression the Great Depression closed and workers lost their closed and workers lost their jobsjobs

IMPACT OF ECONOMIC CONCEPTS WITHIN THE FREE IMPACT OF ECONOMIC CONCEPTS WITHIN THE FREE

ENTERPRISE SYSTEM ON THE ECONOMY OF TEXASENTERPRISE SYSTEM ON THE ECONOMY OF TEXAS Government regulationGovernment regulation

New Deal Programs during New Deal Programs during the Great Depression the Great Depression created jobs that put created jobs that put Texans to work.Texans to work.

Works Progress Works Progress Administration (WPA), Administration (WPA), Public Works Public Works Administration (PWA), and Administration (PWA), and Civilian Conservation Corp Civilian Conservation Corp (CCC) put people to work (CCC) put people to work building or improving building or improving public buildings such as public buildings such as schools, post offices, schools, post offices, hospitals, coliseums, parks, hospitals, coliseums, parks, swimming pools, and damsswimming pools, and dams

World competitionWorld competition Import/Export agricultural Import/Export agricultural

productsproducts Import/Export of oilImport/Export of oil

CONTRIBUTIONS OF CONTRIBUTIONS OF TEXAS LEADERS TEXAS LEADERS

John Nance Garner ("Cactus John Nance Garner ("Cactus Jack")Jack") Served as Vice President Served as Vice President

under Franklin Roosevelt under Franklin Roosevelt (1933-1941); he was Speaker (1933-1941); he was Speaker of the House of of the House of Representatives (1931-1933)Representatives (1931-1933)

Sam RayburnSam Rayburn As a longstanding member of As a longstanding member of

the U.S. House of the U.S. House of Representatives, Rayburn Representatives, Rayburn supported regulatory supported regulatory legislation such as the legislation such as the Securities and Exchange Securities and Exchange Commission and the Federal Commission and the Federal Communications Commission.Communications Commission.

Rayburn also pushed for Rayburn also pushed for building farm to market roads building farm to market roads and providing electricity to and providing electricity to rural areasrural areas