unit 11: testing and individual differences this is a test!! write these words and their definitions...
TRANSCRIPT
UNIT 11: Testing and Individual
Differences
THIS IS A TEST!!Write these words and their definitions
You have 10 minutes…GO IntelligenceSavant syndromeEmotional intelligenceReliabilityValidity
INTELLIGENCEThe ability to acquire new ideas and new behavior, and to adapt to new situations.
Different views on Intelligence exist
One general intelligence (g): Charles Spearman; people have special abilities that stand out. Common skill set (g) underlies all intelligent behavior.
Gardner’s Multiple Intelligence Theory: Howard Gardner; Numerous (8) and unrelated intelligences.
Emotional Intelligence: The ability to perceive, use, understand, and regulate emotions.
INTELLIGENCE TESTMeasure IQ, or a standardized measure of intelligence based on a scale of which 100 is average
Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale: • Originally meant for children; adapted for adults• Groups test items by age level• 100 is average for given age
Wechsler Tests: • More common today• Three versions (2-6, 6-16, 16-89)•More detailed scoring
IQ SCORES – What do they mean?
Average score is 100
Traditionally 70 or below = mentally handicapped
Good indicator of success in school
Do not predict success in the real world
Nature v. Nurture: Both genetic factors & the environment play a role in IQ. The % each contributes is debatable.
Cultural Bias: wording used in questions may be more familiar to people or one social group than to another group
Sternberg’s Three Intelligences
Brain FunctionPerceptual Speed:
+.3 to +.5 correlation-taking in perceptual information
Neurological Speed:
Highly intelligent people register stimuli quicker and with greater complexity
Test ConstructionStandardization
Normal curve
Reliability
Validity
Extremes of Intelligence
Intellectual Disability
Extremes
Sho Yano has an IQ over 200. Age 4: composing musicAge 7: high school Age 8: Scored a 1,500 on the SAT Age 9: Started college at age 9 Age 12: Began medical schoolAge 18: Awarded MD and PhDNow Pediatric Neurologist
“How–To” PresentationsRubric: 100 points total
10 pts … Has a recognizable theme
10 pts… Includes detailed steps
10 pts… Grammatically correct & legible
15 pts… Creativity
15 pts… Summary of your how-to including how it relates to the intelligence you used (1 page).
20pts… Includes original supplemental material (book/skit/worksheet/song, etc.)
20 pts… Group members contributed
Origins of Intelligence Testing
Societies: 1. promote collective welfare 2. emphasize individual opportunity
Western cultures: heir’s to Plato’s individualism, want to assess differences
Francis Galton (Darwin’s cousin) created first “natural ability” test. Ultimately not reliable or valid. But did give us phrase “nature v. nurture”
Alfred BinetEarly twentieth century, France passed aw
requiring school for all children.
Binet and Theodore Simon began measuring “mental age”.
Theorized mental aptitude is a general trait that shows up in various ways.
Made no assumptions about why a child was slow, average, or gifted. Feared it would be used to label children.
Lewis TermanStanford University professor
Adapted Binet’s tests to U.S. children
Became Stanford-Binet test
IQ= (mental age divided by chronological age) multiplied by 100
Modern TestsAchievement tests: reflect what you’ve learned
Aptitude tests: predict your ability to learn
Both tests influence each other
David Weschler created Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) with a version for school-aged children
Weschler test is most widely used today
Dynamics of IntelligenceBy age 4 IQ tests predict adolescent and adult scores
By age 7 the scores stabilize
Ian Deary: long term follow up study June 1, 1932 nearly every child in Scotland between 10.5-
11.5 was tested65 years later all survivors (542) were retestedScores were strikingly similarHigh scoring children were more likely to be living
independently and less likely to suffer late-onset Alzheimer’s as 77 year olds.
70% of highest scoring females were still living (WWII ended more male lives prematurely)
Genetics and EnvironmentGenetics
Intelligence runs in families
Intelligence scores of identical twins raised together are extremely similar
Researchers have identified chromosomal regions that influence intelligence and learning disabilities
Environment
Studies show adoption enhances intelligence scores of mistreated or neglected children
Fraternal twins score more alike than other siblings because they are treated more alike
Mental similarities decrease with age
Genetic influences become more apparent as we accumulate life experience
Early Environment Influences
Genes make a difference:
IF TWO PEOPLE ARE RAISED IN THE SAME ENVIRONMENT THEY WILL HAVE DIFFERING
APTITUDES
However, poor environmental conditions can override genetics
McVicker Hunt observed destitute Iranian orphanage: Average child couldn’t sit up at age 2 or walk at age 4Extreme deprivation inhibits intelligence
Differences in Testing
Gender:Females: score higher at spelling, verbal ability,
nonverbal memory, sensation, emotion-detecting ability
Males: score higher at math and spatial aptitudes
Culture:Racial groups differ in average scoresDifferences within countries: Israeli Jews outscore
Israeli Arabs and hearing people outscore deaf peopleHigh-scoring in all groups are more likely to achieve
higher education levels and income
BiasDebate over race differences are divided into three
thoughts:There are genetically disposed race differences in
intelligenceThere are socially influenced race differences in intelligenceThere are race differences in test scores, but the tests are
inappropriate or biased
Two meanings of bias If it detects not only innate differences in intelligence but
also performance differences caused by cultural experiences
Scientific meaning- hinges on test’s validity; whether it predicts future behavior for only some groups of test-takers